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Moos WH, Faller DV, Glavas IP, Harpp DN, Kamperi N, Kanara I, Kodukula K, Mavrakis AN, Pernokas J, Pernokas M, Pinkert CA, Powers WR, Steliou K, Tamvakopoulos C, Vavvas DG, Zamboni RJ, Sampani K. Pathogenic mitochondrial dysfunction and metabolic abnormalities. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 193:114809. [PMID: 34673016 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Herein we trace links between biochemical pathways, pathogenesis, and metabolic diseases to set the stage for new therapeutic advances. Cellular and acellular microorganisms including bacteria and viruses are primary pathogenic drivers that cause disease. Missing from this statement are subcellular compartments, importantly mitochondria, which can be pathogenic by themselves, also serving as key metabolic disease intermediaries. The breakdown of food molecules provides chemical energy to power cellular processes, with mitochondria as powerhouses and ATP as the principal energy carrying molecule. Most animal cell ATP is produced by mitochondrial synthase; its central role in metabolism has been known for >80 years. Metabolic disorders involving many organ systems are prevalent in all age groups. Progressive pathogenic mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark of genetic mitochondrial diseases, the most common phenotypic expression of inherited metabolic disorders. Confluent genetic, metabolic, and mitochondrial axes surface in diabetes, heart failure, neurodegenerative disease, and even in the ongoing coronavirus pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter H Moos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Douglas V Faller
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Cancer Research Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ioannis P Glavas
- Department of Ophthalmology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - David N Harpp
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Natalia Kamperi
- Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research Pharmacology-Pharmacotechnology, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Anastasios N Mavrakis
- Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, St. Elizabeth's Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Julie Pernokas
- Advanced Dental Associates of New England, Woburn, MA, USA
| | - Mark Pernokas
- Advanced Dental Associates of New England, Woburn, MA, USA
| | - Carl A Pinkert
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Whitney R Powers
- Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Anatomy, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kosta Steliou
- Cancer Research Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; PhenoMatriX, Inc., Natick, MA, USA
| | - Constantin Tamvakopoulos
- Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research Pharmacology-Pharmacotechnology, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Demetrios G Vavvas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert J Zamboni
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Konstantina Sampani
- Beetham Eye Institute, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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252
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Zhang H, Xue X, Pan J, Song X, Chang X, Mao Q, Lu Y, Zhao H, Wang Y, Chi X, Wang S, Ma K. Integrated analysis of the chemical-material basis and molecular mechanisms for the classic herbal formula of Lily Bulb and Rehmannia Decoction in alleviating depression. Chin Med 2021; 16:107. [PMID: 34674715 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-021-00519-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lily Bulb and Rehmannia Decoction (LBRD), is a traditional Chinese formula that has been shown to be safe and effective against depression; however, its material basis and pharmacological mechanisms remain unknown. Methods Here, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used to identify the chemical spectrum and qualitatively identify the major active ingredients in the LBRD standard decoction, respectively. Subsequently, we assessed the behavior, neuronal function and morphology, neurotransmitter levels, hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA)-axis associated hormones, inflammatory cytokine levels, and miRNA/mRNA expression alterations in an in vitro/vivo depression model treated by the LBRD standard decoction. Finally, miRNA/mRNA regulatory networks were created through bioinformatics analysis, followed by functional experiments to verify its role in LBRD standard decoction treatment. Results A total of 32 prototype compounds were identified in the LBRD standard decoction, and the average quality of verbascoside in the fresh lily bulb decoction, fresh raw Rehmannia juice, and the LBRD standard decoction were 0.001264%, 0.002767%, and 0.009046% (w/w), respectively. Administration of the LBRD standard decoction ameliorated chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS)-induced depression-like phenotypes and protected PC12 cells against chronic corticosterone (CORT)-induced injury. The levels of neurotransmitter, cytokine, stress hormones and neuronal morphology were disrupted in the depression model, while LBRD standard decoction could work on these alterations. After LBRD standard decoction administration, four differentially expressed miRNAs, rno-miR-144-3p, rno-miR-495, rno-miR-34c-5p, and rno-miR-24-3p, and six differentially expressed mRNAs, Calml4, Ntrk2, VGAT, Gad1, Nr1d1, and Bdnf overlapped in the in vivo/vitro depression model. Among them, miR-144-3p directly mediated GABA synthesis and release by targeting Gad1 and VGAT, and miR-495 negatively regulated BDNF expression. The LBRD standard decoction can reverse the above miRNA/mRNA network-mediated GABA and BDNF expression in the in vivo/vitro depression model. Conclusion Collectively, the multi-components of the LBRD standard decoction altered a series of miRNAs in depression through mediating GABAergic synapse, circadian rhythm, and neurotrophic signaling pathway etc., thereby abolishing inhibitory/excitatory neurotransmitter deficits, recovering the pro-/anti-inflammatory cytokine levels and regulating the HPA-axis hormone secretion to achieve balance of the physiological function of the whole body. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13020-021-00519-x.
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253
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Deshpande D, Fuchs L, Klose CSN. Neuro-immune-metabolism: The tripod system of homeostasis. Immunol Lett 2021; 240:77-97. [PMID: 34655659 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Homeostatic regulation of cellular and molecular processes is essential for the efficient physiological functioning of body organs. It requires an intricate balance of several networks throughout the body, most notable being the nervous, immune and metabolic systems. Several studies have reported the interactions between neuro-immune, immune-metabolic and neuro-metabolic pathways. Current review aims to integrate the information and show that neuro, immune and metabolic systems form the triumvirate of homeostasis. It focuses on the cellular and molecular interactions occurring in the extremities and intestine, which are innervated by the peripheral nervous system and for the intestine in particular the enteric nervous system. While the interdependence of neuro-immune-metabolic pathways provides a fallback mechanism in case of disruption of homeostasis, in chronic pathologies of continued disequilibrium, the collapse of one system spreads to the other interacting networks as well. Current review illustrates this domino-effect using diabetes as the main example. Together, this review attempts to provide a holistic picture of the integrated network of neuro-immune-metabolism and attempts to broaden the outlook when devising a scientific study or a treatment strategy.
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254
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Eichinger JF, Paukner D, Aydin RC, Wall WA, Humphrey JD, Cyron CJ. What do cells regulate in soft tissues on short time scales? Acta Biomater 2021; 134:348-356. [PMID: 34332102 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cells within living soft biological tissues seem to promote the maintenance of a mechanical state within a defined range near a so-called set-point. This mechanobiological process is often referred to as mechanical homeostasis. During this process, cells interact with the fibers of the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM). It remains poorly understood, however, what individual cells actually regulate during these interactions, and how these micromechanical regulations are translated to the tissue-level to lead to what we observe as biomaterial properties. Herein, we examine this question by a combination of experiments, theoretical analysis, and computational modeling. We demonstrate that on short time scales (hours) - during which deposition and degradation of ECM fibers can largely be neglected - cells appear to not regulate the stress / strain in the ECM or their own shape, but rather only the contractile forces that they exert on the surrounding ECM. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Cells in soft biological tissues sense and regulate the mechanical state of the extracellular matrix to ensure structural integrity and functionality. This so-called mechanical homeostasis plays an important role in the natural history of various diseases such as aneurysms in the cardiovascular system or cancer. Yet, it remains poorly understood to date which target quantity cells regulate on the mircroscale and how it translates to the macroscale. In this paper, we combine experiments, computer simulations, and theoretical analysis to compare different hypotheses about this target quantity. This allows us to identify a likely candidate for it at least on short time scales and in the simplified environment of tissue equivalents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas F Eichinger
- Institute for Computational Mechanics, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstrasse 15, 85748, Garching, Germany; Institute for Continuum and Material Mechanics, Hamburg University of Technology, Eissendorfer Str. 42, 21073, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Daniel Paukner
- Institute for Continuum and Material Mechanics, Hamburg University of Technology, Eissendorfer Str. 42, 21073, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Material Systems Modeling, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, 21502, Geesthacht, Germany.
| | - Roland C Aydin
- Institute of Material Systems Modeling, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, 21502, Geesthacht, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang A Wall
- Institute for Computational Mechanics, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstrasse 15, 85748, Garching, Germany.
| | - Jay D Humphrey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, 55 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Christian J Cyron
- Institute for Continuum and Material Mechanics, Hamburg University of Technology, Eissendorfer Str. 42, 21073, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Material Systems Modeling, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, 21502, Geesthacht, Germany.
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255
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Winzeler B, Sailer CO, Coynel D, Zanchi D, Vogt DR, Urwyler SA, Refardt J, Christ-Crain M. A randomized controlled trial of the GLP-1 receptor agonist dulaglutide in primary polydipsia. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:e151800. [PMID: 34473645 DOI: 10.1172/jci151800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundPrimary polydipsia, characterized by excessive fluid intake, carries the risk of water intoxication and hyponatremia, but treatment options are scarce. Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) reduces appetite and food intake. In experimental models, GLP-1 has also been shown to play a role in thirst and drinking behavior. The aim of this trial was to investigate whether GLP-1 receptor agonists reduce fluid intake in patients with primary polydipsia.MethodsIn this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 3-week crossover trial, 34 patients with primary polydipsia received weekly dulaglutide (1.5 mg, Trulicity) in one treatment segment and placebo (0.9% sodium chloride) in the other. During the last treatment week, patients attended an 8-hour evaluation visit with free access to water. The primary endpoint was total fluid intake during the evaluation visits. Treatment effects were estimated using linear mixed-effects models. In a subset of 15 patients and an additional 15 matched controls, thirst perception and neuronal activity in response to beverage pictures were assessed by functional MRI.RESULTsPatients on dulaglutide reduced their fluid intake by 490 mL (95% CI: -780, -199; P = 0.002), from 2950 mL (95% CI: 2435, 3465) on placebo to 2460 mL (95% CI: 1946, 2475) on dulaglutide (model estimates), corresponding to a relative reduction of 17%. Twenty-four-hour urinary output was reduced by -943 mL (95% CI: -1473, -413; P = 0.001). Thirst perception in response to beverage pictures was higher for patients with primary polydipsia than for controls, and lower for patients on dulaglutide versus placebo, but functional activity was similar among groups and treatments.CONCLUSIONSGLP-1 receptor agonists reduce fluid intake and thirst perception in patients with primary polydipsia and could therefore be a treatment option for these patients.Trial registrationClinicaltrials.gov NCT02770885.FundingSwiss National Science Foundation (grant 32473B_162608); University Hospital and University of Basel; Young Talents in Clinical Research grant from the Swiss Academy of Medical Sciences and the Gottfried & Julia Bangerter-Rhyner Foundation; Top-up Grant from the PhD Programme in Health Sciences, University of Basel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Winzeler
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Clara O Sailer
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - David Coynel
- Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology and.,Transfaculty Research Platform, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Davide Zanchi
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Stanford University Graduate School of Business, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Deborah R Vogt
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Clinical Trial Unit, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sandrine A Urwyler
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Julie Refardt
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mirjam Christ-Crain
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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256
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Song Z, Tian H, Li Z, Luo Y, Liu Y. Changes in plant nutrient utilization during ecosystem recovery after wildfire. J Environ Manage 2021; 295:112994. [PMID: 34167057 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Wildfire is the primary natural disturbance in boreal forest ecosystems. It substantially changes soil nutrient conditions and plant nutrient dynamics. After a wildfire, various plant strategies of nutrient utilization are fundamental to ecosystem recovery processes. Stability of plant nutrients reflects the ability of plants possessing relatively constant elemental concentrations in the face of nutrient changes, which can be calculated by the value of "nutrient homeostasis". However, the mechanism of how nutrient homeostasis mediates plant community recovery in post-fire ecosystems remains unknown. The dominant tree species that survived after fire and the new emergence of regenerated tree species are the important components of a plant community during the recovery process. Our primary objective was to elucidate the nutrient homeostasis trade-off between dominant and regenerated species over years after recovery. Five treatments, namely, 2 year, 10 year, 20 year, 30 years after moderate burning severity, and unburned forests, were designed in the boreal forests of Great Xing'an Mountains, Northeast China. Compared with unburned forests, wildfire lowered the average value of homeostasis of plant nutrients (N and P). Moreover, the mean homeostasis value of the dominant species (i.e., Larix gmelinii) was higher than that of the regenerated species (i.e., Betula platyphylla). The slope of relationship between nutrient homeostasis and recovery years of the regenerated species was higher than that of the dominant species, suggesting that the nutrient homeostasis in the regenerated species recovered more quickly than dominant species after recovery. Compared with the dominant species, changes in the regenerated species' homeostasis can explained more to the changes of species diversity during the years after recovery. This study revealed plant nutrient adaptation in different species and different plant organs with years after wildfire and highlighted the importance of nutrient homeostasis in plant adaptation strategies and the recovery of plant community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaopeng Song
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, PR China; Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - Huixia Tian
- School of Environment and Safety, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China
| | - Zhaolei Li
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA; College of Resources and Environment, And Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
| | - Yiqi Luo
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - Yanhong Liu
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, PR China.
