Cbfa1 is a positive regulatory factor in chondrocyte maturation

Cbfa1 is a transcription factor that belongs to the runt domain gene family. Cbfa1-deficient mice showed a complete lack of bone formation due to the maturational arrest of osteoblasts, demonstrating that Cbfa1 is an essential factor for osteoblast differentiation. Further, chondrocyte maturation was severely disturbed in Cbfa1-deficient mice. In this study, we examined the possibility that Cbfa1 is also involved in the regulation of chondrocyte differentiation. mRNAs for both Cbfa1 isotypes, type I Cbfa1 (Pebp2alphaA/Cbfa1) and type II Cbfa1 (Osf2/Cbfa1 or til-1), which are different in N-terminal domain, were expressed in terminal hypertrophic chondrocytes as well as osteoblasts. In addition, mRNA for type I Cbfa1 was expressed in other hypertrophic chondrocytes and prehypertrophic chondropcytes. In a chondrogenic cell line, ATDC5, the expression of type I Cbfa1 was elevated prior to differentiation to the hypertrophic phenotype, which is characterized by type X collagen expression. Treatment with antisense oligonucleotides for type I Cbfa1 severely reduced type X collagen expression in ATDC5 cells. Retrovirally forced expression of either type I or type II Cbfa1 in chick immature chondrocytes induced type X collagen and MMP13 expression, alkaline phosphatase activity, and extensive cartilage-matrix mineralization. These results indicate that Cbfa1 is an important regulatory factor in chondrocyte maturation.

The contribution of residual renal function to overall nutritional status in chronic haemodialysis patients

BACKGROUND

The benefits of residual renal function (RRF) in peritoneal dialysis patients have been described frequently. However, previous reports have shown that RRF diminished faster in haemodialysis (HD) patients than in peritoneal dialysis patients, and in most of the studies in HD patients, RRF was ignored. In this study, the RRF in chronic HD patients was studied to assess its impact on patients' nutritional status.

METHODS

In 41 chronic HD patients with at least a 2-year history of HD treatment, RRF was determined by a urine collection for 7 consecutive days. Nutritional parameters, such as percentage body fat, fat-free mass index, serum albumin concentration and normalized protein catabolic rate, were also measured.

RESULTS

In all 41 patients, mean weekly total Kt/V urea was 4.88 and renal Kt/V urea was 0.65. RRF was well correlated with serum albumin concentration, but dialysis Kt/V urea was not. One year after the start of this study, RRF and nutritional indices were re-examined and patients were classified into two groups: with RRF, preserved residual renal diuresis over 200 ml/day (mean, 720 ml; range, 230-1640 ml), N=23; and without RRF, persistent anuria (mean, 51 ml; range, 0-190 ml), N=18. At the start of this study, the mean serum albumin concentration and mean normalized protein catabolic rate in patients with RRF were 3.84 g/dl and 1.16 g/kg/day, respectively, which were significantly higher than those in patients without RRF (P=0.02 and P=0.0002, respectively), despite total (renal+dialysis) Kt/V urea being equal in both groups. During the 1-year study period, there was no significant change in total Kt/V urea in either group. Mean serum albumin concentration increased to 4.05 g/dl in patients with RRF, but did not change significantly (from 3.66 to 3.62 g/dl) in patients without RRF. The same trend was observed in all other parameters.

CONCLUSION

Over half of our HD patients had sufficient RRF. RRF itself may have a beneficial effect on nutritional parameters, and it is important to determine RRF over time, even in chronic HD patients.

Walnuts lower serum cholesterol in Japanese men and women

Recent studies have shown that incorporating moderate quantities of walnuts into the recommended cholesterol-lowering diet in the U.S. decreased serum concentrations of total cholesterol in normal American men. To explore whether walnut consumption would also prove effective as part of the Japanese diet, we studied the effects of walnut consumption on serum lipids and blood pressure in Japanese subjects. We randomly assigned 20 men and 20 women to two mixed natural diets, each to be consumed for 4 wk in a crossover design. Both diets conformed to the average Japanese diet (reference diet) and contained identical foods and macronutrients, except that 12.5% of the energy of the walnut diet was derived from walnuts (43-57 g/d) (offset by lesser amounts of fatty foods, meat and visible fat). Total cholesterol concentration was 0.16 mmol/L lower for men (P = 0.05) and 0.21 mmol/L lower for women (P<0.01) when they consumed the walnut diet than when they consumed the reference diet. The LDL cholesterol concentrations were 0.18 mmol/L lower for men (P = 0.13) and 0.22 mmol/L lower for women (P<0.01) when they consumed the walnut diet. The ratio of LDL cholesterol to HDL cholesterol and the apolipoprotein B concentration were also lowered by the walnut diet (P<0.05). Blood pressures did not differ between the walnut and reference diet periods. Incorporating moderate quantities of walnuts into the average Japanese diet while maintaining the intake of total dietary fat and energy decreases serum total cholesterol concentrations and favorably modifies the lipoprotein profile in Japanese, particularly in women.

CM3, one of the wheat alpha-amylase inhibitor subunits, and binding of IgE in sera from Japanese with atopic dermatitis related to wheat

The purpose of the present study was to determine whether wheat alpha-amylase inhibitor subunits bind IgE sera from Japanese with atopic dermatitis (AD) related to wheat. IgE in sera from eight out of the 11 patients with RAST value of 3 or 4 against wheat-bound salt-soluble proteins of wheat and the alpha-amylase inhibitor proteins separated by gel filtration chromatography. The subunits of tetrameric alpha-amylase inhibitor, CM2, CM3 and CM16 (molecular weight approximately 14 kd), known to be major allergens for baker's asthma, were purified. Then the binding activity to IgE sera from the AD patients was examined by immunoblotting. The IgE sera bound only to CM3, not to CM2 and CM16. These results suggest that CM3 may be involved in both atopic dermatitis and baker's asthma.

Actions of hedgehog proteins on skeletal cells

Recent advances in developmental and molecular biology during embryogenesis and organogenesis have provided new insights into the mechanism of bone formation. Members of the hedgehog gene family were initially characterized as patterning factors in embryonic development, but recently they have been shown to regulate skeletal formation in vertebrates. The amino terminal fragment of Sonic hedgehog (Shh-N), which is an active domain of Shh, has the ability to induce ectopic cartilage and bone formation in vivo. Shh-N stimulates chondrogenic differentiation in cultures of chondrogenic cell line cells in vitro and inhibits chondrogenesis in primary limb bud cells. These findings suggest that the regulation of chondrogenesis by hedgehog proteins depends on the cell populations being studied. Indian hedgehog (Ihh) is prominently expressed in developing cartilage. Ectopic expression of Ihh decreases type X collagen expression and induces the up-regulation of parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrp) gene expression in perichondrium cells. A negative feedback loop consisting of Ihh and PTHrp, induced by Ihh, appears to regulate the rate of chondrocyte maturation. The direct actions of Shh and Ihh on stimulation of osteoblast differentiation are evidenced by the findings that these factors stimulate alkaline phosphatase activity in cultures of pluripotent mesenchymal cell line cells and osteoblastic cells and that these cells express putative receptors of hedgehog proteins. In conclusion, hedgehog proteins seem to be significantly involved in skeletal formation through multiple actions on chondrogenic mesenchymal cells, chondrocytes, and osteogenic cells.

