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Shah M, Ahmad B, Choi S, Woo HG. Mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD are responsible for stronger ACE2 binding and poor anti-SARS-CoV mAbs cross-neutralization. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 18:3402-3414. [PMID: 33200028 PMCID: PMC7657873 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is a novel beta coronavirus. SARS-CoV-2 uses spike glycoprotein to interact with host angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and ensure cell recognition. High infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 raises questions on spike-ACE2 binding affinity and its neutralization by anti-SARS-CoV monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Here, we observed Val-to-Lys417 mutation in the receptor-binding domains (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2, which established a Lys-Asp electrostatic interaction enhancing its ACE2-binding. Pro-to-Ala475 substitution and Gly482 insertion in the AGSTPCNGV-loop of RBD possibly hinders neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 by anti-SARS-CoV mAbs. In addition, we identified unique and structurally conserved conformational-epitopes on RBDs, which can be potential therapeutic targets. Collectively, we provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying the high infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 and development of effective neutralizing agents.
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Patil SM, Nguyen J, Keire DA, Chen K. Sedimentation Velocity Analytical Ultracentrifugation Analysis of Marketed Rituxi mab Drug Product Size Distribution. Pharm Res 2020; 37:238. [PMID: 33155155 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-02961-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Analytical methods suitable for intact drug products are often necessary to evaluate the equivalence in physicochemical properties between two drug products (DP) containing the same drug substance (DS), e.g., an innovator biologic drug and its proposed biosimilar. Analytical Ultracentrifugation (AUC) is a biophysics technique applied to the analysis of size and shape of biomolecules. However, the application of AUC to formulated monoclonal antibody (mAb) DP at high concentration has not been reported. METHODS A sedimentation velocity (SV) AUC procedure with a short-pathlength centerpiece was applied to two marketed rituximab DPs, Rituxan® (US) and Reditux® (India), without any buffer exchange or dilution. Detailed precision analysis was performed. RESULTS Highly reproducible sedimentation coefficient values (S) and peak areas were obtained for the dominant (> 84%) monomeric rituximab peak. The minor mAb fragment peaks had large variation in both S values and peak areas (3-12%). The identification of oligomer peaks was only reproducible once the abundance was higher than 2%. CONCLUSIONS SV-AUC provides an orthogonal characterization tool for protein size distribution, composition and assay, which could be informative for biosimilar drug developers who mostly only have access to formulated mAb. However, AUC needs thorough validation on its accuracy, precision and sensitivity.
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Aliprantis AO, Wolford D, Caro L, Maas BM, Ma H, Montgomery DL, Sterling LM, Hunt A, Cox KS, Vora KA, Roadcap BA, Railkar RA, Lee AW, Stoch SA, Lai E. A Phase 1 Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial to Assess the Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of a Respiratory Syncytial Virus Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibody MK-1654 in Healthy Adults. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2020; 10:556-566. [PMID: 33125189 DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of acute lower respiratory tract infection and related morbidity and mortality in infants. Passive immunization with an RSV-neutralizing antibody can provide rapid protection to this vulnerable population. Proof-of-concept for this approach has been demonstrated by palivizumab; however, the use of this antibody is generally restricted to the highest-risk infants due to monthly dosing requirements and its cost. To address the large unmet medical need for most infants, we are evaluating MK-1654, a fully human RSV-neutralizing antibody with half-life extending mutations targeting site IV of the fusion protein. In this 2-part, placebo-controlled, double-blind, first-in-human study, 152 healthy adults were randomized 3:1 to receive a single dose of MK-1654 or placebo in 5 cohorts (100 or 300 mg as an intramuscular dose or 300, 1000, or 3000 mg as an intravenous dose). Safety, pharmacokinetics, antidrug antibodies, and RSV serum-neutralizing antibody titers were evaluated through 1 year. MK-1654 serum concentrations increased proportionally with dose and resulted in corresponding elevations in RSV serum-neutralizing antibody titers. The antibody displayed a half-life of 73 to 88 days and an estimated bioavailability of 69% at the 300-mg dose. The overall safety profile of MK-1654 was similar to placebo, and treatment-emergent antidrug antibodies were low (2.6%) with no associated adverse events. These data support the continued development of MK-1654 for the prevention of RSV disease in infants.