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257
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Wang J, Liu Q, Gong Y, Jin LH. Anchor maintains gut homeostasis by restricting the JNK and Notch pathways in Drosophila. J Insect Physiol 2021; 134:104309. [PMID: 34496279 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2021.104309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The adult Drosophila intestinal epithelium must be tightly regulated to maintain regeneration and homeostasis. The dysregulation of the regenerative capacity is frequently associated with intestinal diseases such as inflammation and tumorigenesis. Here, we showed that the G protein-coupled receptor Anchor maintains Drosophila adult midgut homeostasis by restricting Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) and Notch pathway activity. anchor inactivation resulted in aberrant JNK pathway activation, which led to excessive enteroblast (EB) production and premature enterocyte (EC) differentiation. In addition, increased Notch levels promoted premature EC differentiation following the loss of anchor. This defect induced by the loss of anchor ultimately caused sensitivity to stress or environmental challenge in adult flies. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the activity of anchor is essential to coordinate stem cell differentiation and proliferation to maintain intestinal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiewei Wang
- Department of Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, No. 26 Hexing Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shenyang Medical College, 146 Huanghe North Street, Shenyang 110034, China
| | - Yuan Gong
- Department of Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, No. 26 Hexing Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Li Hua Jin
- Department of Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, No. 26 Hexing Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150040, China.
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258
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Zhang Q, Zhao L, Shen W, Yang S. Subjective tinnitus: lesion-induced pathological central homeostasis remodeling. J Otol 2021; 16:266-272. [PMID: 34548874 PMCID: PMC8438635 DOI: 10.1016/j.joto.2021.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Subjective tinnitus is the most common type of tinnitus, which is the manifestation of pathological activities in the brain. It happens in a substantial portion of the general population and brings significant burden to the society. Severe subjective tinnitus can lead to depression and insomnia and severely affects patients' quality of life. However, due to poor understanding of its etiology and pathogenesis, treatment of subjective tinnitus remains challenging. In recent decades, a growing number of studies have shown that subjective tinnitus is related to lesion-induced neural plasticity of auditory and non-auditory central systems. This article reviews cellular mechanisms of neural plasticity in subjective tinnitus to provide further understanding of its pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Institute of Otolaryngology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Fuxing Street NO.28, Haidian District, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Lidong Zhao
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Institute of Otolaryngology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Fuxing Street NO.28, Haidian District, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Weidong Shen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Institute of Otolaryngology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Fuxing Street NO.28, Haidian District, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Shiming Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Institute of Otolaryngology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Fuxing Street NO.28, Haidian District, Beijing, 100039, China
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259
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Unal O, Eren OC, Alkan G, Petzschner FH, Yao Y, Stephan KE. Inference on homeostatic belief precision. Biol Psychol 2021; 165:108190. [PMID: 34547398 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2021.108190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Interoception and homeostatic/allostatic control are intertwined branches of closed-loop brain-body interactions (BBI). Given their importance in mental and psychosomatic disorders, establishing computational assays of BBI represents a clinically important but methodologically challenging endeavor. This technical note presents a novel approach, derived from a generic computational model of homeostatic/allostatic control that underpins (meta)cognitive theories of affective and psychosomatic disorders. This model views homeostatic setpoints as probability distributions ("homeostatic beliefs") whose parameters determine regulatory efforts and change dynamically under allostatic predictions. In particular, changes in homeostatic belief precision, triggered by anticipated threats to homeostasis, are thought to alter cerebral regulation of bodily states. Here, we present statistical procedures for inferring homeostatic belief precision from measured bodily states and/or regulatory (action) signals. We analyze the inference problem, derive two alternative estimators of homeostatic belief precision, and apply our method to simulated data. Our proposed approach may prove useful for assessing BBI in individual subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozan Unal
- Translational Neuromodeling Unit (TNU), Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich & ETH Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; Computer Vision Lab (CVL), ETH Zurich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Orhun Caner Eren
- Translational Neuromodeling Unit (TNU), Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich & ETH Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Göktuğ Alkan
- Translational Neuromodeling Unit (TNU), Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich & ETH Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Frederike Hermi Petzschner
- Translational Neuromodeling Unit (TNU), Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich & ETH Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yu Yao
- Translational Neuromodeling Unit (TNU), Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich & ETH Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Klaas Enno Stephan
- Translational Neuromodeling Unit (TNU), Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich & ETH Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, 50931 Cologne, Germany
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260
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Cornwell B, Goldman A, Laumann EO. Homeostasis Revisited: Patterns of Stability and Rebalancing in Older Adults' Social Lives. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2021; 76:778-789. [PMID: 32080742 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbaa026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine patterns of change in later-life social connectedness: (a) the extent and direction of changes in different aspects of social connectedness, including size, density, and composition of social networks, network turnover, and three types of community involvement and (b) the sequential nature of these changes over time. METHOD We use three waves of nationally representative data from the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project, collected from 2005/2006 to 2015/2016. Respondents were between the ages of 67 and 95 at follow-up. Types of changes in their social connectedness between the two successive 5-year periods are compared to discern over-time change patterns. RESULTS Analyses reveal stability or growth in the sizes of most older adults' social networks, their access to non-kin ties, network expansiveness, as well as several forms of community involvement. Most older adults experienced turnover within their networks, but losses and additions usually offset each other, resulting in generally stable network size and structural features. Moreover, when older adults reported decreases (increases) in a given form of social connectedness during the first half of the study period, these changes were typically followed by countervailing increases (decreases) over the subsequent 5-year period. This general pattern holds for both network and community connectedness. DISCUSSION There is an overwhelming tendency toward either maintaining or rebalancing previous structures and levels of both personal network connectedness and community involvement. This results in overall homeostasis. We close by discussing the need for a unifying theoretical framework that can explain these patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alyssa Goldman
- Department of Sociology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
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261
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Sowa JE, Tokarski K. Cellular, synaptic, and network effects of chemokines in the central nervous system and their implications to behavior. Pharmacol Rep 2021; 73:1595-625. [PMID: 34498203 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-021-00323-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence highlights chemokines as key mediators of the bidirectional crosstalk between neurons and glial cells aimed at preserving brain functioning. The multifaceted role of these immune proteins in the CNS is mirrored by the complexity of the mechanisms underlying its biological function, including biased signaling. Neurons, only in concert with glial cells, are essential players in the modulation of brain homeostatic functions. Yet, attempts to dissect these complex multilevel mechanisms underlying coordination are still lacking. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to summarize the current knowledge about mechanisms underlying chemokine regulation of neuron-glia crosstalk linking molecular, cellular, network, and behavioral levels. Following a brief description of molecular mechanisms by which chemokines interact with their receptors and then summarizing cellular patterns of chemokine expression in the CNS, we next delve into the sequence and mechanisms of chemokine-regulated neuron-glia communication in the context of neuroprotection. We then define the interactions with other neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, and gliotransmitters. Finally, we describe their fine-tuning on the network level and the behavioral relevance of their modulation. We believe that a better understanding of the sequence and nature of events that drive neuro-glial communication holds promise for the development of new treatment strategies that could, in a context- and time-dependent manner, modulate the action of specific chemokines to promote brain repair and reduce the neurological impairment.
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262
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Sun JS, Yang DJ, Kinyua AW, Yoon SG, Seong JK, Kim J, Moon SJ, Shin DM, Choi YH, Kim KW. Ventromedial hypothalamic primary cilia control energy and skeletal homeostasis. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:138107. [PMID: 33021968 DOI: 10.1172/jci138107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of primary cilia is related to dyshomeostasis, leading to a wide range of disorders. The ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) is known to regulate several homeostatic processes, but those modulated specifically by VMH primary cilia are not yet known. In this study, we identify VMH primary cilia as an important organelle that maintains energy and skeletal homeostasis by modulating the autonomic nervous system. We established loss-of-function models of primary cilia in the VMH by either targeting IFT88 (IFT88-KOSF-1) using steroidogenic factor 1-Cre (SF-1-Cre) or injecting an adeno-associated virus Cre (AAV-Cre) directly into the VMH. Functional impairments of VMH primary cilia were linked to decreased sympathetic activation and central leptin resistance, which led to marked obesity and bone-density accrual. Obesity was caused by hyperphagia, decreased energy expenditure, and blunted brown fat function and was also associated with insulin and leptin resistance. The effect of bone-density accrual was independent of obesity, as it was caused by decreased sympathetic tone resulting in increased osteoblastic and decreased osteoclastic activities in the IFT88-KOSF-1 and VMH primary cilia knockdown mice. Overall, our current study identifies VMH primary cilia as a critical hypothalamic organelle that maintains energy and skeletal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Su Sun
- Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Applied Biological Science, BK21 FOUR, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Joo Yang
- Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea.,Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Global Medical Science, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Ann W Kinyua
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Global Medical Science, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | | | - Je Kyung Seong
- Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center, Seoul, Korea.,Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, The Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Juwon Kim
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Global Medical Science, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Seok Jun Moon
- Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Applied Biological Science, BK21 FOUR, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Min Shin
- Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yun-Hee Choi
- Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki Woo Kim
- Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Applied Biological Science, BK21 FOUR, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
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263
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Bhadauriya P, Parihar R, Ganesh S. Pesticides DEET, fipronil and maneb induce stress granule assembly and translation arrest in neuronal cells. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 28:101110. [PMID: 34485711 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.101110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pesticides entering our body, either directly or indirectly, are known to increase the risk of developing neurodegenerative disorders. The pesticide-induced animal models of Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease recapitulates many of the pathologies seen in human patients and have become popular models for studying disease biology. However, the specific effect of pesticides at the cellular and molecular levels is yet to be fully established. Here we investigated the cellular effect of three commonly used pesticides: DEET, fipronil and maneb. Specifically, we looked at the effect of these pesticides in the formation of stress granules and the concomitant translational arrest in a neuronal cell line. Stress granules represent an ensemble of non-translating mRNAs and appear in cells under physiological stress. Growing evidence indicates that chronic stress may covert the transient stress granules into amyloids and may thus induce neurodegeneration. We demonstrate here that all three pesticides tested induce stress granules and translation arrest through the inactivation of the eukaryotic initiation factor, eIF2α. We also show that oxidative stress could be one of the major intermediary factors in the pesticide-induced stress granule formation and that it is a reversible process. Our results suggest that prolonged pesticide exposure may result in long-lived stress granules, thus compromising the neuronal stress response pathway and leading to neurodegeneration. Pesticides exposure increases the risk of developing neurodegenerative disorders. Cellular effect of three common pesticides (DEET, fipronil and maneb) were tested. All three induce stress granules and translation arrest via inactivation of eIF2α. Compromised stress response may result in pesticide-induced neurodegeneration.