Protection of murine lupus by the Ead transgene is MHC haplotype-dependent

A high-level expression of a transgene, Ead, encoding the I-Ed alpha-chain is very effective in protection against murine lupus. To investigate the specific contribution of select H-2 haplotypes on the Ead transgene-mediated disease-suppressing effect, we generated H-2 congenic (NZB x BXSB)F1 hybrid mice bearing either H-2b/b, H-2d/b, or H-2d/d haplotype, and compared the transgene-mediated protective effect on the clinical development (autoantibody production and glomerulonephritis) of lupus in these F1 hybrids. The level of protection was most remarkable in mice bearing the I-E- H-2b/b haplotype but was only minimal in I-E+ H-2d/d F1 hybrids. Additional analysis demonstrated a marked suppression of lupus in I-E+ H-2k/k (MRL x BXSB)F1 hybrid mice, indicating that the transgene is able to suppress autoimmune responses even in mice already expressing I-E molecules at a homozygous level. Our results indicate that the level of the transgene-mediated protection is dependent on the host H-2 haplotype. This suggests that the autoimmune suppressive activity of the Ead transgene is likely to be determined through the interaction of the transgene product with the host MHC class II molecules, providing new insight into the role of MHC in lupus-like autoimmunity.

Expression of survivin and its relationship to loss of apoptosis in breast carcinomas

Aberrant inhibition of programmed cell death (apoptosis) prevents normal homeostasis and promotes tissue tumorigenesis, but whether it also influences the outcome of common cancers has remained arguable. The expression of a novel IAP apoptosis inhibitor, survivin, in breast cancer and its association with tumor cell apoptosis and overall prognosis were examined in this study. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that survivin expression was positive in 118 of 167 cases (70.7%) of breast carcinomas of histological stages I to IH. In contrast, no expression of survivin in adjacent normal tissue was detected. Although survivin expression was not correlated with p53 mutations, survivin-positive cases were strongly associated with bcl-2 expression (78.0% versus 47.5%; P = 0.0005) and reduced apoptotic index (0.62% +/- 0.51% versus 1.27% +/- 1.37%; P < 0.0001). In addition, patients with low apoptotic index (<0.52%) had worse survival rates than the group with high apoptotic index (> or =0.52%; P = 0.028), and multivariate Cox proportional hazard model analysis identified apoptotic index as an independent prognostic factor (P = 0.024). The results suggest that apoptosis inhibition by survivin, alone or in cooperation with bcl-2, is a significant prognostic parameter of worse outcome in breast carcinoma.

Pharmacokinetics of bisoprolol and its effect on dialysis refractory hypertension

The efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of bisoprolol were investigated following oral administration once daily for 12 weeks in hyperreninemic patients with dialysis-refractory hypertension. Mean blood pressure rapidly fell from 132 to 112 mmHg in the 5.0-mg/day (n = 6) and from 142 to 128 mmHg in the 2.5-mg/day patients (n = 5), which were accompanied by a fall in plasma renin activity. On nondialysis days, Cmax and T1/2 were significantly higher in patients than in healthy control subjects. However, Cmax in the 2.5-mg/day patients was almost equal to that in healthy control subjects receiving 5.0 mg/day of bisoprolol. Plasma bisoprolol was dialyzable. During the course of the study, dialysis hypotension and bradycardia occurred in two patients receiving 5.0 mg/day of bisoprolol. In conclusion, a daily dose of 2.5 mg bisoprolol seems to be an adequate and relatively effective dose in our patients with dialysis-refractory hypertension.

Decreased food intake and body weight in pancreatic polypeptide-overexpressing mice

BACKGROUND & AIMS

Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) is a 36-amino acid hormone produced by F cells within the pancreatic islets and the exocrine pancreas. The definitive function of PP in mammalian physiology remains to be determined. This study examined the effects of chronic overexpression of PP through the development of PP transgenic mice.

METHODS

PP transgenic mice were created by using mouse PP complementary DNA under the control of the cytomegalovirus immediate early enhancer-chicken beta-actin hybrid promoter (pCAGGS expression vector).

RESULTS

A unique line of transgenic mice was created that overexpresses PP in the pancreatic islets with low levels of expression in other tissues including the brain. Plasma PP concentrations were more than 20 times higher than those of control littermates. However, PP overproduction led to postnatal lethality in half of the pups because of markedly decreased milk intake. The remaining PP transgenic mice gained less weight with specifically reduced food intake and fat mass compared with controls, a result that was more evident in male than in female mice. The transgenic mice exhibited a reduced rate of gastric emptying of a solid meal but had normal oxygen consumption and fasting leptin levels. Immunoneutralization with anti-PP antiserum reversed the phenotypic changes of transgenic animals.

CONCLUSIONS

PP could be involved in feeding and body weight regulation partly through regulation of gastric emptying.

Matrix GLA protein is a developmental regulator of chondrocyte mineralization and, when constitutively expressed, blocks endochondral and intramembranous ossification in the limb

Matrix GLA protein (MGP), a gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (GLA)-rich, vitamin K-dependent and apatite-binding protein, is a regulator of hypertrophic cartilage mineralization during development. However, MGP is produced by both hypertrophic and immature chondrocytes, suggesting that MGP's role in mineralization is cell stage-dependent, and that MGP may have other roles in immature cells. It is also unclear whether MGP regulates the quantity of mineral or mineral nature and quality as well. To address these issues, we determined the effects of manipulations of MGP synthesis and expression in (a) immature and hypertrophic chondrocyte cultures and (b) the chick limb bud in vivo. The two chondrocyte cultures displayed comparable levels of MGP gene expression. Yet, treatment with warfarin, a gamma-carboxylase inhibitor and vitamin K antagonist, triggered mineralization in hypertrophic but not immature cultures. Warfarin effects on mineralization were highly selective, were accompanied by no appreciable changes in MGP expression, alkaline phosphatase activity, or cell number, and were counteracted by vitamin K cotreatment. Scanning electron microscopy, x-ray microanalysis, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy revealed that mineral forming in control and warfarin-treated hypertrophic cell cultures was similar and represented stoichiometric apatite. Virally driven MGP overexpression in cultured chondrocytes greatly decreased mineralization. Surprisingly, MGP overexpression in the developing limb not only inhibited cartilage mineralization, but also delayed chondrocyte maturation and blocked endochondral ossification and formation of a diaphyseal intramembranous bone collar. The results show that MGP is a powerful but developmentally regulated inhibitor of cartilage mineralization, controls mineral quantity but not type, and appears to have a previously unsuspected role in regulating chondrocyte maturation and ossification processes.

