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Ofir-Birin Y, Abou Karam P, Rudik A, Giladi T, Porat Z, Regev-Rudzki N. Monitoring Extracellular Vesicle Cargo Active Uptake by Imaging Flow Cytometry. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1011. [PMID: 29881375 PMCID: PMC5976745 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are essential for long distance cell–cell communication. They function as carriers of different compounds, including proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. Pathogens, like malaria parasites (Plasmodium falciparum, Pf), excel in employing vesicle release to mediate cell communication in diverse processes, particularly in manipulating the host response. Establishing research tools to study the interface between pathogen-derived vesicles and their host recipient cells will greatly benefit the scientific community. Here, we present an imaging flow cytometry (IFC) method for monitoring the uptake of malaria-derived vesicles by host immune cells. By staining different cargo components, we were able to directly track the cargo’s internalization over time and measure the kinetics of its delivery. Impressively, we demonstrate that this method can be used to specifically monitor the translocation of a specific protein within the cellular milieu upon internalization of parasitic cargo; namely, we were able to visually observe how uptaken parasitic Pf-DNA cargo leads to translocation of transcription factor IRF3 from the cytosol to the nucleus within the recipient immune cell. Our findings demonstrate that our method can be used to study cellular dynamics upon vesicle uptake in different host–pathogen and pathogen–pathogen systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifat Ofir-Birin
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Biochemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Paula Abou Karam
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Biochemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ariel Rudik
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Biochemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Tal Giladi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Biochemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ziv Porat
- Flow Cytometry Unit, Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Neta Regev-Rudzki
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Biochemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Durbin KR, Phipps C, Liao X. Mechanistic Modeling of Antibody-Drug Conjugate Internalization at the Cellular Level Reveals Inefficient Processing Steps. Mol Cancer Ther 2018; 17:1341-1351. [PMID: 29592884 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-17-0672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) offer an avenue for specific drug delivery to target cells. Here, parameters with important roles in the cellular processing of ADCs were quantitatively measured for Ab033, an antibody against EGFR. In EGFR-overexpressing cancer cell lines, Ab033 internalized at rates of 0.047/min and 0.15/min for A431 and H441 cells, respectively. Once internalized, Ab033 either trafficked to the lysosome or was recycled; up to 45% of internalized Ab033 returned to the cell surface. Despite such recycling, intracellular accumulation of Ab033 continually increased over 24 hours. Ab033 was conjugated to form a dual toxin ADC containing both cleavable and non-cleavable linker-drug payloads for release rate comparisons. Intracellular concentrations of freed drug from cleavable linker were greater than from non-cleavable linker and exceeded 5 × 106 drug molecules per A431 cell after 24 hours. Compared with intracellular antibody accumulation, formation of released drug was delayed, likely due to the time needed for endo-lysosomal trafficking and subsequent linker/antibody proteolysis. Informed by the quantitative data, a cellular ADC model was constructed and used to summarize processing inefficiencies. Modeling simulations were conducted to determine parameter sensitivity on intracellular drug concentrations, with rates of EGFR internalization and recycling as well as ADC trafficking found to be the most sensitive toward final intracellular drug concentrations. Overall, this study shows Ab033 ADCs to be a viable strategy for delivery of cytotoxic drugs into tumor cells with subsequent modeling efforts able to highlight key processing steps to be improved for increased drug delivery. Mol Cancer Ther; 17(6); 1341-51. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth R Durbin
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, AbbVie, Inc., North Chicago, Illinois.
