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Seebaluck R, Gurib-Fakim A, Mahomoodally F. Medicinal plants from the genus Acalypha ( Euphorbiaceae)--a review of their ethnopharmacology and phytochemistry. J Ethnopharmacol 2015; 159:137-157. [PMID: 25446604 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Acalypha is the fourth largest genus of the Euphorbiaceae family with approximately 450-570 species. Several Acalypha species are used as medicinal plants in Africa and in the Mascarene Islands. Almost every part of the plant including the leaves, stem and roots are used as traditional remedies to treat and manage a panoply of ailments. However, there is no updated compilation of traditionally important medicinal plants from the Acalypha genus. The present review therefore, endeavors to provide for the first time an updated compilation of documented ethnopharmacological information in relation to the ethnomedicinal, ethnoveterinary, zoopharmacognosy, phytochemistry and biological activities of medicinal plants from the Acalypha genus which can subsequently open new perspectives for further pharmacological research. MATERIALS AND METHODS A literature search was performed on Acalypha species using ethnobotanical text books and scientific databases such as Pubmed, Scopus, EBSCO, Google Scholar and other web sources such as records from PROTA, PROSEA, and Botanical Dermatology Database. The Plant List, International Plant Name index and Kew Botanical Garden Plant name databases were used to validate scientific names. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Plants from Acalypha genus are traditionally used in the treatment and/or management of diverse ailments such as diabetes, jaundice, hypertension, fever, liver inflammation, schistosomiasis, dysentery, respiratory problems including bronchitis, asthma and pheumonia as well as skin conditions such as scabies, eczema and mycoses. Approximately 124 species were listed in ethnobotanical studies with some botanical description and others mentioned from different web sources. However, only 40 species have been included in the present review due to the unavailability of ethnopharmacological data on the remaining species. Among the 40 cited species, 30 were traditionally used for the treatment and/or management of approximately 70 human diseases or health conditions. Two species, Acalypha alnifolia and Acalypha fruticosa are used as insecticides and sand fly repellent respectively. Only 2 species (Acalypha fruticosa and Acalypha indica) are used in ethnoveterinary practice and have similar human and veterinary applications. In zoopharmacognosy, only Acalypha ornata has been mentioned. Natives from Africa, Central America, North America, Southern China, India, Bangladesh, Papua New Guinea and Mascarenes islands utilize Acalypha species as ethnomedicine. Traditionally used Acalypha species have been reported to possess at least one of the following biological activities: antimicrobial, anti-diabetic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, larvidal, pupicidal, hepatoprotective, anticancer, leishmanicidal, antihyperglycemic, antihypertensive, anti-venom, analgesic, anthelmintic, antiemetic, laxative, expectorant, diuretic, post-coital antifertility effects and wound healing. A total of 167 compounds have been identified from 19 species, with 16 from eight species were reported to be bioactive. CONCLUSION The present review represents 32.3% of species from the Acalypha genus and can be considered as the first compilation of ethnopharmacologically useful plants from this genus. There is a great potential to discover new biologically active phytochemicals from the Acalypha genus because only few species have been studied comprehensively. Therefore, the clinical evaluation of species from this genus is warranted in future studies to confirm the ethnomedicinal claims and for the safety approval of therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Seebaluck
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, Réduit, Mauritius
| | - A Gurib-Fakim
- Centre for Phytotherapy Research, Cybercity 2, 7th floor, Ebéne, Mauritius
| | - F Mahomoodally
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, Réduit, Mauritius.
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Zare S, Ghaedi M, miri R, Heiling S, Asadollahi M, T. Baldwin I, Jassbi AR. Phytochemical Investigation on Euphorbia macrostegia (Persian wood spurge). Iran J Pharm Res 2015; 14:243-9. [PMID: 25561930 PMCID: PMC4277637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Euphorbia macrostegia or Persian wood spurge is one of the seventeen endemic plants of this genus in Iran. Three triterpenoids, 24-methylenecycloartan-3β-ol (1), butyrospermol (2) and cycloartenol (3) and three diglycerides, 1,2-di-O-α-linolenoyl-sn-glycerol (4), 1-O-linoleoyl-3-O-palmitoyl-sn-glycerol (5) and 1-O-α-linolenoyl-2-O-palmitoyl-sn-glycerol (6) were isolated from the hexane soluble part of methanol-dichloromethane extracts of the aerial parts of Euphorbia macrostegia Boiss. The structures of all compounds were elucidated using different spectroscopy methods including, (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, HSQC, HMBC, EI-MS and IR. The triterpenes and the unsaturated fatty acids moieties of the diglycerides isolated from the plant were reported previously to have analgesic, anticancer, bactericidal and antifungal activity. Here, we show that E. macrostegia is a new source for the above mentioned biologically active compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Zare
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Department of Phytochemistry, Yasouj University, Yasouj 75914-353, Iran.
| | - Mehrorang Ghaedi
- Department of Phytochemistry, Yasouj University, Yasouj 75914-353, Iran.
| | - Ramin miri
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Sven Heiling
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - Mojtaba Asadollahi
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Ian T. Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - Amir Reza Jassbi
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Corresponding E-mail:
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Abstract
A new eremophilane sesquiterpene, sporogen AO-2 (1), and a new beyerane diterpene, thecacorin C (2), together with two known compounds, longifoamide-B (3) and methylcholestane-3β,5α,6β-triol (4), were isolated from the stems of Manihot esculenta. The structures of the two new compounds were determined by spectroscopic techniques (UV, IR, MS, 1D, and 2D NMR). Antimicrobial assay showed that compound 3 possessed modest inhibitory effects on Saphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S.aureus, diameters of inhibition zones of which were 7.5 and 8.0 mm, respectively. Compound 4 possessed modest inhibitory effect on S. aureus, the diameter of inhibition zone of which was 6.8 mm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Bo Zeng
- a Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences , Haikou 571101 , China
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254
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Lee J, Kim HH. Methanol Extract of Croton Pycnanthus Benth. Inhibits Osteoclast Differentiation by Suppressing the MAPK and NF-κB Signaling Pathways. J Bone Metab 2014; 21:269-75. [PMID: 25489576 PMCID: PMC4255048 DOI: 10.11005/jbm.2014.21.4.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Osteoclasts are differentiated from monocytes/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) ligand (RANKL). Croton pycnanthus Benth. (CPB) is a herbal plant that belongs to Euphorbiaceae family. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of CPB on osteoclastogenesis and RANKL-dependent signaling pathways. Methods Methanol extract of CPB was obtained from International Biological Material Research Center. Osteoclast differentiation was achieved by culturing mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) with M-CSF and RANKL. Osteoclast numbers were evaluated by counting multinuclear cells positive for tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP). mRNA and protein levels were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blotting, respectively. The activation of signaling molecules were assessed after acute stimulation of cells with high dose of RANKL by Western blotting with phospho-specific antibodies. Results CPB reduced the generation of TRAP-positive multinucleated cells and the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and NF-κB signaling pathways. The induction of the expression of c-Fos, nuclear factor-activated T cells c1 (NFATc1) and dendritic cell-specific transmembrane protein (DC-STAMP) by RANKL was also suppressed. Conclusions CPB exerts negative effects on osteoclast differentiation in response to the RANKL. The inhibitory mechanism involves the suppression of MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways and subsequently the down-regulation of c-Fos and NFATc1 transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeon Lee
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, BK21 Program and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hong-Hee Kim
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, BK21 Program and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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255
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Altei WF, Picchi DG, Abissi BM, Giesel GM, Flausino O, Reboud-Ravaux M, Verli H, Crusca E, Silveira ER, Cilli EM, Bolzani VS. Jatrophidin I, a cyclic peptide from Brazilian Jatropha curcas L.: isolation, characterization, conformational studies and biological activity. Phytochemistry 2014; 107:91-96. [PMID: 25200101 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A cyclic peptide, jatrophidin I, was isolated from the latex of Jatropha curcas L. Its structure was elucidated by extensive 2D NMR spectroscopic analysis, with additional conformational studies performed using Molecular Dynamics/Simulated Annealing (MD/SA). Jatrophidin I had moderate protease inhibition activity when compared with pepstatin A; however, the peptide was inactive in antimalarial, cytotoxic and antioxidant assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanessa F Altei
- Núcleo de Bioensaios, Biossíntese e Ecofisiologia de Produtos Naturais (NuBBE), Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual Paulista 'Julio de Mesquita Filho', CP 355, 14801-970 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Douglas G Picchi
- Núcleo de Bioensaios, Biossíntese e Ecofisiologia de Produtos Naturais (NuBBE), Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual Paulista 'Julio de Mesquita Filho', CP 355, 14801-970 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Barbara M Abissi
