Evidence for a genetic association between alleles of monoamine oxidase A gene and bipolar affective disorder

We present evidence of a genetic association between bipolar disorder and alleles at 3 monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) markers, but not with alleles of a monoamine oxidase B (MAOB) polymorphism. The 3 MAOA markers, including one associated with low MAOA activity, show strong allelic association with each other but surprisingly not with MAOB. Our results are significant only for females, though the number of males in our sample is too small to draw any definite conclusions. Our data is consistent with recent reports of reduced MAOA activity in patients with abnormal behavioral phenotypes. The strength of the association is weak, but significant, which suggests that alleles at the MAOA locus contribute to susceptibility to bipolar disorder rather than being a major determinant.

Is there a seasonal pattern of relapse in bipolar affective disorders? A dual northern and southern hemisphere cohort study

BACKGROUND

Admission statistics for mania frequently show an increase in the summer. The present two-centre study was designed to test the hypothesis, in a representative sample of bipolar patients, that manic and depressive relapses show a seasonal pattern.

METHOD

Two cohorts of bipolar I patients, one in London, England (n = 86), the other in Dunedin, New Zealand (n = 58), were tracked retrospectively during 1985-88 and prospectively during 1989-91, with the onset of all relapses being carefully dated.

RESULTS

In the London cohort there were 221 episodes of mania and 76 of depression; in the Dunedin cohort there were 201 of mania and 61 of depression. No consistent seasonal pattern of mania was detected in either centre. There was an autumn preponderance of depressive episodes in both centres.

CONCLUSIONS

Relapse of bipolar depression, but not of mania, appears to be determined in part by seasonal factors.

Corrosion of intra-oral magnets in the presence and absence of biofilms of Streptococcus sanguis

Intra-oral magnets are used in dentistry for a variety of purposes, and their susceptibility to corrosion is of great clinical importance. Although a number of in vitro models have been developed to study corrosion of intra-oral magnets, none have attempted to determine the possible contribution to corrosion made by oral bacteria, which are known to form a biofilm on intra-oral appliances. We have exposed demagnetized neodymium/iron/boron (Nd2Fe14B) magnets to an artificial saliva in the presence and absence of a biofilm of Streptococcus sanguils, one of the predominant organisms in the oral cavity. Over a 21-d period, a 3.2% decrease in the mass of the magnets was observed when S. sanguis was present, while in the absence of the organism the decrease in mass was 1.4%. We also examined the ability of poly(para-xylylene), a commonly-used coating, to protect the magnets against corrosion. No decrease in the mass of magnets coated with poly(para-xylylene) was detected over a 21-d period in the presence of S. sanguis. This study has shown that biofilms of S. sanguis cause appreciable corrosion of Nd2Fe14B magnets which is greater than that occurring in the absence of the organism, and that a coating of poly(para-xylylene) provides protection against such corrosion.

Does puerperal illness distinguish a subgroup of bipolar patients?

Puerperal psychosis was found to be the 1st illness for 13 (36%) of a series of 36 mothers with bipolar affective disorder. The risk of recurrence with childbirth in those with established bipolar disorder was found to be 25-40%. Those women who survived childbirth without illness but then became ill at a later time reported a worse illness course. Recent fatherhood was not a precipitant of 1st affective illness for any of the 28 bipolar men.

Novel splicing variants of the human thyrotropin receptor encode truncated polypeptides without a membrane-spanning domain

