151
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Aldridge K, Hill CA, Austin JR, Percival C, Martinez-Abadias N, Neuberger T, Wang Y, Jabs EW, Richtsmeier JT. Brain phenotypes in two FGFR2 mouse models for Apert syndrome. Dev Dyn 2010; 239:987-97. [PMID: 20077479 PMCID: PMC2829947 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Apert syndrome (AS) is one of at least nine disorders considered members of the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) -1, -2, and -3-related craniosynostosis syndromes. Nearly 100% of individuals diagnosed with AS carry one of two neighboring mutations on Fgfr2. The cranial phenotype associated with these two mutations includes coronal suture synostosis, either unilateral (unicoronal synostosis) or bilateral (bicoronal synostosis). Brain dysmorphology associated with AS is thought to be secondary to cranial vault or base alterations, but the variation in brain phenotypes within Apert syndrome is unexplained. Here, we present novel three-dimensional data on brain phenotypes of inbred mice at postnatal day 0 each carrying one of the two Fgfr2 mutations associated with AS. Our data suggest that the brain is primarily affected, rather than secondarily responding to skull dysmorphogenesis. Our hypothesis is that the skull and brain are both primarily affected in craniosynostosis and that shared phenogenetic developmental processes affect both tissues in craniosynostosis of Apert syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Aldridge
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri-School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri 65212, USA.
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152
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Matsui-Inohara H, Uematsu H, Narita T, Satoh K, Yonezawa H, Kuroda K, Ito T, Yoneda S, Kawarai T, Sugiya H, Watanabe H, Senpuku H. E2F-1-deficient NOD/SCID mice developed showing decreased saliva production. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2009; 234:1525-36. [PMID: 19934373 DOI: 10.3181/0905-rm-173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The non-obese diabetic mouse (NOD) is the most characterized model used to study insulin-dependent type 1 diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and Sjoögren's syndrome (SS). In a previous report, we found NOD.E2f1(-/-) mice show a greater progressive development to IDDM and SS compared to NOD mice. Our previous data indicated a progressive decrease in regulatory T cells (CD4(+)CD25(+)) and a decrease in the systemic secretion systems for insulin, and saliva was associated with the progression of IDDM and SS. Therefore, to define the mechanism of early-onset IDDM SS in E2F-1 deficient NOD mice required further investigation by producing E2F-1 deficient NOD/SCID mice in which the T and B cells do not develop. The purpose here was to analyze the essential function of the E2F-1 molecule in the development of IDDM and SS; and the dysfunction of the pancreas islet and salivary gland in the NOD background using NOD/SCID mice. We produced NOD/SCID.E2f1(-/-) mice using homologous recombination; determined diabetes development; measured saliva and insulin production; and performed a histological analysis. The deficient mice showed a decreasing volume of saliva; no infiltration of lymphocytes into salivary glands; no development of diabetes; and no protein localization of FGFR-2b in the ducts of the salivary gland that regulates submandibular gland proliferation and morphogenesis. Therefore, we considered a deficiency in E2F-1 induces a decrease in regulatory T cells and an increase in auto-reactive T cells; however, the E2F-1 deficiency is not associated with T and B cells-independent dysfunction of pancreatic beta cell in insulin secretion. Further, the E2F-1 deficiency is associated with T and B cells-independent dysfunction of the salivary gland exhibits a decrease in saliva production volume. We suggest E2F-1 may be also associated with the differentiation of exocrine cells in the duct where FGFR-2b is expressed in the salivary gland. The E2F-1 deficient NOD/SCID mouse model is useful for showing the development of the salivary gland; and is also useful for various experiments in humanized mice.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- B-Lymphocytes
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- E2F1 Transcription Factor
- Insulin
- Islets of Langerhans/metabolism
- Islets of Langerhans/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, SCID
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/metabolism
- Saliva/metabolism
- Salivary Glands/growth & development
- Salivary Glands/metabolism
- Salivary Glands/pathology
- Sjogren's Syndrome/genetics
- Sjogren's Syndrome/metabolism
- Sjogren's Syndrome/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikaru Matsui-Inohara
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
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153
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Tiozzo C, De Langhe S, Carraro G, Alam DA, Nagy A, Wigfall C, Hajihosseini MK, Warburton D, Minoo P, Bellusci S. Fibroblast growth factor 10 plays a causative role in the tracheal cartilage defects in a mouse model of Apert syndrome. Pediatr Res 2009; 66:386-90. [PMID: 19581825 PMCID: PMC3725279 DOI: 10.1203/pdr.0b013e3181b45580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Patients with Apert syndrome (AS) display a wide range of congenital malformations including tracheal stenosis, which is a disease characterized by a uniform cartilaginous sleeve in place of a normally ribbed cartilagenous trachea. We have studied the cellular and molecular basis of this phenotype in a mouse model of AS (Fgfr2c(+/Delta) mice), which shows ectopic expression of Fgfr2b in mesenchymal tissues. Here we report that tracheal stenosis is associated with increased proliferation of mesenchymal cells, where the expression of Fgf10 and its upstream regulators Tbx4 and Tbx5 are abnormally elevated. We show that Fgf10 has a critical inductive role in tracheal stenosis, as genetic knockdown of Fgf10 in Fgfr2c(+/Delta) mice rescues this phenotype. These novel findings demonstrate a regulatory role for Fgf10 in tracheal development and shed more light on the underlying cause of tracheal defects in AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Tiozzo
- Department of Pediatrics, Women's and Children's Hospital, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
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154
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Abstract
In partnership exclusively with the epithelial FGFR2IIIb isotype and a structurally-specific heparan sulfate motif, stromal-derived FGF7 delivers both growth-promoting and growth-limiting differentiation signals to epithelial cells that promote cellular homeostasis between stromal and epithelial compartments. Intercompartmental homeostasis supported by FGF7/FGFR2IIIb is subverted in many solid epithelial tumors. The normally mesenchymal-derived homologue FGFR1 drives proliferation and a progressive tumor-associated phenotype when it appears ectopically in epithelial cells. In order to understand the mechanism underlying the unique biological effects of FGFR2IIIb, we developed an inducible FGFR2IIIb expression system that is specifically dependent on FGF7 for activation in an initially unresponsive cell line to avoid selection for only the growth-promoting aspects of FGFR2IIIb signaling. We then determined FGF7/FGFR2IIIb signaling-specific tyrosine phosphorylated proteins within 5 min after FGF7 stimulation by phosphopeptide immunoaffinity purification and nano-LC-MS/MS. The FGF7/FGFR2 pair caused tyrosine phosphorylation of multiple proteins that have been implicated in the growth stimulating activities of FGFR1 that included multi-substrate organizers FRS2alpha and IRS4, ERK2 and phosphatases SHP2 and SHIP2. It uniquely phosphorylated CDK2 and phosphatase PTPN18 on sites involved in the attenuation of cell proliferation, and several factors that maintain nuclear-cytosolic relationships (emerin and LAP2), protein structure and other cellular fine structures as well as some proteins of unknown functions. Several of the FGF7/FGFR2IIIb-specific targets have been associated with maintenance of function and tumor suppression and disruption in tumors. In contrast, a number of pTyr substrates associated with FGF2/FGFR1 that are generally associated with intracellular Ca(2+)-phospholipid signaling, membrane and cytoskeletal plasticity, cell adhesion, migration and the tumorigenic phenotype were not observed with FGF7/FGFR2IIIb. Our findings provide specific downstream targets for dissection of causal relationships underlying the distinct role of FGF7/FGFR2IIIb signaling in epithelial cell homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongde Luo
- IBT Proteomics and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030-3303, USA
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155
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Zang XP, Lerner M, Brackett D, Pento JT. Influence of KGF on the progression of pancreatic cancer. Anticancer Res 2009; 29:3417-3420. [PMID: 19661366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF increases the proliferation and motility of many epithelial cells and is known to be up-regulated in pancreatic cancer. The present study examined the hypothesis that KGF may initiate or enhance the progression of pancreatic cancer by increasing the proliferation and motility of pancreatic cancer cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS HPAF-II pancreatic cancer cell migration and proliferation was evaluated using a culture wounding assay 24 and 48 hours following KGF treatment. KGF receptor (KGFR) localization in these cells was established by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS KGF treatment significantly increased the proliferation and motility of the HPAF-II cells. In addition, KGF enhanced the motile morphology of these cancer cells. CONCLUSION The results of this study indicate that KGF has a rapid influence on the proliferation and motility of HPAF-II cells and suggest that KGF may be involved in the progression of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ping Zang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA
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156
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Ishii K, Imamura T, Iguchi K, Arase S, Yoshio Y, Arima K, Hirano K, Sugimura Y. Evidence that androgen-independent stromal growth factor signals promote androgen-insensitive prostate cancer cell growth in vivo. Endocr Relat Cancer 2009; 16:415-28. [PMID: 19293288 DOI: 10.1677/erc-08-0219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Activation of tumor-stromal interactions is considered to play a critical role in the promotion of tumorigenesis. To discover new therapeutic targets for hormone-refractory prostate tumor growth under androgen ablation therapy, androgen-sensitive LNCaP cells and the derived sublines, E9 (androgen-low-sensitive), and AIDL (androgen-insensitive), were recombined with androgen-dependent embryonic rat urogenital sinus mesenchyme (UGM). Tumors of E9 + UGM and AIDL + UGM were approximately three times as large as those of LNCaP + UGM. Tumors grown in castrated hosts exhibited reduced growth as compared with those in intact hosts. However, in castrated hosts, E9 + UGM and AIDL + UGM tumors were still approximately twice as large as those of LNCaP + UGM. Cell proliferation in tumors of E9 + UGM and AIDL + UGM grown in castrated host, was significantly higher than that in tumors of LNCaP + UGM. In vitro, expression of fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2 and IGF-I, but not FGF-7 mRNA, was significantly reduced in UGM under androgen starvation. In cell culture, E9 cells were responsive to FGF-2 and FGF-7 stimulation, while AIDL responded to FGF-7 and IGF-1. Expression of FGFR1 and FGFR2 was considerably higher in E9 than those in LNCaP, similarly expression of FGFR2 and IGF-IR were elevated in AIDL. These data suggest that activation of prostate cancer cell growth through growth factor receptor expression may result in the activity of otherwise androgen-independent stromal growth factor signals such as FGF-7 under conditions of androgen ablation.
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MESH Headings
- Androgens/physiology
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- Humans
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/pharmacology
- Male
- Mice
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/pathology
- Prostatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/metabolism
- Receptors, Growth Factor/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Stromal Cells/drug effects
- Stromal Cells/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichiro Ishii
- Department of Nephro-Urologic Surgery and Andrology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan.
