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Sayre LM, Smith MA, Perry G. Chemistry and Biochemistry of Oxidative Stress in Neurodegenerative Disease. Curr Med Chem 2001; 8:721-38. [PMID: 11375746 DOI: 10.2174/0929867013372922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 408] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The age-related neurodegenerative diseases exemplified by Alzheimer&hyp;s disease (AD), Lewy body diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and Huntington&hyp;s disease are characterized by the deposition of abnormal forms of specific proteins in the brain. Although several factors appear to underlie the pathological depositions, the cause of neuronal death in each disease appears to be multifactorial. In this regard, evidence in each case for a role of oxidative stress is provided by the finding that the pathological deposits are immunoreactive to antibodies recognizing protein side-chains modified either directly by reactive oxygen or nitrogen species, or by products of lipid peroxidation or glycoxidation. Although the source(s) of increased oxidative damage are not entirely clear, the findings of increased localization of redox-active transition metals in the brain regions most affected is consistent with their contribution to oxidative stress. It is tempting to speculate that free radical oxygen chemistry plays a pathogenetic role in all these neurodegenerative conditions, though it is as yet undetermined what types of oxidative damage occur early in pathogenesis, and what types are secondary manifestations of dying neurons. Delineation of the profile of oxidative damage in each disease will provide clues to how the specific neuronal populations are differentially affected by the individual disease conditions.
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Campbell A, Smith MA, Sayre LM, Bondy SC, Perry G. Mechanisms by which metals promote events connected to neurodegenerative diseases. Brain Res Bull 2001; 55:125-32. [PMID: 11470308 DOI: 10.1016/s0361-9230(01)00455-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although the exact causative phenomenon responsible for the onset and progression of neurodegenerative disorders is at present unresolved, there are some clues as to the mechanisms underlying these chronic diseases. This review addresses mechanisms by which endogenous or environmental factors, through interaction with redox active metals, may initiate a common cascade of events terminating in neurodegeneration.
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Clapp-Lilly KL, Smith MA, Perry G, Harris PL, Zhu X, Duffy LK. Melatonin acts as antioxidant and pro-oxidant in an organotypic slice culture model of Alzheimer's disease. Neuroreport 2001; 12:1277-80. [PMID: 11338206 DOI: 10.1097/00001756-200105080-00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
An organotypic mouse brain slice culture system of Alzheimer's disease (AD) under low oxygen partial pressures was developed to determine the antioxidant properties of the pineal hormone melatonin in vitro. Assays for biochemical markers of oxidative stress including redox active iron assay, heme-oxygenase-1 and 8-hydroxyguanosine inmunoreactivity were performed along with morphological analysis for stressed tissue following amyloid-beta (A beta) 1-40 insult. Melatonin (100 microM) significantly reduced the appearance of condensed chromatin, redox active iron, heme-oxygenase-1 induction and 8-hydroxyguanosine immunoreactivity caused by 50 microM A beta. Melatonin also prevented A beta-induced morphological signs of oxidative stress in tissue ultrastructure, including edema and dark degenerating profiles as visualized under electron microscope. At elevated concentrations (1 mM), melatonin induced redox active iron and heme-oxgenase-1 immunoreactivity. Thus, while melatonin may be a potential therapeutic agent in the prevention of oxidative stress associated with A beta and AD, it can also induce markers of oxidative stress at millimolar concentrations.
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104
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Hirai K, Aliev G, Nunomura A, Fujioka H, Russell RL, Atwood CS, Johnson AB, Kress Y, Vinters HV, Tabaton M, Shimohama S, Cash AD, Siedlak SL, Harris PL, Jones PK, Petersen RB, Perry G, Smith MA. Mitochondrial abnormalities in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci 2001; 21:3017-23. [PMID: 11312286 PMCID: PMC6762571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The finding that oxidative damage, including that to nucleic acids, in Alzheimer's disease is primarily limited to the cytoplasm of susceptible neuronal populations suggests that mitochondrial abnormalities might be part of the spectrum of chronic oxidative stress of Alzheimer's disease. In this study, we used in situ hybridization to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), immunocytochemistry of cytochrome oxidase, and morphometry of electron micrographs of biopsy specimens to determine whether there are mitochondrial abnormalities in Alzheimer's disease and their relationship to oxidative damage marked by 8-hydroxyguanosine and nitrotyrosine. We found that the same neurons showing increased oxidative damage in Alzheimer's disease have a striking and significant increase in mtDNA and cytochrome oxidase. Surprisingly, much of the mtDNA and cytochrome oxidase is found in the neuronal cytoplasm and in the case of mtDNA, the vacuoles associated with lipofuscin. Morphometric analysis showed that mitochondria are significantly reduced in Alzheimer's disease. The relationship shown here between the site and extent of mitochondrial abnormalities and oxidative damage suggests an intimate and early association between these features in Alzheimer's disease.