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264
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Abstract
Recent human activity has profoundly transformed Earth biomes on a scale and at rates that are unprecedented. Given the central role of symbioses in ecosystem processes, functions, and services throughout the Earth biosphere, the impacts of human-driven change on symbioses are critical to understand. Symbioses are not merely collections of organisms, but co-evolved partners that arise from the synergistic combination and action of different genetic programs. They function with varying degrees of permanence and selection as emergent units with substantial potential for combinatorial and evolutionary innovation in both structure and function. Following an articulation of operational definitions of symbiosis and related concepts and characteristics of the Anthropocene, we outline a basic typology of anthropogenic change (AC) and a conceptual framework for how AC might mechanistically impact symbioses with select case examples to highlight our perspective. We discuss surprising connections between symbiosis and the Anthropocene, suggesting ways in which new symbioses could arise due to AC, how symbioses could be agents of ecosystem change, and how symbioses, broadly defined, of humans and “farmed” organisms may have launched the Anthropocene. We conclude with reflections on the robustness of symbioses to AC and our perspective on the importance of symbioses as ecosystem keystones and the need to tackle anthropogenic challenges as wise and humble stewards embedded within the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik F Y Hom
- Department of Biology and Center for Biodiversity and Conservation Research, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677 USA
| | - Alexandra S Penn
- Department of Sociology and Centre for Evaluation of Complexity Across the Nexus, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH UK
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265
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Zhi H, Zhang Z, Deng Y, Yan B, Li Z, Wu W, Feng Z, Lei M, Long H, Hou J, Guo D, Wu W. Restoring perturbed oxylipins with Danqi Tongmai Tablet attenuates acute myocardial infarction. Phytomedicine 2021; 90:153616. [PMID: 34252738 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Salvianolic acids have a special synergic effect on panax notoginsenosides in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and have been developed into a new drug as Danqi Tongmai Tablet (DQTT). To explore candidate targets and mechanisms of DQTT on AMI, a network pharmacology-based analysis was performed on absorbed prototype compounds of DQTT in rat plasma. Target prediction from network analysis indicated that the arachidonic acid pathway might contribute to the therapeutic effects of DQTT on AMI, and the regulatory effects on cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX) were validated using an oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation model established on H9c2 cardiomyocytes. To further explore the action mechanisms of DQTT, 38 oxylipins were quantitatively analyzed among high, medium, and low doses of DQTT using a rat AMI model with an ultra high performance liquid chromatograph coupled with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QqQ/MS) detection system. As attenuation was observed in AMI with DQTT treatment, the perturbed arachidonic acid metabolome was partly restored in a dose-dependent fashion with a significant elevation of anti-inflammatory metabolites, while pro-inflammatory lipids were decreased. Cytokine array analysis also supported the anti-inflammatory effects of DQTT, as significant down-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines was observed. The analysis of ischemic heart tissues demonstrated that COX and LOX, the inflammation-induced catalytic enzymes of arachidonic acid metabolism, were inhibited on both gene expression and protein level. These results confirmed that DQTT could restore the arachidonic acid metabolome to maintain an anti-inflammatory profile against the ischemic tissue injury and support that DQTT can be a promising medicinal therapy against AMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijuan Zhi
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zijia Zhang
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuanquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanping Deng
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuanquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bingpeng Yan
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhenwei Li
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuanquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenyong Wu
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuanquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zijing Feng
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Min Lei
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuanquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huali Long
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuanquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinjun Hou
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuanquan Road, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Dean Guo
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuanquan Road, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Wanying Wu
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuanquan Road, Beijing 100049, China.
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266
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McCann MS, Fernandez HR, Flowers SA, Maguire-Zeiss KA. Polychlorinated biphenyls induce oxidative stress and metabolic responses in astrocytes. Neurotoxicology 2021; 86:59-68. [PMID: 34265337 PMCID: PMC8440398 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2021.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to environmental toxicants is prevalent, hazardous and linked to varied detrimental health outcomes and disease. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), a class of hazardous organic chlorines once widely used for industrial purposes, are associated with neurodegenerative disease and oxidative stress in both in vitro and in vivo models. Here, we investigated the impact of Aroclor 1254, a commercially available PCB mixture, on primary murine astrocytes to determine the response to this once ubiquitously used toxicant on the most numerous cells of the central nervous system (CNS). Astrocytes are a critical component of homeostasis throughout the CNS, including at the blood-brain barrier, where they serve as the primary defense against xenobiotics entering the CNS, and at the synapse, where they are closely coupled to neurons through several metabolic pathways. We hypothesized that PCBs cause astrocytic oxidative stress and related dysfunction including altered metabolism. We exposed primary murine cortical astrocytes to PCBs and report an increased expression of antioxidant genes (Prdx1, Gsta2, Gfap, Amigo2) in response to oxidative stress. Our data show increased ATP production and spare respiratory capacity in astrocytes exposed to 10 μM (∼ 3 ppm) PCBs. This dose also causes an increase in glucose uptake that is not seen at a higher dose (50 μM) suggesting that, at a lower dose, astrocytes are able to engage compensatory mechanisms to promote survival. Together, these data suggest that exposure to PCBs impact astrocytic metabolism, which is important to consider both in the context of human health and disease and in in vitro and in vivo disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mondona S McCann
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington D.C., United States; Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington D.C., United States
| | - Harvey R Fernandez
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington D.C., United States
| | - Sarah A Flowers
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington D.C., United States
| | - Kathleen A Maguire-Zeiss
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington D.C., United States; Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington D.C., United States.
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267
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Devi RV, Raj D, Doble M. Lockdown of mitochondrial Ca 2+ extrusion and subsequent resveratrol treatment kill HeLa cells by Ca 2+ overload. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2021; 139:106071. [PMID: 34428589 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2021.106071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Anticancer effect of resveratrol and the role of sodium/lithium/calcium exchanger in context with calcium ions are studied in human cervical cancer cell line. This therapeutic approach using siNCLX mediated gene silencing and drug therapy with resveratrol indicates the disruption of calcium homeostasis, increase in caspase (-3, 8, 9) mRNA expressions and DNA damage leading to apoptotic cell death. Monitoring the intracellular Ca2+ changes using fluo-4AM indicates highest rise in [Ca2+] level in sodium/lithium/calcium exchanger silenced group with five different stages, that is distinguishable based on the fluorescence intensity. In resveratrol treated and siNCLX + resveratrol treated groups no such cell staging differences were observed, despite uniform Ca2+ rise followed by decrease in the intensity. Integrating RNAi gene silencing of sodium/lithium/calcium exchanger with resveratrol can form the most interesting, efficient and promising therapeutic strategy in the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Viswambari Devi
- Bioengineering and Drug Design Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai, 600036, India
| | - Divakar Raj
- Bioengineering and Drug Design Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai, 600036, India
| | - Mukesh Doble
- Bioengineering and Drug Design Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai, 600036, India.
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268
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Narayan V, McMahon M, O'Brien JJ, McAllister F, Buffenstein R. Insights into the Molecular Basis of Genome Stability and Pristine Proteostasis in Naked Mole-Rats. Adv Exp Med Biol 2021; 1319:287-314. [PMID: 34424521 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-65943-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The naked mole-rat (Heterocephalus glaber) is the longest-lived rodent, with a maximal reported lifespan of 37 years. In addition to its long lifespan - which is much greater than predicted based on its small body size (longevity quotient of ~4.2) - naked mole-rats are also remarkably healthy well into old age. This is reflected in a striking resistance to tumorigenesis and minimal declines in cardiovascular, neurological and reproductive function in older animals. Over the past two decades, researchers have been investigating the molecular mechanisms regulating the extended life- and health- span of this animal, and since the sequencing and assembly of the naked mole-rat genome in 2011, progress has been rapid. Here, we summarize findings from published studies exploring the unique molecular biology of the naked mole-rat, with a focus on mechanisms and pathways contributing to genome stability and maintenance of proteostasis during aging. We also present new data from our laboratory relevant to the topic and discuss our findings in the context of the published literature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mary McMahon
- Calico Life Sciences, LLC, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Rochelle Buffenstein
- Calico Life Sciences, LLC, South San Francisco, CA, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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269
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Flores-Guerrero JL, Grzegorczyk MA, Connelly MA, Garcia E, Navis G, Dullaart RPF, Bakker SJL. Mahalanobis distance, a novel statistical proxy of homeostasis loss is longitudinally associated with risk of type 2 diabetes. EBioMedicine 2021; 71:103550. [PMID: 34425309 PMCID: PMC8379628 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The potential role of individual plasma biomarkers in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes (T2D) has been broadly studied, but the impact of biomarkers interaction remains underexplored. Recently, the Mahalanobis distance (MD) of plasma biomarkers has been proposed as a proxy of physiological dysregulation. Here we aimed to investigate whether the MD calculated from circulating biomarkers is prospectively associated with development of T2D. Methods We calculated the MD of the Principal Components (PCs) integrating the information of 32 circulating biomarkers (comprising inflammation, glycemic, lipid, microbiome and one-carbon metabolism) measured in 6247 participants of the PREVEND study without T2D at baseline. Cox proportional-hazards regression analyses were performed to study the association of MD with T2D development. Findings After a median follow-up of 7·3 years, 312 subjects developed T2D. The overall MD (mean (SD)) was higher in subjects who developed T2D compared to those who did not: 35·65 (26·67) and 30.75 (27·57), respectively (P = 0·002). The highest hazard ratio (HR) was obtained using the MD calculated from the first 31 PCs (per 1 log-unit increment) (1·72 (95% CI 1·42,2·07), P < 0·001). Such associations remained after the adjustment for age, sex, plasma glucose, parental history of T2D, lipids, blood pressure medication, and BMI (HRadj 1·37 (95% CI 1·11,1·70), P = 0·004). Interpretation Our results are in line with the premise that MD represents an estimate of homeostasis loss. This study suggests that MD is able to provide information about physiological dysregulation also in the pathogenesis of T2D. Funding The Dutch Kidney Foundation (Grant E.033).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L Flores-Guerrero
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen 9713 GZ, the Netherlands.
| | - Marco A Grzegorczyk
- Johann Bernoulli Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Margery A Connelly
- Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings (Labcorp), Morrisville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Erwin Garcia
- Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings (Labcorp), Morrisville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gerjan Navis
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen 9713 GZ, the Netherlands
| | - Robin P F Dullaart
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Stephan J L Bakker
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen 9713 GZ, the Netherlands
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270
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Leviyang S. Interferon stimulated binding of ISRE is cell type specific and is predicted by homeostatic chromatin state. Cytokine X 2021; 3:100056. [PMID: 34409284 PMCID: PMC8361084 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytox.2021.100056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
IFN stimulated binding of ISRE by ISGF3 is cell specific, particularly for ISRE in enhancer regions. IFN stimulated binding of ISRE in enhancer regions associates with differential expression. The homeostatic, chromatin state of an ISRE is predictive of IFN stimulated binding.