| | - Colin Phipps
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, AbbVie, Inc., North Chicago, Illinois
| | - Xiaoli Liao
- Process R&D Department, AbbVie, Inc., North Chicago, Illinois
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53
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Imaging flow cytometry: A method for examining dynamic native FOXO1 localization in human lymphocytes. J Immunol Methods 2018; 454:59-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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54
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Liu S, Jia H, Hou S, Xin T, Guo X, Zhang G, Gao X, Li M, Zhu W, Zhu H. Recombinant Mtb9.8 of Mycobacterium bovis stimulates TNF-α and IL-1β secretion by RAW264.7 macrophages through activation of NF-κB pathway via TLR2. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1928. [PMID: 29386556 PMCID: PMC5792469 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20433-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The Mtb9.8 antigenic protein of Mycobacterium bovis/Mycobacterium tuberculosis has been identified as a target of the T-cell response. However, the interaction of Mtb9.8 with Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and the relevant signaling pathways have not been fully clarified. In this study, recombinant Mtb9.8 (rMtb9.8) derived from M. bovis-stimulated RAW264.7 cells initiated the secretion of TNF-α and IL-1β in a dose-dependent manner. Blocking assays show that TLR2-neutralizing antibody decreases the production of TNF-α and IL-1β. Moreover, NF-κB activation is associated with TNF-α and IL-1β production by rMtb9.8 stimulation, and rMtb9.8 stimulation also induces the phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 at Ser536 and its rapid nuclear translocation in RAW264.7 cells. Furthermore, NF-κB luciferase activity is rapidly activated in response to rMtb9.8 in RAW264.7 cells and is also significantly increased in rMtb9.8-induced HEK293-TLR2. However, these activations were abrogated in cells with a dominant-negative mutation of NF-κB p65 and by treatment with anti-TLR2 antibody. We also find that rMtb9.8 induces the activation of IRF-1. These findings indicate that M. bovis-derived rMtb9.8 activates the NF-κB pathway via TLR2 in RAW264.7 cells. In particular, it phosphorylates NF-κB p65 at Ser536 and induces nuclear translocation, thereby leading to the production of TNF-α and IL-1β, which correlates with the induction of IRF-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China.,Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Hong Jia
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Shaohua Hou
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Ting Xin
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Guo
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Gaimei Zhang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Xintao Gao
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Ming Li
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Wuyang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China.
| | - Hongfei Zhu
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China.
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55
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Lubelsky Y, Ulitsky I. Sequences enriched in Alu repeats drive nuclear localization of long RNAs in human cells. Nature 2018; 555:107-111. [PMID: 29466324 PMCID: PMC6047738 DOI: 10.1038/nature25757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are emerging as key parts of multiple cellular pathways, but their modes of action and how these are dictated by sequence remain unclear. lncRNAs tend to be enriched in the nuclear fraction, whereas most mRNAs are overtly cytoplasmic, although several studies have found that hundreds of mRNAs in various cell types are retained in the nucleus. It is thus conceivable that some mechanisms that promote nuclear enrichment are shared between lncRNAs and mRNAs. Here, to identify elements in lncRNAs and mRNAs that can force nuclear localization, we screened libraries of short fragments tiled across nuclear RNAs, which were cloned into the untranslated regions of an efficiently exported mRNA. The screen identified a short sequence derived from Alu elements and bound by HNRNPK that increased nuclear accumulation. Binding of HNRNPK to C-rich motifs outside Alu elements is also associated with nuclear enrichment in both lncRNAs and mRNAs, and this mechanism is conserved across species. Our results thus identify a pathway for regulation of RNA accumulation and subcellular localization that has been co-opted to regulate the fate of transcripts with integrated Alu elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoav Lubelsky
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Igor Ulitsky
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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56
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Shenoy GN, Loyall J, Maguire O, Iyer V, Kelleher RJ, Minderman H, Wallace PK, Odunsi K, Balu-Iyer SV, Bankert RB. Exosomes Associated with Human Ovarian Tumors Harbor a Reversible Checkpoint of T-cell Responses. Cancer Immunol Res 2018; 6:236-247. [PMID: 29301753 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-17-0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nano-sized membrane-encapsulated extracellular vesicles isolated from the ascites fluids of ovarian cancer patients are identified as exosomes based on their biophysical and compositional characteristics. We report here that T cells pulsed with these tumor-associated exosomes during TCR-dependent activation inhibit various activation endpoints including translocation of NFκB and NFAT into the nucleus, upregulation of CD69 and CD107a, production of cytokines, and cell proliferation. In addition, the activation of virus-specific CD8+ T cells that are stimulated with the cognate viral peptides presented in the context of class I MHC is also suppressed by the exosomes. The inhibition occurs without loss of cell viability and coincidentally with the binding and internalization of these exosomes. This exosome-mediated inhibition of T cells was transient and reversible: T cells exposed to exosomes can be reactivated once exosomes are removed. We conclude that tumor-associated exosomes are immunosuppressive and represent a therapeutic target, blockade of which would enhance the antitumor response of quiescent tumor-associated T cells and prevent the functional arrest of adoptively transferred tumor-specific T cells or chimeric antigen receptor T cells. Cancer Immunol Res; 6(2); 236-47. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam N Shenoy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Jenni Loyall
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Orla Maguire
- Flow and Image Cytometry Shared Resource, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Vandana Iyer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Raymond J Kelleher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Hans Minderman
- Flow and Image Cytometry Shared Resource, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Paul K Wallace
- Department of Flow Cytometry, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Kunle Odunsi
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Sathy V Balu-Iyer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Richard B Bankert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York.