A tourist element in the 5'-flanking region of the catalase gene CatA reveals evolutionary relationships among Oryza species with various genome types

Tourist-OsaCatA, a transposable element, was found in the 5'-flanking region of the rice gene CatA. The characteristics of this element are similar to those of the other Tourist elements so far found in Oryza sativa. PCR and sequence analyses of 37 accessions of 18 species revealed that all the Oryza species examined, except for one accession, have either a full-length or a partial Tourist element at this locus. Unlike the Tourist elements previously reported, this Tourist element is found in all four Oryza species complexes in the Oryzeae tribe. All AA genome Oryza species, except O. longistaminata, contain the full-length Tourist element. O. longistaminata and the species of the O. officinalis, O. meyeriana and O. ridleyi complexes contain the partial element. A phylogenetic tree of Oryza species based on the nucleotide sequences of these Tourist elements was constructed. The O. longistaminata accessions were placed near the neighboring cluster of the officinalis complex. We propose that the ancestor of O. longistaminata and that of other species with the AA genome diverged, and the ancestor(s) of the O. officinalis, O. ridleyi and O. meyeriana complexes then diverged from the ancestor of O. longistaminata in the course of the evolution of the Oryza species. The Tourist elements associated with CatA and its orthologs thus provide useful tools for examining evolutionary relationships among Oryza species.

Heart rate variability in response to psychological test in hand-arm vibration syndrome patients assessed by frequency domain analysis

To investigate heart rate variability in response to psychological tests (Japanese version of Stroop color word test and mirror drawing test) in 29 hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS) patients, 16 of them with vibration-induced white finger (VWF) and 13 without VWF, and 10 healthy controls of similar age, heart rate variability during spontaneous and deep (6 cycles a minute) breathing in supine position before and after exposure to the psychological tests was examined calculating frequency domain components such as low frequency (LF) power-index of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic activity, high frequency (HF) power-index of the parasympathetic activity and LF/HF-index of the sympathovagal balance. The group of all patients and the group without VWF indicated significant increase in LF/HF in the deep breathing measurement after exposure to the psychological tests. The result suggests that the sympathetic tone in the sympathovagal balance predominated in the HAVS patients which means that they had larger sensitivity of the sympathetic nervous system to the psychological tests.

Analysis of the Dielectric Relaxation Property of Phospholipid Monolayers by Maxwell Displacement Current Measurement

Using the Maxwell displacement current (MDC) measurement with alternating monolayer compression and expansion process, the dielectric property of monolayers has been investigated. The monolayer expansion and compression processes were analyzed on the basis of the Debye theory, and the relaxation time of dl-alpha-dilaurylphosphatidylcholine (DLPC) was determined using a whole curve of MDCs. It was suggested that the interaction among molecules makes a contribution to the dielectric relaxation phenomena, although the change in the orientational order of polar molecules is a main contribution of MDC. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.

Effects of interleukin-6 on proliferation and proteoglycan metabolism in articular chondrocyte cultures

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels are markedly increased in the synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis. However, the effects of IL-6 on proliferation and proteoglycan metabolism in articular cartilage are not known. We demonstrated here the effects of human recombinant (hr) IL-6 on proliferation and proteoglycan metabolism in rabbit articular chondrocyte cultures. In vitro, these cells proliferated and produced abundant extracellular matrices. We found that 1-10 ng/ml of hrIL-6 inhibited proliferation to approximately 65% of control levels and suppressed colony formation induced by bFGF in soft agarose. The same concentration of hrIL-6 depressed proteoglycan synthesis to approximately 60% of control levels. Moreover, hrIL-6 significantly enhanced proteoglycan degradation induced by hrIL-1beta, although hrIL-6 alone did not affect proteoglycan degradation. These findings suggest that IL-6 is a negative regulator for chondrocyte proliferation and articular cartilage metabolism.

Elimination of iomeprol in patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

OBJECTIVE

To examine the elimination of iomeprol, its safety in clinical use, and its peritoneal permeability in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients with variable degrees of residual renal function (RRF).

DESIGN

A nonrandomized comparison study.

SETTING

Hospitalized patients in CAPD unit of Chikuho and University Hospitals.

PARTICIPANTS

Fourteen patients treated by CAPD and 6 by hemodialysis (HD).

INTERVENTIONS

Total dialysate, blood, and 24-hour urine collections were obtained for 4 consecutive days after the administration of iomeprol. A peritoneal equilibration test was performed just before and after the administration of iomeprol.

MEASUREMENTS

Iomeprol (iodine) concentration was measured. Residual renal function was estimated as the mean of renal creatinine and urea clearances. Dialysate-to-plasma ratios (D/P) of creatinine and iomeprol were also determined.

RESULTS

In all CAPD patients, plasma iomeprol clearance was markedly slow, with a biological half-life (T1/2) of over 32 hours. However, no patients suffered from any adverse effects, and over 80% of plasma iomeprol was eliminated during the 4-hour HD. The plasma iomeprol elimination rate was significantly higher from 4 hours after the iomeprol administration in CAPD patients with RRF [mean estimated creatinine clearance (CCr) 3.8 mL/min, n = 7] compared to the remaining patients (mean estimated CCr 0.6 mL/min, n = 7); however, T1/2 in patients with RRF was over 24 hours. D/P creatinine was significantly correlated with D/P iomeprol, and peritoneal iomeprol permeability may depend on an individual's peritoneal solute transport properties.

CONCLUSIONS

A prolonged elimination rate of iomeprol was documented in our CAPD patients both with and without RRF. A HD procedure or intensive peritoneal dialysis just after the use of iomeprol may be advisable to promptly remove circulating iomeprol.

The Pib gene for rice blast resistance belongs to the nucleotide binding and leucine-rich repeat class of plant disease resistance genes

Rice blast, caused by the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe grisea, is one of the most serious diseases of rice. Here we describe the isolation and characterization of Pib, one of the rice blast resistance genes. The Pib gene was isolated by a map-based cloning strategy. The deduced amino acid sequence of the Pib gene product contains a nucleotide binding site (NBS) and leucine-rich repeats (LRRs); thus, Pib is a member of the NBS-LRR class of plant disease resistance genes. Interestingly, a duplication of the kinase 1a, 2 and 3a motifs of the NBS region was found in the N-terminal half of the Pib protein. In addition, eight cysteine residues are clustered in the middle of the LRRs, a feature which has not been reported for other R genes. Pib gene expression was induced upon altered environmental conditions, such as altered temperatures and darkness.