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105
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Perry G, Donker R, Dahrouge S, Genest P, Bence-Bruckler I, Atkins H, Bredeson C, Huebsch L. Total body irradiation (TBI) with stem cell transplantation (SCT) in multiple myeloma (MM). Eur J Cancer 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(01)80846-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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106
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Wong BS, Liu T, Paisley D, Li R, Pan T, Chen SG, Perry G, Petersen RB, Smith MA, Melton DW, Gambetti P, Brown DR, Sy MS. Induction of HO-1 and NOS in doppel-expressing mice devoid of PrP: implications for doppel function. Mol Cell Neurosci 2001; 17:768-75. [PMID: 11312611 DOI: 10.1006/mcne.2001.0963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectopic expression of the doppel (Dpl) protein, a homologue of the prion protein (PrP), was recently associated with cerebellar Purkinje cell degeneration observed in two aging prion protein knock-out (Prnp(0/0)) mouse lines. We investigated the possible role of Dpl in oxidative metabolism. Two Prnp(0/0) mouse lines of similar genetic background were studied. One line expresses Dpl in the brain and displays Dpl-associated cerebellar abnormalities. The other has no elevated expression of Dpl and no cerebellar abnormalities. We observed a correlation between Dpl expression and the induction of both heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) and nitric oxide synthase systems (nNOS and iNOS). These responses are suggestive of increased oxidative stress in the brains of the Dpl-expressing Prnp(0/0) mice. No induction was observed with Hsp-60, indicating a specific response by the HO/NOS system. We proposed that Dpl expression exacerbates oxidative damage that is antagonistic to the protective function of wild-type PrP.
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107
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Cygler J, Saoudi A, Wilkins D, Morash C, Perry G. Use of MOSFET detectors for in-vivo dosimetry during permanent low-dose-rate prostate implants. Eur J Cancer 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(01)81301-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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108
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Raina AK, Hochman A, Zhu X, Rottkamp CA, Nunomura A, Siedlak SL, Boux H, Castellani RJ, Perry G, Smith MA. Abortive apoptosis in Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2001; 101:305-10. [PMID: 11355301 DOI: 10.1007/s004010100378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Multiple studies suggest that neuronal death in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the result of an apoptotic mechanism. However, the stereotypical manifestations that define the terminal phases of apoptosis, such as chromatin condensation, apoptotic bodies, and blebbing, are not seen in AD. In this study, we show that the caspases, such as caspase 6, which cleave amyloid-beta protein precursor (A beta PP) and presenilins, are localized to the pathological lesions associated with AD. However, while upstream caspases such as 8 and 9 are clearly found in association with the intraneuronal pathology in AD, downstream caspases such as 3, 6 and 7 are present only at control levels. Given that execution of apoptosis requires amplification of the caspase-mediated apoptotic signal, our results indicate that in AD there is a lack of effective apoptotic signal propagation to downstream caspase effectors. Therefore, while the presence of caspases, especially caspase 6, in association with extracellular deposits of amyloid-beta, could obviously have important ramifications on the proteolytic processing of A beta PP and, thereby, on disease pathogenesis, it seems that AD represents the first in vivo situation reported in which the initiation of apoptosis does not proceed to caspase-dependent cell death. This novel phenomenon of apoptotic avoidance, which we term abortive apoptosis, or abortosis, may represent an exit from the caspase-induced apoptotic program that leads to neuronal survival in AD.