- Núcleo de Bioensaios, Biossíntese e Ecofisiologia de Produtos Naturais (NuBBE), Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual Paulista 'Julio de Mesquita Filho', CP 355, 14801-970 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Guilherme M Giesel
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av Bento Gonçalves 9500, CP 15005, Porto Alegre 91500-970, RS, Brazil
| | - Otavio Flausino
- Núcleo de Bioensaios, Biossíntese e Ecofisiologia de Produtos Naturais (NuBBE), Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual Paulista 'Julio de Mesquita Filho', CP 355, 14801-970 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Michèle Reboud-Ravaux
- Enzymologie Moléculaire et Fonctionnelle, UR4, UPMC, Sorbonne Universités, 7 Quai St Bernard, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Hugo Verli
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av Ipiranga 2752, Porto Alegre 90610-000, RS, Brazil
| | - Edson Crusca
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Química Universidade Estadual Paulista 'Julio de Mesquita Filho', CP 355, 14801-970 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Edilberto R Silveira
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE 60.430-270, Brazil
| | - Eduardo M Cilli
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Química Universidade Estadual Paulista 'Julio de Mesquita Filho', CP 355, 14801-970 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Vanderlan S Bolzani
- Núcleo de Bioensaios, Biossíntese e Ecofisiologia de Produtos Naturais (NuBBE), Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual Paulista 'Julio de Mesquita Filho', CP 355, 14801-970 Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
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Purushothaman AK, Pemiah B. Ultra high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet-electrospray ionization-micrOTOF-Q II analysis of flavonoid fractions from Jatropha tanjorensis. Pharmacogn Mag 2014; 10:S472-9. [PMID: 25298662 PMCID: PMC4189260 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.139776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Jatropha tanjorensis (Euphorbiaceae) an exotic traditional plant unique to Thanjavur district of Southern India also commonly called as Catholic vegetable. It has been used traditionally in decoctions for treating various ailments and as a health tonic. Objective: The objective of the present work is to study a comprehensive characterization of methanolic extract fractions using ultra high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC)+-electrospray ionization (ESI)-micrOTOF-Q II and correlate their bioactivities. Materials and Methods: Phytoconstituents from J. tanjorensis leaves were extracted with methanol (MeOH) followed by successive chromatography using linear gradient polar solvents system. All fractions obtained were evaluated for their chemical potential using micrOTOF-Q II techniques and identified key molecules were determined for their anticancer and anti-oxidant potential using in vitro methods. Results: Successive column chromatography of the MeOH residue yielded six fractions. Compounds such as such as C-glycosylflavones (mono-C-, di-C-), O, C-diglycosylflavones and aglycones were identified for the first time in this plant using UHPLC-ultraviolet-micrOTOF-Q II ESI and a correlation with their anticancer using 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay on Ehrlich ascites cells (EAC) and antioxidant activities using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and lipid peroxidation were studied; fraction D extract exhibited the strongest activity against cancer cell. Conclusions: LC-mass spectrometry has been successfully applied for a quick separation and identification of the major phytoconstituents. All fractions have shown potent antioxidative activity as compared to standard antioxidant 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxytoluene. EAC cell-based cytotoxicity assay also revealed encouraging results. The antioxidant and anticancer activity determined in the present work can be attributed to the presence of flavonoids and flavone glycosides. Present work provides the first scientific report on phytoconstituents of J. tanjorensis and its ethnopharmacological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Kallur Purushothaman
- Centre for Advanced Research in Indian System of Medicine, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Brindha Pemiah
- Centre for Advanced Research in Indian System of Medicine, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
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de Araújo Gomes LM, de Andrade TM, Silva JC, de Lima JT, Quintans-Junior LJ, da Silva Almeida JRG. Phytochemical screening and anti-inflammatory activity of Cnidoscolus quercifolius ( Euphorbiaceae) in mice. Pharmacognosy Res 2014; 6:345-9. [PMID: 25276074 PMCID: PMC4166825 DOI: 10.4103/0974-8490.138290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Revised: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cnidoscolus quercifolius is a species popularly known as favela and faveleira, and belonging to the Caatinga biome (semi-arid vegetation, Brazil), where is used in folk medicine as an anti-inflammatory. Objective: The aim was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of the ethanolic extract from barks (Cqb-EtOH) and leaves (Cql-EtOH) of C. quercifolius in mice using experimental models of inflammation. Materials and Methods: The preliminary phytochemical analysis of the ethanolic extract was performed. The activity was evaluated by paw edema induced by carrageenan and leukocytes migration to the peritoneal cavity induced by carrageenan methods. Results: A preliminary analysis of Cqb-EtOH revealed that it contained coumarins, flavonoids, monoterpenes/diterpenes and naphthoquinones, while the Cql-EtOH showed positive reaction to coumarins, anthracene derivatives, flavonoids, lignans and triterpenes/steroids. Cqb-EtOH and Cql-EtOH (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) inhibited significantly (P < 0.01) the increase in the edema volume after administration of carrageenan. In the peritonitis test, acute pretreatment with Cqb-EtOH and Cql-EtOH (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) inhibited the leukocyte migration. Conclusions: It can be concluded that extracts from the barks and leaves of C. quercifolius have anti-inflammatory activity, which supports the popular use of this plant to treat inflammation. Thus, extracts has significant anti-inflammatory properties, which are related probably to inhibition of release of mediators of the inflammatory process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandra Macedo de Araújo Gomes
- Collegiate of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center of Studies and Research of Medicinal Plants, Federal University of San Francisco Valley, Petrolina, Pernambuco 56.304-205, Brazil
| | - Thayne Mayra de Andrade
- Collegiate of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center of Studies and Research of Medicinal Plants, Federal University of San Francisco Valley, Petrolina, Pernambuco 56.304-205, Brazil
| | - Juliane Cabral Silva
- Collegiate of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center of Studies and Research of Medicinal Plants, Federal University of San Francisco Valley, Petrolina, Pernambuco 56.304-205, Brazil
| | - Julianeli Tolentino de Lima
- Collegiate of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center of Studies and Research of Medicinal Plants, Federal University of San Francisco Valley, Petrolina, Pernambuco 56.304-205, Brazil
| | | | - Jackson Roberto Guedes da Silva Almeida
- Collegiate of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center of Studies and Research of Medicinal Plants, Federal University of San Francisco Valley, Petrolina, Pernambuco 56.304-205, Brazil
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258
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Ovenden SPB, Pigott EJ, Rochfort S, Bourne DJ. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and chemometric analysis of Ricinus communis extracts for cultivar identification. Phytochem Anal 2014; 25:476-484. [PMID: 24737411 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Seeds of Ricinus communis contain the toxic protein ricin, a 64 kD heterodimeric type II ribosome-inactivating protein that has been used in several high-profile poisoning incidents. The ability to determine which cultivar the toxin was isolated from via an LC-MS method would be of significant use to law enforcement and forensic agencies. OBJECTIVE To analyse via LC-MS and chemometrics (principal components analysis (PCA), orthogonal partial-least-squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA)) extracts of R. communis to identify compounds specific to a particular cultivar. METHODS Seeds from eight specimens of six cultivars of R. communis ('carmencita', 'dehradun', 'gibsonii', 'impala', 'sanguineus' and 'zanzibariensis') were extracted using a standard methodology. These extracts were analysed by LC-MS then subjected to chemometric analysis (PCA and OPLS-DA). Identified compounds of importance were subjected to high-resolution Fourier transform (HRFT) MS and MS/MS to elucidate their structures. RESULTS This analysis identified 17 ions as potential cultivar determinators. Through accurate mass measurement and MS/MS, molecular formulae for 13 ions were determined, including two known and 11 new peptides. CONCLUSION Unique ions in extracts of 'carmencita', 'dehradun', 'gibsonii', 'impala' and 'zanzibariensis' were identified that would allow an individual cultivar to be distinguished from other cultivars in this study. Although 'sanguineus' extracts contained no unique compounds, a unique LC-MS profile would allow for cultivar assignment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon P B Ovenden
- Defence Science and Technology Organisation, 506 Lorimer Street, Fishermans Bend, Victoria, 3207, Australia
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Lu J, Li G, Huang J, Zhang C, Zhang L, Zhang K, Li P, Lin R, Wang J. Lathyrane-type diterpenoids from the seeds of Euphorbia lathyris. Phytochemistry 2014; 104:79-88. [PMID: 24856111 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Ten lathyrane-type diterpenoids named Euphorbia Factor L12-L21 (1-10) and twelve known diterpenoids (11-22) were isolated from seeds of Euphorbia lathyris. The structures of these compounds were determined by extensive spectroscopic (UV, IR, HRESIMS, 1D and 2D NMR) analyses. In addition, the configuration of Euphorbia Factor L12 (1) was further confirmed by X-ray crystallographic and circular dichroism (CD) analyses. A putative biogenetic relationship to these compounds was proposed. Cytotoxicity of the isolated compounds against C6 and MCF-7 cell lines were evaluated. Compounds 1, 5, 7, 12 and 17 exhibited considerable cytotoxic activities (IC50 12.4-36.2 μM).