Positioning proton-donating residues to the Schiff-base accelerates the M-decay of pharaonis phoborhodopsin expressed in Escherichia coli

Phoborhodopsin (also called sensory rhodopsin II, sR-II) is a receptor for the negative phototaxis of Halobacterium salinarum (pR), and pharaonis phoborhodopsin (ppR) is the corresponding receptor of Natronobacterium pharaonis. pR and ppR are retinoid proteins and have a photocycle similar to that of bacteriorhodopsin (bR). A major difference between the photocycle of the ion pump bR and the sensor pR or ppR is found in their turnover rates which are much faster for bR. A reason for this difference might be found in the lack of a proton-donating residue to the Schiff base which is formed between the lysine of the opsin and retinal. To reconstruct a bR-like photochemical behavior, we expressed ppR mutants in Escherichia coli in which proton-donating groups have been reintroduced into the cytoplasmic proton channel. In measurement of the photocycle it could be shown that the F86D mutant of ppR (Phe86 was substituted by Asp) showed a faster decay of M-intermediate than the wild-type, which was even accelerated in the F86D/L40T double mutant.

The role of the labyrinth, proprioception and plantar mechanosensors in the maintenance of an upright posture

The maintenance of an upright posture in man requires information from vision, the labyrinth, proprioception and plantar mechanosensors. In order to evaluate the role of the labyrinth, proprioception and plantar mechanosensors, stabilometry was performed in subjects with closed eyes. Ten patients with bilateral severe or complete labyrinthine paresis were studied, as well as 9 patients with severe proprioceptive disorders and 10 normal healthy persons whose plantar mechanosensors were anesthetized by hypothermia. Both the area of sway and the total locus length (accumulated shift distance length) were evaluated. On closing eyes, in patients with labyrinthine disorders demonstrated that the area of sway increased more than length. On the other hand, in patients with proprioceptive disorders, length increased more than the area. In plantar anesthetized subjects, similar to the labyrinthine disorder cases, the area of sway increased more than length. These findings suggest that the labyrinth is a main monitor of the area of body sway, while proprioception is a principle monitor of the velocity of body movement of sway (or locus length). The plantar mechanosensor monitors the area of body sway similar to the labyrinth, but works less than the labyrinth. The locus length is the distance per minute and reflects the velocity of body sway. Thus, the length per area is a parameter for the velocity of body sway per area. Since proprioceptive disorders increase both the locus length and the length per area, present findings suggest that if proprioception is damaged, the body begins to move faster. Compensated labyrinthine disorders have a tendency to increase the length per area, indicating that if a labyrinthine disorder is compensated, the body adapts and moves faster to maintain an upright posture.

Circulating myeloperoxidase and anti-myeloperoxidase antibody in patients with vasculitis

To evaluate a role of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and antibody to myeloperoxidase (anti-MPO) in vasculitis, MPO and anti-MPO were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays in sera from 43 patients with vasculitis, 40 with rheumatoid arthritis, 36 with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 23 with mixed connective tissue disease, 13 with systemic sclerosis, 22 with polymyositis/dermatomyositis, 18 with Sjögren's syndrome, and 30 normal controls. Kidney and lung sections from patients with vasculitis were stained for MPO. Anti-MPO titers were significantly higher (p<0.005) in the patients with vasculitis (mean+/- SD absorbance at 405 nm: 0.53 +/- 0.37) than in any other groups (0.15 +/- 0.04 to approximately 0.21 +/- 0.11). MPO levels in patients with vasculitis were comparable with those in patients with other diseases except SLE. In two patients with vasculitis, anti-MPO decreased sharply with simultaneous increases in MPO 1-2 weeks after they developed pulmonary hemorrhage. Numerous cells positive for MPO infiltrated the Bowman's spaces. These results indicate that MPO may contribute to the pathogenesis of vasculitis and a sudden fall in anti-MPO may predict a poor prognosis in some cases.

Effects of continuous infusion of PTH on experimental tooth movement in rats

Development of new methods for accelerating orthodontic tooth movement has been strongly desired for shortening of the treatment period. The rate of orthodontic tooth movement is dependent on the rate of bone resorption occurring in the compressed periodontium in the direction of orthodontic force applied to the tooth. In the present study, we examined the effects of continuous infusion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on tooth movement. Male rats weighing 350-400 g were treated with subcutaneous of vehicle or hPTH(1-84) at 1-10 micrograms/100 g of body weight/day. When the upper right first molar (M1) was moved mesially for 72 h by the insertion of an elastic band between the first and second molars, M1 movement was accelerated by PTH infusion at 10 micrograms. PTH infusion caused a 2- to 3-fold increase in the number of osteoclasts in the compressed periodontium of M1, indicating that such treatment accelerated tooth movement by enhancing bone resorptive activity induced in the compressed periodontium. When M1 was moved mesially by an orthodontic coil spring ligated between upper incisors and M1 for 12 days, PTH(1-84) infusion at 10 micrograms caused a 2-fold increase in the rate of M1 movement. PTH(1-34) infusion at 4 micrograms had an effect comparable to that of PTH(1-84). However, intermittent injection of PTH(1-34) did not accelerate M1 movement. PTH infusion for 13 days did not affect either bone mineral measurements or the serum calcium level. These findings suggest that continuous administration of PTH is applicable to accelerate orthodontic tooth movement.

Effect of the addition of fumarate on methane production by ruminal microorganisms in vitro

The effect of fumarate used as a feed additive on the reduction of methanogenesis in the rumen was evaluated by in vitro experiments. The addition of fumarate to the culture of mixed ruminal microorganisms that were fermenting hay powder and concentrate reduced methane production. Most fumarate was metabolized to propionate, and a slight increase was noted in other volatile fatty acids. Fumarate was utilized by mixed bacteria but not by mixed protozoa. Fibrobacter succinogenes, Selenomonas ruminantium ssp. ruminantium, Selenomonas ruminantium ssp. lactilytica, Veillonella parvula, and Wollinella succinogenes oxidized H2 by using fumarate as a final electron acceptor, suggesting that these bacteria compete with methanogens for H2, which is the main substrate for methanogenesis in the rumen. However, the affinity of these bacteria to H2 was lower than their affinity to methanogens. These fumarate-utilizing bacteria metabolized malate to products that were similar to those from fumarate, suggesting the possession of fumarate dehydratase. Fibrobacter succinogenes, V. parvula, and W. succinogenes utilized formate, another substrate for methanogenesis, as an electron donor for fumarate reduction. The affinity of these bacteria to formate was higher than the affinity methanogenes have for formate. When methanogens were cocultured with an equal cellular amount of each of the fumarate-utilizing bacteria, methane production was markedly decreased, not only from formate, but also from H2. These results suggest that the addition of fumarate to ruminant feed reduces methanogenesis and enhances propionate production in the rumen.