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Ambrožič R, Arzenšek D, Podgornik A. Designing scalable ultrafiltration/diafiltration process of monoclonal antibodies via mathematical modeling by coupling mass balances and Poisson-Boltzmann equation. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 118:633-646. [PMID: 33049074 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafiltration/diafiltration (UF/DF) operations are employed for achieving the desired therapeutic monoclonal antibody (mAb) formulations. Due to electrostatic interactions between the charged proteins, solute ions, and uncharged excipients, the final pH and concentration values are not always equal to those in the DF buffer. At high protein concentrations, typical for industrial formulations, this effect becomes predominant. To account for challenges occurring in industrial environments, a robust mathematical framework enabling the prediction of pH and concentration profiles throughout the UF/DF process is provided. The proposed mechanistic model combines a macroscopic mass balance approach with a molecular approach based on a Poisson-Boltzmann equation dealing with electrostatic interactions and accounting for protein exclusion volume effect. The mathematical model was validated with experimental data of two commercially relevant mAbs obtained from an industrial UF/DF process using scalable laboratory equipment. The robustness and flexibility of the model were tested by using proteins with different isoelectric points and net charges. The latter was determined via a titration curve, enabling realistic protein charge-pH evaluation. In addition, the model was tested for different DF buffer types containing both monovalent and polyvalent ions, with various types of uncharged excipients. The model generality enables its implementation for the UF/DF processes of other protein varieties.
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105
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Cuesta-Mateos C, Fuentes P, Schrader A, Juárez-Sánchez R, Loscertales J, Mateu-Albero T, Vega-Piris L, Espartero-Santos M, Marcos-Jimenez A, Sánchez-López BA, Pérez-García Y, Jungherz D, Oberbeck S, Wahnschaffe L, Kreutzman A, Andersson EI, Mustjoki S, Faber E, Urzainqui A, Fresno M, Stamatakis K, Alfranca A, Terrón F, Herling M, Toribio ML, Muñoz-Calleja C. CCR7 as a novel therapeutic target in t-cell PROLYMPHOCYTIC leukemia. Biomark Res 2020; 8:54. [PMID: 33110606 PMCID: PMC7585232 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-020-00234-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia (T-PLL) is a poor prognostic disease with very limited options of efficient therapies. Most patients are refractory to chemotherapies and despite high response rates after alemtuzumab, virtually all patients relapse. Therefore, there is an unmet medical need for novel therapies in T-PLL. As the chemokine receptor CCR7 is a molecule expressed in a wide range of malignancies and relevant in many tumor processes, the present study addressed the biologic role of this receptor in T-PLL. Furthermore, we elucidated the mechanisms of action mediated by an anti-CCR7 monoclonal antibody (mAb) and evaluated whether its anti-tumor activity would warrant development towards clinical applications in T-PLL. Our results demonstrate that CCR7 is a prognostic biomarker for overall survival in T-PLL patients and a functional receptor involved in the migration, invasion, and survival of leukemic cells. Targeting CCR7 with a mAb inhibited ligand-mediated signaling pathways and induced tumor cell killing in primary samples. In addition, directing antibodies against CCR7 was highly effective in T-cell leukemia xenograft models. Together, these findings make CCR7 an attractive molecule for novel mAb-based therapeutic applications in T-PLL, a disease where recent drug screen efforts and studies addressing new compounds have focused on chemotherapy or small molecules.
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106
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Breakell T, Tacke S, Schropp V, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Urich E, Kuerten S. Obinutuzu mab-Induced B Cell Depletion Reduces Spinal Cord Pathology in a CD20 Double Transgenic Mouse Model of Multiple Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186864. [PMID: 32962135 PMCID: PMC7559311 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
B cell-depleting therapies have recently proven to be clinically highly successful in the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS). This study aimed to determine the effects of the novel type II anti-human CD20 (huCD20) monoclonal antibody (mAb) obinutuzumab (OBZ) on spinal cord degeneration in a B cell-dependent mouse model of MS. Double transgenic huCD20xHIGR3 (CD20dbtg) mice, which express human CD20, were immunised with the myelin fusion protein MP4 to induce experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Both light and electron microscopy were used to assess myelination and axonal pathology in mice treated with OBZ during chronic EAE. Furthermore, the effects of the already established murine anti-CD20 antibody 18B12 were assessed in C57BL/6 wild-type (wt) mice. In both models (18B12/wt and OBZ/CD20dbtg) anti-CD20 treatment significantly diminished the extent of spinal cord pathology. While 18B12 treatment mainly reduced the extent of axonal pathology, a significant decrease in demyelination and increase in remyelination were additionally observed in OBZ-treated mice. Hence, the data suggest that OBZ could have neuroprotective effects on the CNS, setting the drug apart from the currently available type I anti-CD20 antibodies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/administration & dosage
- Antigens, CD20/immunology
- Antigens, CD20/metabolism
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/administration & dosage
- Axons/drug effects
- Axons/immunology
- Axons/pathology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Chronic Disease/drug therapy
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/drug therapy
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Microscopy, Electron