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157
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Hussain S, Slevin M, Ahmed N, West D, Choudhary MI, Naz H, Gaffney J. Stilbene glycosides are natural product inhibitors of FGF-2-induced angiogenesis. BMC Cell Biol 2009; 10:30. [PMID: 19389252 PMCID: PMC2678990 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-10-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2008] [Accepted: 04/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiogenesis, the growth of new blood vessels from the pre-existing vasculature is associated with pathological processes, in particular tumour development, and is a target for the development of new therapies. We have investigated the anti-angiogenic potential of two naturally occurring stilbene glycosides (compounds 1 and 2) isolated from the medicinal plant Boswellia papyriferai using large and smallvessel-derived endothelial cells. Compound 1 (trans-4',5'-dihydroxy-3-methoxystilbene-5-O-{alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)-[alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->6)}-beta-D-glucopyranoside was the more hydrophilic and inhibited FGF-2-induced proliferation, wound healing, invasion in Matrigel, tube formation and angiogenesis in large and small vessel-derived endothelial cells and also in the chick chorioallantoic membrane assay. Using a binding assay we were able to show compound 1 reduced binding of FGF-2 to fibroblast growth factor receptors-1 and -2. In all cases the concentration of compound 1 which caused 50% inhibition (IC50) was determined. The effect of compound 1 on EGF and VEGF-induced proliferation was also investigated. RESULTS Compound 1 inhibited all stages of FGF-2 induced angiogenesis with IC50 values in the range 5.8 +/- 0.18 - 48.90 +/- 0.40 microM but did not inhibit EGF or VEGF-induced angiogenesis. It also inhibited FGF-2 binding to FGF receptor-1 and -2 with IC50 values of 5.37 +/- 1.04 and 9.32 +/- 0.082 muM respectively and with concommotant down-regulation of phosphorylated-ERK-1/-2 expression. Compound 2 was an ineffective inhibitor of angiogenesis despite its structural homology to compound 1. CONCLUSION Compound 1 inhibited FGF-2 induced angiogenesis by binding to its cognate receptors and is an addition to the small number of natural product inhibitors of angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Hussain
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
| | - Mark Slevin
- School of Chemistry, Biology and Health Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester St, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
| | - Nessar Ahmed
- School of Chemistry, Biology and Health Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester St, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
| | - David West
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Muhammad Iqbal Choudhary
- HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, International Centre for Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75720, Pakistan
| | - Humera Naz
- HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, International Centre for Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75720, Pakistan
| | - John Gaffney
- School of Chemistry, Biology and Health Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester St, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
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158
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Warzecha CC, Sato TK, Nabet B, Hogenesch JB, Carstens RP. ESRP1 and ESRP2 are epithelial cell-type-specific regulators of FGFR2 splicing. Mol Cell 2009; 33:591-601. [PMID: 19285943 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2009.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 430] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2008] [Revised: 12/11/2008] [Accepted: 01/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cell-type-specific expression of epithelial and mesenchymal isoforms of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 2 (FGFR2) is achieved through tight regulation of mutually exclusive exons IIIb and IIIc, respectively. Using an application of cell-based cDNA expression screening, we identified two paralogous epithelial cell-type-specific RNA-binding proteins that are essential regulators of FGFR2 splicing. Ectopic expression of either protein in cells that express FGFR2-IIIc caused a switch in endogenous FGFR2 splicing to the epithelial isoform. Conversely, knockdown of both factors in cells that express FGFR2-IIIb by RNA interference caused a switch from the epithelial to mesenchymal isoform. These factors also regulate splicing of CD44, p120-Catenin (CTNND1), and hMena (ENAH), three transcripts that undergo changes in splicing during the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). These studies suggest that Epithelial Splicing Regulatory Proteins 1 and 2 (ESRP1 and ESRP2) are coordinators of an epithelial cell-type-specific splicing program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude C Warzecha
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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159
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Abstract
Conditional deletion of murine fibroblast growth factor receptors (Fgfrs) 1 and 2 in metanephric mesenchyme leads to renal agenesis with unbranched ureteric buds; however, there are occasionally two buds per nephric duct. Our goal was to determine whether conditional deletion of Fgfr1 or Fgfr2 alone resulted in multiple ureteric bud induction sites. Although deletion of Fgfr1 alone results in no abnormalities, loss of Fgfr2 often leads to multiple ureteric buds and anomalies including renal aplasia, misshaped kidneys, partially duplicated kidneys, duplicated ureters, and obstructed hydroureter. Deletion of Fgfr2 did not change expression domains of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), Robo2, bone morphogenetic protein 4, or Sprouty1, all of which regulate ureteric bud induction. Cultured Fgfr2 mutant nephric ducts were also not more sensitive to exogenous GDNF than controls. Whole mount in situ hybridization revealed that in mutant embryos, Fgfr2 was deleted from stromal cells around the nephric duct and ureteric bud base, which correlates well with the ureteric bud induction abnormalities. Thus, Fgfr2 is critical in ensuring that there is a single ureteric bud from the nephric duct. The plethora of later stage defects in Fgfr2 conditional knockouts is reminiscent of many human cases of genetic urogenital anomalies.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
- Animals
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4/genetics
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4/metabolism
- Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/genetics
- Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/metabolism
- Humans
- Kidney/abnormalities
- Kidney/anatomy & histology
- Kidney/embryology
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mesoderm/anatomy & histology
- Mesoderm/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Phenotype
- Phosphoproteins/genetics
- Phosphoproteins/metabolism
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/metabolism
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Ureter/abnormalities
- Ureter/anatomy & histology
- Ureter/embryology
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hains
- Center for Cell and Developmental Biology, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio 43205, USA
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160
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Frinchi M, Bonomo A, Trovato-Salinaro A, Condorelli DF, Fuxe K, Spampinato MG, Mudò G. Fibroblast growth factor-2 and its receptor expression in proliferating precursor cells of the subventricular zone in the adult rat brain. Neurosci Lett 2008; 447:20-5. [PMID: 18835325 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.09.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2008] [Revised: 09/11/2008] [Accepted: 09/13/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Several findings have suggested the existence in the subventricular zone (SVZ) from sagittal sections of adult rat brain of a trophic mechanism, mediated by fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) and its multiple high-affinity FGF receptors (FGFRs), regulating neurogenesis mainly by controlling precursor cell proliferation. However, no clear data are available on the expression of FGF-2 and FGFRs in proliferating precursor cells of the SVZ. To address these questions we examined FGF-2 mRNA and its FGFR mRNA expression in proliferating precursor cells of the SVZ by using a double labeling procedure, combining in situ hybridization for FGF-2 and its FGFR mRNA with immunohistochemistry for bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), a marker for proliferating cells. The results showed that FGFR1 and FGFR2 mRNAs were expressed in BrdU-labeled proliferating precursor cells, whereas FGFR3 and FGF-2 mRNAs were not, suggesting that in the SVZ the proliferating precursor cells express FGFR1 or FGFR2 and they may respond to FGF-2 released by non-proliferating cells. The FGFR4 mRNA was not found expressed in the SVZ. In the future, by identifying the cell types expressing FGFRs, it will be possible to gain insight into the functional activity of FGF2 within the SVZ.
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MESH Headings
- Adult Stem Cells/metabolism
- Animals
- Brain/anatomy & histology
- Bromodeoxyuridine/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation
- Cerebral Ventricles/cytology
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/genetics
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/metabolism
- Gene Expression/physiology
- Male
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/metabolism
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Frinchi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Division of Human Physiology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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161
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Brake R, Starnes C, Lu J, Chen D, Yang S, Radinsky R, Borges L. Effects of palifermin on antitumor activity of chemotherapeutic and biological agents in human head and neck and colorectal carcinoma xenograft models. Mol Cancer Res 2008; 6:1337-46. [PMID: 18708365 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-07-2131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Damage to the gastrointestinal mucosa is a common dose-limiting toxicity of several anticancer therapies. Until recently, adequate control of oral mucositis was considered a significant unmet medical need, with most available treatments providing only palliative benefits without protecting the gastrointestinal epithelium from the damaging effects of cancer therapy. In 2005, palifermin [recombinant human keratinocyte growth factor (KGF)] was approved to decrease the incidence and duration of severe oral mucositis in patients with hematologic malignancies receiving myelotoxic therapy requiring hematopoietic stem cell support. Current trials are investigating the use of palifermin in solid tumor settings. The objective of this study was to determine whether combining palifermin with different chemotherapeutic or biological agents affected the antitumor activity of these agents in human head and neck (FaDu) and colorectal (HT29) carcinoma xenograft models. Nude CD1 mice were injected with 1 x 10(7) of either FaDu or HT29 cells, which express both KGF and epithelial growth factor receptors. Animals were treated with palifermin in various combinations with chemotherapeutic (5-fluorouracil and cisplatin) and/or biological (bevacizumab, cetuximab, and panitumumab) agents. Palifermin alone had no effect on either FaDu or HT29 tumor growth. Palifermin did not affect the therapeutic efficacy of 5-fluorouracil, cisplatin, cetuximab, bevacizumab, or panitumumab in any of the two- or three-way drug combinations tested in either model. The results of this study showed that palifermin did not promote the growth of two carcinoma cell lines that express functional KGF receptors and did not protect these tumor cells from the antitumor effects of several chemotherapeutic and biological agents.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Bevacizumab
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cetuximab
- Cisplatin/pharmacology
- Cisplatin/therapeutic use
- Colorectal Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Colorectal Neoplasms/genetics
- Colorectal Neoplasms/pathology
- Drug Therapy, Combination
- ErbB Receptors/genetics
- ErbB Receptors/metabolism
- Female
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 7/pharmacology
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 7/therapeutic use
- Fluorouracil/pharmacology
- Fluorouracil/therapeutic use
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/genetics
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/pathology
- Humans
- Mice
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/metabolism
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Brake
- Hematology and Oncology Research, Amgen, Inc., 1201 Amgen Court West, Seattle, WA 98119, USA
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162
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Luo JC, Lin HY, Lu CL, Chen TS, Lin HC, Li CP, Liao WC, Chang FY, Lee SD. Growth factors expression in patients with erosive esophagitis. Transl Res 2008; 152:81-7. [PMID: 18674742 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2008.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2008] [Revised: 05/28/2008] [Accepted: 05/30/2008] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Although the pathogenesis and treatment of erosive esophagitis (EE) is well recognized, little is known about the cellular and molecular mechanisms of mucosal healing in EE patients. In this pilot study, we enrolled typical EE patients to evaluate what kinds of growth factors and their receptors were activated in their injured esophageal mucosa. Forty endoscopically proved EE patients were consecutively enrolled. Messenger RNA expressions, which includes keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) and its receptor (KGFR), epidermal growth factor (EGF) and its receptor (EGFR), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and its receptor (HGFR), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2, were measured using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Data were compared between the injured EE mucosa and their normal esophageal mucosa above EE. The mRNA expressions of HGF, HGFR, EGF, VEGF, and COX-2, but not EGFR, KGF, KGFR, bFGF, and COX-1, were significantly increased in the injured mucosa of EE patients compared with those of normal mucosa (P < 0.05). The study found that HGF, HGFR, EGF, VEGF, and, COX-2 are activated in the injured mucosa of EE patients; their activation might be involved in mucosal repair and ulcer healing of EE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiing-Chyuan Luo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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163