The thyrotropin receptor is of fundamental importance to normal thyroid function and is considered to be the predominant antigen affected by the autoantibodies of Graves' autoimmune hyperthyroidism. The identification of the epitopes on the receptor to which the autoantibodies bind or the mechanism by which the autoantibodies arise remain to be established. In this report we have analysed in detail thein vivo transcription of the human TSH receptor gene (hTSH-R), demonstrating the presence of numerous novel TSH receptor transcripts. Northern blot analysis of mRNA from human thyroid tissue using a radiolabelled cDNA probe specific for the extracellular domain of the hTSH-R revealed the presence of small polyadenylated mRNAs, in addition to the full-length hTSH-R mRNA. A PCR strategy devised to clone transcripts with 3' polyadenylation and 5' hTSH-R specific sequences was used to clone five different hTSH-R transcripts (hTSH-R. ST1 to ST5; 250bp-1.7 kb) from human thyroid tissue. Sequence analysis demonstrated that the small transcripts arose by alternative splicing of the hTSH-R mRNA. The transcripts were associated with polysomes and were demonstrated in human thyroid tissue from patients suffering from Graves' disease, sporadic goiter as well as in healthy lobes of thyroid tissue.In situ hybridization demonstrated that two of the alternative transcripts adopted a tissue distribution pattern identical to that of the full-length hTSH-R transcript. The two major truncated transcripts ST4 and ST5 contained unique sequences at the 3' end of the mRNAs and thus potentially represent the molecular origin of soluble TSH receptor variants which have been postulated on numerous occasions.

Genetic association between alleles of pancreatic phospholipase A2 gene and bipolar affective disorder

Chromosome 12q is a region of interest for the genetics of bipolar affective disorder because of reports of apparent cosegregation between this disorder and Darier's disease in a small number of families. Findings from a recent linkage study suggest that this chromosomal region may contain a susceptibility gene for bipolar affective disorder. We have found evidence of an allelic association between bipolar disorder and a marker at the pancreatic phospholipase A2 gene (PLA2A) in this region (p < or = 0.01). These results are consistent with the linkage study, and warrant additional investigations.

Selectable retrovirus vectors encoding Friend virus gp55 or erythropoietin induce polycythemia with different phenotypic expression and disease progression

The Friend spleen focus-forming virus induces a massive expansion of erythroid progenitor cells resulting in polycythemia and splenomegaly. The pathogenic agent is the membrane glycoprotein gp55, encoded by the env gene. Recent evidence indicates that gp55 binds to and activates the erythropoietin (Epo) receptor. It is not clear, however, whether gp55 completely mimics the natural receptor ligand (Epo). To directly compare both effectors, we constructed selectable retroviral vectors which carry either the env or the Epo gene. The selection marker allowed for clonal analysis of infected cells. After infection of DBA/2J mice, the spleen weight, hematological indices, and Epo titer of peripheral blood were monitored. Although both viruses induced an acute erythrocytosis, there were significant differences in disease phenotype and progression. The Epo virus caused an enhanced increase of hematocrit and erythrocytes, whereas with the env virus the pool of late progenitors (CFU-erythroid) was dramatically expanded, resulting in a more severe splenomegaly. The distribution of cytologically recognizable erythroid precursors was shifted towards immature cell types by the env vector compared with Epo. These data suggest that Epo and gp55 differentially affect proliferation and differentiation. Gp55 appears to promote proliferation over differentiation, whereas Epo preferentially drives differentiation.

No evidence of association between dopamine D4 receptor variants and bipolar affective disorder

Disturbance in the dopamine neurotransmitter system has been implicated in the pathogenesis of affective disorder. In this study, we examine the possibility that functional variants of the recently cloned dopamine D4 receptor gene contribute to the genetic component of manic depression. The polymorphism, a 48 bp tandem repeat coding for part of the third cytoplasmic loop, was detected using a PCR based method. In a first sample of 57 patients and 59 controls, we found allele 7 to be in excess in the patients. In contrast, allele 3 was less frequent in patients. A second, larger sample of 90 patients and 91 controls was utilized to test these hypotheses. Data from the two samples were then pooled together for further analyses. We calculated the power of our samples, and if the frequency of 7 repeat allele obtained from sample 1 is true, i.e., 25% (28/114) for patients and 14% (16/118) for controls, then the power of the combined sample is 62% at 5% (two-tailed) significance level. However, both observations were not replicated; we therefore conclude that variations in this repeat at the DRD4 gene do not contribute to the genetic component of manic depression.