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MESH Headings
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/chemistry
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/isolation & purification
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacology
- Biosynthetic Pathways
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Diterpenes/chemistry
- Diterpenes/isolation & purification
- Diterpenes/pharmacology
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/chemistry
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/isolation & purification
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology
- Euphorbia/chemistry
- Humans
- Inhibitory Concentration 50
- Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
- Medicine, Chinese Traditional
- Molecular Structure
- Plants, Medicinal
- Seeds/chemistry
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Lu
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoyu Li
- College of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Huang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China; Department of New Drug, Institute of Frontier Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, People's Republic of China.
| | - Cui Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Lan Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, People's Republic of China
| | - Pingya Li
- Department of New Drug, Institute of Frontier Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruichao Lin
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinhui Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China; College of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, People's Republic of China.
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Sukprasirt P, Wititsuwannakul R. A chitinolytic endochitinase and β-N-acetylglucosaminidase-based system from Hevea latex in generating N-acetylglucosamine from chitin. Phytochemistry 2014; 104:5-11. [PMID: 24833032 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
An endochitinase and β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAGase) were purified and characterised from fresh rubber latex serum. These enzymes were used in a total enzyme-based system to produce pure N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) from chitin. The N-terminal amino acid sequences of both purified endochitinase (KEESRRRRHR) and NAGase (AAVDSDTLEI) lacked homology with other known chitinases, including hevamine from rubber latex lutoids. The apparent kinetic parameters, Km and Vmax, for the endochitinase using 4-MU-β-(NAG)3 as a substrate were 99.73 μM and 29.49 pkat mg(-1), respectively. For NAGase, using 4-MU-β-NAG as a substrate, the corresponding Km and Vmax values were 20.4 μM and 25.82 pkat mg(-1). When an enzyme incubation mixture containing a 1:1 (pkat/pkat) activity mixed ratio of endochitinase: NAGase was employed, the maximum yield of N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) obtained was 98% from β-chitin and 20% from α-chitin. These yields were obtained after 4 days of hydrolysis of equal amounts of β-chitin and α-chitin in the mixture. Thus, β-chitin was the preferred substrate compared to α-chitin by a ratio of nearly five to one. Mass spectroscopic analysis, using electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), of the product obtained from β-chitin after digestion (for 24h) depicted one distinct major molecular ion peak m/z 260.1, a small minor ion peak m/z 481.2, a potassium adduct of NAG and a potassium adduct of two NAG molecules. Furthermore, experiments to establish the commercial production of NAG using crude enzymes of Hevea latex serum are currently in progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pannawich Sukprasirt
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat-Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
| | - Rapepun Wititsuwannakul
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat-Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand.
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Zhao JQ, Wang YM, Zhu HT, Wang D, Li SH, Cheng RR, Yang CR, Wang YF, Xu M, Zhang YJ. Highly Oxygenated Limonoids and Lignans from Phyllanthus flexuosus. Nat Prod Bioprospect 2014; 4:233-42. [PMID: 25089242 PMCID: PMC4111870 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-014-0026-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Two new highly oxygenated limonoids, flexuosoids A (1) and B (2), and three new arylnaphthalene lignan glycosides, phyllanthusmins D-F (3-5), were isolated from the roots of Phyllanthus flexuosus, in addition to three known lignans, phyllanthusmin C, arabelline, and (+)-diasyringaresinol. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of detailed spectroscopic analysis and chemical methods. Compounds 1 and 2, two new decaoxygenated limonoids with a C-19/29 lactol bridge and heptaoxygenated substituents at C-1, C-2, C-3, C-7, C-11, C-17, and C-30, represent the second example of limonoids in the Euphorbiaceae family. Most of the isolates were tested for their antifeedant, anti-herpes simplex virus 1, and cytotoxic activities. The new limonoids 1 and 2 showed promising antifeedant activity against the beet army worm (Spodoptera exigua) with EC50 values of 25.1 and 17.3 μg/cm(2), respectively. In addition, both of them displayed moderate cytotoxicity against the ECA109 human esophagus cancer cell line, along with the known lignan glycoside, phyllanthusmin C, with the IC50 values of 11.5 (1), 8.5 (2), and 7.8 (phyllanthusmin C) μM, respectively. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT Two new highly oxygenated limonoids, flexuosoids A (1) and B (2), and three new arylnaphthalene lignan glycosides, phyllanthusmins D-F (3-5), were isolated from the roots of Phyllanthus flexuosus, along with three known lignans. Flexuosoids A (1) and B (2) showed promising antifeedant activity against the beet army worm (Spodoptera exigua) with EC50 values of 25.1 and 17.3 μg/cm(2), respectively. In addition, both of them and the known lignan glycoside, phyllanthusmin C, displayed moderate cytotoxicity against the ECA109 human esophagus cancer cell line, with the IC50 values of 11.5, 8.5, and 7.8 μM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Qiang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan-Ming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong-Tao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 People’s Republic of China
| | - Dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 People’s Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 People’s Republic of China
| | - Rong-Rong Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 People’s Republic of China
| | - Chong-Ren Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi-Fei Wang
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Guangzhou, 510632 People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying-Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 People’s Republic of China
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Ohishi K, Toume K, Arai MA, Sadhu SK, Ahmed F, Mizoguchi T, Itoh M, Ishibashi M. Ricinine: a pyridone alkaloid from Ricinus communis that activates the Wnt signaling pathway through casein kinase 1α. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:4597-601. [PMID: 25124862 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Wnt signaling plays important roles in proliferation, differentiation, development of cells, and various diseases. Activity-guided fractionation of the MeOH extract of the Ricinus communis stem led to the isolation of four compounds (1-4). The TCF/β-catenin transcription activities of 1 and 3 were 2.2 and 2.5 fold higher at 20 and 30μM, respectively. Cells treated with ricinine (1) had higher β-catenin and lower of p-β-catenin (ser 33, 37, 45, Thr 41) protein levels, whereas glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) and casein kinase 1α (CK1α) protein levels remained unchanged. Cells treated with pyrvinium, an activator of CK1α, had lower β-catenin levels. However, the combined treatment of pyrvinium and 1 led to higher β-catenin levels than those in cells treated with pyrvinium alone, which suggested that 1 inhibited CK1α activity. Furthermore, 1 increased β-catenin protein levels in zebrafish embryos. These results indicated that 1 activated the Wnt signaling pathway by inhibiting CK1α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Ohishi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Kazufumi Toume
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Midori A Arai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Samir K Sadhu
- Pharmacy Discipline, Life Science School, Khulna University, Khulna 9208, Bangladesh
| | - Firoj Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Takamasa Mizoguchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Motoyuki Itoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Masami Ishibashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
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263
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Zhou L, Zhao BX, Jiang RW, Huang XJ, Wu ZL, Wang Y, Ye WC. Securinega alkaloids from the fruits of Flueggea suffruticosa. J Asian Nat Prod Res 2014; 16:593-601. [PMID: 24957326 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2014.930443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Phytochemical investigation on the fruits of Flueggea suffruticosa resulted in the isolation of three new Securinega alkaloids, secu'amamine H (1), 15β-methoxy-14,15-dihydrosecurinine (3), and securinol E (7), as well as eight known ones (2, 4-6, and 8-11). Their structures were elucidated by means of spectroscopic techniques (1D and 2D NMR, MS, UV, and IR). The absolute configurations of the new compounds were established by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and CD analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhou
- a Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , China
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264
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Abstract
Activity-guided isolation of dried seeds of Jatropha curcas L. led to the isolation of two new lignans along with eight known compounds. These compounds were determined by spectroscopic analysis to be jatrophasin C (1), jatrophasin D (2), β-sitosterol (3), jatrophasin A (4), daucosterol (5), isoamericanol A (6), ( ± )-3,3'-bisdemethylpinoresinol (7), 7'-epi-sesamin-dicatechol (8), isoprincepin (9) and americanol A (10), of which 1 and 2 were new compounds. The antioxidative activities along with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma exciting activity of these compounds were also determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofan Li
- a Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Shenzhen University , Shenzhen 518060 , P.R. China
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265
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Li YX, Zuo WJ, Li XN, Mei WL, Dai HF. A new lignan glycoside from Trigonostemon heterophyllus. J Asian Nat Prod Res 2014; 16:549-553. [PMID: 24786284 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2014.914503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Phytochemical investigation on the stems of Trigonostemonheterophyllus led to the isolation of a new lariciresinol-based lignan glycoside, trigonoheteran (1), together with a known lignan glycoside, aviculin (2). Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods including 1D and 2D NMR (HMQC, (1)H-(1)H COSY, HMBC, and NOESY).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Xing Li
- a Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences , Haikou 571101 , China
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Al Muqarrabun LMR, Ahmat N, Aris SRS, Norizan N, Shamsulrijal N, Yusof FZM, Suratman MN, Yusof MIM, Salim F. A new triterpenoid from Sapium baccatum ( Euphorbiaceae). Nat Prod Res 2014; 28:1003-9. [PMID: 24697194 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2014.903396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A new triterpene, malaytaraxerate (1), and four known compounds, taraxerol (2), taraxerone (3), docosyl isoferulate (4) and docosanoic acid 2',3'-dihydroxypropyl ester (5), were isolated from the acetone extract of Sapium baccatum stem bark. The structures of the isolated compounds were determined using several spectroscopic methods, including UV-Vis, FT-IR, 1D and 2D NMR, and mass spectrometry. Major isolated compounds were assayed for cytotoxicity. The chemotaxonomic significance of this plant was also studied.
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267
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Ge YZ, Zhang H, Liu HC, Dong L, Ding J, Yue JM. Cytotoxic dinorditerpenoids from Drypetes perreticulata. Phytochemistry 2014; 100:120-125. [PMID: 24548557 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Four hitherto unknown dinorditerpenoids, dryperreins A-D of the pimarane class, together with eight known triterpenoids, were isolated from twigs and leaves of Drypetes perreticulata. The structures of dryperreins A-D were elucidated on the basis of detailed spectroscopic analysis as (10S)-11,12-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-15,16-dinorpimara-5,8,11,13-tetraene-3,7-dione, (10S)-6,11,12-trihydroxy-15,16-dinorpimara-5,8,11,13-tetraene-3,7-dione, (10S)-11,12-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-15,16-dinorpimara-1,5,8,11,13-pentaene-3,7-dione, and (10S)-6,11,12-trihydroxy-15,16-dinorpimara-1,5,8,11,13-pentaene-3,7-dione, respectively. Dryperreins C and D exhibited strong cytotoxicity in vitro against HL-60 human tumor cell line. The structure-activity relationship of the cytotoxic compounds was briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Zi Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Chun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Min Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China.
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268
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Huang SZ, Zhang X, Ma QY, Peng H, Zheng YT, Hu JM, Dai HF, Zhou J, Zhao YX. Anti-HIV-1 tigliane diterpenoids from Excoecaria acertiflia Didr. Fitoterapia 2014; 95:34-41. [PMID: 24613801 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2014.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Three tigliane-type diterpenoids named excoecafolins A-C and two daphnane-type diterpenoids named excoecafolins D and E, together with 13 known compounds, were isolated from the EtOAc extract of Excoecaria acerifolia Didr. Their structures were elucidated through the analysis of the spectroscopic data. The anti-HIV-1 activity evaluation of five of these compounds showed that four possessed moderate anti-HIV-1 activities with EC50 0.258, 0.036, 0.046, and 0.978 μM, SI >1,836.9, 431.1, 298.7, and >503.7, respectively. Additionally, the chemotaxonomic issue of the affinity correlation between Thymelaeceae and Euphorbiaceae is discussed based on the isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Zhuo Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, PR China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, PR China
| | - Qing-Yun Ma
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, PR China
| | - Hua Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, PR China
| | - Yong-Tang Zheng
- Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, PR China
| | - Jiang-Miao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, PR China
| | - Hao-Fu Dai
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, PR China
| | - Jun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, PR China.
| | - You-Xing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, PR China.
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269
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Wittayalai S, Mahidol C, Prachyawarakorn V, Prawat H, Ruchirawat S. Terpenoids from the roots of Drypetes hoaensis and their cytotoxic activities. Phytochemistry 2014; 99:121-126. [PMID: 24472391 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Seven terpenoids consisting of five sesquiterpenoids, hoaensieremone, hoaensieremodione, hoaensifuranonal, hoaensieudesone, and hoaensibenzofuranal, and two friedelane triterpenoids, 3α-(E)-p-coumaroyloxyfriedelan-7-one and 3α-(E)-caffeoyloxyfriedelan-7-one were isolated from the dichloromethane extract of the roots of Drypetes hoaensis. Additionally, twelve known compounds and vanillin were isolated. Their structures were established on the basis of spectroscopic analysis, as well as by comparison with literature data. The anticancer activity of nine of these compounds was investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chulabhorn Mahidol
- Chulabhorn Research Institute, Kamphaeng Phet 6 Road, Bangkok 10210, Thailand; Chulabhorn Graduate Institute and Center for Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), Kamphaeng Phet 6 Road, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | | | - Hunsa Prawat
- Chulabhorn Research Institute, Kamphaeng Phet 6 Road, Bangkok 10210, Thailand.
| | - Somsak Ruchirawat
- Chulabhorn Research Institute, Kamphaeng Phet 6 Road, Bangkok 10210, Thailand; Chulabhorn Graduate Institute and Center for Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), Kamphaeng Phet 6 Road, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
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270
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Siwe Noundou X, Krause RWM, van Vuuren SF, Tantoh Ndinteh D, Olivier DK. Antibacterial activity of the roots, stems and leaves of Alchornea floribunda. J Ethnopharmacol 2014; 151:1023-1027. [PMID: 24333961 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Alchornea floribunda Müll. Arg. is used in traditional medicine across Africa for the treatment of bacterial, fungal, parasitic and inflammatory disorders. AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate the antibacterial activity of the crude extracts of different plant parts in order to provide a scientific rationale for the proposed broad efficacy of Alchornea floribunda in the treatment of bacterial infections. MATERIALS AND METHODS Extracts of roots, stems and leaves were prepared using solvents of various polarities in order to extract a wide range of phytochemicals. The antibacterial activity of these crude extracts was evaluated by micro-dilution assay, against Gram-positive (i.e. Bacillus cereus, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus saprophyticus) as well as Gram-negative (i.e. Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis and Proteus mirabilis) bacteria. RESULTS Generally, the ethanol (EtOH), methanol (MeOH), ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and chloroform (CHCl3) extracts demonstrated the best activities, with the leaves exhibiting the highest average activity for six of the eight pathogens. Of these, the ethanolic leaf extract was the most active against Staphylococcus aureus with an MIC value of 50µg/mL. Some other notable activity was observed for the ethyl acetate and chloroform root extracts against Staphylococcus aureus (50µg/mL), and for selected stem extracts against Staphylococcus aureus (50µg/mL), Klebsiella pneumoniae (63µg/mL) and Staphylococcus saprophyticus (63µg/mL). CONCLUSION This study demonstrates the promising antibacterial activity of Alchornea floribunda against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria responsible for gastrointestinal, skin, respiratory and urinary ailments, and validates its use in the ethnopharmacology of the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Siwe Noundou
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 17011, Doornfontein, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
| | - R W M Krause
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa.