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57
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Trifonova RT, Barteneva NS. Quantitation of IRF3 Nuclear Translocation in Heterogeneous Cellular Populations from Cervical Tissue Using Imaging Flow Cytometry. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1745:125-153. [PMID: 29476467 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7680-5_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Imaging flow cytometry (IFC) has become a powerful tool for studying the activation of transcriptional factors in heterogeneous cell populations in high-content imaging mode. With considerable interest to the clinical development of IFC, the question becomes how we can accelerate its application to solid tissues. We developed the first IFC-based procedure to quantify the nuclear translocation of interferon regulatory factor (IRF) 3, an important measure of induction of type I interferon antiviral response, in primary human immune cells including in solid tissues. After tissue digestion and protocol optimization by spectral flow cytometry, cell suspension is stained for intracellular IRF3 and acquired by IFC. Image analysis is performed using an optimized nuclear mask and similarity score parameter to correlate the location of IRF3 staining and a nuclear dye. The technique measures IRF3 activation at a single cell level and can detect small changes in the percent of activated cells providing objective quantitative data for statistical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radiana T Trifonova
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Natasha S Barteneva
- PCMM-Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Technology, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan.
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58
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Grey W, Ivey A, Milne TA, Haferlach T, Grimwade D, Uhlmann F, Voisset E, Yu V. The Cks1/Cks2 axis fine-tunes Mll1 expression and is crucial for MLL-rearranged leukaemia cell viability. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2018; 1865:105-116. [PMID: 28939057 PMCID: PMC5701546 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The Cdc28 protein kinase subunits, Cks1 and Cks2, play dual roles in Cdk-substrate specificity and Cdk-independent protein degradation, in concert with the E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes SCFSkp2 and APCCdc20. Notable targets controlled by Cks include p27 and Cyclin A. Here, we demonstrate that Cks1 and Cks2 proteins interact with both the MllN and MllC subunits of Mll1 (Mixed-lineage leukaemia 1), and together, the Cks proteins define Mll1 levels throughout the cell cycle. Overexpression of CKS1B and CKS2 is observed in multiple human cancers, including various MLL-rearranged (MLLr) AML subtypes. To explore the importance of MLL-Fusion Protein regulation by CKS1/2, we used small molecule inhibitors (MLN4924 and C1) to modulate their protein degradation functions. These inhibitors specifically reduced the proliferation of MLLr cell lines compared to primary controls. Altogether, this study uncovers a novel regulatory pathway for MLL1, which may open a new therapeutic approach to MLLr leukaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Grey
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Adam Ivey
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, London, UK
| | - Thomas A Milne
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre Programme, University of Oxford, UK
| | | | - David Grimwade
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, London, UK
| | - Frank Uhlmann
- Chromosome Segregation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Edwige Voisset
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Veronica Yu
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, London, UK
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59
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14-3-3z sequesters cytosolic T-bet, upregulating IL-13 levels in T C2 and CD8 + lymphocytes from patients with scleroderma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 142:109-119.e6. [PMID: 29155097 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND IL-13-producing CD8+ T cells have been implicated in the pathogenesis of type 2-driven inflammatory human conditions. We have shown that CD8+IL-13+ cells play a critical role in cutaneous fibrosis, the most characteristic feature of systemic sclerosis (SSc; scleroderma). However, the molecular mechanisms underlying production of IL-13 and other type 2 cytokines by CD8+ T cells remain unclear. OBJECTIVE We sought to establish the molecular basis of IL-13 overproduction by CD8+ T cells from patients with SSc, focusing on T-bet modulation of GATA-3 activity, which we showed to underlie IL-13 overproduction in CD8+IL-13+ cells from patients with SSc. METHODS Biochemical and biophysical methods were used to determine the expression and association of T-bet, GATA-3, and regulatory factors in CD8+ T cells isolated from the blood and lesional skin of patients with SSc with severe skin thickening. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis determined GATA-3 binding to the IL-13 promoter. ImageStream analysis and confocal microscopy visualized the subcellular localization of T-bet and GATA-3. Transcript levels were decreased by small interfering RNAs. RESULTS Interaction of T-bet with the adaptor protein 14-3-3z in the cytosol of CD8+ T cells from patients with SSc reduces T-bet translocation into the nucleus and its ability to associate with GATA-3, allowing more GATA-3 to bind to the IL-13 promoter and inducing IL-13 upregulation. Strikingly, we show that this mechanism is also found during type 2 polarization of CD8+ T cells (TC2) from healthy donors. CONCLUSIONS We identified a novel molecular mechanism underlying type 2 cytokine production by CD8+ T cells, revealing a more complete picture of the complex pathway leading to SSc disease pathogenesis.