'Alarming but very necessary': working with staff groups around the sexual abuse of adults with learning disabilities

This study focused on the knowledge of front line staff, as individuals and in groups, in relation to the sexual abuse of adults with learning disabilities and was designed to inform staff training and policy initiatives and to explore gender dynamics. It showed that front line staff were alert to the possibility of sexual abuse but unclear about their roles and responsibilities making this an area of great concern to them. One third knew of people who had been abused but these had been dealt with haphazardly, leaving front line staff holding disproportionate anxiety on behalf of the service as a whole.

A strategy for trauma debriefing after railway suicides

Following an increase in the incidence of railway suicide from an average of four events a year up to 1989 to 12 in 1990 an initiative was developed between the District Department of Clinical and Community Psychology, Exeter Health Authority and British Rail, Western Region. Traincrew leaders and management had become increasingly aware of the severity of the short- and long-term effects on drivers of experiencing a suicide. Although a management strategy had been developed over time to deal with what had been a rare phenomenon it was clear that such a dramatic increase in suicides warranted a more professional approach to debriefing and trauma counselling. This paper describes the strategies adopted by psychologists in developing an understanding of the stresses of experiencing suicides and other major incidents. The outcome of small group sessions with affected drivers is outlined. An account of the strategy developed through workshops with traincrew leaders is detailed and a three-stage debriefing (shock, search, adjustment) and follow-up protocol is discussed. This process is proposed for adoption as normal procedure following suicides or similar traumas for drivers and line managers.

Association and haplotype analysis at the tyrosine hydroxylase locus in a combined German-British sample of manic depressive patients and controls

Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) is the key enzyme in the synthesis of catecholamines and may therefore be of aetiological relevance in the development of psychiatric illness. Hipolar affective disorder association studies, with restriction fragment length polymorphisms located in flanking regions of the TH gene, have shown conflicting results. Alleles of a tetranucleotide repeat polymorphism (TH4) located in intron 1 of the gene were tested for association with bipolar affective disorder in a combined German and British sample of 183 bipolar patients and 209 healthy control probands. No differences in TH4 allele frequencies were found in the two groups. A subset of patients and controls was typed with the flanking markers Ty7/BglII and pJ4.7/TaqI and frequencies of two-locus haplotypes were estimated. Linkage disequilibrium was found between TH4-Ty7 and TH4-pJ4.7. Haplotype frequencies did not differ between patients and controls.

Maternal/congenital syphilis in a large tertiary-care urban hospital

Among the women delivering a total of 9,591 infants in 1990 at Hutzel Hospital in Detroit, 148 had positive results in the rapid plasma reagin (RPR) and fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorption tests for syphilis. This group included primarily young, black, multigravid women with a history of crack cocaine use. RPR titers ranged from 1:1 to 1:256 among the 103 mothers not treated or inadequately treated for syphilis. Two mothers with very low RPR titers (1:2) delivered a stillborn infant and an infant with a reaction in the cerebrospinal fluid Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (CSF-VDRL) test, respectively. Seventy-five percent of the infants born to untreated or inadequately treated women had asymptomatic congenital syphilis. The remaining 25% were stillborn (6 infants) or had clinical features of congenital syphilis (3 infants), a reactive CSF-VDRL test (11 infants), or radiological evidence of periostitis or metaphysitis (6 infants). Abnormalities were documented in the placentas from 11 live births and one stillbirth. The resurgence of congenital syphilis highlights the need for better diagnostic tests and for studies that will determine optimal therapy for mother and infant.

The incidence of mania in two areas in the United Kingdom

The incidence of mania in an inner-city area was estimated by both a casenote search with later interview and a prospective interview method. The incidence was found to be twice as high as that in a more rural area, as estimated by the casenote-based method. Though a high proportion of the inner-city population were from ethnic minorities, particularly Afro-Caribbean, this could not explain the discrepancy. It is suggested that the incidence of mania is related to the mobility of the local population.