The type I interferon (IFN) signaling pathway involves binding of the transcription factor ISGF3 to IFN-stimulated response elements, ISREs. Gene expression under IFN stimulation is known to vary across cell types, but variation in ISGF3 binding to ISRE across cell types has not been characterized. We examined ISRE binding patterns under IFN stimulation across six cell types using existing ChIPseq datasets. We find that ISRE binding is largely cell specific for ISREs distal to transcription start sites (TSS) and largely conserved across cell types for ISREs proximal to TSS. We show that bound ISRE distal to TSS associate with differential expression of ISGs, although at weaker levels than bound ISRE proximal to TSS. Using existing ATACseq and ChIPseq datasets, we show that the chromatin state of ISRE at homeostasis is cell type specific and is predictive of cell specific, ISRE binding under IFN stimulation. Our results support a model in which the chromatin state of ISRE in enhancer elements is modulated in a cell type specific manner at homeostasis, leading to cell type specific differences in ISRE binding patterns under IFN stimulation.
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271
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Hernández VS, Zetter MA, Guerra EC, Hernández-Araiza I, Karuzin N, Hernández-Pérez OR, Eiden LE, Zhang L. ACE2 expression in rat brain: Implications for COVID-19 associated neurological manifestations. Exp Neurol 2021; 345:113837. [PMID: 34400158 PMCID: PMC8361001 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We examined cell type-specific expression and distribution of rat brain angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the receptor for SARS-CoV-2, in the rodent brain. ACE2 is ubiquitously present in brain vasculature, with the highest density of ACE2 expressing capillaries found in the olfactory bulb, the hypothalamic paraventricular, supraoptic, and mammillary nuclei, the midbrain substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area, and the hindbrain pontine nucleus, the pre-Bötzinger complex, and nucleus of tractus solitarius. ACE2 was expressed in astrocytes and astrocytic foot processes, pericytes and endothelial cells, key components of the blood-brain barrier. We found discrete neuronal groups immunopositive for ACE2 in brainstem respiratory rhythm generating centers, including the pontine nucleus, the parafascicular/retrotrapezoid nucleus, the parabrachial nucleus, the Bötzinger, and pre-Bötzinger complexes and the nucleus of tractus solitarius; in the arousal-related pontine reticular nucleus and gigantocellular reticular nuclei; in brainstem aminergic nuclei, including substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area, dorsal raphe, and locus coeruleus; in the epithalamic habenula, hypothalamic paraventricular and supramammillary nuclei; and in the hippocampus. Identification of ACE2-expressing neurons in rat brain within well-established functional circuits facilitates prediction of possible neurological manifestations of brain ACE2 dysregulation during and after COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito S Hernández
- Dept. Physiology, Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, School of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico)
| | - Mario A Zetter
- Dept. Physiology, Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, School of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico)
| | - Enrique C Guerra
- Dept. Physiology, Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, School of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico)
| | - Ileana Hernández-Araiza
- Dept. Physiology, Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, School of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico); School of Medicine University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nikita Karuzin
- Dept. Physiology, Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, School of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico); School of Medicine, Pan-American University, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Oscar R Hernández-Pérez
- Dept. Physiology, Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, School of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico)
| | - Lee E Eiden
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, NIMH-IRP, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Limei Zhang
- Dept. Physiology, Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, School of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico).
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Patergnani S, Bonora M, Bouhamida E, Danese A, Marchi S, Morciano G, Previati M, Pedriali G, Rimessi A, Anania G, Giorgi C, Pinton P. Methods to Monitor Mitophagy and Mitochondrial Quality: Implications in Cancer, Neurodegeneration, and Cardiovascular Diseases. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2310:113-59. [PMID: 34096002 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1433-4_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are dynamic organelles that participate in a broad array of molecular functions within the cell. They are responsible for maintaining the appropriate energetic levels and control the cellular homeostasis throughout the generation of intermediary metabolites. Preserving a healthy and functional mitochondrial population is of fundamental importance throughout the life of the cells under pathophysiological conditions. Hence, cells have evolved fine-tuned mechanisms of quality control that help to preserve the right amount of functional mitochondria to meet the demand of the cell. The specific recycling of mitochondria by autophagy, termed mitophagy, represents the primary contributor to mitochondrial quality control. During this process, damaged or unnecessary mitochondria are recognized and selectively degraded. In the past few years, the knowledge in mitophagy has seen rapid progress, and a growing body of evidence confirms that mitophagy holds a central role in controlling cellular functions and the progression of various human diseases.In this chapter, we will discuss the pathophysiological roles of mitophagy and provide a general overview of the current methods used to monitor and quantify mitophagy. We will also outline the main established approaches to investigate the mitochondrial function, metabolism, morphology, and protein damage.
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273
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Fila M, Sassi A, Brideau G, Cheval L, Morla L, Houillier P, Walter C, Gennaoui M, Collignon L, Keck M, Planelles G, Bakouh N, Peuchmaur M, Deschênes G, Anegon I, Remy S, Vogt B, Crambert G, Doucet A. A variant of ASIC2 mediates sodium retention in nephrotic syndrome. JCI Insight 2021; 6:e148588. [PMID: 34166227 PMCID: PMC8410034 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.148588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) is characterized by proteinuria and renal sodium retention leading to edema. This sodium retention is usually attributed to epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) activation after plasma aldosterone increase. However, most nephrotic patients show normal aldosterone levels. Using a corticosteroid-clamped (CC) rat model of INS (CC-PAN), we showed that the observed electrogenic and amiloride-sensitive Na retention could not be attributed to ENaC. We then identified a truncated variant of acid-sensing ion channel 2b (ASIC2b) that induced sustained acid-stimulated sodium currents when coexpressed with ASIC2a. Interestingly, CC-PAN nephrotic ASIC2b-null rats did not develop sodium retention. We finally showed that the expression of the truncated ASIC2b in the kidney was dependent on the presence of albumin in the tubule lumen and activation of ERK in renal cells. Finally, the presence of ASIC2 mRNA was also detected in kidney biopsies from patients with INS but not in any of the patients with other renal diseases. We have therefore identified a variant of ASIC2b responsible for the renal Na retention in the pathological context of INS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Fila
- Cordeliers Research Center, Sorbonne University, INSERM, University of Paris, Laboratory of Renal Metabolism and Physiology, Paris, France.,CNRS, ERL8228, Paris, France
| | - Ali Sassi
- Cordeliers Research Center, Sorbonne University, INSERM, University of Paris, Laboratory of Renal Metabolism and Physiology, Paris, France.,CNRS, ERL8228, Paris, France
| | - Gaëlle Brideau
- Cordeliers Research Center, Sorbonne University, INSERM, University of Paris, Laboratory of Renal Metabolism and Physiology, Paris, France.,CNRS, ERL8228, Paris, France
| | - Lydie Cheval
- Cordeliers Research Center, Sorbonne University, INSERM, University of Paris, Laboratory of Renal Metabolism and Physiology, Paris, France.,CNRS, ERL8228, Paris, France
| | - Luciana Morla
- Cordeliers Research Center, Sorbonne University, INSERM, University of Paris, Laboratory of Renal Metabolism and Physiology, Paris, France.,CNRS, ERL8228, Paris, France
| | - Pascal Houillier
- Cordeliers Research Center, Sorbonne University, INSERM, University of Paris, Laboratory of Renal Metabolism and Physiology, Paris, France.,CNRS, ERL8228, Paris, France
| | - Christine Walter
- Cordeliers Research Center, Sorbonne University, INSERM, University of Paris, Laboratory of Renal Metabolism and Physiology, Paris, France.,CNRS, ERL8228, Paris, France
| | - Michel Gennaoui
- Cordeliers Research Center, Sorbonne University, INSERM, University of Paris, Laboratory of Renal Metabolism and Physiology, Paris, France.,CNRS, ERL8228, Paris, France
| | - Laure Collignon
- Cordeliers Research Center, Sorbonne University, INSERM, University of Paris, Laboratory of Renal Metabolism and Physiology, Paris, France.,CNRS, ERL8228, Paris, France
| | - Mathilde Keck
- Cordeliers Research Center, Sorbonne University, INSERM, University of Paris, Laboratory of Renal Metabolism and Physiology, Paris, France.,CNRS, ERL8228, Paris, France
| | - Gabrielle Planelles
- Cordeliers Research Center, Sorbonne University, INSERM, University of Paris, Laboratory of Renal Metabolism and Physiology, Paris, France.,CNRS, ERL8228, Paris, France
| | - Naziha Bakouh
- Cordeliers Research Center, Sorbonne University, INSERM, University of Paris, Laboratory of Renal Metabolism and Physiology, Paris, France.,CNRS, ERL8228, Paris, France
| | | | - Georges Deschênes
- Pediatric Nephrology Department, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Ignacio Anegon
- INSERM UMR 1064, Center for Research in Transplantation and Immunology Transgenic Rats ImmunoPhenomic Facility, Nantes, France
| | - Séverine Remy
- INSERM UMR 1064, Center for Research in Transplantation and Immunology Transgenic Rats ImmunoPhenomic Facility, Nantes, France
| | - Bruno Vogt
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gilles Crambert
- Cordeliers Research Center, Sorbonne University, INSERM, University of Paris, Laboratory of Renal Metabolism and Physiology, Paris, France.,CNRS, ERL8228, Paris, France
| | - Alain Doucet
- Cordeliers Research Center, Sorbonne University, INSERM, University of Paris, Laboratory of Renal Metabolism and Physiology, Paris, France.,CNRS, ERL8228, Paris, France
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274