- Multiple Sclerosis/drug therapy
- Multiple Sclerosis/immunology
- Multiple Sclerosis/pathology
- Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive/drug therapy
- Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive/immunology
- Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive/pathology
- Myelin Basic Protein/immunology
- Myelin Proteolipid Protein/immunology
- Neurofilament Proteins/blood
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Spinal Cord/drug effects
- Spinal Cord/immunology
- Spinal Cord/pathology
- Spinal Cord/ultrastructure
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107
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Parray HA, Chiranjivi AK, Asthana S, Yadav N, Shrivastava T, Mani S, Sharma C, Vishwakarma P, Das S, Pindari K, Sinha S, Samal S, Ahmed S, Kumar R. Identification of an anti-SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain-directed human monoclonal antibody from a naïve semisynthetic library. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:12814-12821. [PMID: 32727845 PMCID: PMC7476711 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ac120.014918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a desperate need for safe and effective vaccines, therapies, and diagnostics for SARS- coronavirus 2 (CoV-2), the development of which will be aided by the discovery of potent and selective antibodies against relevant viral epitopes. Human phage display technology has revolutionized the process of identifying and optimizing antibodies, providing facile entry points for further applications. Herein, we use this technology to search for antibodies targeting the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of CoV-2. Specifically, we screened a naïve human semisynthetic phage library against RBD, leading to the identification of a high-affinity single-chain fragment variable region (scFv). The scFv was further engineered into two other antibody formats (scFv-Fc and IgG1). All three antibody formats showed high binding specificity to CoV-2 RBD and the spike antigens in different assay systems. Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated specific binding of the IgG1 format to cells expressing membrane-bound CoV-2 spike protein. Docking studies revealed that the scFv recognizes an epitope that partially overlaps with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)-interacting sites on the CoV-2 RBD. Given its high specificity and affinity, we anticipate that these anti-CoV-2 antibodies will be useful as valuable reagents for accessing the antigenicity of vaccine candidates, as well as developing antibody-based therapeutics and diagnostics for CoV-2.
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108
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Beirão BCB, Raposo TP, Imamura LM, Ingberman M, Hupp T, Vojtěšek B, Argyle DJ. A blocking antibody against canine CSF-1R maturated by limited CDR mutagenesis. Antib Ther 2020; 3:193-204. [PMID: 33937625 PMCID: PMC7990251 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbaa018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
CSF-1R is a receptor mostly associated with the mononuclear phagocytic system. However, its expression within tumors has been linked with poor prognosis in both humans and dogs. Accordingly, several reports have demonstrated the beneficial effects of blocking CSF-1R in model systems of cancer. In this study, we generated a monoclonal antibody that could block CSF-1R in dogs as the first step to develop an anticancer drug for this species. Initially, an antibody was raised by the hybridoma methodology against the fragment responsible for receptor dimerization. mAb3.1, one of the resulting hybridoma clones, was able to bind macrophages in fixed tissues and was shown to inhibit cells of the mononuclear phagocytic line. Nevertheless, mAb 3.1 could not bind to some glycoforms of the receptor in its native form, while also demonstrating cross-reactivity with other proteins. To enhance binding properties of the mAb, five amino acids of the complementarity-determining region 2 of the variable heavy chain of mAb3.1 were mutated by PCR, and the variant scFv clones were screened by phage display. The selected scFv clones demonstrated improved binding to the native receptor as well as increased anti-macrophage activity. The resulting scFv antibody fragment presented here has the potential for use in cancer patients and in inflammatory diseases. Furthermore, this work provides insights into the use of such restricted mutations in antibody engineering.
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109
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Kisovec M, Anderluh G, Podobnik M, Caserman S. In-line detection of monoclonal antibodies in the effluent of protein A chromatography with QCM sensor. Anal Biochem 2020; 608:113899. [PMID: 32763307 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2020.113899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A major drawback of the IgG capture step is the high cost of the protein A resin. For a better utilization of the resin, a continuous multi-column operation was recently proposed. In this method, accurate detection of leaking IgG is crucial to divert the breakthrough fluid from the waste to the next column and prolong the loading step without product loss. The detection of a breakthrough point as a change in UV absorption is based on a relatively small signal addition of IgGs to the bulk signal of host cell proteins. To achieve specificity, we used a quartz crystal microbalance and immobilized protein A as specific ligand on the sensor surface. We integrated the quartz crystal microbalance sensor in-line after the protein A column for real-time detection of IgGs in the breakthrough fluid. We show that this specific IgG detection in the breakthrough fluid can be more sensitive than with the UV detector. The use of the same product-specific ligand in the affinity column and in the sensor allows simultaneous in-line regeneration of column and sensor in a single step. Such a sensor could support cost-efficient load control during the entire continuous multi-column capture step in downstream processing.