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Meyer KB, Maia AT, O'Reilly M, Teschendorff AE, Chin SF, Caldas C, Ponder BAJ. Allele-specific up-regulation of FGFR2 increases susceptibility to breast cancer. PLoS Biol 2008; 6:e108. [PMID: 18462018 PMCID: PMC2365982 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0060108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2007] [Accepted: 03/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent whole-genome scan for breast cancer has revealed the FGFR2 (fibroblast growth factor receptor 2) gene as a locus associated with a small, but highly significant, increase in the risk of developing breast cancer. Using fine-scale genetic mapping of the region, it has been possible to narrow the causative locus to a haplotype of eight strongly linked single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) spanning a region of 7.5 kilobases (kb) in the second intron of the FGFR2 gene. Here we describe a functional analysis to define the causative SNP, and we propose a model for a disease mechanism. Using gene expression microarray data, we observed a trend of increased FGFR2 expression in the rare homozygotes. This trend was confirmed using real-time (RT) PCR, with the difference between the rare and the common homozygotes yielding a Wilcox p-value of 0.028. To elucidate which SNPs might be responsible for this difference, we examined protein–DNA interactions for the eight most strongly disease-associated SNPs in different breast cell lines. We identify two cis-regulatory SNPs that alter binding affinity for transcription factors Oct-1/Runx2 and C/EBPβ, and we demonstrate that both sites are occupied in vivo. In transient transfection experiments, the two SNPs can synergize giving rise to increased FGFR2 expression. We propose a model in which the Oct-1/Runx2 and C/EBPβ binding sites in the disease-associated allele are able to lead to an increase in FGFR2 gene expression, thereby increasing the propensity for tumour formation. Recently, a number of whole-genome association studies have identified genes that predispose individuals to common diseases such as cancer. The challenge now is to understand how the identified risk loci contribute to disease, since the majority of these loci are located within introns (which are discarded after transcription) and intergenic regions, and therefore do not change the coding region of nearby genes. This manuscript describes how two single–base pair changes in intron 2 of the FGFR2 (fibroblast growth factor receptor 2) gene, “the top hit” of the breast cancer susceptibility study, exert their function. We find that the changes alter the binding of two transcription factors and cause an increase in FGFR2 gene expression, thus providing a molecular explanation for the risk phenotype. This is the first functional study, to our knowledge, of the risk loci identified for breast cancer in a whole-genome scan and demonstrates that these studies can be used as valid starting points for studying the underlying biology of cancer. Recent whole-genome scans have identified novel risk genes for many common diseases, challenging researchers to determine how these genes contribute to disease. A new study provides molecular insights into a breast cancer risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin B Meyer
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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164
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Dutt A, Salvesen HB, Chen TH, Ramos AH, Onofrio RC, Hatton C, Nicoletti R, Winckler W, Grewal R, Hanna M, Wyhs N, Ziaugra L, Richter DJ, Trovik J, Engelsen IB, Stefansson IM, Fennell T, Cibulskis K, Zody MC, Akslen LA, Gabriel S, Wong KK, Sellers WR, Meyerson M, Greulich H. Drug-sensitive FGFR2 mutations in endometrial carcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:8713-7. [PMID: 18552176 PMCID: PMC2438391 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0803379105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic activation of tyrosine kinases is a common mechanism of carcinogenesis and, given the druggable nature of these enzymes, an attractive target for anticancer therapy. Here, we show that somatic mutations of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) tyrosine kinase gene, FGFR2, are present in 12% of endometrial carcinomas, with additional instances found in lung squamous cell carcinoma and cervical carcinoma. These FGFR2 mutations, many of which are identical to mutations associated with congenital craniofacial developmental disorders, are constitutively activated and oncogenic when ectopically expressed in NIH 3T3 cells. Inhibition of FGFR2 kinase activity in endometrial carcinoma cell lines bearing such FGFR2 mutations inhibits transformation and survival, implicating FGFR2 as a novel therapeutic target in endometrial carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Dutt
- *Department of Medical Oncology and
- †The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142;
| | - Helga B. Salvesen
- ‡Department of Clinical Medicine and
- §Obstetrics and Gynecology, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5020 Bergen, Norway; and
| | - Tzu-Hsiu Chen
- *Department of Medical Oncology and
- †The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142;
| | - Alex H. Ramos
- *Department of Medical Oncology and
- †The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142;
| | | | - Charlie Hatton
- ¶Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115;
- †The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142;
| | - Richard Nicoletti
- *Department of Medical Oncology and
- †The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142;
| | - Wendy Winckler
- ¶Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115;
- †The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142;
| | - Rupinder Grewal
- ¶Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115;
- †The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142;
| | - Megan Hanna
- ¶Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115;
- †The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142;
| | - Nicolas Wyhs
- ¶Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115;
- †The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142;
| | - Liuda Ziaugra
- †The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142;
| | | | - Jone Trovik
- ‡Department of Clinical Medicine and
- §Obstetrics and Gynecology, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5020 Bergen, Norway; and
| | - Ingeborg B. Engelsen
- ‡Department of Clinical Medicine and
- §Obstetrics and Gynecology, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5020 Bergen, Norway; and
| | - Ingunn M. Stefansson
- ‖The Gade Institute, Section for Pathology, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway;
- Departments of **Pathology and
| | | | | | | | - Lars A. Akslen
- ‖The Gade Institute, Section for Pathology, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway;
- Departments of **Pathology and
| | - Stacey Gabriel
- †The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142;
| | - Kwok-Kin Wong
- *Department of Medical Oncology and
- ††Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115;
| | | | - Matthew Meyerson
- *Department of Medical Oncology and
- ¶Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115;
- §§Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115;
- †The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142;
- ¶¶To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: or
| | - Heidi Greulich
- *Department of Medical Oncology and
- ††Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115;
- †The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142;
- ¶¶To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: or
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165
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Konishi M, Nakamura H, Miwa H, Chambon P, Ornitz DM, Itoh N. Role of Fgf receptor 2c in adipocyte hypertrophy in mesenteric white adipose tissue. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2008; 287:13-9. [PMID: 18396371 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2008.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2007] [Revised: 12/19/2007] [Accepted: 02/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Fgf receptor 2c (Fgfr2c) was expressed in mature adipocytes of mouse white adipose tissue (WAT). To examine the role of Fgfr2c in mature adipocytes, we generated adipocyte-specific Fgfr2 knockout (Fgfr2 CKO) mice. The hypertrophy impairment of adipocytes in the mesenteric WAT but not in the subcutaneous WAT and decreased plasma free fatty acid (FFA) levels were observed in Fgfr2 CKO mice. Although the expression of genes involved in adipocyte differentiation and lipid metabolism in the mesenteric WAT was essentially unchanged, the expression of uncoupling protein 2 potentially involved in energy dissipation was significantly increased. Among potential Fgf ligands for Fgfr2c, Fgf9 was preferentially expressed in the mesenteric WAT. The present findings indicate that Fgfr2c potentially activated by Fgf9 plays a role in the adipocyte hypertrophy in the mesenteric WAT and FFA metabolism and/or energy dissipation in the mesenteric WAT might be involved in the hypertrophy impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morichika Konishi
- Department of Genetic Biochemistry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yoshida-Shimoadachi, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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166
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Dufour C, Guenou H, Kaabeche K, Bouvard D, Sanjay A, Marie PJ. FGFR2-Cbl interaction in lipid rafts triggers attenuation of PI3K/Akt signaling and osteoblast survival. Bone 2008; 42:1032-9. [PMID: 18374639 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2008.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2007] [Revised: 01/28/2008] [Accepted: 02/05/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) signaling plays an important role in skeletogenesis. The molecular mechanisms triggered by activated FGFR in bone forming cells are however not fully understood. In this study, we identify a role for phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling in cell apoptosis induced by FGFR2 activation in osteoblasts. We show that FGFR2 activation leads to decrease PI3K protein levels, resulting in attenuation of PI3K signaling in human osteoblasts. Biochemical and molecular analyses revealed that the attenuated PI3K signaling induced by FGFR2 activation is due to increased Cbl-PI3K molecular interaction mediated by the Cbl Y731 residue, which results in increased PI3K ubiquitination and proteasome degradation. Biochemical and immunocytochemical analyses showed that FGFR2 and Cbl interact in raft micro-domains at the plasma membrane. FGFR2 activation increases FGFR2 and Cbl recruitment in micro-domains, resulting in increased molecular interactions. Consistently, functional analyses showed that the attenuation of PI3K/Akt signaling triggered by FGFR2 activation results in increased osteoblast apoptosis. These results identify a functional molecular mechanism by which activated FGFR2 recruits Cbl in raft micro-domains to trigger PI3K ubiquitination and proteasome degradation, and reveal a novel role for PI3K/Akt attenuation in the control of osteoblast survival by FGFR2 signaling.
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167
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Fujisawa Y, Takahashi T, Enomoto H, Nakamura Y, Kawachi Y, Otsuka F. A case of proximal-type epithelioid sarcoma which showed positive reactivity to fibroblast growth factor receptor 2-IIIb isotype. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2008; 22:1372-3. [PMID: 18482307 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2008.02625.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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168
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Yin L, Du X, Li C, Xu X, Chen Z, Su N, Zhao L, Qi H, Li F, Xue J, Yang J, Jin M, Deng C, Chen L. A Pro253Arg mutation in fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (Fgfr2) causes skeleton malformation mimicking human Apert syndrome by affecting both chondrogenesis and osteogenesis. Bone 2008; 42:631-43. [PMID: 18242159 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2007.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2007] [Revised: 10/21/2007] [Accepted: 11/27/2007] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Apert syndrome is one of the most severe craniosynostosis that is mainly caused by either a Ser252Trp(S252W) or Pro253Arg(P253R) mutation in fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2). As an autosomal dominant disorder, Apert syndrome is mainly characterized by skull malformation resulting from premature fusion of craniofacial sutures, as well as syndactyly, etc. A P253R mutation of FGFR2 results in nearly one-thirds of the cases of Apert syndrome. The pathogenesis of Apert syndrome resulting from P253R mutation of FGFR2 is still not fully understood. Here we reported a knock-in mouse model carrying P253R mutation in Fgfr2. The mutant mice exhibit smaller body size and brachycephaly. Analysis of the mutant skulls and long bones revealed premature fusion of coronal suture, shortened cranial base and growth plates of long bones. In vitro organ culture studies further revealed that, compared with wild-type littermates, the mutant mice have prematurely fused coronal sutures and retarded long bone growth. Treatment of the cultured calvaria and femur with PD98059, an Erk1/2 inhibitor, resulted in partially alleviated coronal suture fusion and growth retardation of femur respectively. Our data indicated that the P253R mutation in Fgfr2 directly affect intramembranous and endochondral ossification, which resulted in the premature closure of coronal sutures and growth retardation of long bones and cranial base. And the Erk1/2 signaling pathway partially mediated the effects of P253R mutation of Fgfr2 on cranial sutures and long bones.