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Maintenance of bodily homeostasis relies on interoceptive mechanisms in the brain to predict and regulate bodily state. While altered neural activation during interoception in specific psychiatric disorders has been reported in many studies, it is unclear whether a common neural locus underpins transdiagnostic interoceptive differences. METHODS The authors conducted a meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies comparing patients with psychiatric disorders with healthy control subjects to identify brain regions exhibiting convergent disrupted activation during interoception. Bibliographic, neuroimaging, and preprint databases through May 2020 were searched. A total of 306 foci from 33 studies were extracted, which included 610 control subjects and 626 patients with schizophrenia, bipolar or unipolar depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety, eating disorders, or substance use disorders. Data were pooled using a random-effects model implemented by the activation likelihood estimation algorithm. The preregistered primary outcome was the neuroanatomical location of the convergence of peak voxel coordinates. RESULTS Convergent disrupted activation specific to the left dorsal mid-insula was found (Z=4.47, peak coordinates: -36, -2, 14; volume: 928 mm3). Studies directly contributing to the cluster included patients with bipolar disorder, anxiety, major depression, anorexia, and schizophrenia, assessed with task probes including pain, hunger, and interoceptive attention. A series of conjunction analyses against extant meta-analytic data sets revealed that this mid-insula cluster was anatomically distinct from brain regions involved in affective processing and from regions altered by psychological or pharmacological interventions for affective disorders. CONCLUSIONS These results reveal transdiagnostic, domain-general differences in interoceptive processing in the left dorsal mid-insula. Disrupted mid-insular activation may represent a neural marker of psychopathology and a putative target for novel interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla L Nord
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit (Nord, Lawson, Dalgleish) and Department of Psychology (Lawson), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K.; and Cambridgeshire and Peterborough National Health Service Foundation Trust, Cambridge, U.K. (Dalgleish)
| | - Rebecca P Lawson
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit (Nord, Lawson, Dalgleish) and Department of Psychology (Lawson), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K.; and Cambridgeshire and Peterborough National Health Service Foundation Trust, Cambridge, U.K. (Dalgleish)
| | - Tim Dalgleish
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit (Nord, Lawson, Dalgleish) and Department of Psychology (Lawson), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K.; and Cambridgeshire and Peterborough National Health Service Foundation Trust, Cambridge, U.K. (Dalgleish)
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275
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Abstract
Under conditions of nutritional and environmental stress, organismal homeostasis is preserved through inter-communication between multiple organs. To do so, higher organisms have developed a system of interorgan communication through which one tissue can affect the metabolism, activity or fate of remote organs, tissues or cells. In this review, we discuss the latest findings emphasizing Drosophila melanogaster as a powerful model organism to study these interactions and may constitute one of the best documented examples depicting the long-distance communication between organs. In flies, the adipose tissue appears to be one of the main organizing centers for the regulation of insect development and behavior: it senses nutritional and hormonal signals and in turn, orchestrates the release of appropriate adipokines. We discuss the nature and the role of recently uncovered adipokines, their regulations by external cues, their secretory routes and their modes of action to adjust developmental growth and timing accordingly. These findings have the potential for identification of candidate factors and signaling pathways that mediate conserved interorgan crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Meschi
- Centre for Neural Circuit and Behaviour, University of Oxford, Mansfield road, OX3 1SR, Oxford, UK
| | - Renald Delanoue
- University Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, Institute of Biology Valrose Parc Valrose, 06108, Nice, France.
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276
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Lhomme T, Clasadonte J, Imbernon M, Fernandois D, Sauve F, Caron E, Lima N, Heras V, Martinez-Corral I, Müller-Fielitz H, Rasika S, Schwaninger M, Nogueiras R, Prevot V. Tanycytic networks mediate energy balance by feeding lactate to glucose-insensitive POMC neurons. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:e140521. [PMID: 34324439 DOI: 10.1172/jci140521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypothalamic glucose sensing enables an organism to match energy expenditure and food intake to circulating levels of glucose, the main energy source of the brain. Here, we established that tanycytes of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus, specialized glia that line the wall of the third ventricle, convert brain glucose supplies into lactate that they transmit through monocarboxylate transporters to arcuate proopiomelanocortin neurons, which integrate this signal to drive their activity and to adapt the metabolic response to meet physiological demands. Furthermore, this transmission required the formation of extensive Connexin-43 gap-junction-mediated metabolic networks by arcuate tanycytes. Selectively suppressing either tanycytic monocarboxylate transporters or gap junctions resulted in altered feeding behavior and energy metabolism. Tanycytic intercellular communication and lactate production are thus integral to the mechanism by which hypothalamic neurons that regulate energy and glucose homeostasis efficiently perceive alterations in systemic glucose levels as a function of the physiological state of the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tori Lhomme
- Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, INSERM U1172, Lille, France
| | - Jerome Clasadonte
- Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, INSERM U1172, Lille, France
| | - Monica Imbernon
- Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, INSERM U1172, Lille, France
| | - Daniela Fernandois
- Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, INSERM U1172, Lille, France
| | - Florent Sauve
- Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, INSERM U1172, Lille, France
| | - Emilie Caron
- Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, INSERM U1172, Lille, France
| | - Natalia Lima
- CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Violeta Heras
- CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ines Martinez-Corral
- Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, INSERM U1172, Lille, France
| | - Helge Müller-Fielitz
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - S Rasika
- Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, INSERM U1172, Lille, France
| | - Markus Schwaninger
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ruben Nogueiras
- CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Vincent Prevot
- Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, INSERM U1172, Lille, France
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277
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Hansen NGW, Madsen SS, Brauckhoff M, Heuer RM, Schlenker LS, Engelund MB, Grosell M. Magnesium transport in the aglomerular kidney of the Gulf toadfish (Opsanus beta). J Comp Physiol B 2021; 191:865-880. [PMID: 34302186 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-021-01392-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite having an aglomerular kidney, Gulf toadfish can survive in water ranging from nearly fresh up to 70 parts per thousand salinity. In hyperosmotic environments, the major renal function is to balance the passive Mg2+ load from the environment with an equal excretion. However, the molecular transporters involved in Mg2+ secretion are poorly understood. We investigated whether environmental MgCl2 alone or in combination with elevated salinity affected transcriptional regulation of genes classically involved in renal Mg2+ secretion (slc41a1, slc41a3, cnnm3) together with three novel genes (trpm6, trpm7, claudin-19) and two isoforms of the Na+/K+-ATPase α-subunit (nka-α1a, nka-α1b). First, toadfish were acclimated to 5, 9, 35, or 60 ppt water (corresponding to ~ 7, 13, 50 and 108 mmol L-1 ambient [Mg2+], respectively) and sampled at 24 h or 9 days. Next, the impact of elevated ambient [Mg2+] was explored by exposing toadfish to control (50 mmol L-1 Mg2+), or elevated [Mg2+] (100 mmol L-1) at a constant salinity for 7 days. Mg2+ levels in this experiment corresponded with levels in control and hypersaline conditions in the first experiment. A salinity increase from 5 to 60 ppt stimulated the level of all investigated transcripts in the kidney. In Mg2+-exposed fish, we observed a 14-fold increase in the volume of intestinal fluids and elevated plasma osmolality and [Mg2+], suggesting osmoregulatory challenges. However, none of the renal gene targets changed expression compared with the control group. We conclude that transcriptional regulation of renal Mg2+ transporters is induced by elevated [Mg2+] in combination with salinity rather than elevated ambient [Mg2+] alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina G Walker Hansen
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Steffen S Madsen
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark.
| | - Melanie Brauckhoff
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Rachael M Heuer
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Lela S Schlenker
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Morten B Engelund
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, 5000, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Martin Grosell
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
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278
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Rothman DL, Shulman RG. Two transition states of the glycogen shunt and two steady states of gene expression support metabolic flexibility and the Warburg effect in cancer. Neoplasia 2021; 23:879-886. [PMID: 34303218 PMCID: PMC8322124 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2021.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously we suggested that the early Warburg effect can be explained by the use by cancer cells the glycogen shunt during a rapid increase in glucose concentration. In analogy to the Crabtree effect in yeast, the shunt plays a critical role in maintaining homeostasis of glycolytic intermediate levels during these transitions. We extend this analysis here, and propose that the recently appreciated flexibility of cancer cell glucose and glycogen metabolism involves 4 metabolic states that we recently identified in metabolic control analysis studies of yeast. Under stable conditions of low glucose and normal O2 yeast, and by analogy cancer, cells are in the Respiration State in which through gene expression for oxidizing non glucose substrates. When their environment changes to high glucose with reduced O2 levels, such as occur in tumors, they transition to the Glycolysis State due to gene expression of new glycolytic enzyme isoforms such as PKM2. These isoforms optimize metabolism to sustain the Warburg effect. When the changes in glucose and O2 levels are rapid there may be insufficient time for gene expression to adapt. The metabolic flexibility conferred by 2 states of the glycogen shunt allow the cells to survive these transitions. The model explains experimental observations in cancer such as the function of the glycogen shunt and the frequent expression of PKM2 in cells undergoing the Warburg Effect. A surprising conclusion is that the function of PKM2 is to maintain glycolytic intermediate homeostasis rather than controlling the glycolytic flux. The glycogen shunt may also have an important role in cancer metabolic reprogramming by allowing cancer cells to survive large glucose and oxygen changes during the selection of mutations that lead to the Warburg phenotype
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas L Rothman
- Departments of Radiology and Biomedical Engineering, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven CT; Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven CT.