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110
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Lee KB, Dunn ZS, Lopez T, Mustafa Z, Ge X. Generation of highly selective monoclonal antibodies inhibiting a recalcitrant protease using decoy designs. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:3664-3676. [PMID: 32716053 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase-12 (MMP-12), also known as macrophage elastase, is a potent inflammatory mediator and therefore an important pharmacological target. Clinical trial failures of broad-spectrum compound MMP inhibitors suggested that specificity is the key for a successful therapy. To provide the required selectivity, monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based inhibitors are on the rise. However, poor production of active recombinant human MMP-12 catalytic domain (cdMMP-12) presented a technical hurdle for its inhibitory mAb development. We hypothesized that this problem could be solved by designing an expression-optimized cdMMP-12 mutant without structural disruptions at its reaction cleft and surrounding area, and thus isolated active-site inhibitory mAbs could maintain their binding and inhibition functions toward wild-type MMP-12. We combined three advances in the field-PROSS algorithm for cdMMP-12 mutant design, convex paratope antibody library construction, and functional selection for inhibitory mAbs. As a result, isolated Fab inhibitors showed nanomolar affinity and potency toward cdMMP-12 with high selectivity and high proteolytic stability. Particularly, Fab LH11 targeted the reaction cleft of wild-type cdMMP-12 with 75 nM binding KD and 23 nM inhibition IC50 . We expect that our methods can promote the development of mAbs inhibiting important proteases, many of which are recalcitrant to functional production.
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111
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Finelli L, Choi Y, Goldstein E. Number needed to immunize to prevent RSV with extended half-life monoclonal antibody. Vaccine 2020; 38:5474-5479. [PMID: 32600912 PMCID: PMC8684408 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the most important respiratory pathogens in young children. Infants <6 months of age and infants and young children with extreme pre-term birth, and cardiac and pulmonary co-morbidities experience the highest incidence of severe RSV disease. There are no licensed vaccines; immunoprophylaxis is recommended for the highest risk children. Extended half-life RSV monoclonal antibodies (EHL-mAbs) are under development intended for immunization of all infants and high-risk children <2 years of age. We modeled the anticipated public health benefits of RSV EHL-mAb immunization using the number needed to immunize (NNI). METHODS We combined RSV hospitalization, outpatient and outpatient lower respiratory tract infection (LRI) incidence estimates and a range of immunization efficacies to estimate the annual NNI. We calculated the absolute incidence rate reduction (ARR) by multiplying the incidence rates by immunization efficacy. NNI was calculated as the reciprocal of the ARR. RESULTS For an RSV EHL-mAb with 70% efficacy, 6-18 infants would need to be immunized to prevent one RSV-associated outpatient visit, and 13-33 infants would need to be immunized to prevent one RSV-associated LRI outpatient visit. To prevent one RSV-associated hospitalization, 37-85 infants 0-5 months of age, and 107-280 infants 6-11 months of age would need to be immunized. CONCLUSIONS Public health benefits, such as disease cases averted due to immunization, are essential elements in consideration of candidate vaccines for a national immunization program. An RSV EHL-mAb of moderate efficacy could have high impact. These data provide an additional perspective for public health decision making.
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112
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Heads JT, Lamb R, Kelm S, Adams R, Elliott P, Tyson K, Topia S, West S, Nan R, Turner A, Lawson ADG. Electrostatic interactions modulate the differential aggregation propensities of IgG1 and IgG4P antibodies and inform charged residue substitutions for improved developability. Protein Eng Des Sel 2020; 32:277-288. [PMID: 31868219 PMCID: PMC7036597 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzz046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Native state aggregation is an important concern in the development of therapeutic antibodies. Enhanced knowledge of mAb native state aggregation mechanisms would permit sequence-based selection and design of therapeutic mAbs with improved developability. We investigated how electrostatic interactions affect the native state aggregation of seven human IgG1 and IgG4P mAb isotype pairs, each pair having identical variable domains that are different for each set of IgG1 and IgG4P constructs. Relative aggregation propensities were determined at pH 7.4, representing physiological conditions, and pH 5.0, representing commonly used storage conditions. Our work indicates that the net charge state of variable domains relative to the net charge state of the constant domains is predominantly responsible for the different native state aggregation behavior of IgG1 and IgG4P mAbs. This observation suggests that the global net charge of a multi domain protein is not a reliable predictor of aggregation propensity. Furthermore, we demonstrate a design strategy in the frameworks of variable domains to reduce the native state aggregation propensity of mAbs identified as being aggregation-prone. Importantly, substitution of specifically identified residues with alternative, human germline residues, to optimize Fv charge, resulted in decreased aggregation potential at pH 5.0 and 7.4, thus increasing developability.