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MESH Headings
- Acrocephalosyndactylia/genetics
- Acrocephalosyndactylia/metabolism
- Acrocephalosyndactylia/pathology
- Animals
- Arginine/genetics
- Arginine/metabolism
- Biomimetics
- Cells, Cultured
- Chondrogenesis/genetics
- Disease Models, Animal
- Humans
- MAP Kinase Signaling System
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/metabolism
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3/metabolism
- Mutation/genetics
- Ossification, Heterotopic/genetics
- Ossification, Heterotopic/metabolism
- Ossification, Heterotopic/pathology
- Osteogenesis/genetics
- Proline/genetics
- Proline/metabolism
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/metabolism
- Skeleton
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangjun Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
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169
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Zhao H, Yang T, Madakashira BP, Thiels CA, Bechtle CA, Garcia CM, Zhang H, Yu K, Ornitz DM, Beebe DC, Robinson ML. Fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling is essential for lens fiber cell differentiation. Dev Biol 2008; 318:276-88. [PMID: 18455718 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2007] [Revised: 03/14/2008] [Accepted: 03/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The vertebrate lens provides an excellent model to study the mechanisms that regulate terminal differentiation. Although fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are thought to be important for lens cell differentiation, it is unclear which FGF receptors mediate these processes during different stages of lens development. Deletion of three FGF receptors (Fgfr1-3) early in lens development demonstrated that expression of only a single allele of Fgfr2 or Fgfr3 was sufficient for grossly normal lens development, while mice possessing only a single Fgfr1 allele developed cataracts and microphthalmia. Profound defects were observed in lenses lacking all three Fgfrs. These included lack of fiber cell elongation, abnormal proliferation in prospective lens fiber cells, reduced expression of the cell cycle inhibitors p27(kip1) and p57(kip2), increased apoptosis and aberrant or reduced expression of Prox1, Pax6, c-Maf, E-cadherin and alpha-, beta- and gamma-crystallins. Therefore, while signaling by FGF receptors is essential for lens fiber differentiation, different FGF receptors function redundantly.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Enlargement
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27/metabolism
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p57/metabolism
- Eye Abnormalities/embryology
- Fibroblast Growth Factors/metabolism
- Gene Targeting
- Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism
- Lens, Crystalline/cytology
- Lens, Crystalline/embryology
- Mice
- Mutation
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-maf/metabolism
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/metabolism
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Haotian Zhao
- Graduate Program in Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, College of Biological Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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170
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Ishikawa A, Kudo M, Nakazawa N, Onda M, Ishiwata T, Takeshita T, Naito Z. Expression of keratinocyte growth factor and its receptor in human endometrial cancer in cooperation with steroid hormones. Int J Oncol 2008; 32:565-574. [PMID: 18292933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The keratinocyte factor (KGF) and its receptor (KGFR) are implicated in tissue development and repair. We studied the expression and functions of KGF and KGFR in association with estrogen and progesterone in human endometrial tissues and cells. In non-cancerous human endometrial tissues in the secretory phase, a strong immunoreactivity of KGF in glands, stromal cells, and smooth muscle cells of spiral arteries was detected; however, in proliferative-phase tissues, the immunoreactivity of KGF or KGFR was weak or absent. Most of the 32 endometrioid adenocarcinoma cases showed positive KGF and KGFR stainings (90.6 and 71.9%, respectively). We then studied, using Ishikawa well-differentiated human endometrial cancer cell line that expresses estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR), the expression of KGF and KGFR in conjunction with estrogen and progesterone, and observed that the KGFR expression of Ishikawa cells was upregulated by estrogen and that this upregulation was markedly enhanced by the coadministration of progesterone. We also observed that KGF administration to cells, with KGFR upregulated expression, stimulated ERK1/2 phosphorylation and cell adhesion to fibronectin. The implications of the hormone-stimulated KGF-KGFR expressions in the regulation of cell behavior associated with human endometrial cancer are discussed.
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MESH Headings
- Carcinoma, Endometrioid/genetics
- Carcinoma, Endometrioid/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Endometrial Neoplasms/genetics
- Endometrial Neoplasms/metabolism
- Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/metabolism
- Female
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 7/genetics
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 7/metabolism
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 7/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Gonadal Steroid Hormones/pharmacology
- Humans
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/metabolism
- Receptors, Steroid/genetics
- Receptors, Steroid/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Ishikawa
- Female Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan
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171
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Meijer D, Sieuwerts AM, Look MP, van Agthoven T, Foekens JA, Dorssers LCJ. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 predicts failure on tamoxifen therapy in patients with recurrent breast cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2008; 15:101-11. [PMID: 18310279 DOI: 10.1677/erc-07-0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Tamoxifen treatment of estrogen-dependent breast cancer ultimately loses its effectiveness due to the development of resistance. From a functional screen for identifying genes responsible for tamoxifen resistance in human ZR-75-1 breast cancer cells, fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 17 was recovered. The aim of this exploratory study was to assess the predictive value of FGF17 and the receptors FGFR1-4 for the type of response to tamoxifen treatment (clinical benefit) and the duration of progression-free survival (PFS) in patients with recurrent breast cancer. mRNA levels of FGF17 and FGFR1-4 were quantified by real-time reverse transcriptase PCR in 285 estrogen receptor-positive breast carcinomas with clinical follow-up. All patients had recurrent disease and were treated with tamoxifen as first-line systemic therapy for local or distant relapse. FGF17 and FGFR1-3 mRNA levels had no significant predictive value for this group of patients. However, high FGFR4 mRNA levels analyzed as a continuous log-transformed variable predicted poor clinical benefit (odds ratio=1.22; P=0.009) and shorter PFS (hazard ratio=1.18; P<0.001). In addition, in multivariable analysis, the predictive value of FGFR4 was independent from the traditional predictive factors. Our analyses show that FGFR4 may play a role in the biological response of the tumor to tamoxifen treatment. In addition, as altered expression of FGF17 causes tamoxifen resistance in vitro, the FGF signaling pathway could be a valuable target in the treatment of breast cancer patients resistant to endocrine treatment.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal/therapeutic use
- Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Female
- Fibroblast Growth Factors/genetics
- Fibroblast Growth Factors/metabolism
- Humans
- Lymph Nodes/pathology
- Lymphatic Metastasis
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/diagnosis
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/drug therapy
- Prognosis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/metabolism
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3/metabolism
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 4/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 4/metabolism
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Receptors, Progesterone/metabolism
- Retrospective Studies
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Skin Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Skin Neoplasms/metabolism
- Skin Neoplasms/secondary
- Survival Rate
- Tamoxifen/therapeutic use
- Treatment Failure
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Meijer
- Department of Pathology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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172
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Lew ED, Bae JH, Rohmann E, Wollnik B, Schlessinger J. Structural basis for reduced FGFR2 activity in LADD syndrome: Implications for FGFR autoinhibition and activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:19802-7. [PMID: 18056630 PMCID: PMC2148379 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0709905104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2007] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) and its ligand, FGF10, are known to cause lacrimo-auriculo-dento-digital (LADD) syndrome. Multiple gain-of-function mutations in FGF receptors have been implicated in a variety of severe skeletal disorders and in many cancers. We aimed to elucidate the mechanism by which a missense mutation in the tyrosine kinase domain of FGFR2, described in the sporadic case of LADD syndrome, leads to reduced tyrosine kinase activity. In this report, we describe the crystal structure of a FGFR2 A628T LADD mutant in complex with a nucleotide analog. We demonstrate that the A628T LADD mutation alters the configuration of key residues in the catalytic pocket that are essential for substrate coordination, resulting in reduced tyrosine kinase activity. Further comparison of the structures of WT FGFR2 and WT FGFR1 kinases revealed that FGFR2 uses a less stringent mode of autoinhibition than FGFR1, which was also manifested in faster in vitro autophosphorylation kinetics. Moreover, the nearly identical conformation of WT FGFR2 kinase and the A628T LADD mutant to either the phosphorylated FGFR2 or FGFR2 harboring pathological activating mutations in the kinase hinge region suggests that FGFR autoinhibition and activation are better explained by changes in the conformational dynamics of the kinase rather than by static crystallographic snapshots of minor structural variations.
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MESH Headings
- Abnormalities, Multiple
- Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism
- Alanine/genetics
- Alanine/metabolism
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Humans
- Models, Molecular
- Mutation/genetics
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Binding
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/chemistry
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/metabolism
- Structural Homology, Protein
- Substrate Specificity
- Syndrome
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin D. Lew
- *Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510; and
| | - Jae Hyun Bae
- *Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510; and
| | - Edyta Rohmann
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC) and
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Cologne, 50923 Cologne, Germany
| | - Bernd Wollnik
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC) and
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Cologne, 50923 Cologne, Germany
| | - Joseph Schlessinger
- *Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510; and
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173
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Sahadevan K, Darby S, Leung HY, Mathers ME, Robson CN, Gnanapragasam VJ. Selective over-expression of fibroblast growth factor receptors 1 and 4 in clinical prostate cancer. J Pathol 2007; 213:82-90. [PMID: 17607666 DOI: 10.1002/path.2205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) mediate the tumourigenic effects of FGFs in prostate cancer. These receptors are therefore potential therapeutic targets in the development of inhibitors to this pathway. To identify the most relevant targets, we simultaneously investigated FGFR1-4 expression using a prostate cancer tissue microarray (TMA) and in laser capture microdissected (LCM) prostate epithelial cells. In malignant prostates (n = 138) we observed significant FGFR1 and FGFR4 protein over-expression in comparison with benign prostates (n = 58; p < 0.0001). FGFR1 was expressed at high levels in the majority of tumours (69% of grade 3 or less, 74% of grade 4 and 70% of grade 5), while FGFR4 was strongly expressed in 83% of grade 5 cancers but in only 25% of grade 1-3 cancers (p < 0.0001). At the transcript level we observed a similar pattern, with FGFR1 and FGFR4 mRNA over-expressed in malignant epithelial cells compared to benign cells (p < 0.0005 and p < 0.05, respectively). While total FGFR2 was increased in some cancers, there was no association between expression and tumour grade or stage. Transcript analysis, however, revealed a switch in the predominant isoform expressed from FGFR2IIIb to FGFR2IIIc among malignant epithelial cells. In contrast, protein and transcript expression of FGFR3 was very similar between benign and cancer biopsies. The functional effect of targeting FGFR4 in prostate cancer cells has not previously been investigated. In in vitro experiments, suppression of FGFR4 by RNA interference effectively blocked prostate cancer cell proliferation (p < 0.0001) and invasion (p < 0.001) in response to exogenous stimulation. This effect was evident regardless of whether the cells expressed the FGFR4 Arg388 or Gly388 allele. In parallel experiments, FGFR3 suppression had no discernible effect on cancer cell behaviour. These results suggest evidence of selective over-expression of FGFR1 and FGFR4 in clinical prostate cancer and support the notion of targeted inhibition of these receptors to disrupt FGF signalling.