| | - S F van Vuuren
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, South Africa
| | - D Tantoh Ndinteh
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - D K Olivier
- School of Mining, Metallurgy and Chemical Engineering, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 17011, Doornfontein, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
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271
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Cheng YY, Chen H, He HP, Zhang Y, Li SF, Tang GH, Guo LL, Yang W, Zhu F, Zheng YT, Li SL, Hao XJ. Anti-HIV active daphnane diterpenoids from Trigonostemon thyrsoideum. Phytochemistry 2013; 96:360-369. [PMID: 24210372 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Sixteen daphnane diterpenoids, trigothysoids A-P, along with 15 known ones, were isolated from the methanol extract of the twigs and leaves of Trigonostemon thyrsoideum. Their structures were established by extensive spectroscopic techniques, including 2D NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The anti-HIV-1 activity of the compounds was also evaluated in vitro, and five compounds demonstrated potent anti-HIV-1 activity, with EC50 values of 0.015-0.001 nM and TI values of 1618-17,619.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, People's Republic of China; Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, People's Republic of China
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272
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Liu JQ, Yang YF, Li XY, Liu EQ, Li ZR, Zhou L, Li Y, Qiu MH. Cytotoxicity of naturally occurring rhamnofolane diterpenes from Jatropha curcas. Phytochemistry 2013; 96:265-272. [PMID: 24079824 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Twelve rhamnofolane diterpenoids, including curcusecons A-E with unusual seco-rhamnofolane skeletons, curcusones F-J, 4-epi-curcusone E, and 3-dehydroxy-2-epi-caniojane, together with seven known analogues, curcusones A-E, jatrogrossidione, and 2-epi-jatrogrossidione, were isolated from the roots of Jatropha curcas. Their structures were determined by extensive spectroscopic methods, and the relative stereochemistry of curcusecon B was further confirmed by X-ray crystallographic data. Their cytotoxity against five human cancer cells was studied and the results indicated that the dienone system in ring B was essential for cytotoxicity of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Qing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Photochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, PR China
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273
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de Oliveira TL, Munhoz ACM, Lemes BM, Minozzo BR, Nepel A, Barison A, Fávero GM, Campagnoli EB, Beltrame FL. Antitumoural effect of Synadenium grantii Hook f. ( Euphorbiaceae) latex. J Ethnopharmacol 2013; 150:263-269. [PMID: 24008110 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 08/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Synadenium grantii Hook f. has traditionally been used to treat various neoplastic diseases in southern Brazil. AIM OF STUDY Evaluation of the antitumoural potential of Synadenium grantii latex against B16F10 melanoma cell line using in vitro and in vivo models, as well as a phytochemical study of the latex. MATERIALS AND METHODS The in vitro antitumoural activity was performed using MTT and trypan blue assays with different latex concentrations (1.7 µg-7.0 µg/well and 1.22 mg-4.88 mg/well). Flow cytometry was used to determine the progression of the cell cycle. The in vivo activity was performed by subcutaneously injecting melanoma cells in the dorsum of C57BL6 mice, followed by treating the mice with a popular form of use of the latex (garrafada) administered orally. After sacrificing the animals, histological analysis of the organs was performed by hematoxylin-eosin staining. The phytochemical study of the latex was performed by NMR and chromatographic procedures and the extracts and isolated substances were evaluated by IR, 1D and 2D NMR analysis. RESULTS The Synadenium grantii latex exhibited decreased cell viability of the melanoma line in a concentration and time-dependent manner, and also cell cycle arrest in the S-G2/M phase. The latex caused a 40% reduction in the volume of tumours of the mice with melanomas. Histological examination of the organs of these animals showed no differences between groups. The phytochemical investigation resulted in the isolation and identification of triterpene euphol and the steroid citrostadienol, which were tested against the strain of melanoma. Euphol showed no antitumoural activity, while the steroid citrostadienol showed reduced cytotoxic activity. CONCLUSION The Synadenium grantii latex presented in vitro and in vivo cytotoxic effects with antitumoural activity against B16F10 melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Latansio de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, State University of Ponta Grossa, General Carlos Cavalcanti Avenue 4748, Ponta Grossa 84030-900, Paraná, Brazil
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Garcia-Alvarez MC, Moussa I, Njomnang Soh P, Nongonierma R, Abdoulaye A, Nicolau-Travers ML, Fabre A, Wdzieczak-Bakala J, Ahond A, Poupat C, Ikhiri K, Benoit-Vical F. Both plants Sebastiania chamaelea from Niger and Chrozophora senegalensis from Senegal used in African traditional medicine in malaria treatment share a same active principle. J Ethnopharmacol 2013; 149:676-684. [PMID: 23906782 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Based on ethnobotanical data obtained from Nigerien and Senegalese traditional healers, two Euphorbiaceae plants, Sebastiania chamaelea and Chrozophora senegalensis, traditionally used to treat malaria, were selected for further investigations. MATERIALS AND METHODS Plant extracts were prepared with different solvents and tested both in vitro on several strains of Plasmodium falciparum, and in vivo to evaluate their antiplasmodial properties and isolate their active principles. RESULTS With IC50 values around 6.5µg/ml and no significant cytotoxicity (>50µg/ml), the whole plant aqueous extract from S. chamaelea showed the best in vitro results. In vitro potentiation assays showed strong synergistic activity of S. chamaelea extract with the antiplasmodial drug chloroquine on the chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum strain W2-Indochina. In other respects, the aqueous crude extract of C. senegalensis leaves showed the most significant antiplasmodial activity in vitro (IC50 values less than 2µg/ml). We also demonstrated the prophylactic activity of C. senegalensis in vivo in a murine malaria model. Bioassay-guided fractionation of aqueous extracts of these plants enabled the isolation and identification of ellagic acid (EA, 1) as the main compound responsible for their antiplasmodial activity. Together with EA, other derivatives belonging to different chemical groups were isolated but showed moderate antimalarial activity: gallic acid (2), brevifolin carboxylic acid (3), protocatechuic acid (4), corillagin (5), rutin (6) and 3,4,8,9,10-pentahydroxy-dibenzo(b,d)pyran-6-one (7). The structures were determined by the usual spectroscopic methods and by comparison with published data. Furthermore, we report here the quantification of compound 1 (EA) by RP-HPLC in the dried extracts of these plants, reported for the first time in both these species, and possessing the highest in vitro antiplasmodial activity with IC50 values from 180 to 330nm. CONCLUSIONS These in vitro and in vivo results support the traditional use in Africa of crude extracts of both S. chamaelea and C. senegalensis as an antimalarial treatment and prove the significant antiplasmodial property of EA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-C Garcia-Alvarez
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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275
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Noumedem JA, Tamokou JDD, Teke GN, Momo RC, Kuete V, Kuiate JR. Phytochemical analysis, antimicrobial and radical-scavenging properties of Acalypha manniana leaves. Springerplus 2013; 2:503. [PMID: 24130962 PMCID: PMC3795206 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-2-503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Acalypha manniana (Euphorbiaceae) is a plant popularly used in Cameroon and in several parts of Africa for the treatment of various microbial diseases like diarrhea and skin infections. The present study was designed to evaluate the phytochemical composition, antimicrobial and radical-scavenging activities of A. manniana methanol leaf extract and its fractions. The methanol extract was partitioned into hexane, ethyl acetate and residual fractions and phytochemical analysis was conducted using standard methods. The broth microdilution method was used to evaluate the antimicrobial activity against nine bacterial species and four dermatophyte species. The free radical scavenging activities of the methanol extract and its fractions were evaluated using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The results obtained showed that A. manniana contains alkaloids, tannins, anthocyanins, flavonoids, phenols and steroids. The methanol extract as well as the hexane, ethyl acetate and residual fractions exhibited both antibacterial and antidermatophytic activities that varied between the microbial species (MIC = 0.12 - 2.04 mg/mL). These tested samples also showed high radical-scavenging activities (RaS50 = 3.34 - 4.80 μg/mL) when compared with vitamin C used as reference antioxidant (RaS50 = 1.74 μg/mL). These findings provide evidence that the studied plant possesses antimicrobial and antioxidant properties and may act as potential antioxidant for biological systems susceptible to free radical-mediated reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaures Ak Noumedem
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of science, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon
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276
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Tao WW, Duan JA, Tang YP, Yang NY, Li JP, Qian YF. Casbane diterpenoids from the roots of Euphorbia pekinensis. Phytochemistry 2013; 94:249-53. [PMID: 23849544 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2012] [Revised: 03/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Four casbane diterpenoids, together with three known related compounds were isolated from the roots of Euphorbia pekinensis. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic studies and comparison with the known related compounds. In addition, the absolute configuration of three compounds was determined by the modified Mosher's method. The isolated compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxic activity against seven human cancer cell lines by a WST-8 assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wei Tao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
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277
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Huang SZ, Zhang X, Ma QY, Zheng YT, Xu FQ, Peng H, Dai HF, Zhou J, Zhao YX. Terpenoids and their anti-HIV-1 activities from Excoecaria acerifolia. Fitoterapia 2013; 91:224-230. [PMID: 24060906 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2013.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Five new diterpenoids named excocarinols A-E (1-5) including three pimaranes, one cleistanthane, and one nor-beyerane, together with nine known compounds, were isolated from the EtOAc extract of the Chinese ethnodrug Gua-jing-ban (Excoecaria acerifolia Didr.). Their structures were elucidated by the analysis of spectroscopic data including 1D, 2D NMR and HR-MS. The anti-HIV-1 bioassay on the diterpenoids showed that excocarinol A (1) exhibited moderate anti-HIV-1 activity with EC50 5.58 μM and SI (Selection Index) over 112.71.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Zhuo Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, People's Republic of China; Hainan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Products from Li Folk Medicine, Haikou 571101, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Science & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Yun Ma
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, People's Republic of China; Hainan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Products from Li Folk Medicine, Haikou 571101, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Tang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Science & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng-Qing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao-Fu Dai
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, People's Republic of China; Hainan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Products from Li Folk Medicine, Haikou 571101, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, People's Republic of China.