| | - Robert G Shulman
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven CT
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279
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Fernandez-Leon JA, Acosta G. A heuristic perspective on non-variational free energy modulation at the sleep-like edge. Biosystems 2021; 208:104466. [PMID: 34246689 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2021.104466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The variational Free Energy Principle (FEP) establishes that a neural system minimizes a free energy function of their internal state through environmental sensing entailing beliefs about hidden states in their environment. PROBLEM Because sensations are drastically reduced during sleep, it is still unclear how a self-organizing neural network can modulate free energy during sleep transitions. GOAL To address this issue, we study how network's state-dependent changes in energy, entropy and free energy connect with changes at the synaptic level in the absence of sensing during a sleep-like transition. APPROACH We use simulations of a physically plausible, environmentally isolated neuronal network that self-organize after inducing a thalamic input to show that the reduction of non-variational free energy depends sensitively upon thalamic input at a slow, rhythmic Poisson (delta) frequency due to spike timing dependent plasticity. METHODS We define a non-variational free energy in terms of the relative difference between the energy and entropy of the network from the initial distribution (prior to activity dependent plasticity) to the nonequilibrium steady-state distribution (after plasticity). We repeated the analysis under different levels of thalamic drive - as defined by the number of cortical neurons in receipt of thalamic input. RESULTS Entraining slow activity with thalamic input induces a transition from a gamma (awake-like state) to a delta (sleep-like state) mode of activity, which can be characterized through a modulation of network's energy and entropy (non-variational free energy) of the ensuing dynamics. The self-organizing response to low and high thalamic drive also showed characteristic differences in the spectrum of frequency content due to spike timing dependent plasticity. CONCLUSIONS The modulation of this non-variational free energy in a network that self-organizes, seems to be an organizational network principle. This could open a window to new empirically testable hypotheses about state changes in a neural network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A Fernandez-Leon
- Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Gerardo Acosta
- INTELYMEC-CIFICEN (UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET), Olavarría, B7400JWI, Argentina
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280
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Lim WK, Kaur P, Huang H, Jo RS, Ramamoorthy A, Ng LF, Suresh J, Maisha FI, Mathuru AS, Tolwinski NS. Optogenetic approaches for understanding homeostatic and degenerative processes in Drosophila. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:5865-5880. [PMID: 34232330 PMCID: PMC8260576 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03836-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Many organs and tissues have an intrinsic ability to regenerate from a dedicated, tissue-specific stem cell pool. As organisms age, the process of self-regulation or homeostasis begins to slow down with fewer stem cells available for tissue repair. Tissues become more fragile and organs less efficient. This slowdown of homeostatic processes leads to the development of cellular and neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we highlight the recent use and future potential of optogenetic approaches to study homeostasis. Optogenetics uses photosensitive molecules and genetic engineering to modulate cellular activity in vivo, allowing precise experiments with spatiotemporal control. We look at applications of this technology for understanding the mechanisms governing homeostasis and degeneration as applied to widely used model organisms, such as Drosophila melanogaster, where other common tools are less effective or unavailable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Kin Lim
- Science Division, Yale-NUS College, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Prameet Kaur
- Science Division, Yale-NUS College, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Huanyan Huang
- Science Division, Yale-NUS College, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | - Li Fang Ng
- Science Division, Yale-NUS College, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jahnavi Suresh
- Science Division, Yale-NUS College, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Ajay S Mathuru
- Science Division, Yale-NUS College, Singapore, Singapore
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281
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Sun T. Multi-scale modeling of hippo signaling identifies homeostatic control by YAP-LATS negative feedback. Biosystems 2021; 208:104475. [PMID: 34237349 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2021.104475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The Hippo signaling primarily includes LATS1/2 and YAP1. Recent work has demonstrated a novel negative feedback between YAP1 and LATS1/2. However, how YAP-LATS negative feedback regulates cancer progression remains elusive. We constructed a multi-scale model which integrates angiogenesis, spatiotemporal variation of microenvironmental factors and phenotypic switch of tumor cells. Our simulation replicated the findings that YAP overexpression markedly attenuated cell proliferation owing to elevated negative feedback strength. After disruption of YAP-LATS negative feedback loop, however, YAP overexpression would promote cell proliferation. Consistently, LATS overexpression inhibited cell growth and lowered the proliferation potential. We also employed a putative LATS agonist and identified its dose-dependent tumor suppressive effects. Furthermore, targeted delivery could more effectively inhibit tumor growth. Our model has reconciled experimental findings and implied that reconstruction of functional and/or hyperactivated YAP-LATS negative feedback might be a promising strategy to homeostatic maintenance and tumor suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingzhe Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Anqing Normal University, Anqing, 246133, Anhui, China.
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282
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Bian J, Wang L, Wu J, Simth N, Zhang L, Wang Y, Wu X. MTM1 plays an important role in the regulation of zinc tolerance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2021; 66:126759. [PMID: 33872833 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2021.126759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acquisition and distribution of zinc supports a number of biological processes. Various molecular factors are involved in zinc metabolism but not fully explored. BASIC PROCEDURES Spontaneous mutants were generated in yeast with excess zinc culture followed by whole genome DNA sequencing to discover zinc metabolism related genes by bioinformatics. An identified mutant was characterized through metallomic and molecular biology methods. MAIN FINDINGS Here we reported that MTM1 knockout cells displayed much stronger zinc tolerance than wild type cells on SC medium when exposed to excess zinc. Zn accumulation of mtm1Δ cells was dramatically decreased compared to wild type cells under excessive zinc condition due to MTM1 deletion reduced zinc uptake. ZRC1 mRNA level of mtm1Δ cells was significantly higher than that in the wild-type strain leading to increased vacuolar zinc accumulations in mtm1Δ cells. The mRNA levels of ZRT1 and ZAP1 decreased in mtm1Δ cells contributing to less Zn uptake. The zrc1Δmtm1Δ double knockout strain exhibited Zn sensitivity. MTM1 knockout did not afford resistance to excess zinc through an effect mediated through an influence on levels of ROS. Superoxide dismutase 2 (Sod2p) activity in mtm1Δ cells was severely impaired and not restored through Zn supplementation. Meanwhile, additional Zn showed no significant effect on the localization and expression of Mtm1p. PRINCIPAL CONCLUSIONS Our study reveals the MTM1 gene plays an important role in the regulation of zinc homeostasis in yeast cells via changing zinc uptake and distribution. This discovery provides new insights for better understanding biochemical communication between vacuole and mitochondrial in relation to zinc-metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Bian
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Everjoy Medical Polyclinic, 675 Minbei Road, Shanghai, 201107, China
| | - Lingyun Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Jie Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Nathan Simth
- Department of Biochemistry and Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0664, United States
| | - Lingzhi Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Yuanfeng Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Xiaobin Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China.
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283
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Fagundes TM, Ordonez JC, Yaghoobian N. The role of mound functions and local environment in the diversity of termite mound structures. J Theor Biol 2021; 527:110823. [PMID: 34217730 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2021.110823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Mound structures that soil termites build have diverse morphologies. Previous observational studies documented that mounds are built to provide regulated environments for the termites that live within them and their structures are formed in ways to support this purpose under the influence of the mounds' immediate environment. The objective of this study is to provide a methodology and a predictive computational model to investigate the reason behind the different but systematic shapes of termite mounds, considering all the relevant forces imposed on them and their thermoregulatory and gas-exchange functions. The gas-exchange function accounts for the capacity of the mound to diffuse metabolic gases generated in the mound's underground nest, while the thermoregulatory function satisfies the connection between the underground nest and deep ground temperatures. The proposed predictive model is based on the principles of heat transfer and thermodynamics and allows optimized mechanically stable structures to freely emerge. The results indicate that, while the model is free to generate any mechanically stable structure, under the relevant environmental and metabolic conditions, it produces structures with forms and geometrical characteristics similar to those of natural mounds. Investigation of the connection between the local environment and the mound shapes indicated that the Sun and wind play an important role in the mound structural form. Mounds exposed to stronger solar irradiance exhibit cone-shaped structures that are pointed towards the Sun, while shaded mounds are observed to be vertical domes. The local wind is observed to affect the external shape of the mound by preventing them to grow tall while controlling the features of the internal structure. By investigating the similarities between structures in different regions (i.e., India, Namibia, and Brazil), it is revealed that, unlike mounds with a strong need for gas-exchange, mounds with a significant demand for thermoregulation exhibit deeper nests, thicker external walls, and well-defined cone- (as opposed to the dome-) shaped structures. Overall, the form of termite mounds is strongly correlated to both regulatory functions and local environments, and the resulting mound shape arises as a combination of these factors.
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284
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Dolivo D, Rodrigues A, Sun L, Li Y, Hou C, Galiano R, Hong SJ, Mustoe T. The Na x (SCN7A) channel: an atypical regulator of tissue homeostasis and disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:5469-5488. [PMID: 34100980 PMCID: PMC11072345 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03854-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Within an articulately characterized family of ion channels, the voltage-gated sodium channels, exists a black sheep, SCN7A (Nax). Nax, in contrast to members of its molecular family, has lost its voltage-gated character and instead rapidly evolved a new function as a concentration-dependent sensor of extracellular sodium ions and subsequent signal transducer. As it deviates fundamentally in function from the rest of its family, and since the bulk of the impressive body of literature elucidating the pathology and biochemistry of voltage-gated sodium channels has been performed in nervous tissue, reports of Nax expression and function have been sparse. Here, we investigate available reports surrounding expression and potential roles for Nax activity outside of nervous tissue. With these studies as justification, we propose that Nax likely acts as an early sensor that detects loss of tissue homeostasis through the pathological accumulation of extracellular sodium and/or through endothelin signaling. Sensation of homeostatic aberration via Nax then proceeds to induce pathological tissue phenotypes via promotion of pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic responses, induced through direct regulation of gene expression or through the generation of secondary signaling molecules, such as lactate, that can operate in an autocrine or paracrine fashion. We hope that our synthesis of much of the literature investigating this understudied protein will inspire more research into Nax not simply as a biochemical oddity, but also as a potential pathophysiological regulator and therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Dolivo
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University-Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA
| | - Adrian Rodrigues
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University-Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA
| | - Lauren Sun
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University-Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA
| | - Yingxing Li
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University-Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA
| | - Chun Hou
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University-Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Robert Galiano
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University-Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA
| | - Seok Jong Hong
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University-Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA.
- , 300 E. Superior St., Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
| | - Thomas Mustoe
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University-Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA.
- , 737 N. Michigan Ave., Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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285
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Ni X, Wang Z, Gao D, Yuan H, Sun L, Zhu X, Zhou Q, Yang Z. A description of the relationship in healthy longevity and aging-related disease: from gene to protein. Immun Ageing 2021; 18:30. [PMID: 34172062 PMCID: PMC8229348 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-021-00241-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Human longevity is a complex phenotype influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. It is also known to be associated with various types of age-related diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). The central dogma of molecular biology demonstrates the conversion of DNA to RNA to the encoded protein. These proteins interact to form complex cell signaling pathways, which perform various biological functions. With prolonged exposure to the environment, the in vivo homeostasis adapts to the changes, and finally, humans adopt the phenotype of longevity or aging-related diseases. In this review, we focus on two different states: longevity and aging-related diseases, including CVD and AD, to discuss the relationship between genetic characteristics, including gene variation, the level of gene expression, regulation of gene expression, the level of protein expression, both genetic and environmental influences and homeostasis based on these phenotypes shown in organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Ni
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, National Health Commission; Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, P.R. China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100001, P.R. China
| | - Zhaoping Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, National Health Commission; Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, P.R. China
| | - Danni Gao
- Peking University Fifth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Huiping Yuan
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, National Health Commission; Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, P.R. China
| | - Liang Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, National Health Commission; Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoquan Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, National Health Commission; Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, P.R. China
| | - Qi Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, National Health Commission; Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, P.R. China
| | - Ze Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, National Health Commission; Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, P.R. China.
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100001, P.R. China.