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113
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Hammarström L, Abolhassani H, Baldanti F, Marcotte H, Pan-Hammarström Q. Development of passive immunity against SARS-CoV-2 for management of immunodeficient patients-a perspective. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020; 146:58-60. [PMID: 32413374 PMCID: PMC7215168 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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114
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Seifert I, Bregolin A, Fissore D, Friess W. Method development and analysis of the water content of the maximally freeze concentrated solution suitable for protein lyophilisation. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 153:36-42. [PMID: 32526356 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
During freeze-drying of a liquid formulation, a freeze-concentrate is formed in the first phase, the freezing step. Understanding the composition of the maximally freeze concentrated solution can help to judge the process stability of biopharmaceuticals during lyophilisation. Our objective was to develop a suitable method to determine the water content of the maximally freeze concentrated solution using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Three different methods were compared: (i) the intercept of the glass transition temperature of the maximally freeze concentrated solution Tg' and the melting temperature Tm for a concentration series, (ii) the linear regression of the melting enthalpy starting from the onset of Tg' until the end of the melting event for a concentration series, and (iii) a one-point determination of the amount of unfrozen water. While Method 1 is accurate but requires the analysis of a high number of samples, Method 3 requires only one single sample, with a loss of accuracy. Method 2 works best taking sample preparation and accuracy into account. Various systems containing sugar (sucrose, trehalose) and other excipients (histidine buffer, phosphate buffer, sodium chloride, arginine hydrochloride, arginine citrate) were evaluated with different antibody concentrations to evaluate the composition of the maximally freeze concentrated solution. The freeze concentrates exhibited a water content of 20-30%, slightly dependent on the excipients, but independent of the antibody concentration. The methodology we developed is broadly applicable for the analysis of the composition of maximally freeze concentrated solutions and can help to elucidate protein stability during lyophilisation.
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115
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Wang L, Cheng J, McNutt JE, Morin GB, Chen DDY. Dynamic pH barrage junction focusing of amino acids, peptides, and digested monoclonal antibodies in capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 2020; 41:1832-1842. [PMID: 32436592 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic pH barrage junction focusing in CE enables effective signal enhancement, quantitative capture efficiencies, and straightforward optimization. The method is a technical variant of dynamic pH junction focusing. CE separation with dynamic pH barrage junction focusing is compatible with both optical and mass spectrometric detection. We developed a CE-MS/MS method using hydrophilic polyethyleneimine-coated capillaries and validated it for the qualitative analysis of amino acids, peptides, and tryptic peptides of digested monoclonal antibodies. The S/N of extracted ion electropherograms of zwitterionic analytes were enhanced by approximately two orders of magnitude with a tradeoff of a shortened separation window. Online focusing improved the MS signal intensity of a diluted antibody digest, enabling more precursor ions to be analyzed with subsequent tandem mass spectrometric identification. It also broadened the concentration range of protein digest samples for which adequate sequence coverage data can be obtained. With only 0.9 ng of digested infliximab sample loaded into the capillary, 76% and 100% sequence coverage was realized for antibody heavy and light chains, respectively, after online focusing. Full coverage was achieved with 9 ng of injected digest.
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116
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Wall JA, Klempner SJ, Arend RC. The anti-DKK1 antibody DKN-01 as an immunomodulatory combination partner for the treatment of cancer. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2020; 29:639-644. [PMID: 32408777 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2020.1769065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Wnt/beta-catenin pathway is a complex signaling pathway known to be dysregulated in several cancers; Dickkopf-1 (Dkk1) is an inhibitor of canonical Wnt signaling via negative feedback. Elevated Dkk1 is associated with a poor prognosis in several cancers, including gynecologic and gastroesophageal malignancies. This review focuses on the potential therapeutic benefit of targeting Dkk1 with the IgG4 monoclonal antibody, DKN-01. AREAS COVERED We highlight current treatment approaches for advanced gynecologic and esophageal malignancies highlighting the need for more effective therapies, specifically improved immune-modulating agents and combinations. Our discussion of DKN-01 addresses the rationale for targeting Dkk1, available safety, pharmacokinetic and efficacy data. EXPERT OPINION DKN-01 presents an interesting therapeutic consideration in advanced gynecologic and gastroesophageal malignancies. It has been especially promising in patients with high-Dkk1-expressing tumors or known Wnt mutations. We postulate that the complementary mechanisms, limited adverse effects and emerging biomarker data position DKN-01 as a promising agent for combination therapy in patients with advanced malignancies. Specifically, we believe this occurs through an immuno-modulatory effect, primarily acting through the innate arm of the immune system. This highlights the possibility for addressing innate immune resistance and expanding the portion of patients who may benefit, possibly in a biomarker-selected manner.