Lactate stimulates insulin secretion without blocking the K+ channels in HIT-T15 insulinoma cells

To clarify the mechanism by which lactate affects insulin secretion, we investigated the effect of lactate on insulin secretion, cytosolic free Ca2+ ([Ca2+](i), the ATP sensitive K+ channel (K(ATP)) and the Ca2+-activated K+ channel (K(Ca)) in HIT-T15 cells, and the results were compared with those of glucose and glibenclamide. All three agents caused insulin secretion and increased [Ca2+](i), but the effects on the K+ channels were different. In cell-attached patch configurations, 10 mmol/l glucose blocked both the K(ATP) and KCa channels, while 100 nmol/l glibenclamide had no effect on KCa channels, but blocked K(ATP) channels. Lactate at a concentration of 10 mmol/l activated both the K(ATP) and KCa channels, not only in cell-attached, but also in inside-out patch configurations, indicating that the increase in [Ca2+](i) and secretion of insulin by lactate cannot be explained by the blocking of the K+ channels. Lactate, at concentrations of 10 mmol/l and 50 mmol/l decreased 45Ca2+ efflux, while glibenclamide increased the efflux. These results suggest that the lactate-induced Ca2+ increase is not due to the closing of K+ channels, but at least in part, to the suppression of Ca2+ efflux from HIT cells.

Characterization of the 4C8 antigen involved in transendothelial migration of CD26(hi) T cells after tight adhesion to human umbilical vein endothelial cell monolayers

In extravasation of T cells, little is known about the mechanisms of transendothelial migration subsequent to the T cells' tight adhesion to endothelium. To investigate these mechanisms, we developed a monoclonal antibody (mAb), termed anti-4C8, that blocks transmigration but not adhesion in a culture system in which high CD26-expressing (CD26(hi)) T cells preferentially migrate through human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) monolayers cultured on collagen gels. Anti-4C8 reacted with all CD3(+) T cells and monocytes but not neutrophils or HUVECs. The structure defined by this antibody was an 80-kD molecule. The mAb at 1 mug/ml inhibited 80-90% of migration of CD3(+) T cells through unstimulated and interferon gamma-stimulated HUVEC monolayers without interfering with adhesion and cell motility. When added to the cultures after the adhesion, anti-4C8 completely blocked subsequent transmigration of adherent T cells. Phase-contrast and electron microscopy revealed that T cells are arrested at the intercellular junctions of HUVECs in the presence of anti-4C8. Anti-4C8 exhibited agonistic effects on resting T cells without other stimuli under culture conditions in which anti-4C8 can stimulate T cells. First, in the checkerboard assay using collagen gels, the antibody promoted chemokinetic migration of the cells in a dose-dependent manner from 0.1 to 10 mug/ml. The predominant population of T cells that migrated into collagen gels with impregnated anti-4C8 were CD26(hi). Second, solid-phase-immobilized anti-4C8 induced adhesion of T cells to the substrate, often with polarizations in cell shape and large pseudopods rich in filamentous (F-) actin. Third, soluble anti-4C8 augmented F-actin content preferentially in CD26(hi) T cells when added to T cells at a high dose of 10 mug/ml. Finally, both anti-4C8-induced chemokinetic migration and transendothelial migration were inhibited by pretreatment of T cells with pertussis toxin. These findings suggest that stimulation via the 4C8 antigen increases cell motility of CD26(hi) cells with profound cytoskeletal changes through signaling pathways including G proteins. The 4C8 antigen may be involved in preferential transmigration of CD26(hi) cells adherent to HUVECs.

Plant cis-acting regulatory DNA elements (PLACE) database: 1999

PLACE (http://www.dna.affrc.go.jp/htdocs/PLACE/) is a database of nucleotide sequence motifs found in plant cis-acting regulatory DNA elements. Motifs were extracted from previously published reports on genes in vascular plants. In addition to the motifs originally reported, their variations in other genes or in other plant species in later reports are also compiled. Documents for each motif in the PLACE database contains, in addition to a motif sequence, a brief definition and description of each motif, and relevant literature with PubMed ID numbers and GenBank accession numbers where available. Users can search their query sequences for cis-elements using the Signal Scan program at our web site. The results will be reported in one of the three forms. Clicking the PLACE accession numbers in the result report will open the pertinent motif document. Clicking the PubMed or GenBank accession number in the document will allow users to access to these databases, and to read the of the literature or the annotation in the DNA database. This report summarizes the present status of this database and available tools.

Synergistic antithrombotic effects of argatroban and ticlopidine in the rat venous thrombosis model

Argatroban, a synthetic thrombin inhibitor, and ticlopidine, an anti-platelet agent, are major antithrombotic agents. We investigated the antithrombotic effects of a combination of argatroban and ticlopidine in the rat venous thrombosis model. Argatroban or ticlopidine inhibited thrombus formation in a dose-dependent manner; 50% inhibition (ED50) is obtained with 1.0 mg/kg/h (infusion) argatroban or 30 mg/kg (p.o.) ticlopidine. The combination of argatroban and ticlopidine inhibited thrombus formation in a dose-dependent manner; ED50 is obtained with 0.25 mg/kg/h argatroban plus 10 mg/kg ticlopidine and 0.5 mg/kg/h argatroban plus 3 mg/kg ticlopidine, whereas 0.5 mg/kg/h argatroban alone or 10 mg/kg ticlopidine alone had negligible effect (<20% inhibition). Isobole analysis showed that the antithrombotic effects of the combination of argatroban and ticlopidine involved synergism with potentiation. In contrast, the combination of argatroban and ticlopidine did not prolong the bleeding time synergistically. These data showed that the combination therapy of argatroban and ticlopidine should be clinically beneficial, but the different administration route may restrict the clinical usage.

[Clinical evaluation as palliative therapy of combination chemotherapy with continuous infusional 5-fluorouracil and consecutive low-dose cisplatin in unresectable gastrointestinal carcinoma]

Combination chemotherapy with continuous infusion 5-FU, 350 mg/m2/day and low-dose CDDP between 5 to 10 mg/body/day (day 1-5) was evaluated in 46 patients with unresectable gastric (34), colorectal (10) and biliary tract (2) carcinoma. This regimen was repeated for 4 weeks. The overall response rate was 45.7% (21/46), but the resectable rate was only 10.9% (5/46). Toxic response (> grade 2) was 22% (10/46). After chemotherapy, the patients preserved good performance status and quality of life. Median survival time was about 11 months, and there was no significant difference between CR or PR cases and NC one. Survival time of patients correlated not to the reduction rate of tumor but to conditions of hosts (e.g., performance status, quality of life). These results suggested that this therapy is an effective palliative chemotherapy for patients with unresectable gastrointestinal carcinoma.