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286
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Aaliya B, Valiyapeediyekkal Sunooj K, Navaf M, Parambil Akhila P, Sudheesh C, Ahmad Mir S, Sabu S, Sasidharan A, Theingi Hlaing M, George J. Recent trends in bacterial decontamination of food products by hurdle technology: A synergistic approach using thermal and non-thermal processing techniques. Food Res Int 2021; 147:110514. [PMID: 34399492 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Researchers are continuously discovering varied technologies for microbial control to ensure worldwide food safety from farm-to-fork. The microbial load and virulence of spoilage causing microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, yeasts, virus, and protozoa, determines the extent of microbial contamination in a food product. Certain pathogenic microbes can cause food poisoning and foodborne diseases, and adversely affect consumers' health. To erade such food safety-related problems, various traditional and novel food processing methods have been adopted for decades. However, some decontamination techniques bring undesirable changes in food products by affecting their organoleptic and nutritional properties. Combining various thermal and non-thermal food processing methods is an effective way to impart a synergistic effect against food spoilage microorganisms and can be used as an alternative way to combat certain limitations of food processing technologies. The combination of different techniques as hurdles put the microorganisms in a hostile environment and disturbs the homeostasis of microorganisms in food temporarily or permanently. Optimization and globalization of these hurdle combinations is an emerging field in the food processing sector. This review gives an overview of recent inventions in hurdle technology for bacterial decontamination, combining different thermal and non-thermal processing techniques in various food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basheer Aaliya
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India
| | | | - Muhammed Navaf
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India
| | | | - Cherakkathodi Sudheesh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India
| | - Shabir Ahmad Mir
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Government College for Women, M. A. Road, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir 190001, India
| | - Sarasan Sabu
- School of Industrial Fisheries, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi 682016, India
| | - Abhilash Sasidharan
- Department of Fish Processing Technology, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Kochi 682506, India
| | | | - Johnsy George
- Food Engineering and Packaging Division, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Mysore 570011, India
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287
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Tucker DM, Luu P. Motive control of unconscious inference: The limbic base of adaptive Bayes. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 128:328-345. [PMID: 34129851 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Current computational models of neocortical processing, described as predictive coding theory, are providing new ways of understanding Helmholtz's classical insight that perception cannot proceed in a data-driven fashion, but instead requires unconscious inference based on prior experience. Predictive coding is a Bayesian process, in which the operations at each lower level of the cortical hierarchy are predicted by prior projections of expectancies from a higher level, and are then updated by error-correction with lower level evidence. To generalize the predictive coding model to the human neocortex as a whole requires aligning the Bayesian negotiation of prior expectancies with sensory and motor evidence not only within the connectional architecture of the neocortex (primary sensory/motor, unimodal association areas, and heteromodal association areas) but also with the limbic cortex that forms the base for the adaptive control of the heteromodal areas and thereby the cerebral hemisphere as a whole. By reviewing the current evidence on the anatomy of the human corticolimbic connectivity (now formalized as the Structural Model) we address the problem of how limbic cortex resonates to the homeostatic, personal significance of events to provide Bayesian priors to organize the operations of predictive coding across the multiple levels of the neocortex. By reviewing both classical evidence and current models of control exerted between limbic and neocortical networks, we suggest a neuropsychological theory of human cognition, the adaptive Bayes process model, in which prior expectancies are not simply rationalized propositions, but rather affectively-charged expectancies that bias the interpretation of sensory data and action affordances to support allostasis, the motive control of expectancies for future events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don M Tucker
- Brain Electrophysiology Laboratory Company, University of Oregon, United States.
| | - Phan Luu
- Brain Electrophysiology Laboratory Company, University of Oregon, United States
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288
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Sanders DJ, Inniss S, Sebepos-Rogers G, Rahman FZ, Smith AM. The role of the microbiome in gastrointestinal inflammation. Biosci Rep 2021; 41:BSR20203850. [PMID: 34076695 DOI: 10.1042/BSR20203850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbiome plays an important role in maintaining human health. Despite multiple factors being attributed to the shaping of the human microbiome, extrinsic factors such diet and use of medications including antibiotics appear to dominate. Mucosal surfaces, particularly in the gut, are highly adapted to be able to tolerate a large population of microorganisms whilst still being able to produce a rapid and effective immune response against infection. The intestinal microbiome is not functionally independent from the host mucosa and can, through presentation of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) and generation of microbe-derived metabolites, fundamentally influence mucosal barrier integrity and modulate host immunity. In a healthy gut there is an abundance of beneficial bacteria that help to preserve intestinal homoeostasis, promote protective immune responses, and limit excessive inflammation. The importance of the microbiome is further highlighted during dysbiosis where a loss of this finely balanced microbial population can lead to mucosal barrier dysfunction, aberrant immune responses, and chronic inflammation that increases the risk of disease development. Improvements in our understanding of the microbiome are providing opportunities to harness members of a healthy microbiota to help reverse dysbiosis, reduce inflammation, and ultimately prevent disease progression.
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289
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Toin T, Reynaud Q, Denis A, Durieu I, Mainguy C, Llerena C, Pin I, Touzet S, Reix P. HOMA indices as screening tests for cystic fibrosis-related diabetes. J Cyst Fibros 2021:S1569-1993(21)00161-2. [PMID: 34090803 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2021.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We assessed the diagnostic performances of homeostasis model assessment indices (HOMA) of β-cell function (HOMA-%β) and of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) for cystic fibrosis related diabetes (CFRD) screening. METHODS Data were collected from a prospective cohort of 228 patients with CF (117 adults and 111 children). Fasting insulin and glucose levels were measured to calculate HOMA-%β and HOMA-IR. HOMA-%β <100 indicated insulin secretion deficiency and HOMA-IR >1 insulin resistance. Both were used to calculate sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV). Two-hour oral glucose tolerance tests (2h-OGTT) defined CFRD. Analyses were conducted separately for children and adults. Performances of HOMA-%β and HOMA-IR were calculated at inclusion, for each year of follow-up and for pooled data over the follow-up period. RESULTS Sensitivity, specificity, NPV and PPV were respectively: 88%, 45%, 98% and 11% for HOMA-%β and 42%, 48%, 91% and 6% for HOMA-IR in the pooled data of children; and 83%, 18%, 90% and 10% for HOMA-%β, and 39%, 80%, 92% and 18% for HOMA-IR in the pooled data of adults. Combining HOMA-%β and HOMA-IR did not improve performances. CONCLUSION Within both age groups, HOMA-%β <100 provided good sensitivity and NPV. HOMA-IR >1 had low sensitivity. Calculation of the HOMA-%β could be an interesting first-line screening approach to exclude CFRD and thus avoid unnecessary OGTT in patients for whom value is ≥100. However, HOMA-%β<100 does not support the diagnosis of CFRD and should be complemented by OGTT.
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290
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Yang X, Lu W, Hopper CP, Ke B, Wang B. Nature's marvels endowed in gaseous molecules I: Carbon monoxide and its physiological and therapeutic roles. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:1434-1445. [PMID: 34221861 PMCID: PMC8245769 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nature has endowed gaseous molecules such as O2, CO2, CO, NO, H2S, and N2 with critical and diverse roles in sustaining life, from supplying energy needed to power life and building blocks for life's physical structure to mediating and coordinating cellular functions. In this article, we give a brief introduction of the complex functions of the various gaseous molecules in life and then focus on carbon monoxide as a specific example of an endogenously produced signaling molecule to highlight the importance of this class of molecules. The past twenty years have seen much progress in understanding CO's mechanism(s) of action and pharmacological effects as well as in developing delivery methods for easy administration. One remarkable trait of CO is its pleiotropic effects that have few parallels, except perhaps its sister gaseous signaling molecules such as nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide. This review will delve into the sophistication of CO-mediated signaling as well as its validated pharmacological functions and possible therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Wen Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Christopher P. Hopper
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
- Institut für Experimentelle Biomedizin, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Bavaria 97080, Germany
| | - Bowen Ke
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Binghe Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
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291
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DeBofsky A, Xie Y, Challis JK, Jain N, Brinkmann M, Jones PD, Giesy JP. Responses of juvenile fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) gut microbiome to a chronic dietary exposure of benzo[a]pyrene. Environ Pollut 2021; 278:116821. [PMID: 33706240 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The microbiome has been described as an additional host "organ" with well-established beneficial roles. However, the effects of exposures to chemicals on both structure and function of the gut microbiome of fishes are understudied. To determine effects of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), a model persistent organic pollutant, on structural shifts of gut microbiome in juvenile fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas), fish were exposed ad libitum in the diet to concentrations of 1, 10, 100, or 1000 μg BaP g-1 food, in addition to a vehicle control, for two weeks. To determine the link between exposure to BaP and changes in the microbial community, concentrations of metabolites of BaP were measured in fish bile and 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing was used to evaluate the microbiome. Exposure to BaP only reduced alpha-diversity at the greatest exposure concentrations. However, it did alter community composition assessed as differential abundance of taxa and reduced network complexity of the microbial community in all exposure groups. Results presented here illustrate that environmentally-relevant concentrations of BaP can alter the diversity of the gut microbiome and community network connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail DeBofsky
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Yuwei Xie
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
| | - Jonathan K Challis
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Niteesh Jain
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Markus Brinkmann
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Global Institute for Water Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Paul D Jones
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - John P Giesy
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
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292
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Duval F, Mokrani MC, Erb A, Danila V, Lopera FG, Foucher JR, Jeanjean LC. Thyroid axis activity and dopamine function in depression. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2021; 128:105219. [PMID: 33839430 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several lines of evidence suggest alterations in both hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis and dopamine (DA) function in depressed patients. However, the functional relationships between HPT and DA systems have not been well defined. METHODS We examined thyrotropin (TSH) response to 0800 h and 2300 h protirelin (TRH) challenges, and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol and growth hormone (GH) responses to apomorphine (APO, a DA receptor agonist), in 58 drug-free DSM-IV major depressed inpatients without a suicidal behavior, and 22 healthy hospitalized controls. RESULTS Compared with controls, patients showed 1) lower basal serum 2300 h-TSH, 2300 h-∆TSH, and ∆∆TSH (difference between 2300 h-∆TSH and 0800 h-∆TSH) levels, and 2) lower cortisol response to APO (∆COR). A negative relationship between ∆∆TSH values and hormonal responses to APO was observed in the depressed group, but not in the control group. When patients were classified on the basis of their ∆∆TSH status, patients with reduced ∆∆TSH values (< 2.5 mU/L) showed hormonal APO responses comparable to those of controls. Patients with normal ∆∆TSH values exhibited lower ∆ACTH, ∆COR, and ∆GH values than patients with reduced ∆∆TSH values and controls. CONCLUSION Taken together, these results suggest that hypothalamic DA function is unaltered in depressed patients with HPT dysregulation (i.e., increased hypothalamic TRH drive leading to altered TRH receptor chronesthesy on pituitary thyrotrophs). Conversely, hypothalamic DA-receptor function is decreased in patients with normal HPT axis activity. These findings are discussed in the context of the role of TRH as a homeostatic neuromodulator in depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Duval
- APF2R, Rouffach Centre Hospitalier, Pôle 8/9, Rouffach, France.
| | | | - Alexis Erb
- APF2R, Rouffach Centre Hospitalier, Pôle 8/9, Rouffach, France
| | - Vlad Danila
- APF2R, Rouffach Centre Hospitalier, Pôle 8/9, Rouffach, France
| | | | - Jack R Foucher
- iCube, University of Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7357 FMTS and CEMNIS, Noninvasive Neuromodulation Center, University Hospital Strasbourg, France
| | - Ludovic C Jeanjean
- APF2R, Rouffach Centre Hospitalier, Pôle 8/9, Rouffach, France; iCube, University of Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7357 FMTS and CEMNIS, Noninvasive Neuromodulation Center, University Hospital Strasbourg, France
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293
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Liu B, Liu N, Zhu X, Yang L, Ye B, Li H, Zhu P, Lu T, Tian Y, Fan Z. Circular RNA circZbtb20 maintains ILC3 homeostasis and function via Alkbh5-dependent m 6A demethylation of Nr4a1 mRNA. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:1412-1424. [PMID: 33911218 PMCID: PMC8166869 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-021-00680-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s) play critical roles in innate immunity and gut homeostasis. However, how ILC3 homeostasis is regulated remains elusive. Here, we identified a novel circular RNA, circZbtb20, that is highly expressed in ILC3s and required for their maintenance and function. CircZbtb20 deletion causes reduced ILC3 numbers, increasing susceptibility to C. rodentium infection. Mechanistically, circZbtb20 enhances the interaction of Alkbh5 with Nr4a1 mRNA, leading to ablation of the m6A modification of Nr4a1 mRNA to promote its stability. Nr4a1 initiates Notch2 signaling activation, which contributes to the maintenance of ILC3 homeostasis. Deletion of Alkbh5 or Nr4a1 also impairs ILC3 homeostasis and increases susceptibilities to bacterial infection. Thus, our findings reveal an important role of circular RNA in the regulation of innate lymphoid cell homeostasis.