Serum unmasks the binding of thyroid-stimulating hormone to endogenous and transfected receptors: evidence for a soluble form of the receptor in human thyroid

A specific homologous radioligand receptor assay for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) using bovine thyroid membranes was adapted for use with human thyroid. Specific 125I-labelled TSH binding was detected in the 3000 g membrane pellet from bovine thyroid but predominantly in the 3000 g supernatant of the human thyroid homogenate. Both assays required incubation in the presence of 10% serum, whilst the assay using human thyroid could only be precipitated using polyethylene glycol (PEG). The serum requirement transcended a possible role as carrier protein and unmasked specific TSH binding. Molecular sieving determined that the active fraction of the serum had an apparent size of 30,000-100,000. The requirement for PEG-assisted precipitation of the TSH receptor assay was a consequence of the TSH-binding entity from Graves' thyroid behaving like a soluble 'receptor': it did not sediment with the membranes, passed a 0.2 microns filter and, upon molecular sieving, had an apparent size of 300,000-1,000,000. A full-length TSH receptor cDNA was cloned from a human Graves' thyroid library and stably transfected cell lines expressing the TSH-receptor protein were constructed using human HeLa and murine 3T3 cells. Specific TSH binding was unmasked by serum in the human cell lines, as observed for the human thyroid TSH receptor, whereas serum hindered TSH binding in the murine cell lines. A soluble form of the receptor was not released from the cells and was not produced in conditions which demonstrated a soluble receptor-like binding component in human thyroid tissue.

Graves' autoimmune serum inhibits gonadal steroidogenesis: development of a Leydig cell bioassay to identify broad spectrum anti-endocrine autoantibodies

In order to establish an assay for the detection of autoimmune sera with broad spectrum activity, we have investigated the effect of unselected normal and Graves' disease sera upon steroidogenesis by gonadal cells. Steroidogenesis was enhanced by the addition of normal serum in a 3-h primary Leydig cell bioassay, but was inhibited by the majority of Graves' sera. The inhibition was not related to clinical thyroid parameters, such as the severity of the TSH-binding inhibition index, and was not overcome by other agonists or second messenger supplements. Although pituitary TSH preparations bound to and stimulated Leydig cells, TSH receptor mRNA was not detectable and pure recombinant TSH failed to bind or stimulate, indicating contamination of pituitary TSH with LH. The binding of hCG to the Leydig cell luteinizing hormone receptor was not perturbed by the Graves' autoimmune sera, indicating that cross-reactive anti-TSH receptor antibodies were not responsible for the inhibition. By use of intermediates in the stimulatory pathway, the site of Graves' serum inhibition was identified to be distal to hormone receptor/adenylate cyclase coupled responses and proximal to supply of cholesterol for steroidogenesis.

The dopamine D3 receptor gene: no association with bipolar affective disorder

Bipolar affective disorder and schizophrenia share many clinical and genetic characteristics, and are thought by some to be different expressions of the same underlying disorder. A recent study showed an excess of homozygosity at a BalI polymorphism in the dopamine D3 receptor gene in schizophrenic patients compared with controls, from two independent centres. We have found no evidence of such an excess in a comparable sample of patients with bipolar affective disorder compared with matched controls. If these findings are confirmed then at least one genetic distinction between these two disorders will have been ascertained and doubt cast upon theories of a common genetic aetiology.

Expression of recombinant human thyroid peroxidase by the baculovirus system and its use in ELISA screening for diagnosis of autoimmune thyroid disease

The cDNAs coding for human full-length and soluble thyroid peroxidase (TPO) were constructed, cloned into a baculovirus transfer vector and used for infection of Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) cells. The soluble TPO lacking 87 amino acids of the C-terminal transmembrane and intracisternal domains was designed as a fusion protein with a histidine-hexapeptide as an affinity ligand at its C-terminus. Whereas the recombinant full-length TPO was expressed mainly in an insoluble form in Sf9 cells, the recombinant soluble TPO was almost completely secreted into the culture medium. Both the full-length and the soluble TPO were purified by conventional methods and by a specific affinity chromatography using metal chelating matrix respectively, and tested for their autoantigenicity towards anti-TPO autoantibodies. The ELISA established with the purified recombinant soluble TPO as antigen demonstrated its specificity, practicability and reproducibility in screening of anti-TPO autoantibodies in sera of autoimmune thyroid patients. High correlation (r = 0.89, n = 175) was obtained between the soluble TPO and natural TPO prepared from human thyroid glands. Pathological sera (n = 200) were positively assayed with a significance of 91%.