Prolonged use of intradialysis parenteral nutrition in elderly malnourished chronic haemodialysis patients

BACKGROUND

The treatment of malnutrition, frequently present in elderly dialysis patients, is important to promote better quality of life and rehabilitation. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of prolonged use of intradialysis parenteral nutrition (IDPN) as a strategy for malnutrition in elderly haemodialysis patients.

METHODS

Twenty-eight elderly patients (non-diabetic, age over 70) on chronic haemodialysis for at least 2 years were evaluated. Ten consenting patients were treated with IDPN containing glucose, essential amino acids, and lipid emulsion during the course of regularly scheduled dialysis treatments for approximately 1 year. Nutritional evaluation using seven parameters (anthropometric measurements such as body mass index, triceps skinfold thickness, mid-arm circumference, mid-arm muscle circumference, and albumin, transferrin, and total lymphocyte count) was performed at various intervals on patients with IDPN and 18 patients without IDPN. The plasma amino-acid profile and dietary protein calorie intake were also determined.

RESULTS

In patients receiving IDPN, significant increases in serum albumin and transferrin concentrations and total lymphocyte count in peripheral blood smears paralleled increases in protein-calorie intake beginning after 3 months of treatment and remained favourable throughout the study period. Anthropometric data started to improve significantly after 6 months of treatment. Patients without IDPN had gradual decreases in all parameters during the study period. A significant increase in essential amino acids and a significant decrease in 3-methyl-histidine were observed in patients with IDPN and a further decrease in essential amino acids was observed in patients without IDPN.

CONCLUSION

Prolonged use of IDPN prevents muscle protein catabolism and promotes body protein and fat accumulation. IDPN appears to be effective in malnourished elderly haemodialysis patients.

V108M mutant of pharaonis phoborhodopsin: substitution caused no absorption change but affected its M-state

Crystallographic data reveal that Met-118 in bacteriorhodopsin (bR) contacts directly with the C9 methyl group of retinal, and Khorana et al. [J. Biol. Chem. 268, 20305-20311 (1993)] suggest that this contact may regulate the absorption maximum (lambdamax). We have replaced the amino acid (Val-108) corresponding to Met-118 of bR by methionine in pharaonis phoborhodopsin (ppR), whose lambdamax is ca. 500 nm, while those of other bacterial rhodopsins such as bR, halorhodopsin, and sensory rhodopsin are red-shifted by 60-90 nm. By flash-photolysis measurement, we could not recognize a large spectral red-shift of the V108M mutant. On the other hand, the decay of ppRM (M-intermediate) of the mutant was approximately three times as fast as that of wild-type, and an M-like intermediate (M') whose lambdamax is blue-shifted by 60 nm from that of M became appreciable. The replacement abolished the shoulder of the ppRM spectrum. From these findings, we infer that the distance between the retinal and the 108-position in ppR is relatively long, and that in the M-state this distance is shortened.

Gangliosides and sialylcholesterol as modulators of synaptic functions

Gangliosides were shown to enhance the release of acetylcholine from synaptosomes on stimulation. The influx of calcium ion into synaptosomes on membrane depolarization was increased by gangliosides. This was hypothesized to be an underlying mechanisms for the enhancement of acetylcholine release. Studies using calcium channel blockers revealed that four distinct types of voltage-dependent calcium channels occurred in cerebrocortical synapses, and that the N-type was primarily responsible for the evoked release of acetylcholine. An additional result suggests that gangliosides may act mainly on the N-type calcium channel. Cholinergic-specific gangliosides, Chol-1 alpha, were assumed to participate in the mechanism of high-affinity choline uptake. These two different actions of gangliosides were found to be mimicked by synthetic ganglioside analogs. Calcium influx was increased by alpha-sialylcholesterol, and choline uptake was accelerated by beta-sialylcholesterol. Gangliosides and sialylcholesterol having these apparently beneficial effects were shown to ameliorate decreased functions of synapses from aged brains.

Effect of genetic background on Ea(d) transgene-mediated protection from murine lupus

The expression of a transgenic encoding the I-E alpha-chain, Ea(d), is highly effective in the protection from systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in BXSB and (MRL x BXSB)F1 male mice, in which a mutant gene, Yaa (Y-linked autoimmune acceleration), plays a critical role. To gain further insight into the protective role of the Ea(d) transgene, we compared the effect of the transgene in two additional lupus-prone (NZB x BXSB)F1 and (NZW x BXSB)F1 hybrid mice, in which both F1 female mice develop typical SLE in the absence of the Yaa gene and their F1 males bearing the Yaa gene develop a more accelerated form of SLE. Comparative analysis of the clinical development of SLE in these F1 hybrid mice showed that Ea(d) transgene expression was much more effective in the protection from SLE occurring in the F1 females than in their male counterparts. Our results indicate that the Ea(d) transgene is capable of preventing SLE by inhibiting autoimmune responses, independently of the Yaa gene-accelerating effect, and that its protective capacity is strongly influenced by the genetic susceptibility to SLE in individual strains of lupus-prone mice. In addition, this autoimmune inhibitory effect was shown to be selective for IgG, but not IgM, anti-DNA autoantibody production, and is more specific for anti-gp70 autoantibody than for anti-DNA autoantibody. These results favour the hypothesis that the transgene expression may lead to the modulation of self-peptide presentation, thereby preventing excessive T-cell-dependent activation of autoreactive B cells.

A ribosomal protein gene cluster is encoded in the mitochondrial DNA of Dictyostelium discoideum: UGA termination codons and similarity of gene order to Acanthamoeba castellanii

We sequenced a region of about 14.5 kb downstream from the ribosomal protein L11 gene (rpl11) in the mitochondrial DNA (54+/-2 kb) of the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum. Sequence analysis revealed that eleven ribosomal protein genes and six open reading frames (ORFs) formed a cluster arranged in the order: rpl11-orf189-rps12-rps7-rpl2-rps19-+ ++orf425-orf1740-rpl16-rpl14-orf188- rps14-rps8-rpl6-rps13-orf127-orf796. This order was very similar to that of homologous genes in Acanthamoeba castellanii mitochondrial DNA. The N-terminal region of ORF425 and the C-terminal region of ORF1740 had partial similarities to the S3 ribosomal protein of other organisms. The termination codons of rpl16 and orf188 were UGA, which has not hitherto been found in genes encoded in D. discoideum mitochondrial DNA.