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117
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Cruzado-Park ID. Optimization of an IgG1 CIEF separation by using narrow-range ampholytes and DMSO as protein solubilizer. Electrophoresis 2020; 41:1308-1315. [PMID: 32375204 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
CIEF is a powerful separation tool utilized in the characterization and relative quantitation of therapeutic mAb charged isoforms. However, one CIEF method is not capable of separating all mAbs with high resolution and reproducibility. Optimization of sample composition and separation parameters is expected when developing a CIEF method for a specific mAb. This paper summarizes a root cause investigation into why a validated CIEF separation method for MAK33 (a type of IgG1) was no longer reproducible. In addition, this paper introduces the concept of sample focusing volume, which is defined as the actual capillary volume occupied by the sample after focusing and explains why there is less protein precipitation and aggregation when using narrow-range ampholytes than broad-range ampholytes. The use of DMSO as protein solubilizer and possible replacement of urea is also explored in this work. Finally, this paper demonstrates that a new optimized CIEF method can achieve over 100 reproducible high-resolution separations of MAK33 per neutral-coated capillary.
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Qu QX, Zhu XY, Du WW, Wang HB, Shen Y, Zhu YB, Chen C. 4-1BB Agonism Combined With PD-L1 Blockade Increases the Number of Tissue-Resident CD8+ T Cells and Facilitates Tumor Abrogation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:577. [PMID: 32391001 PMCID: PMC7193033 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the milestone discovery of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has been translated into clinical practice, only a fraction of patients can benefit from it with durable responses and subsequent long-term survival. Here, we tested the anti-tumor effect of combining PD-L1 blockade with 4-1BB costimulation in 3LL and 4T1.2 murine tumor models. Dual treatment induced further tumor regression and enhanced survival in tumor-bearing mice more so than PD-L1 and 4-1BB mAb alone. It was demonstrated that dual anti-PD-L1/anti-4-1BB immunotherapy increased the number of intratumoral CD103+CD8+ T cells and altered their distribution. Phenotypically, CD103+CD8+ T cells expressed a higher level of 4-1BB and PD-1 than their CD103− counterparts. Administration of PD-L1 mAb and 4-1BB mAb further increased the cytolytic capacity of CD103+CD8+ T cells. In vivo, CD103−CD8+ T cells could differentiate into CD103+CD8+ progeny cells. In a human setting, more CD8+ T cells differentiated into CD103+CD8+ T cells in the peripheral tumor region of lung cancer tissues than in the central tumor region. Collectively, infiltrated CD103+CD8+ T cells served as a potential effector T cell population. Combining 4-1BB agonism with PD-L1 blockade could increase tumor-infiltrated CD103+CD8+T cells, thereby facilitating tumor regression.
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Comprehensive Temperature Excursion Management Program for the Commercial Distribution of Biopharmaceutical Drug Products. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:2131-2144. [PMID: 32315663 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Biopharmaceutical drug products may be exposed to temperatures outside of the intended storage temperature range (typically 2-8°C) during commercial distribution due to uncontrolled variables and unexpected events. Pharmaceutical companies are expected to ensure that product quality and stability are not negatively impacted by temperature excursions defined as being acceptable for the product. It is imperative that all firms involved in the distribution understand key elements of the temperature excursion management program in place to overcome the challenges of global distribution and comply with regulatory requirements. Proactive implementation of a comprehensive temperature excursion management program is expected to help achieve successful commercial distribution. In this article, important aspects related to the key elements of a comprehensive temperature excursion management program are summarized, including standard stability testing, regulatory expectations related to the justification of temperature excursions, thermal cycling studies to assess and support potential temperature excursions (including how/when thermal cycling study data is used to support temperature excursions), good distribution practices to minimize temperature excursions and use of theoretical methods/mathematical simulation models to assess temperature excursions. A comprehensive temperature excursion management program is expected to ensure product quality and help minimize, assess, and justify temperature excursions more efficiently, ensure regulatory compliance and avoid business impact caused by the loss of products or inadequate supply.