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MESH Headings
- Case-Control Studies
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Male
- Microdissection
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Prostatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Protein Isoforms/genetics
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Small Interfering/pharmacology
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/analysis
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/analysis
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/metabolism
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3/analysis
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3/metabolism
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 4/analysis
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 4/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 4/metabolism
- Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor/analysis
- Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sahadevan
- Urology Research Group, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
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174
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Yang ZQ, Moffa AB, Haddad R, Streicher KL, Ethier SP. Transforming properties of TC-1 in human breast cancer: interaction with FGFR2 and beta-catenin signaling pathways. Int J Cancer 2007; 121:1265-73. [PMID: 17520678 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer development is associated with gene amplification and over expression that is believed to have a causative role in oncogenesis. Previous studies have demonstrated that over expression of TC-1(C8orf4) mRNA occurs in approximately 50% of breast cancer cell lines and primary tumor specimens. Here, we show that TC-1 has transforming properties in human mammary epithelial (HME) cells and its expression is mechanistically linked to FGFR signaling cascades. In vitro experiments demonstrate that TC-1 over expression mediates both anchorage-independent and growth factor-independent proliferation of HME cells. TC-1 was down regulated by the FGFR inhibitor PD173074 in the breast cancer cell line SUM-52 that also has an FGFR2 gene amplification and over expression. Furthermore, forced expression of FGFR2 in HME cells increased the level of expression of endogenous TC-1 mRNA. TC-1 has been implicated as a modulator of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling in 293 cells and in gastric cancer cells. However, while we did find increased expression of a subset of beta-catenin target genes in TC-1 over expressing cells, we did not find an association of TC-1 with global expression of beta-catenin target genes in our cells. Taken together, our data suggest that TC-1 over expression is transforming and may link with the FGFR pathway in a subset of breast cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blotting, Northern
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Amplification
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/physiology
- Humans
- Mice
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Pyrimidines/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- RNA, Small Interfering
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- beta Catenin/genetics
- beta Catenin/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeng-Quan Yang
- Breast Cancer Program, Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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175
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Berg T, Rountree CB, Lee L, Estrada J, Sala FG, Choe A, Veltmaat JM, De Langhe S, Lee R, Tsukamoto H, Crooks GM, Bellusci S, Wang KS. Fibroblast growth factor 10 is critical for liver growth during embryogenesis and controls hepatoblast survival via beta-catenin activation. Hepatology 2007; 46:1187-97. [PMID: 17668871 PMCID: PMC3494299 DOI: 10.1002/hep.21814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling and beta-catenin activation have been shown to be crucial for early embryonic liver development. This study determined the significance of FGF10-mediated signaling in a murine embryonic liver progenitor cell population as well as its relation to beta-catenin activation. We observed that Fgf10(-/-) and Fgfr2b(-/-) mouse embryonic livers are smaller than wild-type livers; Fgf10(-/-) livers exhibit diminished proliferation of hepatoblasts. A comparison of beta-galactosidase activity as a readout of Fgf10 expression in Fgf10(+/LacZ) mice and of beta-catenin activation in TOPGAL mice, demonstrated peak Fgf10 expression from E9 to E13.5 coinciding with peak beta-catenin activation. Flow cytometric isolation and marker gene expression analysis of LacZ(+) cells from E13.5 Fgf10(+/LacZ) and TOPGAL livers, respectively, revealed that Fgf10 expression and beta-catenin signaling occur distinctly in stellate/myofibroblastic cells and hepatoblasts, respectively. Moreover, hepatoblasts express Fgfr2b, which strongly suggests they can respond to recombinant FGF10 produced by stellate cells. Fgfr2b(-/-)/TOPGAL(+/+) embryonic livers displayed less beta-galactosidase activity than livers of Fgfr2b(+/+)/TOPGAL(+/+) littermates. In addition, cultures of whole liver explants in Matrigel or cell in suspension from E12.5 TOPGAL(+/+)mice displayed a marked increase in beta-galactosidase activity and cell survival upon treatment with recombinant FGF10, indicating that FGFR (most likely FGFR2B) activation is upstream of beta-catenin signaling and promote hepatoblast survival. CONCLUSION Embryonic stellate/myofibroblastic cells promote beta-catenin activation in and survival of hepatoblasts via FGF10-mediated signaling. We suggest a role for stellate/myofibroblastic FGF10 within the liver stem cell niche in supporting the proliferating hepatoblast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tove Berg
- Saban Research Institute, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles
| | | | - Lily Lee
- Saban Research Institute, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles
| | | | | | - Andrea Choe
- Saban Research Institute, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles
| | | | | | - Rene Lee
- Saban Research Institute, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles
| | - Hide Tsukamoto
- Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Gay M. Crooks
- Saban Research Institute, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles
| | | | - Kasper S. Wang
- Saban Research Institute, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles
- Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
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176
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Yoshino M, Ishiwata T, Watanabe M, Matsunobu T, Komine O, Ono Y, Yamamoto T, Fujii T, Matsumoto K, Tokunaga A, Naito Z. Expression and roles of keratinocyte growth factor and its receptor in esophageal cancer cells. Int J Oncol 2007; 31:721-8. [PMID: 17786302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The keratinocyte growth factor receptor (KGFR), also known as FGFR2 IIIb, is mainly localized in epithelial cells and is activated by the keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) that is predominantly synthesized by mesenchymal cells. In this study, we examined the roles of KGFR and KGF in human esophageal cancer (EC). In noncancerous esophageal tissues, KGFR was localized in epithelial cells from the basal region of the epithelium to the lower one-third of the epithelium, and KGF was weakly localized in the basal to parabasal epithelial cells. On the other hand, Ki-67 was localized in the parabasal cells. In EC tissues, KGFR and KGF were expressed in cancer cells in 22 and 37 of 54 patients, respectively. The coexpression of KGFR and KGF in cancer cells was detected in 14 of 54 (26%) patients. Clinicopathologically, KGFR expression correlated with the well-differentiated cell type of EC (p<0.001), and KGF expression correlated with lymphatic invasion and lymph node metastasis (p=0.004 and 0.021, respectively). The coexpression of KGFR and KGF in cancer cells correlated with the well-differentiated cell type of EC (p=0.001). KGFR-positive, KGF-positive and KGFR/KGF coexpression patients tended to have shorter survival rates, but the survival rates were not statistically significantly different (p=0.44, 0.059 and 0.112, respectively). In human EC cell lines (TE-1, TE-8 and TE-11), KGFR mRNA was expressed but no KGF mRNA was detected. The KGFR mRNA level was highest in TE-1 cells, derived from well-differentiated SCC and lowest in TE-8 cells. KGFR was detected in the cancer cell lines by Western blot analysis. Recombinant human KGF significantly stimulated the growth of TE-8 and -11 cells, derived from moderately differentiated SCC, but had no effect on TE-1 cell growth. These results suggest that KGFR expression correlates with the differentiation of a normal esophageal epithelium and the well-differentiated cell type of EC. On the other hand, KGF may induce the growth of some EC cells in a paracrine manner and closely correlates with lymphatic invasion and lymph node metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Yoshino
- Department of Pathology, Integrative Oncological Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Sendagi, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
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177
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Cardinali G, Bolasco G, Aspite N, Lucania G, Lotti LV, Torrisi MR, Picardo M. Melanosome transfer promoted by keratinocyte growth factor in light and dark skin-derived keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2007; 128:558-67. [PMID: 17882267 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5701063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The transfer of melanin from melanocytes to keratinocytes is upregulated by UV radiation and modulated by autocrine and paracrine factors. Among them, the keratinocyte growth factor (KGF/FGF7) promotes melanosome transfer acting on the recipient keratinocytes through stimulation of the phagocytic process. To search for possible differences in the melanosome uptake of keratinocytes from different skin color, we analyzed the uptake kinetics and distribution pattern of fluorescent latex beads in primary cultures of light and dark skin-derived keratinocytes stimulated with KGF and we compared the direct effect of KGF on the melanosome transfer in co-cultures of human primary melanocytes with light and dark keratinocytes. KGF-promoted melanosome transfer was more significant in light keratinocytes compared to dark, due to an increased expression of KGF receptor in light skin keratinocytes. Colocalization studies performed by confocal microscopy using FITC-dextran as a phagocytic marker and fluorescent beads as well as inhibition of particle uptake by cytochalasin D, revealed that beads internalization induced by KGF occurs via actin-dependent phagocytosis. 3D image reconstruction by fluorescence microscopy and ultrastructural analysis through transmission electron microscopy showed differences in the distribution pattern of the beads in light and dark keratinocytes, consistent with the different melanosome distribution in human skin.
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178
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Abstract
The juxtaposition of a dense capillary network to lung epithelial cells is essential for air-blood gas exchange. Defective lung vascular development can result in bronchopulmonary dysplasia and alveolar capillary dysplasia. Although vascular endothelial growth factor A (Vegfa) is required for formation of the lung capillary network, little is known regarding the factors that regulate the density and location of the distal capillary plexus and the expression pattern of Vegfa. Here, we show that fibroblast growth factor 9 (FGF9) and sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling to lung mesenchyme, but not to endothelial cells, are each necessary and together sufficient for distal capillary development. Furthermore, both gain- and loss-of-function of FGF9 regulates Vegfa expression in lung mesenchyme, and VEGF signaling is required for FGF9-mediated blood vessel formation. FGF9, however, can only partially rescue the reduction in capillary density found in the absence of SHH signaling, and SHH is unable to rescue the vascular phenotype found in Fgf9(-/-) lungs. Thus, both signaling systems regulate distinct aspects of vascular development in distal lung mesenchyme. These data suggest a molecular mechanism through which FGF9 and SHH signaling coordinately control the growth and patterning of the lung capillary plexus, and regulate the temporal and spatial expression of Vegfa.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Capillaries/cytology
- Capillaries/embryology
- Capillaries/metabolism
- Embryo, Mammalian/anatomy & histology
- Embryo, Mammalian/physiology
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 9/genetics
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 9/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Hedgehog Proteins/genetics
- Hedgehog Proteins/metabolism
- In Situ Hybridization
- Lung/blood supply
- Lung/embryology
- Lung/metabolism
- Mesoderm/cytology
- Mesoderm/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/genetics
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/metabolism
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179
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Chen H, Ma J, Li W, Eliseenkova AV, Xu C, Neubert TA, Miller WT, Mohammadi M. A molecular brake in the kinase hinge region regulates the activity of receptor tyrosine kinases. Mol Cell 2007; 27:717-30. [PMID: 17803937 PMCID: PMC2094128 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2007.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2007] [Revised: 05/24/2007] [Accepted: 06/21/2007] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Activating mutations in the tyrosine kinase domain of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) cause cancer and skeletal disorders. Comparison of the crystal structures of unphosphorylated and phosphorylated wild-type FGFR2 kinase domains with those of seven unphosphorylated pathogenic mutants reveals an autoinhibitory "molecular brake" mediated by a triad of residues in the kinase hinge region of all FGFRs. Structural analysis shows that many other RTKs, including PDGFRs, VEGFRs, KIT, CSF1R, FLT3, TEK, and TIE, are also subject to regulation by this brake. Pathogenic mutations activate FGFRs and other RTKs by disengaging the brake either directly or indirectly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaibin Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jinghong Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Wanqing Li
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Anna V. Eliseenkova
- Department of Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Chongfeng Xu
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Thomas A. Neubert
- Department of Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - W. Todd Miller
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Moosa Mohammadi
- Department of Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Moosa Mohammadi, Ph.D, Tel: (212) 263-2907, Fax: (212) 263-7133, E-mail:
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180