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109
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Alicigüzel Y, Ozdem SN, Ozdem SS, Karayalçin U, Siedlak SL, Perry G, Smith MA. Erythrocyte, plasma, and serum antioxidant activities in untreated toxic multinodular goiter patients. Free Radic Biol Med 2001; 30:665-70. [PMID: 11295364 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(00)00509-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Erythrocyte, plasma, and serum antioxidant activities were studied in patients with newly diagnosed and untreated toxic multinodular hyperthyroid goiter and compared to healthy control subjects. Erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme activities, glutathione, malondialdehyde, and ceruloplasmin levels were significantly increased, whereas serum vitamin E, plasma vitamin C, and selenium levels were decreased in hyperthyroid patients compared to control subjects. The findings show that untreated toxic multinodular goiter causes profound alterations in components of the antioxidant system in erythrocytes indicative of increased oxidative stress. Taken together, these data suggest that hyperthyroid patients may benefit from dietary supplements of antioxidants.
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110
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Clapp-Lilly KL, Smith MA, Perry G, Duffy LK. Melatonin reduces interleukin secretion in amyloid-beta stressed mouse brain slices. Chem Biol Interact 2001; 134:101-7. [PMID: 11248225 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2797(00)00319-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with many features of the immune system. For example, cytokines such as IL-6, synthesized by microglia and astrocytes, are associated with senile plaques. To further study the role of cytokines in early stage AD neurodegeneration, an organotypic mouse brain slice culture system with microglia and astrocytes was developed. Amyloid-beta(Abeta1-40) induced the secretion of both IL-1beta and IL-6. Melatonin, an antioxidant and pineal hormone, reduced interleukin secretion in a concentration dependent manner. We also observed that melatonin, alone, had no effect on IL-1beta secretion but at a concentration of 500 microM induced the secretion of IL-6. This organotypic slice system can be used to study the early role of immune system molecules on neurodegeneration.
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111
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Deuzé JL, Bréon FM, Devaux C, Goloub P, Herman M, Lafrance B, Maignan F, Marchand A, Nadal F, Perry G, Tanré D. Remote sensing of aerosols over land surfaces from POLDER-ADEOS-1 polarized measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 371] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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112
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Abstract
By focusing on the lesions in Alzheimer's disease, and regarding them as either critical or irrelevant, researchers may have missed much regarding the origin and pathogenesis of this disease. In this article we consider that the lesions are so obvious not only because they are pathognomonic for Alzheimer's disease, but also because they represent a major departure from normal physiology. We suggest that these myriad pathological changes are homeostatic compensatory mechanisms to aging.
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113
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Rottkamp CA, Raina AK, Zhu X, Gaier E, Bush AI, Atwood CS, Chevion M, Perry G, Smith MA. Redox-active iron mediates amyloid-beta toxicity. Free Radic Biol Med 2001; 30:447-50. [PMID: 11182300 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(00)00494-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
While amyloid-beta toxicity is mediated by oxidative stress and can be attenuated by antioxidants, the actual biochemical mechanism underlying neurotoxicity remains to be established. However, since aggregated amyloid-beta can interact with transition metals, such as iron, both in vitro and in vivo, we suspected that bound iron might be the mediator of toxicity such that holo- and apo-amyloid would have differential effects on cellular viability. Here we demonstrate that when amyloid-beta is pretreated with the iron chelator deferoxamine, neuronal toxicity is significantly attenuated while conversely, incubation of holo-amyloid-beta with excess free iron restores toxicity to original levels. These data, taken together with the known sequelae of amyloid-beta, suggest that the toxicity of amyloid-beta is mediated, at least in part, via redox-active iron that precipitates lipid peroxidation and cellular oxidative stress.