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Yang X, He Z, Zhang G, Lu J, Zhang H, Ren H, Tian Y, Yang H, Chen C, Li L, Fu Y, Allain JP, Li C, Wang W. Evaluation of Reactivity of Monoclonal Antibodies Against Omp25 of Brucella spp. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:145. [PMID: 32373546 PMCID: PMC7187720 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is a serious zoonosis occurring mainly in developing countries, and its diagnosis is largely dependent on serologic detection and bacterial culture. In this study, we developed the murine monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against a conserved and major outer membrane protein 25 (Omp25) of Brucella species (B. spp.) for use in clinical diagnosis. The mAbs to Omp25 were produced by hybridoma technique, which were utilized for developing various immunoassays for detection of Brucellae, including Western blot (WB), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunochemical staining (ICS), immunofluorescence staining (IFS), and flow cytometry assay (FCM). A number of five mAbs (2B10, 4A12, 4F10, 6C12, and 8F3) specific to Omp25 were selected, including 2 IgG1, 2 IgG2a, and 1 IgG2b. Among them, mAbs 6C12, 8F3, and 4A12 reacted highly with B. melitensis (M5-90), B. abortus (S19, 104M, and 2308), and B. suis strain (S2). No cross-reactivity with Yersinia enterocolitica O:9, Salmonella spp., and Escherichia coli was found. By mapping Omp25 epitopes, mAb 6C12 was found as reacting with a semi-conformational epitope, and mAbs 4A12 and 8F3 as recognizing a different linear epitope, respectively. The paired mAbs were tested for detecting Brucella species, suggesting that 8F3 was suitable for solid phase capture and 6C12 or 4A12 was suitable for conjugation with HRP for detection of Brucella Omp25 in ELISA. The FCM was established by mAb 6C12 for detecting intracellular Brucellae-infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from brucellosis patients. In conclusion, mAbs against Omp25 are precious reagents for detection of Brucellae in clinical samples with various immunoassays. mAb 6C12-based FCM could be potentially used for the monitoring of therapeutic efficacy for brucellosis in clinical practice.
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Doi T, Kajihara H, Chuman Y, Kuwae S, Kaminagayoshi T, Omasa T. Development of a scale-up strategy for Chinese hamster ovary cell culture processes using the k L a ratio as a direct indicator of gas stripping conditions. Biotechnol Prog 2020; 36:e3000. [PMID: 32298540 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we described a scale-up strategy focused on the dissolved carbon dioxide concentration (dCO2 ) during fed-batch cultivation of Chinese hamster ovary cells. A fed-batch culture process for a 2000-L scale stainless steel (SS) bioreactor was scaled-up from similarly shaped 200-L scale bioreactors based on power input per unit volume (P/V). However, during the 2000-L fed-batch culture, the dCO2 was higher compared with the 200-L scale bioreactor. Therefore, we developed an alternative approach by evaluating the kL a values of O2 (kL a[O2 ]) and CO2 [kL a(CO2 )] in the SS bioreactors as a scale-up factor for dCO2 reduction. The kL a ratios [kL a(CO2 )/kL a(O2 )] were different between the 200-L and 2000-L bioreactors under the same P/V condition. When the agitation conditions were changed, the kL a ratio of the 2000-L scale bioreactor became similar and the P/V value become smaller compared with those of the 200-L SS bioreactor. The dCO2 trends in fed-batch cultures performed in 2000-L scale bioreactors under the modified agitation conditions were similar to the control. This kL a ratio method was used for process development in single-use bioreactors (SUBs) with shapes different from those of the SS bioreactor. The kL a ratios for the SUBs were evaluated and conditions that provided kL a ratios similar to the 200-L scale SS bioreactors were determined. The cell culture performance and product quality at the end of the cultivation process were comparable for all tested SUBs. Therefore, we concluded that the kL a ratio is a powerful scale-up factor useful to control dCO2 during fed-batch cultures.
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Qu Q, Zhai Z, Xu J, Li S, Chen C, Lu B. IL36 Cooperates With Anti-CTLA-4 mAbs to Facilitate Antitumor Immune Responses. Front Immunol 2020; 11:634. [PMID: 32351508 PMCID: PMC7174717 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the great impact on long-term survival of some cancer patients, the immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy is limited by its low response rates for most cancers. There is a pressing need for novel combination immunotherapies that overcome the resistance to current ICB therapies. Cytokines play a pivotal role in tumor immunotherapy by helping initiating and driving antitumor immune responses. Here, we demonstrated that, besides conventional CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, IL36 surprisingly increased the number of tumor-infiltrating regulatory T (Treg) cells in vivo and enhanced proliferation of Tregs in vitro. Administration of CTLA-4 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) strongly enhanced IL36-stimulated antitumor activities through depletion of Tregs. In addition, a cancer gene therapy using the IL36-loaded nanoparticles in combination with CTLA-4 mAbs additively reduced lung metastasis of breast tumor cells. We further showed that the combined therapy of CTLA-4 mAbs and IL36 led to an increase in proliferation and IFN-γ production by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells when compared to single therapy with CTLA-4 mAbs or IL36. Collectively, our findings demonstrated a new combination therapy that could improve the clinical response to ICB immunotherapy for cancer.