Vasopressin biosynthesis in rodent Leydig cells

Local biosynthesis of the peptide hormone vasopressin is demonstrated in vitro in Leydig cells derived from rat and mouse testis. Cycloheximide-sensitive production of the nonapeptide was shown for rat Leydig cells in primary culture. A polymerase chain reaction technique demonstrated the presence of functionally constituted vasopressin mRNA in rat and mouse testis, primary mouse Leydig cells and in rat and mouse Leydig tumour cell lines (MA10, R2C). Stimulation of cells with gonadotropins, however, had no effect either on peptide production or on levels of specific mRNA. Similarly, treatment of the MA10 cell line with a phorbol ester, or with rat atriopeptin, which activate other second messenger pathways, had no influence on vasopressin mRNA levels. The results are discussed in terms of an autocrine regulatory system which would provide the cell with information about its microenvironment.

Seasonal affective disorders

The recurrent nature of mania and depression has led to a search for factors that might predict the timing of episodes. There has recently been a resurgence of interest in the possibility that seasonal changes may precipitate affective illness.

The chicken vasotocin gene

cDNA clones corresponding to the vasotocin precursor polypeptide were isolated from a chicken hypothalamic library and sequenced. The derived amino-acid sequence indicates a precursor of comparable structural organization to that described for members of the vasotocin/vasopressin gene family from other species. Unlike in mammals the C-terminal glycopeptide moiety appears not be cleaved off from the neurophysin. Subsequent screening of a chicken genomic library permitted an analysis also of the vasotocin gene structure and exonic composition. The 5'region upstream of the first exon was sequenced and revealed an unusual pattern of 49 repetitive -YYCYCYAAAYY- motifs, together with a polyadenyl region supporting a bend in the DNA, and a long pyrimidine-rich sequence. Three AP2-like elements, identified in the mammalian vasopressin gene, were also observed in the immediate upstream region. There was no obvious homology to the promoter regions of the known oxytocin genes, nor to any other sequence deposited in available databases, nor to other known cis-elements.

Is the relationship between angiogenesis and metastasis in breast cancer real?

The suggested link between angiogenesis in breast cancer and metastasis remains unsubstantiated. We tested this relationship in primary breast carcinomas from 37 patients with a median follow-up 9.5 years (Cohort 1) and 50 patients with a median follow-up of 1.5 years (Cohort 2). Angiogenesis was assessed by counting vessel density after immunohistochemical staining of vascular endothelium for factor VIII. Patients were grouped according to whether metastasis (defined as spread to axillary lymph nodes, distant sites or both) had occurred. The mean +/- SD scores in Cohort 1 when metastasis was absent and present, respectively, were 15.6 +/- 4.9 (n = 21) and 14.1 +/- 3.7 (n = 16). In Cohort 2 the scores were 15.4 +/- 5.8 (n = 26) and 14.5 +/- 4.9 (n = 24). There was no significant difference between these scores in either cohort. Multivariate analysis demonstrated lymph node involvement (P < 0.001) and tumour size (P < 0.001) but not angiogenesis score (P > 0.05) to predict distant metastasis. This evidence argues against any prognostic significance of angiogenesis in breast carcinoma.