| | - You-Xing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, People's Republic of China; Hainan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Products from Li Folk Medicine, Haikou 571101, People's Republic of China.
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278
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Li SF, Zhang Y, Huang N, Zheng YT, Di YT, Li SL, Cheng YY, He HP, Hao XJ. Daphnane diterpenoids from the stems of Trigonostemon lii and their anti-HIV-1 activity. Phytochemistry 2013; 93:216-221. [PMID: 23628626 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 10/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Thirteen highly oxygenated daphnane diterpenoids, including six known compounds, were isolated from the stems of Trigonostemon lii. The structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analyses including 2D NMR spectroscopy (HSQC, (1)H-(1)H COSY, HMBC, and ROESY) and mass spectrometry. The absolute stereochemistries of compounds were established on the basis of CD spectra. Four of the compounds showed modest anti-HIV-1 activity (EC50=2.04, 9.17, 11.42, and 9.05 μg/ml, TI=26.49, >21.81, 9.32, and 9.56, respectively) in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
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279
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Gadamsetty G, Maru S, Tyagi A, Chakravarthula SN. Anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic and antioxidant effects of methanolic extracts of Drypetes sepiaria ( Euphorbiaceae). Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med 2013; 10:274-82. [PMID: 24311836 DOI: 10.4314/ajtcam.v10i5.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate in vitro antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activities of the petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, methanol and aqueous extracts obtained from leaves of Drypetes sepiaria (Euphorbiaceae). Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of these crude extracts were determined as gallic acid and quercetin equivalents, respectively. In in vitro antioxidant method, methanol extract exhibited higher free radical scavenging activity compared to standard compound, ascorbic acid with IC₅₀ of 95.43 µg/ml (DPPH) and 67.05 µg/ml (ABTS). Methanol extract was able to inhibit inflammation by in vitro about 85-90% (HRBC stabilization method) and in vivo about 40-45% (Paw oedema method) anti-inflammatory assays compared to standard produced 50.04% at 6 h period. In cytotoxicity assay (MTT assay) methanolic extract exhibited IC₅₀ of 10 µg/ml. In apoptosis (flow cytometric assay), the control group showed normal caspase 3 activity in the SiHa cells which was 0.24%, and increased up to 40% after treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Gadamsetty
- School of Advanced Sciences, VIT University, Vellore-14, Tamil Nadu, India
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280
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Pan Y, Pan L, Chen L, Zhang L, Nevo E, Peng J. Development of microsatellite markers in the oil-producing species Vernicia fordii ( Euphorbiaceae), a potential biodiesel feedstock. Appl Plant Sci 2013; 1:apps1200004. [PMID: 25202562 PMCID: PMC4103125 DOI: 10.3732/apps.1200004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/23/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Tung tree, Vernicia fordii, is native to China. Little has been done on genetics and breeding at the molecular level in this species, let alone utilizing microsatellite (simple sequence repeat [SSR]) markers. Therefore, a set of SSR molecular markers was developed for studies on molecular genetics and breeding in tung tree. • METHODS AND RESULTS We designed 78 SSR markers using a protocol based on the Fast Isolation by AFLP of Sequences COntaining repeats (FIASCO) protocol. Assessed in 81 V. fordii accessions, 40 of these markers were polymorphic and 12 of them showed monomorphism. When tested using six V. montana accessions, 52 of the markers were capable of PCR amplification and 25 were polymorphic. • CONCLUSIONS The newly developed SSR markers are effective and helpful in the evaluation of genetic germplasm and molecular breeding in tung tree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Pan
- Wuhan Botanical Garden and Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, People’s Republic of China
- Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Pan
- Wuhan Botanical Garden and Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liang Chen
- Wuhan Botanical Garden and Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lingling Zhang
- Wuhan Botanical Garden and Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, People’s Republic of China
- Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Eviatar Nevo
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa 31905 Israel
| | - Junhua Peng
- Wuhan Botanical Garden and Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, People’s Republic of China
- Author for correspondence:
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281
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Falahati-Anbaran M, Stenøien HK, Pélabon C, Bolstad GH, Perez-Barrales R, Hansen TF, Armbruster WS. Development of microsatellite markers for the neotropical vine Dalechampia scandens ( Euphorbiaceae). Appl Plant Sci 2013; 1:apps1200492. [PMID: 25202553 PMCID: PMC4105026 DOI: 10.3732/apps.1200492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Microsatellite markers were developed to assess polymorphism and level of genetic diversity in four Mexican populations of the neotropical vine Dalechampia scandens (Euphorbiaceae). • METHODS AND RESULTS Thirty-seven microsatellite markers representing bi-, tri-, tetra-, and pentanucleotide microsatellite repeats were developed. In total, 166 alleles were identified across 54 individuals. The number of alleles varied from one to 11 with an average of 4.49 alleles per locus. All loci except one were highly polymorphic between populations, whereas considerably less variation was detected within populations for most loci. The average observed and expected heterozygosities across study populations ranged from 0 to 0.63 and 0 to 0.59, respectively, for individual loci, and a deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was observed for most loci. • CONCLUSIONS The developed markers may be useful for studying genetic structure, parentage analysis, mapping, phylogeography, and cross-amplification in other closely related species of Dalechampia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Falahati-Anbaran
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Hans K. Stenøien
- Museum of Natural History and Archaeology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Christophe Pélabon
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Geir H. Bolstad
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Rocio Perez-Barrales
- Plant Biology and Ecology Department, University of Seville, 41080 Seville, Spain
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DY, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas F. Hansen
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biology, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - W. Scott Armbruster
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DY, United Kingdom
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska 99775 USA
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282
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Espino-Sevilla MT, Jaramillo-Flores ME, Hernández-Gutiérrez R, Mateos-Díaz JC, Espinosa-Andrews H, Barba de la Rosa AP, Rodiles-López JO, Villanueva-Rodríguez S, Lugo-Cervantes EC. Functional properties of Ditaxis heterantha proteins. Food Sci Nutr 2013; 1:254-265. [PMID: 29387355 PMCID: PMC5779325 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ditaxis heterantha is a plant of the Euphorbiaceae family that grows in semiarid regions of Mexico. It produces yellow pigmented seeds that are used for coloring of foods. The seeds contain about 20% of proteins. Proteins of D. heterantha were extracted and fractionated on the basis of solubility. Three main protein fractions were obtained: glutelins, 488 ± 0.5; albumins, 229 ± 2; and total globulins, 160 ± 1 g/kg. The amino acid profile was evaluated for each fraction and protein isolated, where the protein isolate contains essential amino acids such as Val, Phe, Tyr, and Leu. A calorimetric study showed that globulins and glutelins have a high denaturing temperature between 100 and 106°C, while albumins showed a denaturing temperature at 76°C. The protein isolate and its fractions exhibited functional properties: the isolated protein demonstrated good oil‐holding capacity of 40.7 g/kg. Foam capacity (FC) and foam stability (FS) were observed principally in glutelins and globulins where FC maximum was 330% and the FS was 28 min. The emulsifying capacity was observed in the same fractions of glutelins and globulins, followed by albumins. However, the glutelin fraction in particular was the only fraction that exhibited emulsifying stability at pH 5, 6, and 7. Gelling capacity was observed in albumins and globulins. This study indicated that protein isolated from D. heterantha could be used in food formulations due to its essential amino acid profile. Glutelin could be used as an emulsifying additive. Additionally, glutelin and globulin were stable at temperatures above 100°C; this is an important factor in food industry, principally in heat processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma T Espino-Sevilla