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Hutchings CJ. A review of antibody-based therapeutics targeting G protein-coupled receptors: an update. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2020; 20:925-935. [PMID: 32264722 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2020.1745770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) play key roles in many biological functions and are linked to many diseases across all therapeutic areas. As such, GPCRs represent a significant opportunity for antibody-based therapeutics. AREAS COVERED The structure of the major GPCR families is summarized in the context of choice of antigen source employed in the drug discovery process and receptor biology considerations which may impact on targeting strategies. An overview of the therapeutic GPCR-antibody target landscape and the diversity of current therapeutic programs is provided along with summary case studies for marketed antibody drugs or those in advanced clinical studies. Antibodies in early clinical studies and the emergence of next-generation modalities are also highlighted. EXPERT OPINION The GPCR-antibody pipeline has progressed significantly with a number of technical developments enabling the successful resolution of some of the challenges previously encountered and this has contributed to the growing interest in antibody-based therapeutics addressing this target class.
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Chen F, Nagy K, Chavez D, Willis S, McBride R, Giang E, Honda A, Bukh J, Ordoukhanian P, Zhu J, Frey S, Lanford R, Law M. Antibody Responses to Immunization With HCV Envelope Glycoproteins as a Baseline for B-Cell-Based Vaccine Development. Gastroenterology 2020; 158:1058-1071.e6. [PMID: 31809725 PMCID: PMC7371413 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.11.282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS We investigated antibody responses to hepatitis C virus (HCV) antigens E1 and E2 and the relevance of animal models for vaccine development. We compared antibody responses to vaccination with recombinant E1E2 complex in healthy volunteers, non-human primates (NHPs), and mice. METHODS We analyzed 519 serum samples from participants in a phase 1 vaccine trial (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT00500747) and compared them with serum or plasma samples from C57BL/6J mice (n = 28) and rhesus macaques (n = 4) immunized with the same HCV E1E2 antigen. Blood samples were collected at different time points and analyzed for antibody binding, neutralizing activity, and epitope specificity. Monoclonal antibodies from the immunized NHPs were isolated from single plasmablasts and memory B cells, and their immunogenetic properties were characterized. RESULTS Antibody responses of the volunteers, NHPs, and mice to the non-neutralizing epitopes on the E1 N-terminus and E2 hypervariable region 1 did not differ significantly. Antibodies from volunteers and NHPs that neutralized heterologous strains of HCV primarily interacted with epitopes in the antigen region 3. However, the neutralizing antibodies were not produced in sufficient levels for broad neutralization of diverse HCV isolates. Broadly neutralizing antibodies similar to the human VH1-69 class antibody specific for antigen region 3 were produced in the immunized NHPs. CONCLUSIONS In an analysis of vaccinated volunteers, NHPs, and mice, we found that recombinant E1E2 vaccine antigen induces high-antibody titers that are insufficient to neutralize diverse HCV isolates. Antibodies from volunteers and NHPs bind to the same neutralizing epitopes for virus neutralization. NHPs can therefore be used as a preclinical model to develop HCV vaccines. These findings also provide useful baseline values for development of vaccines designed to induce production of neutralizing antibodies.
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Identification and preclinical development of an anti-proteolytic uPA antibody for rheumatoid arthritis. J Mol Med (Berl) 2020; 98:585-593. [PMID: 32108909 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-020-01889-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Blocking the proteolytic capacity of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) with a monoclonal antibody (mAb) reduces arthritis progression in the collagen-induced mouse arthritis model to an extent that is on par with the effect of blocking tumor necrosis factor-alpha by etanercept. Seeking to develop a novel therapy for rheumatoid arthritis, a humanized mAb, NNC0266-0043, was selected for its dual inhibition of both the zymogen activation and the proteolytic capacity of human uPA. The antibody revealed nonlinear elimination kinetics in cynomolgus monkeys consistent with binding to and turnover of endogenous uPA. At a dose level of 20.6 mg kg-1, the antibody had a plasma half-life of 210 h. Plasma uPA activity, a pharmacodynamic marker of anti-uPA therapy, was reduced to below the detection limit during treatment, indicating that an efficacious plasma concentration was reached. Pharmacokinetic modeling predicted that sufficient antibody levels can be sustained in arthritis patients dosed subcutaneously once weekly. The anti-uPA mAb was also well tolerated in cynomolgus monkeys at weekly doses up to 200 mg kg-1 over 4 weeks. The data from cynomolgus monkeys and from human material presented here indicates that anti-uPA mAb NNC0266-0043 is suitable for clinical testing as a novel therapeutic for rheumatic diseases. KEY MESSAGES: Background: Anti-uPA therapy is on par with etanercept in a mouse arthritis model. A new humanized antibody blocks activation and proteolytic activity of human uPA. The antibody represents a radically novel mode-of-action in anti-rheumatic therapy. The antibody has PK/PD properties in primates consistent with QW clinical dosing.
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