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60
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Moore TA, Li A, Young EWK. Integrating Population Heterogeneity Indices with Microfluidic Cell-Based Assays. SLAS DISCOVERY 2017; 23:459-473. [PMID: 29048950 DOI: 10.1177/2472555217738533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in cell-based assays have involved the integration of single-cell analyses and microfluidics technology to facilitate both high-content and high-throughput applications. These technical advances have yielded large datasets with single-cell resolution, and have given rise to the study of cell population dynamics, but statistical analyses of these populations and their properties have received much less attention, particularly for cells cultured in microfluidic systems. The objective of this study was to perform statistical analyses using Pittsburgh Heterogeneity Indices (PHIs) to understand the heterogeneity and evolution of cell population demographics on datasets generated from a microfluidic single-cell-resolution cell-based assay. We applied PHIs to cell population data obtained from studies involving drug response and soluble factor signaling of multiple myeloma cancer cells, and investigated effects of reducing population size in the microfluidic assay on both the PHIs and traditional population-averaged readouts. Results showed that PHIs are useful for examining changing population distributions within a microfluidic setting. Furthermore, PHIs provided data in support of finding the minimum population size for a microfluidic assay without altering the heterogeneity indices of the cell population. This work will be useful for novel assay development, and for advancing the integration of microfluidics, cell-based assays, and heterogeneity analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Moore
- 1 Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, Institute of Biomaterials & Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alexander Li
- 2 Division of Engineering Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Edmond W K Young
- 1 Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, Institute of Biomaterials & Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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61
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Rane AS, Rutkauskaite J, deMello A, Stavrakis S. High-Throughput Multi-parametric Imaging Flow Cytometry. Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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62
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Communication via extracellular vesicles enhances viral infection of a cosmopolitan alga. Nat Microbiol 2017; 2:1485-1492. [PMID: 28924189 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-017-0024-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Communication between microorganisms in the marine environment has immense ecological impact by mediating trophic-level interactions and thus determining community structure 1 . Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are produced by bacteria 2,3 , archaea 4 , protists 5 and metazoans, and can mediate pathogenicity 6 or act as vectors for intercellular communication. However, little is known about the involvement of EVs in microbial interactions in the marine environment 7 . Here we investigated the signalling role of EVs produced during interactions between the cosmopolitan alga Emiliania huxleyi and its specific virus (EhV, Phycodnaviridae) 8 , which leads to the demise of these large-scale oceanic blooms 9,10 . We found that EVs are highly produced during viral infection or when bystander cells are exposed to infochemicals derived from infected cells. These vesicles have a unique lipid composition that differs from that of viruses and their infected host cells, and their cargo is composed of specific small RNAs that are predicted to target sphingolipid metabolism and cell-cycle pathways. EVs can be internalized by E. huxleyi cells, which consequently leads to a faster viral infection dynamic. EVs can also prolong EhV half-life in the extracellular milieu. We propose that EVs are exploited by viruses to sustain efficient infectivity and propagation across E. huxleyi blooms. As these algal blooms have an immense impact on the cycling of carbon and other nutrients 11,12 , this mode of cell-cell communication may influence the fate of the blooms and, consequently, the composition and flow of nutrients in marine microbial food webs.