A close temporal relationship of liver disease to antiribosomal P0 protein antibodies and central nervous system disease in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus

OBJECTIVE

To determine whether there is a close temporal relationship of liver disease to serum IgG and/or IgM antiribosomal P0 protein antibodies (anti-P0) and central nervous system (CNS) lupus in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

METHODS

The study included 70 patients with active SLE. Of these, 30 had IgG and/or IgM anti-P0 and 14 had CNS lupus other than psychiatric disease (nonpsychiatric CNS lupus). Of these 14 patients, 11 had anti-P0. Laboratory manifestations of liver disease were retrospectively analyzed.

RESULTS

Liver disease not attributed to any cause other than SLE (SLE liver disease) was present in 8 of the 11 patients with anti-P0 with nonpsychiatric CNS lupus (72.7%), in none of the 19 patients with anti-P0 without nonpsychiatric CNS lupus (0%), and in one of the 40 patients without anti-P0 (2.5%). The prevalence of SLE liver disease was significantly greater in patients with anti-P0 with nonpsychiatric CNS lupus than in the other 2 groups (p < 0.0001). Mean levels of liver enzymes (lactate dehydrogenase, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, glutamate pyruvate transaminase, gammaglutamyl transpeptidase) were significantly higher in patients with anti-P0 with nonpsychiatric CNS lupus than in the other 2 groups. Serial studies in 3 patients showed that the appearance of anti-P0 and liver dysfunction slightly preceded the onset of nonpsychiatric CNS lupus.

CONCLUSION

Anti-P0 may be related to the pathogenesis of CNS lupus and SLE liver disease found simultaneously in SLE. The appearance of anti-P0 and liver dysfunction may predict onset of CNS lupus.

Effects of room temperature, seasonal condition and food intake on finger skin temperature during cold exposure test for diagnosing hand-arm vibration syndrome

For diagnosing the hand-arm vibration syndrome, peripheral circulation and sensory tests immersing one hand in cold water at 10 degrees C for 10 min have been performed widely in Japan. The authors investigated the effects of room temperature, seasonal condition and food intake on the test results, especially finger skin temperature. Six healthy males were examined repeatedly under six different room temperatures at 10 degrees C, 15 degrees C, 20 degrees C, 22.5 degrees C, 25 degrees C and 30 degrees C. Eight healthy males were examined under room temperatures at 10 degrees C, 20 degrees C and 30 degrees C, repeatedly in winter, spring, summer and autumn. Six healthy males were examined in summer under room temperature at 22.5 degrees C repeatedly 1 hr after, 3 hr after meal and after fasting for 13 hr. The finger skin temperature was strongly affected by room temperature. The finger skin temperature was also affected by seasonal condition. No remarkable effect of food intake was observed. For estimating circulatory function of the upper extremities using the finger skin temperature, the room temperature should be strictly controlled and the effect of seasonal condition must be taken into consideration.

Culture of stromal cells derived from medullary cavity of human long bone in the presence of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2, or ipriflavone

We previously showed that stromal cells derived from bone marrow specimens formed at the fracture site of human long bone differentiated during culture to polygonal cells and spindle cells, and polygonal cells, but not spindle cells, produced calcified matrix. To clarify the origin of polygonal and/or spindle cells, and factors necessary for differentiation of marrow stromal cells to osteogenic cells, we cultured stromal cells derived from the normal (unfractured) medullary cavity (SCN) as well as stromal cells from the medullary cavity distant from the fracture site (SCF). After 3 weeks of primary culture and 2 days of secondary culture, the cells were cultured in medium containing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (VD), recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP), or ipriflavone (IF) for 3 weeks. For biochemical analysis, cells reaching confluence after 3 weeks of secondary culture were cultured with one of the factors for 3 days. Some of SCF cultured with VD or IF were transformed to polygonal cells, and showed high alkaline phosphatase (ALPase) activity and high osteocalcin and insoluble calcium production. Cloned polygonal cells from the SCF formed nodules and aggregates consisting of calcium. Other SCF cultured with VD or IF and SCF cultured with BMP were spindle shaped. Some spindle-shaped cells from SCF cultured with BMP or IF revealed high ALPase activity and high osteocalcin production, comparable with the spindle cells from the fracture site. However, spindle-shaped cells from SCF cultured with VD and other spindle-shaped cells from SCF cultured with BMP or IF showed low ALPase activity and low osteocalcin production. The results show that SCF probably contain at least three subpopulations: (a) cells that differentiate to polygonal cells by the influence of VD or IF; (b) cells that differentiate to the spindle cells by the influence of BMP or IF; and (c) cells that are not transformed by the influence of VD, BMP, or IF.

Bone morphogenetic protein signaling is required for maintenance of differentiated phenotype, control of proliferation, and hypertrophy in chondrocytes

To examine the role of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling in chondrocytes during endochondral ossification, the dominant negative (DN) forms of BMP receptors were introduced into immature and mature chondrocytes isolated from lower and upper portions of chick embryo sternum, respectively. We found that control sternal chondrocyte populations expressed type IA, IB, and II BMP receptors as well as BMP-4 and -7. Expression of a DN-type II BMP receptor (termed DN-BMPR-II) in immature lower sternal (LS) chondrocytes led to a loss of differentiated functions; compared with control cells, the DN-BMPR- II-expressing LS chondrocytes proliferated more rapidly, acquired a fibroblastic morphology, showed little expression of type II collagen and aggrecan genes, and upregulated type I collagen gene expression. Expression of DN-BMPR-II in mature hypertrophic upper sternal (US) chondrocytes caused similar effects. In addition, the DN-BMPR-II-expressing US cells exhibited little alkaline phosphatase activity and type X collagen gene expression, while the control US cells produced both alkaline phosphatase and type X collagen. Both DN-BMPR-II-expressing US and LS chondrocytes failed to respond to treatment with BMP-2 . When we examined the effects of DN forms of types IA and IB BMP receptors, we found that DN-BMPR-IA had little effect, while DN-BMPR-IB had similar but weaker effects compared with those of DN-BMPR-II. We conclude that BMP signaling, particularly that mediated by the type II BMP receptor, is required for maintenance of the differentiated phenotype, control of cell proliferation, and expression of hypertrophic phenotype.

Developmental role of PTHrP in murine molars

Although PTHrP is produced in multiple fetal tissues, its precise physiological functions have yet to be clearly elucidated. The present study was undertaken to elucidate the biological role of PTHrP in the development of tooth. In rat tooth germs, the PTHrP and its receptor genes were expressed in the enamel organ and dental mesenchyme, respectively. When mouse tooth explants were cultured with antisense oligodeoxyribonucleotides (ODN) against mouse PTHrP mRNA in serum-free medium, an invasion of bone tissue was observed in the tooth germs. On the other hand, the explants cultured without ODN or with sense ODN showed normal histological structures similar to those observed in vivo. These results suggest that PTHrP is essential for tooth development and for the protection of tooth germs from the invasion of bone tissue.