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MESH Headings
- Adenosine/analogs & derivatives
- Adenosine/metabolism
- AlkB Homolog 5, RNA Demethylase/metabolism
- Animals
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Survival
- Demethylation
- Gastrointestinal Tract/immunology
- Homeostasis
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Mice, Knockout
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1/genetics
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1/metabolism
- Protein Binding
- RNA Stability
- RNA, Circular/genetics
- RNA, Circular/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptor, Notch2/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Benyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of CAS, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Research Center of Basic Medicine, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Nian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of CAS, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Zhu
- Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liuliu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of CAS, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Buqing Ye
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of CAS, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huimu Li
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of CAS, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pingping Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of CAS, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tiankun Lu
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of CAS, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Tian
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Zusen Fan
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of CAS, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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294
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Cavinato C, Murtada SI, Rojas A, Humphrey JD. Evolving structure-function relations during aortic maturation and aging revealed by multiphoton microscopy. Mech Ageing Dev 2021; 196:111471. [PMID: 33741396 PMCID: PMC8154707 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2021.111471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The evolving microstructure and mechanical properties that promote homeostasis in the aorta are fundamental to age-specific adaptations and disease progression. We combine ex vivo multiphoton microscopy and biaxial biomechanical phenotyping to quantify and correlate layer-specific microstructural parameters, for the primary extracellular matrix components (fibrillar collagen and elastic lamellae) and cells (endothelial, smooth muscle, and adventitial), with mechanical properties of the mouse aorta from weaning through natural aging up to one year. The aging endothelium was characterized by progressive reductions in cell density and altered cellular orientation. The media similarly showed a progressive decrease in smooth muscle cell density and alignment though with inter-lamellar widening from intermediate to older ages, suggesting cell hypertrophy, matrix accumulation, or both. Despite not changing in tissue thickness, the aging adventitia exhibited a marked thickening and straightening of collagen fiber bundles and reduction in cell density, suggestive of age-related remodeling not growth. Multiple microstructural changes correlated with age-related increases in circumferential and axial material stiffness, among other mechanical metrics. Because of the importance of aging as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, understanding the normal progression of structural and functional changes is essential when evaluating superimposed disease-related changes as a function of the age of onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Cavinato
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sae-Il Murtada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Alexia Rojas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jay D Humphrey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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295
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Abstract
This review highlights the most recent updated information available about Zn phytotoxicity at physiological, biochemical and molecular levels, uptake mechanisms as well as excess Zn homeostasis in plants. Zinc (Zn) is a natural component of soil in terrestrial environments and is a vital element for plant growth, as it performs imperative functions in numerous metabolic pathways. However, potentially noxious levels of Zn in soils can result in various alterations in plants like reduced growth, photosynthetic and respiratory rate, imbalanced mineral nutrition and enhanced generation of reactive oxygen species. Zn enters into soils through various sources, such as weathering of rocks, forest fires, volcanoes, mining and smelting activities, manure, sewage sludge and phosphatic fertilizers. The rising alarm in environmental facet, as well as, the narrow gap between Zn essentiality and toxicity in plants has drawn the attention of the scientific community to its effects on plants and crucial role in agricultural sustainability. Hence, this review focuses on the most recent updates about various physiological and biochemical functions perturbed by high levels of Zn, its mechanisms of uptake and transport as well as molecular aspects of surplus Zn homeostasis in plants. Moreover, this review attempts to understand the mechanisms of Zn toxicity in plants and to present novel perspectives intended to drive future investigations on the topic. The findings will further throw light on various mechanisms adopted by plants to cope with Zn stress which will be of great significance to breeders for enhancing tolerance to Zn contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harmanjit Kaur
- Department of Botany, Akal University, Bathinda, 151302, Punjab, India
| | - Neera Garg
- Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
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296
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Sebastiani J, McDonald MD. The role of uptake and degradation in the regulation of peripheral serotonin dynamics in Gulf toadfish, Opsanus beta. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2021; 258:110980. [PMID: 34023534 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.110980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The neurotransmitter serotonin (5-hyroxytryptamine, 5-HT) is involved in a variety of peripheral processes. Arguably most notable is its role as a circulating vasoconstrictor in the plasma of vertebrates. Plasma 5-HT is maintained at constant levels under normal conditions through the processes of cellular uptake, degradation, and excretion, known collectively as clearance. However, the degree to which each individual component of clearance contributes to this whole animal response remains poorly understood. The goal of this experiment was to determine the extent to which transporter-mediated uptake and intracellular degradation contribute to 5-HT clearance in the model teleost Gulf toadfish (Opsanus beta). Fish that were treated with the 5-HT transport inhibitors fluoxetine, buproprion, and decynium-22 had 1.47-fold higher plasma 5-HT concentrations and a 40% decrease in clearance rate compared to control fish. In contrast, fish treated with the MAO inhibitor clorgyline had a 1.54-fold increase in plasma 5-HT with no change in clearance rate. The results show that transporter-mediated 5-HT uptake plays an important role in controlling circulating 5-HT and whole body 5-HT homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Sebastiani
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - M Danielle McDonald
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
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297
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Chen AB, Deb D, Bahl A, Engert F. Algorithms underlying flexible phototaxis in larval zebrafish. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:268333. [PMID: 34027982 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.238386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
To thrive, organisms must maintain physiological and environmental variables in suitable ranges. Given that these variables undergo constant fluctuations over varying time scales, how do biological control systems maintain control over these values? We explored this question in the context of phototactic behavior in larval zebrafish. We demonstrate that larval zebrafish use phototaxis to maintain environmental luminance at a set point, that the value of this set point fluctuates on a time scale of seconds when environmental luminance changes, and that it is determined by calculating the mean input across both sides of the visual field. These results expand on previous studies of flexible phototaxis in larval zebrafish; they suggest that larval zebrafish exert homeostatic control over the luminance of their surroundings, and that feedback from the surroundings drives allostatic changes to the luminance set point. As such, we describe a novel behavioral algorithm with which larval zebrafish exert control over a sensory variable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex B Chen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.,Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Diptodip Deb
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Armin Bahl
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Florian Engert
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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298
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Wang Y, Huang Z, Antoneli F, Golubitsky M. The structure of infinitesimal homeostasis in input-output networks. J Math Biol 2021; 82:62. [PMID: 34021398 PMCID: PMC8139887 DOI: 10.1007/s00285-021-01614-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Homeostasis refers to a phenomenon whereby the output [Formula: see text] of a system is approximately constant on variation of an input [Formula: see text]. Homeostasis occurs frequently in biochemical networks and in other networks of interacting elements where mathematical models are based on differential equations associated to the network. These networks can be abstracted as digraphs [Formula: see text] with a distinguished input node [Formula: see text], a different distinguished output node o, and a number of regulatory nodes [Formula: see text]. In these models the input-output map [Formula: see text] is defined by a stable equilibrium [Formula: see text] at [Formula: see text]. Stability implies that there is a stable equilibrium [Formula: see text] for each [Formula: see text] near [Formula: see text] and infinitesimal homeostasis occurs at [Formula: see text] when [Formula: see text]. We show that there is an [Formula: see text] homeostasis matrix [Formula: see text] for which [Formula: see text] if and only if [Formula: see text]. We note that the entries in H are linearized couplings and [Formula: see text] is a homogeneous polynomial of degree [Formula: see text] in these entries. We use combinatorial matrix theory to factor the polynomial [Formula: see text] and thereby determine a menu of different types of possible homeostasis associated with each digraph [Formula: see text]. Specifically, we prove that each factor corresponds to a subnetwork of [Formula: see text]. The factors divide into two combinatorially defined classes: structural and appendage. Structural factors correspond to feedforward motifs and appendage factors correspond to feedback motifs. Finally, we discover an algorithm for determining the homeostasis subnetwork motif corresponding to each factor of [Formula: see text] without performing numerical simulations on model equations. The algorithm allows us to classify low degree factors of [Formula: see text]. There are two types of degree 1 homeostasis (negative feedback loops and kinetic or Haldane motifs) and there are two types of degree 2 homeostasis (feedforward loops and a degree two appendage motif).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Wang
- Department of Mathematics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
| | | | - Fernando Antoneli
- Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 04039-032 Brazil
| | - Martin Golubitsky
- Department of Mathematics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
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299
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Allahverdyan AE. Energy dissipation and storage in adaptation and homeostasis: Comment on "Dynamic and thermodynamic models of adaptation" by A.N. Gorban et al. Phys Life Rev 2021; 38:137-139. [PMID: 34088611 DOI: 10.1016/j.plrev.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Armen E Allahverdyan
- Alikhanian National Laboratory (Yerevan Physics Institute), 2 Alikhanian Brothers street, Yerevan 0036, Armenia.
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300
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Ying H, Shen Z, Wang J, Zhou B. Role of iron homeostasis in the heart : Heart failure, cardiomyopathy, and ischemia-reperfusion injury. Herz 2021; 47:141-149. [PMID: 33978777 DOI: 10.1007/s00059-021-05039-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
As an essential trace mineral in mammals and the second most abundant metal in the Earth's crust, iron acts as a double-edged sword in humans. Iron plays important beneficial roles in numerous biological processes ranging from deoxyribonucleic acid biosynthesis and protein function to cell cycle progression. However, iron metabolism disruption leads to widespread tissue degeneration and organ dysfunction. An increasing number of studies have focused on iron regulation pathways and have explored the relationship between iron and cardiovascular diseases. Ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of programmed cell death, was first described in cancer cells and has recently been linked to heart diseases, including cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury and doxorubicin-induced myocardiopathy. Here, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of iron homeostasis and heart diseases and discuss potential relationships between ferroptosis and cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury and cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangying Ying
- Department of Cardiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310016, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhida Shen
- Department of Cardiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310016, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiacheng Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310016, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Binquan Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310016, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China.
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