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63
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Radomir L, Cohen S, Kramer MP, Bakos E, Lewinsky H, Barak A, Porat Z, Bucala R, Stepensky P, Becker-Herman S, Shachar I. T Cells Regulate Peripheral Naive Mature B Cell Survival by Cell-Cell Contact Mediated through SLAMF6 and SAP. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:2745-2757. [PMID: 28904129 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The control of lymphoid homeostasis is the result of a very fine balance between lymphocyte production, proliferation, and apoptosis. In this study, we focused on the role of T cells in the maintenance/survival of the mature naive peripheral B cell population. We show that naive B and T cells interact via the signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) family receptor, SLAMF6. This interaction induces cell type-specific signals in both cell types, mediated by the SLAM-associated protein (SAP) family of adaptors. This signaling results in an upregulation of the expression of the cytokine migration inhibitory factor in the T cells and augmented expression of its receptor CD74 on the B cell counterparts, consequently enhancing B cell survival. Furthermore, in X-linked lymphoproliferative disease patients, SAP deficiency reduces CD74 expression, resulting in the perturbation of B cell maintenance from the naive stage. Thus, naive T cells regulate B cell survival in a SLAMF6- and SAP-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihi Radomir
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Sivan Cohen
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Matthias P Kramer
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Eszter Bakos
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Hadas Lewinsky
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Avital Barak
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Ziv Porat
- Department of Biological Services, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Richard Bucala
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520; and
| | - Polina Stepensky
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | | | - Idit Shachar
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel;
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64
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Fischer JC, Otten V, Kober M, Drees C, Rosenbaum M, Schmickl M, Heidegger S, Beyaert R, van Loo G, Li XC, Peschel C, Schmidt-Supprian M, Haas T, Spoerl S, Poeck H. A20 Restrains Thymic Regulatory T Cell Development. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:2356-2365. [PMID: 28842469 PMCID: PMC5617121 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1602102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Maintaining immune tolerance requires the production of Foxp3-expressing regulatory T (Treg) cells in the thymus. Activation of NF-κB transcription factors is critically required for Treg cell development, partly via initiating Foxp3 expression. NF-κB activation is controlled by a negative feedback regulation through the ubiquitin editing enzyme A20, which reduces proinflammatory signaling in myeloid cells and B cells. In naive CD4+ T cells, A20 prevents kinase RIPK3-dependent necroptosis. Using mice deficient for A20 in T lineage cells, we show that thymic and peripheral Treg cell compartments are quantitatively enlarged because of a cell-intrinsic developmental advantage of A20-deficient thymic Treg differentiation. A20-deficient thymic Treg cells exhibit reduced dependence on IL-2 but unchanged rates of proliferation and apoptosis. Activation of the NF-κB transcription factor RelA was enhanced, whereas nuclear translocation of c-Rel was decreased in A20-deficient thymic Treg cells. Furthermore, we found that the increase in Treg cells in T cell–specific A20-deficient mice was already observed in CD4+ single-positive CD25+ GITR+ Foxp3− thymic Treg cell progenitors. Treg cell precursors expressed high levels of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily molecule GITR, whose stimulation is closely linked to thymic Treg cell development. A20-deficient Treg cells efficiently suppressed effector T cell–mediated graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, suggesting normal suppressive function. Holding thymic production of natural Treg cells in check, A20 thus integrates Treg cell activity and increased effector T cell survival into an efficient CD4+ T cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Clemens Fischer
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin III, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Vera Otten
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin III, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Maike Kober