- Departamento de Ciencias Tecnológicas Centro Universitario la Ciénega Av. Universidad, Núm. 111547820 Ocotlán Jalisco México
| | - Maria E Jaramillo-Flores
- Departamento de Graduados e Investigación de Alimentos Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB) Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN) Carpio y Plan de Ayala 11340 México, D.F México
| | - Rodolfo Hernández-Gutiérrez
- Unidad de Tecnología Alimentaria Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco A.C., Av. Normalistas 80044270 Guadalajara México
| | - Juan C Mateos-Díaz
- Unidad de Tecnología Alimentaria Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco A.C., Av. Normalistas 80044270 Guadalajara México
| | - Hugo Espinosa-Andrews
- Unidad de Tecnología Alimentaria Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco A.C., Av. Normalistas 80044270 Guadalajara México
| | - Ana P Barba de la Rosa
- Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (IPCYT) Camino a La Presa de San José 2055, Lomas 4a Sección 78216 San Luis Potosí México
| | - Jose O Rodiles-López
- Departamento de Graduados e Investigación de Alimentos Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB) Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN) Carpio y Plan de Ayala 11340 México, D.F México
| | - Socorro Villanueva-Rodríguez
- Unidad de Tecnología Alimentaria Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco A.C., Av. Normalistas 80044270 Guadalajara México
| | - Eugenia C Lugo-Cervantes
- Departamento de Ciencias Tecnológicas Centro Universitario la Ciénega Av. Universidad, Núm. 111547820 Ocotlán Jalisco México
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283
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Bradbury EJ, Duputié A, Delêtre M, Roullier C, Narváez-Trujillo A, Manu-Aduening JA, Emshwiller E, McKey D. Geographic differences in patterns of genetic differentiation among bitter and sweet manioc (Manihot esculenta subsp. esculenta; Euphorbiaceae). Am J Bot 2013; 100:857-66. [PMID: 23548671 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1200482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Manioc (Manihot esculenta subsp. esculenta), one of the most important tropical food crops, is commonly divided according to cyanide content into two use-categories, "sweet" and "bitter." While bitter and sweet varieties are genetically differentiated at the local scale, whether this differentiation is consistent across continents is yet unknown. • METHODS Using eight microsatellite loci, we genotyped 522 manioc samples (135 bitter and 387 sweet) from Ecuador, French Guiana, Cameroon, Gabon, Ghana, and Vanuatu. Genetic differentiation between use-categories was assessed using double principal coordinate analyses (DPCoA) with multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and Jost's measure of estimated differentiation (D(est)). Genetic structure was analyzed using Bayesian clustering analysis. • KEY RESULTS Manioc neutral genetic diversity was high in all sampled regions. Sweet and bitter manioc landraces are differentiated in South America but not in Africa. Correspondingly, bitter and sweet manioc samples share a higher proportion of neutral alleles in Africa than in South America. We also found seven clones classified by some farmers as sweet and by others as bitter. • CONCLUSIONS Lack of differentiation in Africa is most likely due to postintroduction hybridization between bitter and sweet manioc. Inconsistent transfer from South America to Africa of ethnobotanical knowledge surrounding use-category management may contribute to increased hybridization in Africa. Investigating this issue requires more data on the variation in cyanogenesis in roots within and among manioc populations and how manioc diversity is managed on the farm.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Jane Bradbury
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Botany Department/Birge Hall, 430 Lincoln Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1381, USA.
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284
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Abstract
A critical review of the Ecuadorian species of Acalypha L. (Euphorbiaceae) is presented; 20 of the 38 previously recognized species are accepted, 9 are considered synonyms and 9 are based on misidentifications. Comprehensive nomenclatural information is supplied and 13 lectotypes are designated. An identification key is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- José María Cardiel Sanz
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, Postal Code 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Muñoz Rodríguez
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, Postal Code 28049, Madrid, Spain
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285
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Yadav RP, Patel AK, Jagannadham MV. Neriifolin S, a dimeric serine protease from Euphorbia neriifolia Linn.: Purification and biochemical characterisation. Food Chem 2012; 132:1296-304. [PMID: 29243614 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.11.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Revised: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A dimeric serine protease Neriifolin S of molecular mass 94kDa with milk clotting activity has been purified from the latex of Euphorbia neriifolia by anion exchange and size-exclusion chromatography. It hydrolyses peptidyl substrates l-Ala-pNA with highest affinity (Km of 0.195mM) and physiological efficiency (Kcat/Km of 144.5mMs). Enzyme belongs to the class of neutral proteases with pI value of 6.8, optimal proteolytic activity displayed at pH 9.5 and temperature 45°C. Its proteolytic activity is strongly stimulated in the presence of Ca+2 ions and exclusively inhibited by serine protease inhibitors. Enzyme is fairly stable toward chemical denaturants, pH and temperature. The apparent Tm, was found to be 65°C. Thermal inactivation follow first order kinetics with activation energy (Ea), activation enthalpy (ΔH∗), free energy change (ΔG∗) and entropy (ΔS∗) of 27.54kJmol-1, 24.89kJmol-1, -82.34kJmol-1 and 337.20Jmol-1K-1.
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286
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Gherraf N, Zellagui A, Mohamed NS, Hussien TA, Mohamed TA, Hegazy MEF, Rhouati S, Moustafa MFM, El-Sayed MA, Mohamed AEHH. Triterpenes from Euphorbia rigida. Pharmacognosy Res 2011; 2:159-62. [PMID: 21808559 PMCID: PMC3141307 DOI: 10.4103/0974-8490.65510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2010] [Revised: 06/05/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytochemical studies of the aerial parts of Euphorbia rigida afforded three triterpenes: betulin (1), cycloart-23Z-ene-3, 25-diol (2) and cycloartan-3, 24, 25-triol (3), firstly isolated from this plant. The structures and relative stereochemistry were determined on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analyses, including 1D and 2D NMR experiments (1H NMR, 13C NMR, COSY, NOESY, HMQC and HMBC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Noureddine Gherraf
- Laboratory of Natural Products and Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University Mentouri - Constantine, Algeria
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287
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Lima ZP, Bonamin F, Calvo TR, Vilegas W, Santos LC, Rozza AL, Pellizzon CH, Rocha LR, Hiruma-Lima CA. Effects of the Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Alchornea triplinervia on Healing Gastric Ulcer in Rats. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2011; 4:1423-33. [PMID: 26791640 DOI: 10.3390/ph4111423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alchornea triplinervia (Spreng.) Muell. Arg (Euphorbiaceae) is a medicinal plant commonly used by people living in the Cerrado region of Brazil to treat gastrointestinal ulcers. We previously described the gastroprotective action of methanolic extract (ME) of Alchornea triplinervia and the ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) in increasing of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) gastric levels in the mucosa. In this work we evaluated the effect of EAF in promoting the healing process in rats with acetic acid-induced gastric ulcers. In addition, toxicity was investigated during treatment with EAF. After 14 days of treatment with EAF, the potent stimulator of gastric cell proliferation contributed to the acceleration of gastric ulcer healing. Upon immunohistochemical analysis, we observed a pronounced expression of COX-2, mainly in the submucosal layer. The 14-day EAF treatment also significantly increased the number of neutrophils in the gastric mucosa regeneration area. The EAF induced angiogenesis on gastric mucosa, observed as an increase of the number of blood vessels supplying the stomach in rats treated with EAF. Oral administration for 14 days of the ethyl acetate fraction from Alchornea triplinervia accelerated the healing of gastric ulcers in rats by promoting epithelial cell proliferation, increasing the number of neutrophils and stimulation of mucus production. This fraction, which contained mainly phenolic compounds, contributed to gastric mucosa healing.