PLACE: a database of plant cis-acting regulatory DNA elements

PLACE (http://www.dna.affrc.go.jp/htdocs/PLACE/) is a database of motifs found in plant cis -acting regulatory DNA elements, all from previously published reports. It covers vascular plants only. In addition to the motifs originally reported, their variations in other genes or in other plant species reported later are also compiled. The PLACE database also contains a brief description of each motif and relevant literature with PubMed ID numbers. This report summarizes the present status of this database and available tools.

[A case of unresectable advanced gastric cancer with severe obstructive jaundice responding to combined chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil and low-dose cisplatin]

A 69-year-old male patient with gastric cancer complaining severe jaundice was readmitted for the purpose of chemotherapy. The primary tumor was unresectable, and his jaundice was gradually increasing because of the growth of tumor, so the patient was treated by combined chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil and low-dose cisplatin for 2 courses (1 course = 4 weeks), which resulted in remarkable reduction of jaundice without any severe side effects. So, the patient could be discharged and spend a useful life for about 10 months with good quality of life. This therapy might be a useful palliative chemotherapy for cases of this kind.

Role of the major histocompatibility complex class II Ea gene in lupus susceptibility in mice

The gene(s) encoded within major histocompatibility complex (MHC) act as one of the major genetic elements contributing to the susceptibility of murine systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We have recently demonstrated that lupus susceptibility is more closely linked to the I-E- H-2(b) haplotype than to the I-E+ H-2(d) haplotype in lupus-prone BXSB and (NZB x BXSB)F1 hybrid mice. To investigate whether the reduced susceptibility to SLE in H-2(d) mice is related to the expression of the MHC class II Ea gene (absent in H-2(b) mice), we determined the possible role of the Ea gene as a lupus protective gene in mice. Our results showed that (i) the development of SLE was almost completely prevented in BXSB (H-2(b)) mice expressing two copies of the Ead transgene at the homozygous level as well as in BXSB H-2(k) (I-E+) congenic mice as for H-2(d) BXSB mice, and (ii) the expression of two functional Ea (transgenic and endogenous) genes in either H-2(d/b) (NZB x BXSB)F1 or H-2(k/b) (MRL x BXSB)F1 mice provided protection from SLE at levels comparable to those conferred by the H-2(d/d) or H-2(k/k) haplotype. In addition, the level of the Ea gene-mediated protection appeared to be dependent on the genetic susceptibility to SLE in individual lupus-prone mice. Our results indicate that the reduced susceptibility associated with the I-E+ H-2(d) and H-2(k) haplotypes (versus the I-E- H-2(b) haplotype) is largely, if not all, contributed by the apparent autoimmune suppressive effect of the Ea gene, independently of the expression of the I-A or other MHC-linked genes.

Functional expression of pharaonis phoborhodopsin in Escherichia coli

Pharaonis phoborhodopsin, the photoreceptor of the negative phototaxis of archaebacterial Natronobacterium pharaonis, was functionally expressed in the heterologous system of Escherichia coli. Flash-photolysis on a millisecond time scale indicated that the photochemical properties of ppR expressed in E. coli were the same as those of the native ppR in N. pharaonis. We concluded that the integral membrane protein ppR is correctly folded in vivo in the eubacterial E. coli membrane.

A comparison of blood pressure changes in phacoemulsification surgery with topical and retrobulbar block local anesthesia: part II

Although we recently compared blood pressure (BP) changes during cataract surgery between groups that received topical and retrobulbar block anesthesia, a study has not been conducted in which patients were matched for age and sex. To draw more meaningful conclusions, we conducted an age- and sex-matched study in which the daily, pre- and postoperative blood pressures of 1,398 cataract patients were compared. All surgeries were performed using the same method of phacoemulsification and aspiration with intraocular lens implantation under local anesthesia. The postoperative BPs of the retrobulbar injection group decreased significantly more than the topical application group. Even when the patients were hypertensive, the postoperative BPs decreased. Following retrobulbar block anesthesia, the BP decreased postoperatively to a greater extent than after topical anesthesia.

Preventative and therapeutic effects of AE0047 on renal injury in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats

1. The present study was designed to investigate the preventative and therapeutic effects of AE0047 on renal injury compared with those of nitrendipine in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP). 2. In the preventative study, drug administration was started before the appearance of renal injury, such as proteinuria. Treatment for 6 weeks with AE0047 (1 and 3 mg/kg, p.o.) led to a dose-related reduction in systolic blood pressure (SBP). Nitrendipine, at doses of 10 and 30 mg/kg, also lowered SBP to a similar degree to that seen with AE0047 at 1 and 3 mg/kg, respectively. 3. In the vehicle-administered SHRSP group, urinary excretion of protein (Uprotein V) increased progressively from 14 weeks of age for another 6 weeks. AE0047 at both doses maintained Uprotein V within normal levels throughout the experimental period. However, the elevation of Uprotein V was only inhibited in the 30 mg/kg nitrendipine-treated group. Urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminide (NAG) activity in the vehicle-treated SHRSP group was elevated. Urinary NAG activity remained at a low level only in AE0047-treated groups. 4. Histopathological examination revealed severe lesions (i.e. fibrinoid necrosis, proliferative vasculitis and glomerular lesions) of the kidney in SHRSP. AE0047 treatment at each dose attenuated the development of renal lesions in SHRSP. In contrast, nitrendipine, at 10 mg/kg, was ineffective against the development of renal lesions. Although nitrendipine at 30 mg/kg suppressed the development of renal lesions, this effect was still weaker than that seen with AE0047 at 1 mg/kg. 5. In the therapeutic study, drugs were administered to 17-week-old SHRSP with moderate renal damage for 10 days. Treatment with AE0047 (1 and 3 mg/kg) produced dose-dependent decreases in Uprotein V. In the nitrendipine-treated group, Uprotein V tended to decrease but the changes were not significant. 6. Histopathological studies revealed that 3 mg/kg AE0047 improved renal lesions, such as fibrinoid necrosis, proliferative vasculitis and glomerular lesions, whereas 30 mg/kg nitrendipine did not. 7. Taken together, the results indicate that AE0047 is capable of preventing proteinuria as well as renal lesions, in part via a mechanism independent of its depressor action on SBP. Furthermore, AE0047 improves proteinuria and renal lesions in proteinuria-established SHRSP. Thus, AE0047 may have therapeutic potential in suppressing either the development or the progression of renal disease in hypertensive patients.