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin III, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph Drees
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin III, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Marc Rosenbaum
- Institut für Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Martina Schmickl
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin III, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Simon Heidegger
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin III, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Rudi Beyaert
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Inflammation Research Center, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Geert van Loo
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Inflammation Research Center, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Xian Chang Li
- Immunobiology & Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Texas Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030; and.,Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Christian Peschel
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin III, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Marc Schmidt-Supprian
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin III, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Haas
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin III, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität, 81675 Munich, Germany;
| | - Silvia Spoerl
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin III, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität, 81675 Munich, Germany;
| | - Hendrik Poeck
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin III, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität, 81675 Munich, Germany;
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Newly Formed Endothelial Cells Regulate Myeloid Cell Activity Following Spinal Cord Injury via Expression of CD200 Ligand. J Neurosci 2017; 37:972-985. [PMID: 28123029 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2199-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) is endowed with several immune-related mechanisms that contribute to its protection and maintenance in homeostasis and under pathology. Here, we discovered an additional mechanism that controls inflammatory responses within the CNS milieu under injurious conditions, involving CD200 ligand (CD200L) expressed by newly formed endothelial cells. We observed that CD200L is constitutively expressed in the mouse healthy CNS by endothelial cells of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier and of the spinal cord meninges, but not by the endothelium of the blood-spinal cord barrier. Following spinal cord injury (SCI), newly formed endothelial cells, located only at the epicenter of the lesion site, expressed CD200L. Moreover, in the absence of CD200L expression by CNS-resident cells, functional recovery of mice following SCI was impaired. High throughput single-cell flow cytometry image analysis following SCI revealed CD200L-dependent direct interaction between endothelial and local CD200R+ myeloid cells, including activated microglia and infiltrating monocyte-derived macrophages (mo-MΦ). Absence of CD200L signaling, both in vitro and in vivo, resulted in a higher inflammatory response of the encountering macrophages, manifested by elevation in mRNA expression of Tnfα and Il1β, increased intracellular TNFα immunoreactivity, and reduced expression levels of macrophage factors that are associated with resolution of inflammation, Dectin-1, CD206 (mannose receptor), and IL-4R. Collectively, our results highlight the importance of CD200-mediated immune dialogue between endothelial cells and the local resident microglia and infiltrating mo-MΦ within the lesion area, as a mechanism that contributes to regulation of inflammation following acute CNS injury. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This manuscript focuses on a novel mechanism of inflammation-regulation following spinal cord injury (SCI), orchestrated by CD200-ligand (CD200L) expressed by newly formed endothelial cells within the lesion site. Our study reveals that, in homeostasis, CD200L is expressed by endothelial cells of the mouse blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier and of the blood-leptomeningeal barrier, but not by endothelial cells of the blood-spinal cord barrier. Following SCI, newly formed endothelial cells located within the epicenter of the lesion site were found to express CD200L at time points that were shown to be critical for repair. Our results reveal a direct interaction between CD200L+ endothelial cells and CD200R+ microglia and macrophages, resulting in attenuated inflammation, biasing macrophage phenotype toward inflammation-resolving cells, and promotion of functional recovery following SCI.