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288
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Affiliation(s)
- D Joshi
- Classified Specialist (Ophthalmology & Vitreo-retinal surgery), 7 Air Force Hospital, Kanpur
| | - P Shingal
- Classified Specialist (Ophthalmology), Command Hospital AF, Bangalore
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289
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Prenner G, Rudall PJ. Comparative ontogeny of the cyathium in Euphorbia ( Euphorbiaceae) and its allies: exploring the organ-flower-inflorescence boundary. Am J Bot 2007; 94:1612-29. [PMID: 21151828 PMCID: PMC2999901 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.94.10.1612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We present a detailed comparative ontogenetic analysis of pseudanthia of representatives of all three subtribes of Euphorbieae (Euphorbiinae, Neoguillauminiinae, Anthosteminae) in order to clarify their homologies and interpretation. The cyathium of Euphorbia and its allies (subtribe Euphorbiinae) closely resembles a bisexual flower but is traditionally interpreted as an inflorescence bearing clusters of highly reduced male flowers surrounding a single terminal female flower. Previously unreported characters are (1) male flowers formed one above the other in the male inflorescences of some Euphorbiinae, (2) late-developing perianthlike structures in some male flowers of Neoguillauminia cleopatra, (3) evidence for a bracteate origin of the female perianth in Anthosteminae and Neoguillauminiinae, and (4) spatiotemporally independent formation of abscission zone and perianth. Indistinct boundaries between inflorescence, flower, and floral organs demonstrate that defining the cyathium neither as an inflorescence nor as a flower is entirely satisfactory and indicate a "hybrid" flower/inflorescence nature of the cyathium. Based on our current knowledge and the existing phylogenetic context, it is most parsimonious to suggest that the cyathium evolved from a determinate thyrse with a terminal female flower surrounded by dichasial male partial inflorescences. We speculate that the cyathium was formed because of strong condensation and possible overlap between expression zones of regulatory genes.
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290
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Usman H, Musa YM, Ahmadu AA, Tijjani MA. Phytochemical and antimicrobial effects of Chrozophora senegalensis. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med 2007; 4:488-94. [PMID: 20161917 PMCID: PMC2816503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The in vitro antimicrobial activities of the whole plant extract (ethanolic-CEE) of Chrozophora senegalensis and its fractions (ethyl acetate-EAA, n-butanol-NBE, aqueous-AQE) were assayed using the agar plate diffusion and nutrient broth dilution methods. Test microorganisms were Bacillus subtilis (NCTC 8326 B76), Escherichia coli (ATCC 11775), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 10145), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 021001). Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans and Salmonella typhi--laboratory isolates. CEE, EAA and NBE inhibited all the test bacterial organisms and a fungus--Aspergillus flavus. AQE inhibited only Salmonella typhi and Bacillus subtilis. None of the extracts had activity on other 3 fungal organisms tested. CEE and EAA showed minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) of 0.390 and 3.125 mg/ml against S. typhi and E. coli, while NBE and AQE had MIC of 3.125 and 1.563 mg/ml against S. typhi respectively. NBE had an MIC of 12.500 mg/ml against E. coli. The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of CEE and EAA was found to be <0.098 against S. typhi. The MBC of AQE was 12.5 mg/ml against E. coli and S. aureus, and 6.25 mg/ml towards P. aeruginosa. CEE and EAA exhibited similar antibacterial activities, followed by AQE. The extracts revealed the presence of carbohydrates, tannins, saponins, sterols determined by utilizing standard methods of analysis. This study has justified the traditional use of the plant for treating diarrhea, boils and syphilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Usman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria.
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291
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Srinivasa Rao C, Eganathan P, Anand A, Balakrishna P, Reddy TP. Protocol for in vitro propagation of Excoecaria agallocha L., a medicinally important mangrove species. Plant Cell Rep 1998; 17:861-865. [PMID: 30736557 DOI: 10.1007/s002990050498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
An in vitro propagation protocol has been developed for Excoecaria agallocha L. (Euphorbiaceae), a mangrove species. Nodal segments were used for axillary shoot proliferation. One shoot from each node of binodal explants was observed 3 weeks after inoculation. The best axillary sprouting was seen on a newly formulated medium containing BA, Zeatin and IBA in concentrations of 13.3 μM, 4.65 μM and 1.23 μM, respectively. The new medium, first used in this study, has a specific composition of major nutrients, MS micronutrients and iron compounds. Nodal segments from rooted cuttings and seedlings responded better than those of mature tree explants. Multiple shoot induction was complemented with efficient shoot elongation, and repeated subculture of binodal segments from axillary shoots resulted in 10-12 shoots per explant in 3 months. Rooting was achieved by growing shoots in the new medium with 0.23 μM IBA. Regenerated plants were successfully acclimatized to the natural environment, and about 85% of plantlets survived under ex vitro conditions. This is the first report of micropropagation in the genus Excoecaria and also in mangrove tree species.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Srinivasa Rao
- M. S. Swaminathan Research Foundation, III Cross Street, Taramani Institutional Area, Taramani, Madras 600 113, India Fax: 99-44-2351319 e-mail: , , , , , , IN
| | - P Eganathan
- M. S. Swaminathan Research Foundation, III Cross Street, Taramani Institutional Area, Taramani, Madras 600 113, India Fax: 99-44-2351319 e-mail: , , , , , , IN
| | - A Anand
- M. S. Swaminathan Research Foundation, III Cross Street, Taramani Institutional Area, Taramani, Madras 600 113, India Fax: 99-44-2351319 e-mail: , , , , , , IN
| | - P Balakrishna
- M. S. Swaminathan Research Foundation, III Cross Street, Taramani Institutional Area, Taramani, Madras 600 113, India Fax: 99-44-2351319 e-mail: , , , , , , IN
| | - T P Reddy
- Department of Genetics, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India, , , , , , IN
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292
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Abstract
Extraordinary uptake of nickel (Ni), reaching concentrations of 0.1-5.0%, c. 1000 times greater than those usually found in flowering plants, has been observed previously in c, 190 species that grow on Ni-rich serpentine soils derived from ultramafic rocks in various parts of the world. These so-called hyperaccumulators of Ni include c. 50 species from the rich ultramafic flora of New Caledonia and c. 80 species from the Brassicaceae of Mediterranean Europe and Turkey. A study of a limited part (the families Buxaceae and Euphorbiaceae) of the very large ultramafic flora of Cuba has now identified this as the home of at least 80 hyperaccumulators, the largest number jet found in any one country. The more frequent incidence here of this unusual form of plant behaviour is linked to the very long period (r. 10-30 million years) during which some of the Cuban ultramafic substrata are believed to have been continuously available for colonization; the distribution of Ni hyperaccumulators between older and younger ultrarnafic soils in Cuba mirrors the overall incidence of endemic species in these areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Reeves
- Department of Chemistry, Massey University, Palmerston North, New ZealandDepartment of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, UKBotanical Department, Janus Pannonius University, Pécs, HungaryJardín Botánico Nacional, Havana, Cuba
| | - A J M Baker
- Department of Chemistry, Massey University, Palmerston North, New ZealandDepartment of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, UKBotanical Department, Janus Pannonius University, Pécs, HungaryJardín Botánico Nacional, Havana, Cuba
| | - A Borhidi
- Department of Chemistry, Massey University, Palmerston North, New ZealandDepartment of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, UKBotanical Department, Janus Pannonius University, Pécs, HungaryJardín Botánico Nacional, Havana, Cuba
| | - R Berazaín
- Department of Chemistry, Massey University, Palmerston North, New ZealandDepartment of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, UKBotanical Department, Janus Pannonius University, Pécs, HungaryJardín Botánico Nacional, Havana, Cuba
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