Mapping of a linear autoantigenic epitope within the human thyroid peroxidase using recombinant DNA techniques

Autoantibodies directed against the thyroid peroxidase (TPO), the thyroid microsomal antigen, are widely used to diagnose human autoimmune thyroid disease. A cloned 3.088 kb cDNA coding for the entire mature human TPO was isolated from a cDNA library derived from a pathological thyroid gland of a Graves' disease patient and used further to generate a so-called TPO epitope cDNA library in order to map linear autoantigenic epitopes involving a recombinant molecular biology approach. The TPO epitope cDNA library consisting of randomly fragmented cDNA sequences inserted in the expression vector pGEX-2T was expressed in Escherichia coli and screened with characterized anti-TPO autoantisera from Hashimoto's disease patients. All the sera were positively tested with a purified thyroid microsomal antigen fraction (TMA/TPO). Only about 1% of examined autoantisera were able to recognize bacterial expressed recombinant TPO representing sequential antigenic determinants. A corresponding autoantigenic epitope with 61 amino acids in length was located at the C-terminus of human TPO.

Life events and relapse in bipolar affective disorder

In a 2 year study of life events and relapse in a cohort of 62 patients with bipolar affective disorder, an excess of events was found during the month immediately preceding relapse. Of 52 relapses 19% were preceded by a severe event in the previous month, compared to a background rate of 5% of patients experiencing a severe event each month at other times. The rate of life events prior to relapse was not apparently different between manic and depressive relapse, though the number of depressive episodes was small.

Season and manic relapse

The episodes of mania occurring in a cohort of 86 patients with bipolar affective disorder were recorded over a 6-year period. Of the 54 patients who had at least 2 episodes, 8 (15%) met our criteria for a seasonal pattern of relapse. There was no particular season in which these relapses clustered. Overall, the time of year of the first recorded episode during the 6-year period did not predict the timing of subsequent episodes.

Decidual-type prolactin expression by the human myometrium

The human myometrium, in addition to the decidualized endometrium of the late luteal phase and of pregnancy, has been proposed as a second source of uterine PRL, since immunoreactive PRL was found in supernatants from myometrial explant cultures. We demonstrate here that: 1) the human (h) PRL gene is expressed in the myometrium in vivo; 2) myometrial PRL is identical to pituitary hPRL; 3) the encoding transcript differs from pituitary hPRL messenger (m) RNA but is homologous to decidual and IM-9-P3 lymphoid hPRL mRNA; and 4) the expression of myometrial hPRL mRNA is inhibited by progestin. hPRL mRNA was detected in freshly isolated myometrium by Northern blot hybridization and was larger than the pituitary message. Sequence and primer extension analyses revealed that the transcript is identical to pituitary hPRL mRNA downstream of the pituitary cap site and carries an extension of the 5'-untranslated region homologous to that of decidual/IM-9-P3 lymphoid hPRL mRNA. This mRNA species results from alternative transcription initiation and comprises exon 1a of the hPRL gene, which is not transcribed in the pituitary. hPRL mRNA steady state levels and hPRL secretion increased dramatically when myometrial explants were maintained in long term culture. In addition to the 23,000 mol wt form, myometrial explants synthesized a glycosylated hPRL variant (G-hPRL) which was approximately 500 Daltons larger than pituitary G-hPRL but of similar size as lymphoid G-hPRL (26,500). Lactogenic activity of myometrial conditioned medium paralleled that of pituitary hPRL in the Nb2 lymphoma bioassay and was neutralized by the addition of monoclonal antibody to hPRL. hPRL secretion and hPRL mRNA abundance were not affected by estrogen but were markedly reduced by medroxy-progesterone acetate, which was maximally effective at a dose as low as 10(-10) M.

Tachykinin (substance-P) gene expression in Leydig cells of the human and mouse testis

Specific substance-P immunoreactivity can be detected in the Leydig cells, particularly of human testes, and to a lesser degree in mouse Leydig cells, but not in the rat. Using a modified polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay, preprotachykinin-A (substance-P) mRNA could be detected in extracts of human, mouse, and bovine testes, but not in rat or boar testes or in bovine thyroid or corpus luteum used as negative controls. This assay is able to discriminate among the alpha, beta, and gamma transcripts of the gene and shows that only the beta and gamma transcripts are present in the testes. Sequencing analysis of the PCR products from bovine hypothalamus, mouse brain, and human testis confirmed the structure of these transcripts, which encode both substance-P and neurokinin-A (substance-K) neuropeptide hormones. Using a variant of this assay it was possible to identify tachykinin transcripts in as few as 500 freshly prepared purified mouse Leydig cells. In parallel studies PCR analysis was also able to confirm the presence of mRNA for both substance-P and neurokinin-A receptors in human testes. Thus, the tachykinins substance-P and neurokinin-A must now be added to the list of potentially paracrine substances regulating intratesticular function.