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66
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Shmuel-Galia L, Klug Y, Porat Z, Charni M, Zarmi B, Shai Y. Intramembrane attenuation of the TLR4-TLR6 dimer impairs receptor assembly and reduces microglia-mediated neurodegeneration. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:13415-13427. [PMID: 28655763 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.784983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, a single study revealed a new complex composed of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), TLR6, and CD36 induced by fibrillary Aβ peptides, the hallmark of Alzheimer's disease. Unlike TLRs located on the plasma membrane that dimerize on the membrane after ligand binding to their extracellular domain, the TLR4-TLR6-CD36 complex assembly has been suggested to be induced by intracellular signals from CD36, similar to integrin inside-out signaling. However, the assembly site of TLR4-TLR6-CD36 and the domains participating in Aβ-induced signaling is still unknown. By interfering with TLR4-TLR6 dimerization using a TLR4-derived peptide, we show that receptor assembly is abrogated within the plasma membrane. Furthermore, we reveal that the transmembrane domains of TLR4 and TLR6 have an essential role in receptor dimerization and activation. Inhibition of TLR4-TLR6 assembly was associated with reduced secretion of proinflammatory mediators from microglia cells, ultimately rescuing neurons from death. Our findings support TLR4-TLR6 dimerization induced by Aβ. Moreover, we shed new light on TLR4-TLR6 assembly and localization and show the potential of inhibiting TLR4-TLR6 dimerization as a treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yoel Klug
- From the Departments of Biomolecular Science and
| | - Ziv Porat
- Biological Services, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | | | - Batya Zarmi
- From the Departments of Biomolecular Science and
| | - Yechiel Shai
- From the Departments of Biomolecular Science and
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67
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Goropevšek A, Gorenjak M, Gradišnik S, Dai K, Holc I, Hojs R, Krajnc I, Pahor A, Avčin T. Increased Levels of STAT1 Protein in Blood CD4 T Cells from Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients Are Associated with Perturbed Homeostasis of Activated CD45RA-FOXP3hi Regulatory Subset and Follow-Up Disease Severity. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2017; 37:254-268. [DOI: 10.1089/jir.2016.0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Aleš Goropevšek
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, University Medical Centre Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Maksimiljan Gorenjak
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, University Medical Centre Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Suzana Gradišnik
- Department of Rheumatology, University Medical Centre Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Klara Dai
- Department of Rheumatology, University Medical Centre Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Iztok Holc
- Department of Rheumatology, University Medical Centre Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Radovan Hojs
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Centre Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Ivan Krajnc
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Artur Pahor
- Department of Rheumatology, University Medical Centre Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Tadej Avčin
- Department of Allergology, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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68
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Zupančič E, Curato C, Paisana M, Rodrigues C, Porat Z, Viana AS, Afonso CAM, Pinto J, Gaspar R, Moreira JN, Satchi-Fainaro R, Jung S, Florindo HF. Rational design of nanoparticles towards targeting antigen-presenting cells and improved T cell priming. J Control Release 2017; 258:182-195. [PMID: 28511928 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination is a promising strategy to trigger and boost immune responses against cancer or infectious disease. We have designed, synthesized and characterized aliphatic-polyester (poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NP) to investigate how the nature of protein association (adsorbed versus entrapped) and polymer/surfactant concentrations impact on the generation and modulation of antigen-specific immune responses. The ability of the NP formulations to target dendritic cells (DC), be internalized and activate the T cells was characterized and optimized in vitro and in vivo using markers of DC activation and co-stimulatory molecules. Ovalbumin (OVA) was used as a model antigen in combination with the engraftment of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, carrying a transgenic OVA-responding T cell receptor (TCR), to trace and characterize the activation of antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ lymph node T cells upon NP vaccination. Accordingly, the phenotype and frequency of immune cell stimulation induced by the NP loaded with OVA, isolated or in combination with synthetic unmethylated cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) motifs, were characterized. DC-NP interactions increased with incubation time, presenting internalization values between 50 and 60% and 30-40%, in vitro and in vivo, respectively. Interestingly, animal immunization with antigen-adsorbed NP up-regulated major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II (MHCII), while NP entrapping the antigen up-regulated MHCI, suggesting a more efficient cross-presentation. On the other hand, rather surprisingly, the surfactant used in the NP formulation had a major impact on the activation of antigen presenting cells (APC). In fact, DC collected from lymph nodes of animals immunized with NP prepared using poly(vinil alcohol) (PVA), as a surfactant, expressed significantly higher levels of CD86, MHCI and MHCII. In addition, those NP prepared with PVA and co-entrapping OVA and the toll-like receptor (TLR) ligand CpG, induced the most profound antigen-specific T cell response, by both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, in vivo. Overall, our data reveal the impact of NP composition and surface properties on the type and extension of induced immune responses. Deeper understanding on the NP-immune cell crosstalk can guide the rational development of nano-immunotherapeutic systems with improved and specific therapeutic efficacy and avoiding off-target effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Zupančič
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal.; CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Caterina Curato
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Maria Paisana
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Catarina Rodrigues
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ziv Porat
- Department of Biological Services, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ana S Viana
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Center, Sciences Faculty, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carlos A M Afonso
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João Pinto
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rogério Gaspar
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João N Moreira
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology University of Coimbra, Portugal; FFUC - Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ronit Satchi-Fainaro
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Steffen Jung
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Helena F Florindo
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal..