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114
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115
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Zhu X, Raina AK, Rottkamp CA, Aliev G, Perry G, Boux H, Smith MA. Activation and redistribution of c-jun N-terminal kinase/stress activated protein kinase in degenerating neurons in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 2001; 76:435-41. [PMID: 11208906 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2001.00046.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cellular responses to increased oxidative stress appear to be a mechanism that contributes to the varied cytopathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this regard, we suspect that c-Jun N-terminal kinase/Stress activated protein kinase (JNK/SAPK), a major cellular stress response protein induced by oxidative stress, plays an important role in Alzheimer disease in susceptible neurons facing the dilemma of proliferation or death. We found that JNK2/SAPK-alpha and JNK3/SAPK-beta were related to neurofibrillary pathology and JNK1/SAP-Kgamma related to Hirano bodies in cases of AD but were only weakly diffuse in the cytoplasm in all neurons in control cases and in non-involved neurons in diseased brain. In this regard, in hippocampal and cortical regions of individuals with severe AD, the activated phospho-JNK/SAPK was localized exclusively in association with neurofibrillar alterations including neurofibrillary tangles, senile plaque neurites, neuropil threads and granulovacuolar degeneration structures (GVD), completely overlapping with tau-positive neurofibrillary pathology, but was virtually absent in these brain regions in younger and age-matched controls without pathology. However, in control patients with some pathology, as well as in mild AD cases, there was nuclear phospho-JNK/SAPK and translocation of phospho-JNK/SAPK from nuclei to cytoplasm, respectively, indicating that the activation and re-distribution of JNK/SAPK correlates with the progress of the disease. By immunoblot analysis, phospho-JNK/SAPK is significantly increased in AD over control cases. Together, these findings suggest that JNK/SAPK dysregulation, probably resulting from oxidative stress, plays an important role in the increased phosphorylation of cytoskeletal proteins found in AD.
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116
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Wong BS, Liu T, Li R, Pan T, Petersen RB, Smith MA, Gambetti P, Perry G, Manson JC, Brown DR, Sy MS. Increased levels of oxidative stress markers detected in the brains of mice devoid of prion protein. J Neurochem 2001; 76:565-72. [PMID: 11208919 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2001.00028.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Although minor abnormalities have been reported in prion protein (PrP) knock-out (Prnp-/-) mice, the normal physiological function of PrP, the causative agent implicated in transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE), remains unresolved. Since there are increasing correlations between oxidative stress and amyloidoses, we decided to investigate whether PrP plays a role in oxidative modulation. We found higher levels of oxidative damage to proteins and lipids in the brain lysates of Prnp-/- as compared to wild-type (WT) mice of the same genetic background. These two indicators, protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation, are hallmarks of cellular oxidative damage. Elevated levels of ubiquitin-protein conjugates were also observed in Prnp-/- mice, a probable consequence of cellular attempts to remove the damaged proteins as indicated by increased proteasome activity. Taken together, these findings are indicative of a role for PrP in oxidative homeostasis in vivo.
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117
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Aliev G, Seyidov D, Neal ML, Shi J, Vigan T, Hernandez A, Folco G, Soas AH, Zimina TV, Smith MA, Perry G, Lamanna JC, Friedland RP. The effect of agonists and antagonists on the morphology of non-transformed human smooth muscle cell in vitro. JOURNAL OF SUBMICROSCOPIC CYTOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY 2001; 33:141-9. [PMID: 11686395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
In the present study we used scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to investigate morphological changes of non-transformed line of human bronchial smooth muscle cells (bSMC) induced by different agonists. Explants of normal bronchi were dissected and subcultured between 2 and 6 passage. In addition, smooth muscle actin content was assessed by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis, and its isoelectric point by IPG followed by immunoblotting. SMC were fixed by 2.0% paraformaldehyde and 2% glutaraldehyde and then were post-fixed by OSO4 and followed by dehydration and gold coating. Cytosolic free calcium was measured using adherent cells incubated with 500 microM Fura-2 acetoxymethylester and monitored by single excitation fluorimetry. Cultured cells possess predominantly charged actin isoforms with pI at 4.95; they respond to acetylcholine (100 microM), bradykinin (5 microM) and sulfidopeptide leukotriens (0.3-1.0 microM) with contraction, marked morphological lesions, such as widespread monolayer disorganization, extension of cell contacts. The number of microvilli on the cell surfaces was correlated with the degree of the alterations of the cellular morphology. Receptor antagonists antagonized these changes: atropine (0.3 microM), HOE 140 (1 microM) and MK 571 (1 microM). Acetylcholine and bradykinin induced a biphasic elevation of cytosolic calcium, which was antagonized by their receptor antagonists. Calcium changes in response to agonists were maintained over repetitive passages. Therefore, morphological changes seen in human bronchial SMC in culture with physiological response to various, structurally unrelated agonists can be future concern for the study the possible testing of the different pharmacological substances.