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Lu L, Wang D, Hu LN, Chen B, Jia HJ, Li JK, Wang DF. [Expression and action of keratinocyte growth factor, keratinocyte growth factor receptor on CaSki cell]. Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2007; 38:836-838. [PMID: 17953372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the expressions of keratinocyte growth factor (KGF), keratinocyte growth factor receptor (KGFR) in CaSki cell and action of keratinocyte growth factor on proliferation, migration of the CaSki cell. METHODS ELISA and Western blot methods were used to determine the protein expressions of the KGF and KGFR in CaSki cell respectively: 3H-Thymidine incorporation method was used to determine the effect of recombinant human KGF and anti-KGF on CaSki cell proliferation; Millicell-PCF was used to determine the effect of recombinant human KGF, anti-KGF on CaSki cell migration. RESULTS Both KGF and KGFR were expressing in the CaSki cell; Recombinant human KGF resulted in a increase in the proliferation and migration of CaSki cells; The proliferation and migration of CaSki cell became weak due to autocrine KGF neutralized by KGF antibodies (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Current results demonstrate that KGF and KGFR express in CaSki cell; Both autocrine and recombinant human KGF have the effect on CaSki cell proliferation and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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181
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Plantier L, Marchand-Adam S, Antico Arciuch VG, Antico VG, Boyer L, De Coster C, Marchal J, Bachoual R, Mailleux A, Boczkowski J, Crestani B. Keratinocyte growth factor protects against elastase-induced pulmonary emphysema in mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2007; 293:L1230-9. [PMID: 17766584 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00460.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary emphysema is characterized by persistent inflammation and progressive alveolar destruction. The keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) favorably influences alveolar maintenance and repair and possesses anti-inflammatory properties. We aimed to determine whether exogenous KGF prevented or corrected elastase-induced pulmonary emphysema in vivo. Treatment with 5 mg x kg(-1) x day(-1) KGF before elastase instillation prevented pulmonary emphysema. This effect was associated with 1) a sharp reduction in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid total protein and inflammatory cell recruitment, 2) a reduction in the pulmonary expression of the chemokines CCL2 (or monocyte chemoattractant protein-1) and CXCL2 (or macrophage inflammatory protein-2alpha) and of the adhesion molecules ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, 3) a reduction in matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 activity at day 3, and 4) a major reduction in DNA damage detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) in alveolar cells at day 7. Treatment with KGF after elastase instillation had no effect on elastase-induced emphysema despite the conserved expression of the KGF receptor in the lungs of elastase-instilled animals as determined by immunohistochemistry. In vitro, KGF abolished the elastase-induced increase in CCL2, CXCL2, and ICAM-1 mRNA in the MLE-12 murine alveolar epithelial cell line. We conclude that KGF pretreatment protected against elastase-induced pulmonary inflammation, activation of MMPs, alveolar cell DNA damage, and subsequent emphysema in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Plantier
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U700, Faculté Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
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182
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Takeda M, Arao T, Yokote H, Komatsu T, Yanagihara K, Sasaki H, Yamada Y, Tamura T, Fukuoka K, Kimura H, Saijo N, Nishio K. AZD2171 shows potent antitumor activity against gastric cancer over-expressing fibroblast growth factor receptor 2/keratinocyte growth factor receptor. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:3051-7. [PMID: 17505008 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-2743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE AZD2171 is an oral, highly potent, and selective vascular endothelial growth factor signaling inhibitor that inhibits all vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases. The purpose of this study was to investigate the activity of AZD2171 in gastric cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We examined the antitumor effect of AZD2171 on the eight gastric cancer cell lines in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS AZD2171 directly inhibited the growth of two gastric cancer cell lines (KATO-III and OCUM2M), with an IC(50) of 0.15 and 0.37 micromol/L, respectively, more potently than the epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor gefitinib. Reverse transcription-PCR experiments and immunoblotting revealed that sensitive cell lines dominantly expressed COOH terminus-truncated fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) splicing variants that were constitutively phosphorylated and spontaneously dimerized. AZD2171 completely inhibited the phosphorylation of FGFR2 and downstream signaling proteins (FRS2, AKT, and mitogen-activated protein kinase) in sensitive cell lines at a 10-fold lower concentration (0.1 micromol/L) than in the other cell lines. An in vitro kinase assay showed that AZD2171 inhibited kinase activity of immunoprecipitated FGFR2 with submicromolar K(i) values ( approximately 0.05 micromol/L). Finally, we assessed the antitumor activity of AZD2171 in human gastric tumor xenograft models in mice. Oral administration of AZD2171 (1.5 or 6 mg/kg/d) significantly and dose-dependently inhibited tumor growth in mice bearing KATO-III and OCUM2M tumor xenografts. CONCLUSIONS AZD2171 exerted potent antitumor activity against gastric cancer xenografts overexpressing FGFR2. The results of these preclinical studies indicate that AZD2171 may provide clinical benefit in patients with certain types of gastric cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/administration & dosage
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Dimerization
- Gefitinib
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Quinazolines/administration & dosage
- Quinazolines/pharmacology
- Quinazolines/therapeutic use
- RNA, Small Interfering/pharmacology
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/analysis
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/metabolism
- Stomach Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Stomach Neoplasms/enzymology
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Takeda
- Shien Lab, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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183
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Shukla V, Coumoul X, Wang RH, Kim HS, Deng CX. RNA interference and inhibition of MEK-ERK signaling prevent abnormal skeletal phenotypes in a mouse model of craniosynostosis. Nat Genet 2007; 39:1145-50. [PMID: 17694057 DOI: 10.1038/ng2096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2007] [Accepted: 06/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Premature fusion of one or more of the cranial sutures (craniosynostosis) in humans causes over 100 skeletal diseases, which occur in 1 of approximately 2,500 live births. Among them is Apert syndrome, one of the most severe forms of craniosynostosis, primarily caused by missense mutations leading to amino acid changes S252W or P253R in fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2). Here we show that a small hairpin RNA targeting the dominant mutant form of Fgfr2 (Fgfr2(S252W)) completely prevents Apert-like syndrome in mice. Restoration of normal FGFR2 signaling is manifested by an alteration of the activity of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), implicating the gene encoding ERK and the genes downstream of it in disease expressivity. Furthermore, treatment of the mutant mice with U0126, an inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase kinase 1 and 2 (MEK1/2) that blocks phosphorylation and activation of ERK1/2, significantly inhibits craniosynostosis. These results illustrate a pathogenic role for ERK activation in craniosynostosis resulting from FGFR2 with the S252W substitution and introduce a new concept of small-molecule inhibitor-mediated prevention and therapy for diseases caused by gain-of-function mutations in the human genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Shukla
- Genetics of Development and Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, US National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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184
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Shams I, Rohmann E, Eswarakumar VP, Lew ED, Yuzawa S, Wollnik B, Schlessinger J, Lax I. Lacrimo-auriculo-dento-digital syndrome is caused by reduced activity of the fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF10)-FGF receptor 2 signaling pathway. Mol Cell Biol 2007; 27:6903-12. [PMID: 17682060 PMCID: PMC2099236 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00544-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lacrimo-auriculo-dento-digital (LADD) syndrome is characterized by abnormalities in lacrimal and salivary glands, in teeth, and in the distal limbs. Genetic studies have implicated heterozygous mutations in fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF10) and in FGF receptor 2 (FGFR2) in LADD syndrome. However, it is not clear whether LADD syndrome mutations (LADD mutations) are gain- or loss-of-function mutations. In order to reveal the molecular mechanism underlying LADD syndrome, we have compared the biological properties of FGF10 LADD and FGFR2 LADD mutants to the activities of their normal counterparts. These experiments show that the biological activities of three different FGF10 LADD mutants are severely impaired by different mechanisms. Moreover, haploinsufficiency caused by defective FGF10 mutants leads to LADD syndrome. We also demonstrate that the tyrosine kinase activities of FGFR2 LADD mutants expressed in transfected cells are strongly compromised. Since tyrosine kinase activity is stimulated by ligand-induced receptor dimerization, FGFR2 LADD mutants may also exert a dominant inhibitory effect on signaling via wild-type FGFR2 expressed in the same cell. These experiments underscore the importance of signal strength in mediating biological responses and that relatively small changes in receptor signaling may influence the outcome of developmental processes in cells or organs that do not possess redundant signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imad Shams
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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185
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Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 9 (FGF9) is widely expressed in embryos and fetuses and has been shown to be involved in male sex determination, testicular cord formation, and Sertoli cell differentiation. Given its male gender bias, the ovary has not been reported to express FGF9, nor has a role in ovarian function been explored. We report here that FGF9 mRNA and protein are present in the rat ovary and provide evidence that supports a role for FGF9 in ovarian progesterone production. FGF9 mRNA levels as determined by real-time PCR were high in 4-d-old rat ovaries, thereafter declining and stabilizing at levels approximately 30% of d 4 levels at d 12-25. Levels of FGF9 mRNA in the ovary were significantly higher than that present in adult testis, at all ages studied. The FGF9 receptors FGFR2 and FGFR3 mRNAs were present in postnatal and immature rat ovary and appeared to be constitutively expressed. FGF9 protein was localized to theca, stromal cells, and corpora lutea and FGFR2 and FGFR3 proteins to granulosa cells, theca cells, oocytes, and corpora lutea, by immunohistochemistry. Follicular differentiation induced by gonadotropin treatment reduced the expression of FGF9 mRNA by immature rat ovaries, whereas the estrogen-stimulated development of large preantral follicles had no significant effect. In vitro, FGF9 stimulated progesterone production by granulosa cells beyond that elicited by a maximally stimulating dose of FSH. When the granulosa cells were pretreated with FSH to induce LH receptors, FGF9 was found not to be as potent as LH in stimulating progesterone production, nor did it enhance LH-stimulated production. The combined treatments of FSH/FGF9 and FSH/LH, however, were most effective at stimulating progesterone production by these differentiated granulosa cells. Analyses of steroidogenic regulatory proteins indicate that steroidogenic acute regulatory protein and P450 side chain cleavage mRNA levels were enhanced by FGF9, providing a mechanism of action for the increased progesterone synthesis. In summary, the data are consistent with a paracrine role for FGF9 in the ovary.
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MESH Headings
- 3-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases/genetics
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme/genetics
- Diethylstilbestrol/pharmacology
- Estrogens, Non-Steroidal/pharmacology
- Female
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 9/genetics
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 9/metabolism
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Gene Expression/physiology
- Granulosa Cells/cytology
- Granulosa Cells/physiology
- Immunohistochemistry
- Male
- Paracrine Communication/physiology
- Phosphoproteins/genetics
- Pregnancy
- Progesterone/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/metabolism
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3/metabolism
- Steroids/biosynthesis
- Testis/cytology
- Testis/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann E Drummond
- Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 5152, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.
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186
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Kondo T, Zheng L, Liu W, Kurebayashi J, Asa SL, Ezzat S. Epigenetically controlled fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 signaling imposes on the RAS/BRAF/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway to modulate thyroid cancer progression. Cancer Res 2007; 67:5461-70. [PMID: 17545628 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-4477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signals play fundamental roles in development and tumorigenesis. Thyroid cancer is an example of a tumor with nonoverlapping genetic mutations that up-regulate mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Here, we show that FGF receptor 1 (FGFR1), which is expressed mainly in neoplastic thyroid cells, propagates MAPK activation and promotes tumor progression. In contrast, FGFR2 is down-regulated in neoplastic thyroid cells through DNA promoter methylation. Reexpression of FGFR2 competes with FGFR1 for the immediate substrate FGFR substrate 2 to impede signaling upstream of the BRAF/MAPK pathway. These data unmask an epigenetically controlled FGFR2 signal that imposes precisely on the intragenically modified BRAF/MAPK pathway to modulate thyroid cancer behavior.