Monoclonal antibodies define linear and conformational epitopes of HIV-1 pol gene products

Purified recombinant reverse transcriptase (RT) from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) was used to raise 21 monoclonal antibodies with anti-RT specificities. The antibodies were characterized using Western blotting against native virus and recognized either the p66 or p66, p51 components of RT. Further immunoblotting using either cyanogen bromide fragmented RT or truncated mutants of RT along with cross-competition studies enabled the location of various immunogenic regions of RT to be identified. Three antibodies recognized a linear epitope in the N-terminal region (amino acids 128-176). Also, a neutralizing RT antibody recognized a conformational epitope in this region. Three monoclonals had epitopes mapped to linear sequences in the RNase H region at the C-terminus of the RT. Another neutralizing antibody, also requiring folding of the RT protein had its epitope more centrally located (231-353). Of the remaining 13 monoclonals, 7 were roughly located in the C-terminal region and required folding of the protein for epitope recognition and only three of the remaining six could be mapped to conformational epitopes in N-terminal and central regions of the RT. None of the antibodies tested recognized HIV-2 RT products p68 and p55 in Western blot.

Tardive dyskinesia in bipolar affective disorder: a catchment area study

The prevalence of tardive dyskinesia in a consecutive series of 69 patients with bipolar affective disorder admitted to a catchment area service was found to be 19%. Prevalence increased with age and was related to the age of onset of bipolar disorder and number of previous episodes. Patients with tardive dyskinesia were significantly slower on a simple test of cognitive function (Trails B).

Tyrosine hydroxylase polymorphisms and bipolar affective disorder

A reported genetic association between bipolar affective disorder and DNA polymorphisms at the tyrosine hydroxylase gene is not confirmed by the present study. The combined allele frequencies in the patients, from studies published to date, are significantly different from the frequencies in the controls for the TY7/BglII polymorphism.

Seasonal affective disorder following brain injury

Seasonal affective disorder has not previously been linked with neuroanatomical abnormalities despite its relationship to biological rhythms. A 45-year-old woman is described with an arteriovenous abnormality in the right frontotemporal region who developed recurrent winter depression and summer hypomania.

Structure and ovarian expression of the oxytocin gene in sheep

In sheep, the oxytocin gene is highly up-regulated in the ovarian corpus luteum as well as in the hypothalamus. This expression is already elevated on Day 2 of the oestrous cycle, representing 1% of all transcripts in this tissue, and it declines thereafter to low levels after Day 6 of the cycle. In order to study the mechanisms involved in luteal oxytocin gene expression, we have cloned and sequenced the oxytocin gene from the sheep. This gene is closely homologous to other known mammalian oxytocin genes, especially the bovine one, and comparison of the gene promoter regions highlights several blocks of putative control elements.

Epitope location of 13 anti-gag HIV-1 monoclonal antibodies using oligopeptides and their cross reactivity with HIV-2

A series of 15-mer oligopeptides which overlapped by five amino acids (AA) across the p24 of HIV-1SF2 and a similar series across the p18 of HIV-1SF2 were used to identify the locations of 13 anti-gag monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). Three anti-p24 MAbs recognized sequences within the first 50 AA of the amino-terminal. Another anti-p24 recognized a conformational epitope in the centre of the protein and this MAb cross-reacted with two HIV-2 isolates suggesting conservation of this epitope between HIV-1 and HIV-2. One anti-p24 MAb recognized a linear sequence in the carboxy-terminal 100 AA and one p24 antibody was assumed to recognize a truly conformational epitope as it did not react with any of the linear peptides. Four anti-p18 MAbs were located at the carboxy-terminus of p18 with another MAb mapping slightly inwards from the carboxy-terminus and one anti-p18 MAb failed to bind to the p18 peptides. The carboxy-terminal distribution of the p18 MAbs indicated a highly immunogenic nature for this region in mice. None of the anti-p18 MAbs showed cross-reactivity with HIV-2 isolates, confirming the greater sequence variability of p18 over p24.