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118
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Joseph J, Shukitt-Hale B, Denisova NA, Martin A, Perry G, Smith MA. Copernicus revisited: amyloid beta in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2001; 22:131-46. [PMID: 11164287 DOI: 10.1016/s0197-4580(00)00211-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The beta-amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) has dominated the thinking and research in this area for over a decade and a half. While there has been a great deal of effort in attempting to prove its centrality in this devastating disease, and while an enormous amount has been learned about its properties (e.g., putative toxicity, processing and signaling), Abeta has not proven to be both necessary and sufficient for the development, neurotoxicity, and cognitive deficits associated with this disease. Instead, the few treatments that are available have emerged from aging research and are primarily directed toward modification of acetylcholine levels. Clearly, it is time to rethink this position and to propose instead that future approaches should focus upon altering the age-related sensitivity of the neuronal environment to insults involving such factors as inflammation and oxidative stress. In other words "solve the problems of aging and by extension those of AD will also be reduced." This review is being submitted as a rather Lutherian attempt to "nail an alternative thesis" to the gate of the Church of the Holy Amyloid to open its doors to the idea that aging is the most pervasive element in this disease and Abeta is merely one of the planets.
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120
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Pérez M, Cuadros R, Smith MA, Perry G, Avila J. Phosphorylated, but not native, tau protein assembles following reaction with the lipid peroxidation product, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal. FEBS Lett 2000; 486:270-4. [PMID: 11119717 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(00)02323-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A correlation between hyperphosphorylation of tau protein and its aberrant assembly into paired helical filaments has lead to suggestions that phosphorylation controls assembly, but lacked a mechanistic basic. In this work, we have found that phosphorylated, but not native, tau protein is able to form polymers after the reaction with 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, a highly toxic product of lipid peroxidation. Phosphorylation of tau by both proline or non-proline directed kinases, was able to assemble it into polymers.
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121
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Mah AL, Perry G, Smith MA, Monteiro MJ. Identification of ubiquilin, a novel presenilin interactor that increases presenilin protein accumulation. J Cell Biol 2000; 151:847-62. [PMID: 11076969 PMCID: PMC2169435 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.151.4.847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the highly homologous presenilin genes encoding presenilin-1 and presenilin-2 (PS1 and PS2) are linked to early-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, apart from a role in early development, neither the normal function of the presenilins nor the mechanisms by which mutant proteins cause AD are well understood. We describe here the properties of a novel human interactor of the presenilins named ubiquilin. Yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) interaction, glutathione S-transferase pull-down experiments, and colocalization of the proteins expressed in vivo, together with coimmunoprecipitation and cell fractionation studies, provide compelling evidence that ubiquilin interacts with both PS1 and PS2. Ubiquilin is noteworthy since it contains multiple ubiquitin-related domains typically thought to be involved in targeting proteins for degradation. However, we show that ubiquilin promotes presenilin protein accumulation. Pulse-labeling experiments indicate that ubiquilin facilitates increased presenilin synthesis without substantially changing presenilin protein half-life. Immunohistochemistry of human brain tissue with ubiquilin-specific antibodies revealed prominent staining of neurons. Moreover, the anti-ubiquilin antibodies robustly stained neurofibrillary tangles and Lewy bodies in AD and Parkinson's disease affected brains, respectively. Our results indicate that ubiquilin may be an important modulator of presenilin protein accumulation and that ubiquilin protein is associated with neuropathological neurofibrillary tangles and Lewy body inclusions in diseased brain.
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122
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Nunomura A, Perry G, Pappolla MA, Friedland RP, Hirai K, Chiba S, Smith MA. Neuronal oxidative stress precedes amyloid-beta deposition in Down syndrome. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2000; 59:1011-7. [PMID: 11089579 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/59.11.1011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The predictable chronological sequence of pathological events in Down syndrome (DS) provides the opportunity to rigorously investigate the relationship between oxidative stress and amyloid-beta (Abeta) deposition. In this study, we report a marked accumulation of oxidized nucleic acid, 8-hydroxyguanosine (8OHG), and oxidized protein, nitrotyrosine, in the cytoplasm of cerebral neurons in DS with the levels of nucleic acid and protein oxidation paralleling each other. Relative density measurements of neuronal 8OHG immunoreactivity showed that there was a significant increase (p < 0.02) in DS (n = 22, ages 0.3-65 yr) compared with age-matched controls (n = 10, ages 0.3-64 yr). As a function of age, 8OHG immunoreactivity increased significantly in the teens and twenties (p < 0.04), while Abeta burden only increased after age 30 (p < 0.0001). In 9 cases of DS bearing Abeta deposition, the extent of deposits of Abeta ending at amino acid 42 (Abeta42) was actually associated with a decrease in relative 8OHG (r = -0.79, p < 0.015) while Abeta40 was not. These findings suggest that in brains of patients with DS, increased levels of oxidative damage occur prior to the onset of Abeta deposition.