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MESH Headings
- Cell Growth Processes/physiology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- DNA Methylation
- Disease Progression
- Down-Regulation
- Epigenesis, Genetic
- Humans
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/genetics
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/biosynthesis
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/biosynthesis
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/metabolism
- Thyroid Neoplasms/enzymology
- Thyroid Neoplasms/genetics
- Thyroid Neoplasms/metabolism
- Thyroid Neoplasms/pathology
- Transfection
- ras Proteins/genetics
- ras Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Kondo
- Department of Pathology, Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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187
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Cho K, Ishiwata T, Uchida E, Nakazawa N, Korc M, Naito Z, Tajiri T. Enhanced expression of keratinocyte growth factor and its receptor correlates with venous invasion in pancreatic cancer. Am J Pathol 2007; 170:1964-74. [PMID: 17525264 PMCID: PMC1899460 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2007.060935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) and KGF receptor (KGFR) have been implicated in cancer growth as well as tissue development and repair. In this study, we examined whether KGF and KGFR have a role in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). KGFR mRNA was expressed in eight pancreatic cancer cell lines, whereas the KGF mRNA was detected in seven of the cell lines and was absent in MIA PaCa-2 cells. KGFR and KGF immunoreactivity were localized in the cancer cells in 41.5 and 34.0% of patients, respectively. There was a significant correlation between KGFR or KGF immunoreactivity and venous invasion and a significant correlation between the presence of both markers and venous invasion, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A expression, and poor prognosis. Exogenous KGF increased VEGF-A expression and release in MIA PaCa-2 cells, and PANC-1 cells stably transfected to overexpress KGF-exhibited increased VEGF-A expression. Moreover, short hairpin-KGFR transfection in MIA PaCa-2 cells reduced the stimulatory effect of exogenous KGF on VEGF-A expression. Short hairpin-KGF transfection in KLM-1 cells reduced VEGF-A expression in the cells. KGFR and KGF may act to promote venous invasion and tumor angiogenesis in PDAC, raising the possibility that they may serve as novel therapeutic targets in anti-angiogenic strategies in PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumitsu Cho
- Department of Integrative Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
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188
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Candi E, Rufini A, Terrinoni A, Giamboi-Miraglia A, Lena AM, Mantovani R, Knight R, Melino G. DeltaNp63 regulates thymic development through enhanced expression of FgfR2 and Jag2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:11999-2004. [PMID: 17626181 PMCID: PMC1924561 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0703458104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
p63, a homologue of the tumor suppressor p53, is pivotal for epithelial development, because its loss causes severe epithelial dysgenesis, although no information is so far available on the role of p63 in the thymus. We identified the expression of all p63 isoforms in the developing thymus. The p63(-/-) thymi show severe abnormalities in size and cellularity, even though the organ expresses normal levels of keratins 5 and 8, indicating a p63-independent differentiation of thymic epithelial cells (TEC). TEC were sufficiently developed to allow a significant degree of education to produce CD4/CD8 single- and double-positive T cells. To study the selective contribution of transactivation-active p63 (TAp63) and amino-deleted p63 (DeltaNp63) isoforms to the function of the TEC, we genetically complemented p63(-/-) mice by crossing p63(+/-) mice with transgenic mice expressing either TAp63alpha or DeltaNp63alpha under the control of the keratin 5 promoter. Thymic morphology and cellularity were partially restored by complementation with DeltaNp63, but not TAp63, one downstream effector being fibroblast growth factor receptor 2-IIIb (FgfR2-IIIb). Indeed, FgfR2-IIIb is regulated directly by p63, via its interaction with apobec-1-binding protein-1, and its knockout shows thymic defects similar to those observed in p63(-/-) thymi. In addition, expression of Jag2, a component of the Notch signaling pathway known to be required for thymic development, was enhanced by p63 in vivo genetic complementation. Like Jag2(-/-) thymi, p63(-/-) thymi also show reduced gammadelta cell formation. Therefore, p63, and particularly the DeltaNp63 isoform, is essential for thymic development via enhanced expression of FgfR2 and Jag2. The action of DeltaNp63 is not due to a direct regulation of TEC differentiation, but it is compatible with maintenance of their "stemness," the thymic abnormalities resulting from epithelial failure due to loss of stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Candi
- *Biochemistry Laboratory, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata–Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Rome “Tor Vergata,” 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Rufini
- *Biochemistry Laboratory, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata–Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Rome “Tor Vergata,” 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Terrinoni
- *Biochemistry Laboratory, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata–Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Rome “Tor Vergata,” 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Giamboi-Miraglia
- *Biochemistry Laboratory, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata–Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Rome “Tor Vergata,” 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Lena
- *Biochemistry Laboratory, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata–Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Rome “Tor Vergata,” 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Mantovani
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; and
| | - Richard Knight
- Toxicology Unit, Medical Research Council, Hodgkin Building, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
| | - Gerry Melino
- Toxicology Unit, Medical Research Council, Hodgkin Building, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at:
Apoptosis and Cancer Group, Toxicology Unit, Medical Research Council, Hodgkin Building, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom. E-mail:
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189
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Otte JM, Schwenger M, Brunke G, Schmitz F, Otte C, Kiehne K, Kloehn S, Mönig H, Schmidt WE, Herzig KH. Differential regulated expression of keratinocyte growth factor and its receptor in experimental and human liver fibrosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 144:82-90. [PMID: 17692400 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2007.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2007] [Revised: 06/07/2007] [Accepted: 06/14/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Immunomodulatory and protective properties have been identified for the keratinocyte growth factor (KGF). For hepatocytes, pro-proliferative and anti-apoptotic effects of this growth factor have been reported in vitro. This study was designed to characterize a putative role of KGF in observed histomorphological changes in both, human and experimental liver fibrosis. METHODS Liver fibrosis and cirrhosis was induced in rats by repetitive exposure to phenobarbitone and increasing doses of carbon tetrachloride. Human samples were obtained from patients undergoing surgery for partial hepatectomy or transplantation. Organ samples were scored for inflammation and morphological changes. Expression of KGF and its receptor (KGFR) mRNA was quantified by real-time RT-PCR. Protein expression and receptor phosphorylation was determined by Western blot analysis. In-situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry were utilized to determine distribution of KGF and KGFR in the liver. RESULTS Expression of KGF was significantly increased in damaged liver tissue in correlation to the degree of fibrosis, whereas expression of the receptor was up-regulated in early stages of liver fibrosis and down-regulated in cirrhotic organs. Protein expression of this growth factor and its receptor correlated with the alterations in mRNA. KGF expression was restricted to mesenchymal cells, whereas expression of KGFR was detected on hepatocytes only. CONCLUSION The expression of KGF and KGFR is differentially and significantly regulated in damaged liver tissue. This growth factor might therefore not only contribute to morphological alterations but also regeneration of liver parenchyma most likely mediated by indirect mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Michel Otte
- Department of Medicine I, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
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190
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Vairaktaris E, Goutzanis L, Nkenke E, Spyridonidou S, Vassiliou S, Derka S, Vylliotis A, Yapijakis C, Lazaris A, Strantzias P, Kalimeras E, Patsouris E. Diabetes does not influence oral oncogenesis through fibroblast growth factor receptors. In Vivo 2007; 21:623-8. [PMID: 17708356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased expression of fibroblast growth factors and their receptors (FGFRs) has recently been described in oral squamous cell carcinoma. In addition, we have previously described a molecular basis for an association between oral cancer and diabetes. The expression of FGFR-2 and FGFR-3 investigated in an experimental model of chemically induced carcinogenesis in normal and diabetic (type I) rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Tissue sections ranging from normal mucosa to moderately-differentiated oral squamous cell carcinoma were studied using monoclonal antibodies against FGFR-2 and FGFR-3 proteins. RESULTS A similar pattern of elevated FGFR-2 and FGFR-3 expression was observed in the initial stages of oncogenesis for both diabetic and non-diabetic animals. In the last stages of oral oncogenesis, the expression of both proteins remained relatively stable. CONCLUSION It seems that diabetes does not affect the FGFR-2 and FGFR-3 pattern of expression throughout the various stages of oral oncogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Immunohistochemistry
- Mouth Mucosa/metabolism
- Mouth Mucosa/pathology
- Mouth Neoplasms/metabolism
- Mouth Neoplasms/pathology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/immunology
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/metabolism
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3/immunology
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleftherios Vairaktaris
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece.
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191
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Buratini J, Pinto MGL, Castilho AC, Amorim RL, Giometti IC, Portela VM, Nicola ES, Price CA. Expression and function of fibroblast growth factor 10 and its receptor, fibroblast growth factor receptor 2B, in bovine follicles. Biol Reprod 2007; 77:743-50. [PMID: 17582010 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.107.062273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Some fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) affect ovarian follicle cell growth and/or differentiation. Whereas many FGFs activate several FGF receptors, FGF7 and FGF10 primarily activate only one, FGFR2B. As FGF7 is produced by bovine theca cells and acts on granulosa cells, we tested the hypothesis that FGF10 may also play a role in folliculogenesis in cattle. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction demonstrated the presence of FGF10 mRNA in the oocytes and theca cells of the antral follicles, as well as in the preantral follicles. FGF10 protein was detected by immunohistochemistry in the oocytes of the preantral and antral follicles, and in the granulosa and theca cells of the antral follicles. FGF10 expression in theca cells changed during follicle development; mRNA abundance decreased with increasing follicular estradiol concentration in healthy follicles, and was lowest in highly atretic follicles. Culturing of granulosa cells in serum-free medium revealed FSH regulation of FGF10 receptor expression. The addition of FGF10 to cultured granulosa cells decreased the level of estradiol but did not alter cell proliferation. These data support a role for FGF10 in signaling to granulosa cells from theca cells and/or the oocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Buratini
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, CEP 18618-000, Brazil.