Expression of the human relaxin gene in the corpus luteum of the menstrual cycle and in the prostate

DNA-RNA hybridization has been used to assess the presence of relaxin gene transcripts in human luteal tissues of pregnancy and the menstrual cycle, as well as in the human testis and prostate. The results imply a substantial capacity for hormone biosynthesis in the mid to late luteal phase of the ovary in non-pregnant women. In men the prostate has been shown also to express relaxin gene transcripts, though levels are low. The testis appears negative. The results suggest that functions for relaxin must be sought also outside pregnancy.

Efficacy, safety and tolerability of raclopride, a specific D2 receptor blocker, in acute schizophrenia: an open trial

Fifteen acutely ill patients (8 male, 7 female) aged 19 to 63 who met DSM-III criteria for schizophrenic disorder or schizophreniform disorder participated in a 4-week open trial of raclopride. The starting dose of raclopride was 2 mg increasing to 4 mg twice daily in the first week, further increments to 6 mg twice daily at day 14, and 8 mg twice daily at day 21 depending on response. Weekly assessments were made using the BPRS, Montgomery Schizophrenia Scale, Krawiecka-Goldberg Scale and Clinical Global Impression Scale. Extra-pyramidal symptoms and other side-effects were recorded weekly. Four patients failed to complete. Two were withdrawn because of clinical deterioration, and 2 others left hospital against advice after 2 weeks having shown initial improvement. Of the 11 completers, 4 were very much improved and 6 much improved; one was minimally worse. Extra-pyramidal symptoms were infrequent: 3 patients expressed occasional mild akathisia. Six patients complained of mild drowsiness. No major deviations were found in biochemical and physiological safety parameters. Plasma concentrations of raclopride were stable throughout treatment or proportional to dose changes. There was approximately a 6-fold inter-individual difference in steady-state drug concentrations. Plasma levels of prolactin increased transiently after raclopride intake to a maximum of up to 80 and 130 ng/ml in male and female patients respectively.

The triangle processor and normal vector shader

Current affordable architectures for high-speed display of shaded 3D objects operate orders of magnitude too slowly. Recent advances in floating point chip technology have outpaced polygon fill time, making the memory access bottleneck between the drawing processor and the frame buffer the most significant factor to be accelerated. Massively parallel VLSI system have the potential to bypass this bottleneck, but to date only at very high cost. We describe a new more affordable VLSI solution. A pipeline of triangle processors rasterizes the geometry, then a further pipeline of shading processors applies Phong shading with multiple light sources. The triangle processor pipeline performs 100 billion additions per second, and the shading pipeline performs two billion multiplies per second. This allows 3D graphics systems to be built capable of displaying more than one million triangles per second. We show the results of an anti-aliasing technique, and discuss extensions to texture mapping, shadows, and environment maps.

Use of dental services in 1980

In this article, we describe the use of dental services by the civilian noninstitutionalized population of the United States in 1980. Data are presented on the extent to which this population is insured for dental expenses, their use of dental services, the charges incurred, and the sources of payment for these services.

A rapid method for the inactivation of virus infectivity prior to assay for interferons

Virus infectivity in samples of culture medium or suspensions of animal tissue which are required for interferon assay can be rapidly and conveniently inactivated by overnight incubation with beta-propiolactone (BPL). As BPL hydrolyses spontaneously samples can be assayed with no further treatment. BPL does not affect the interfering activity of alpha, beta or gamma mouse interferons.