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123
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Rottkamp CA, Nunomura A, Raina AK, Sayre LM, Perry G, Smith MA. Oxidative stress, antioxidants, and Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2000; 14 Suppl 1:S62-6. [PMID: 10850732 DOI: 10.1097/00002093-200000001-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence in the field of Alzheimer disease research has highlighted the importance of oxidative processes in its pathogenesis. Examination of cellular changes shows that oxidative stress is an event that precedes the appearance of neurofibrillary tangles, one of the hallmark pathologies of the disease. Although it is still unclear what the initial source of the oxidative stress is in Alzheimer disease, it is likely that the process is highly dependent on the presence of redox-active transition metals, such as iron and copper. Because of the proximal role that oxidative stress mechanisms seem to play in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease, further investigation in this realm may lead to novel therapeutic strategies.
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124
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Malone S, Szanto J, Perry G, Gerig L, Manion S, Dahrouge S, Crook J. A prospective comparison of three systems of patient immobilization for prostate radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2000; 48:657-65. [PMID: 11020561 DOI: 10.1016/s0360-3016(00)00682-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The study compared the setup reliability of 3 patient immobilization systems, a rubber leg cushion, the alpha cradle, and the thermoplastic Hipfix device, in 77 patients with cT1-T3, N0, M0 prostate cancer receiving conformal radiotherapy. METHODS AND MATERIALS Port films were analyzed and compared to simulation films to estimate the setup errors in the three coordinate axes (anterior-posterior, cranial-caudal, medial-lateral). A total vector error was calculated from these shifts. RESULTS The Hipfix was found significantly superior to the other two devices in reducing mean setup errors in all axes (p < 0.005). The average field-positioning error with the Hipfix ranged from 1.9 mm to 2.6 mm for all axes, whereas the deviation for the other two systems ranged from 2.7 to 3. 4 mm. Errors greater than 10 mm were virtually eliminated with the Hipfix system. There was a reduction in the mean total vector error in the alpha cradle and Hipfix patient cohorts over time, reflecting improved efficacy as a result of experience. CONCLUSION There was a significant difference in the performance of each immobilization device. The Hipfix was consistently more reliable in reducing setup errors than the other devices.
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125
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Zhu X, Rottkamp CA, Boux H, Takeda A, Perry G, Smith MA. Activation of p38 kinase links tau phosphorylation, oxidative stress, and cell cycle-related events in Alzheimer disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2000; 59:880-8. [PMID: 11079778 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/59.10.880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The temporal association between oxidative stress and the hallmark pathologies of Alzheimer disease (AD) demonstrates that oxidative stress is among the earliest events in the disease. Nonetheless, neither the consequences of oxidative stress nor how oxidative stress relates to other pathological features of the disease are clear at this point. To begin to address these issues, we investigated p38 kinase, which is induced by oxidative stress, in the pathogenesis of AD. In hippocampal and cortical brain regions of individuals with AD, p38 is exclusively localized in association with neurofibrillar pathology. By marked contrast, these brain regions exhibit a low level of diffuse p38 staining in the neuronal cytoplasm in controls. We found a complete overlap of the immunostaining profiles of p38 and tau-positive neurofibrillary pathology and that the majority of p38 was activated in AD neurons, both of which support an association of p38 with the disease process. Moreover, the finding that PHF-tau co-immunoprecipitates with p38, and that p38 co-purifies with PHF-tau, strongly suggests that they are physically associated in vivo. Since p38 is also implicated in cell cycle regulation, our findings provide a link between the cell cycle re-entrant phenotype, cytoskeletal phosphorylation and oxidative stress in AD.
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