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192
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Atkinson JJ, Toennies HM, Holmbeck K, Senior RM. Membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase is necessary for distal airway epithelial repair and keratinocyte growth factor receptor expression after acute injury. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2007; 293:L600-10. [PMID: 17557804 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00028.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) is a protease produced by airway epithelial cells in various diseases. Since other MMPs are involved in bronchial epithelial repair, we investigated the role of MT1-MMP in naphthalene-induced small airway injury and repair in wild-type (WT) and MT1-MMP-knockout (KO) mice. The degree of injury was similar in both strains, but the MT1-MMP KO mice were unable to reconstitute a normal, fully differentiated airway epithelium 28 days after injury. MT1-MMP was required for the proliferative response in distal airway epithelial cells, resulting in decreased cell density and airway epithelial cell differentiation in MT1-MMP KO mice. Surprisingly, EGF-mediated signaling was unaltered in MT1-MMP KO mice and therefore unrelated to the proliferative response. However, keratinocyte growth factor receptor (KGFR) expression was significantly upregulated before the proliferative response and markedly less evident in the distal airway epithelium of MT1-MMP KO mice. These results indicate MT1-MMP is involved in KGFR expression and epithelial cell proliferation after acute airway injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Atkinson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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193
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Lu L, Hu LN, Li SQ, Jia HJ, Li JK, Wang DF. [Expression of keratinocyte growth factor and keratinocyte growth factor receptor and its impact on Hela cells]. Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2007; 38:437-9. [PMID: 17593825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify the expression of keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) and keratinocyte growth factor receptor (KGFR) in Hela cells and the impact of keratinocyte growth factor on Hela cells. METHODS Reverse transcriptase polymerase chainreaction (RT-PCR) method was employed to determine the gene expression of KGF and KGFR in Hela cells. The ELISA and Western blot methods were employed to determine the protein expression of the KGF and KGFR. The 3H-Thymidine incorporation method was employed to determine the impact of the KGF on the proliferation of Hela cells. RESULTS The KGF and KGFR genes were expressed in the Hela cells. The KGF and KGFR proteins were expressed in the Hela cells. The Hela cells were stimulated to proliferate by the recombinant human KGF. The proliferation of the autocrine KGF in the Hela cells was neutralized by the KGF antibodies significantly (Dunnett's test, P<O. 05). CONCLUSION KGF and KGFR are expressed in Hela cells. Both autocrine and recombinant human KGF has an impact on the proliferation of Hela cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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194
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Lilli C, Bellucci C, Baroni T, Aisa C, Carinci P, Scapoli L, Carinci F, Pezzetti F, Lumare E, Stabellini G, Bodo M. FGF2 effects in periosteal fibroblasts bearing the FGFR2 receptor Pro253 Arg mutation. Cytokine 2007; 38:22-31. [PMID: 17537644 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2007.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2006] [Revised: 04/02/2007] [Accepted: 04/11/2007] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
AIM A growing number of mutations mapped in the receptor gene for fibroblast growth factor have been implicated in several cranial development disorders including the Apert and Crouzon syndromes. The present paper investigated cellular mechanisms underlying Apert phenotype, by analyzing the effects of FGF2 in primary cultures of Apert periosteal fibroblasts carrying the FGFR2 Pro253Arg mutation. RESULTS FGF2 administration significantly decreased extracellular matrix production in mutant cells by stimulating degradative enzymatic activities. Gene expression analysis revealed that decorin and biglycan, two proteoglycans involved in collagen fibrillogenesis, were more expressed in mutant cells and down-regulated by FGF2. FGF2 receptor binding showed little differences in high affinity receptor counts between mutant and wild-type cells, while we showed for the first time that low affinity receptors are significantly fewer in mutant cells. Differences were found in Crouzon syndrome, where both high and low affinity receptor counts were up-regulated. CONCLUSIONS The different mutation and low affinity receptor regulation in mutant receptors support the hypothesis that the impact on the activity of the ligand-receptor complex could allow distinct modes of FGF2 activation in Apert and Crouzon syndromes, which interfere with the FGFR2 signalling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Lilli
- Department of Exp. Med. and Bioch. Sciences, University of Perugia, via del Giochetto, 06100 Perugia, Italy
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195
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Abstract
In extending our previous studies toward development of an engineered distal lung tissue construct (M. J. Mondrinos, S. Koutzaki, E. Jiwanmall, M. Li, J. P. Dechadarevian, P. I. Lelkes, and C. M. Finck. Tissue Eng 12: 717-728, 2006), we studied the effects of exogenous fibroblast growth factors FGF10, FGF7, and FGF2 on mixed populations of embryonic day 17.5 murine fetal pulmonary cells cultured in three-dimensional collagen gels. The morphogenic effects of the FGFs alone and in various combinations were assessed by whole mount immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy. FGF10/7 significantly increased epithelial budding and proliferation; however, only FGF10 alone induced widespread budding. FGF7 alone induced dilation of epithelial structures but not widespread budding. FGF2 alone had a similar dilation, but not budding, effect in epithelial structures, and, in addition, significantly enhanced endothelial tubular morphogenesis and network formation, as well as mesenchymal proliferation. The combination of FGF10/7/2 induced robust budding of epithelial structures and the formation of uniform endothelial networks in parallel. These data suggest that appropriate combinations of exogenous FGFs chosen to target specific FGF receptor isoforms will allow for control of lung epithelial and mesenchymal cell behavior in the context of an engineered system. We propose that tissue-engineered fetal distal lung constructs could provide a potential source of tissue or cells for lung augmentation in pediatric pulmonary pathologies, such as pulmonary hypoplasia and bronchopulmonary dysplasia. In addition, engineered systems will provide alternative in vitro venues for the study of lung developmental biology and pathobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Mondrinos
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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196
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Taniguchi F, Harada T, Iwabe T, Ohama Y, Takenaka Y, Terakawa N. Aberrant expression of keratinocyte growth factor receptor in ovarian surface epithelial cells of endometrioma. Fertil Steril 2007; 89:478-80. [PMID: 17482184 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.02.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2006] [Revised: 02/23/2007] [Accepted: 02/23/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian surface epithelial cells (OSEs) are considered to be the common source of endometrioma and epithelial ovarian cancer. The present study reveals that keratinocyte growth factor receptor (KGFR) messenger RNA was expressed in OSEs of endometriomas but not in those of normal ovaries, suggesting that autocrine KGF/KGFR and paracrine fibroblast growth factor 10/KGFR signaling loops may be involved with the proliferation in OSEs of endometrioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuminori Taniguchi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tottori University School of Medicine, Yonago, Japan.
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197
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Arancibia S, Lecomte A, Silhol M, Aliaga E, Tapia-Arancibia L. In vivo brain-derived neurotrophic factor release and tyrosine kinase B receptor expression in the supraoptic nucleus after osmotic stress stimulus in rats. Neuroscience 2007; 146:864-73. [PMID: 17346893 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.01.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2006] [Revised: 01/09/2007] [Accepted: 01/24/2007] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a member of the neurotrophin family involved in plasticity and neuroprotective processes. In recent years, we have reported the presence of BDNF mRNA in the supraoptic nucleus (SON) as well its sensitivity to osmotic stress. The rat SON is a relatively homogenous nucleus mainly consisting of magnocellular soma with their dendritic processes. BDNF may be released from dendrites to the extracellular space to stimulate tyrosine kinase (Trk) B receptors which are hypothetically present on these subcellular SON compartments. The main goal of this work was thus to study the presence and the in vivo BDNF-IR release from SON using the push-pull perfusion technique following systemic (i.p.) or local (within the SON) osmotic stimulation. BDNF was detected by immunocytochemistry and its release was measured by immunological assay (ELISA). Likewise, TrkB receptor localization in the SON-mRNA and their respective proteins-were studied by in situ hybridization and immunohistofluorescence techniques, respectively. Phosphorylation of CREB was detected by immunohistofluorescence. We present here direct evidence of in vivo dendritic BDNF release from SON which is highly sensitive to osmotic stress. The osmotic response latency period clearly depends on the mode of stimulus application (210 min for i.p. route vs. 15 min for intra-SON administration). The fact that BDNF is released as a very rapid peak when osmotic stimulation is locally applied is strong evidence in favor of an intra-SON origin of this secretion. Osmotic stress also increased phosphorylated cAMP response element binding protein immunoreactivity in the SON. In addition, we show in control rats that truncated forms of tyrosine kinase B receptor 2 mRNA represent the most abundant messenger in the SON as compared with brain-derived neurotrophic factor full-length catalytic receptor or truncated forms of tyrosine kinase B receptor 1 mRNA. In conclusion, it is likely that BDNF and their receptors are involved in neuronal plasticity changes induced by osmotic stress in the SON.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Arancibia
- Université Montpellier 2, Montpellier, F-34095 France; INSERM, U710, Montpellier, F-34095 France.
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198
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Zhu X, Lee K, Asa SL, Ezzat S. Epigenetic silencing through DNA and histone methylation of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 in neoplastic pituitary cells. Am J Pathol 2007; 170:1618-28. [PMID: 17456767 PMCID: PMC1854956 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2007.061111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2007] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Four members of the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) family of tyrosine kinases transduce signals of a diverse group of more than 23 fibroblast growth factor (FGF) ligands. Each prototypic receptor is composed of three immunoglobulin-like extracellular domains, two of which are involved in ligand binding. Alternative RNA splicing of one of two exons results in two different forms of the second half of the third immunoglobulin-like domain, the IIIb or IIIc isoforms. The contribution of each receptor and their isoforms in tumorigenesis remains unknown. In the pituitary, FGFR2 is expressed primarily as the IIIb isoform in normal adenohypophysial cells. In contrast, FGFR2 is significantly down-regulated in mouse corticotroph AtT20 tumor cells where the 5' promoter is methylated. Treatment of AtT20 cells with 5'-azacytidine resulted in FGFR2 re-expression, mainly as the FGFR2-IIIb isoform. Chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed evidence of histone methylation, but not of deacetylation, in the silencing of FGFR2 in AtT20 cells. Exposure of these cells to the cognate FGFR2-IIIb ligand FGF-7 resulted in diminished Rb phosphorylation and accumulation of p21 and p27, indicating diminished cell cycle progression. Examination of primary human pituitary adenomas revealed FGFR2 down-regulation in 52% (11 of 21) of samples and FGFR2 promoter DNA methylation in 45% (10 of 22) of samples. These data highlight the contribution from DNA and histone methylation as epigenetic mechanisms responsible for FGFR2 silencing in pituitary neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuegong Zhu
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital and University of Toronto, Canada
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199
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Craniosynostosis, the premature fusion of cranial sutures, affects one in 2500 children. In the mouse, the posterofrontal suture is programed to fuse postnatally, but the adjacent sagittal suture remains patent throughout life. To study the cellular process of suture fusion, the authors isolated and studied suture-derived mesenchymal cells. METHODS Skulls were harvested from 80 mice (2 to 5 days old), and posterofrontal and sagittal sutures were dissected meticulously. Suture mesenchymal tissue was separated from the underlying dura mater and overlying pericranium and cultured in growth media. After the cells migrated from the explant tissues, the morphologies of the two cell populations were studied carefully, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed to evaluate gene expression. RESULTS Both posterofrontal and sagittal cells exhibited highly heterogeneous morphologies, and the posterofrontal cells migrated faster than the sagittal cells. Accordingly, growth factors such as transforming growth factor-beta1 and fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2 were expressed significantly more highly in posterofrontal compared with sagittal suture mesenchymal cells. In contrast, FGF receptor 2 and FGF-18 were expressed significantly more in sagittal than in posterofrontal suture cells. Importantly, bone morphogenic protein-3, the only osteogenic inhibitor in the bone morphogenic protein family, and noggin, a bone morphogenic protein antagonist, were expressed significantly more in sagittal than in posterofrontal suture cells, suggesting a possible mechanism of suture patency. CONCLUSIONS To the authors' knowledge, this is the first analysis of mouse suture-derived mesenchymal cells. The authors conclude that isolation of suture-derived mesenchymal cells will provide a useful in vitro system with which to study the mechanisms underlying suture biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Xu
- Children's Surgical Research Program and Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5148, USA
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Ota S, Zhou ZQ, Keene DR, Knoepfler P, Hurlin PJ. Activities of N-Myc in the developing limb link control of skeletal size with digit separation. Development 2007; 134:1583-92. [PMID: 17360777 DOI: 10.1242/dev.000703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The developing limb serves as a paradigm for studying pattern formation and morphogenetic cell death. Here, we show that conditional deletion of N-Myc (Mycn) in the developing mouse limb leads to uniformly small skeletal elements and profound soft-tissue syndactyly. The small skeletal elements are associated with decreased proliferation of limb bud mesenchyme and small cartilaginous condensations, and syndactyly is associated with a complete absence of interdigital cell death. Although Myc family proteins have pro-apoptotic activity, N-Myc is not expressed in interdigital cells undergoing programmed cell death. We provide evidence indicating that the lack of interdigital cell death and associated syndactyly is related to an absence of interdigital cells marked by expression of Fgfr2 and Msx2. Thus, instead of directly regulating interdigital cell death, we propose that N-Myc is required for the proper generation of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells that become localized to interdigital regions and trigger digit separation when eliminated by programmed cell death. Our results provide new insight into mechanisms that control limb development and suggest that defects in the formation of N-Myc-dependent interdigital tissue may be a root cause of common syndromic forms of syndactyly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ota
- Shriners Hospitals for Children Portland, OR 97239, USA
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