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69
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Wortzel I, Koifman G, Rotter V, Seger R, Porat Z. High Throughput Analysis of Golgi Structure by Imaging Flow Cytometry. Sci Rep 2017; 7:788. [PMID: 28400563 PMCID: PMC5429768 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00909-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus is a dynamic organelle, which regulates the vesicular trafficking. While cellular trafficking requires active changes of the Golgi membranes, these are not accompanied by changes in the general Golgi’s structure. However, cellular processes such as mitosis, apoptosis and migration require fragmentation of the Golgi complex. Currently, these changes are most commonly studied by basic immunofluorescence and quantified by manual and subjective classification of the Golgi structure in 100–500 stained cells. Several other high-throughput methods exist as well, but those are either complicated or do not provide enough morphological information. Therefore, a simple and informative high content methodology should be beneficial for the study of Golgi architecture. Here we describe the use of high-throughput imaging flow cytometry for quantification of Golgi fragmentation, which provides a simple way to analyze the changes in an automated, quantitative and non-biased manner. Furthermore, it provides a rapid and accurate way to analyze more than 50,000 cells per sample. Our results demonstrate that this method is robust and statistically powerful, thus, providing a much-needed analytical tool for future studies on Golgi dynamics, and can be adapted to other experimental systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inbal Wortzel
- Dept. of Biological Regulation, the Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Gabriela Koifman
- Dept. Of Molecular Cell Biology, the Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Varda Rotter
- Dept. Of Molecular Cell Biology, the Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Rony Seger
- Dept. of Biological Regulation, the Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ziv Porat
- Dept. of Life Sciences Core Facilities, the Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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70
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Peled S, Sade D, Bram Y, Porat Z, Kreiser T, Mimouni M, Lichtenstein A, Segal D, Gazit E. Single cell imaging and quantification of TDP-43 and α-synuclein intercellular propagation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:544. [PMID: 28373710 PMCID: PMC5428807 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00657-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The intercellular spreading of protein assemblies is a major factor in the progression of neurodegenerative disorders. The quantitative study and visualization of cell-to-cell propagation using tagged-proteins is challenging due to the steric effect of relatively large fluorescence tags and the risk of 'false positive' identification when analyzing these rare transmission events. Here, we established a cell culture model to characterize the cell-to-cell transmission of TAR DNA-binding protein and α-synuclein, involved in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Parkinson's disease, respectively, using the small nine amino acid influenza hemagglutinin tag. The novel use of single cell resolution imaging flow cytometry allowed the visualization and quantification of all individual transmission events. Cell-level analysis of these events indicated that the degree of transfer is lower than previously reported based on conventional flow cytometry. Furthermore, our analysis can exclude 'false positive' events of cellular overlap and extracellular debris attachment. The results were corroborated by high-resolution confocal microscopy mapping of protein localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivan Peled
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel
| | - Dorin Sade
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel
| | - Yaron Bram
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Ziv Porat
- Flow Cytometry Unit, Department of Biological Services, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Topaz Kreiser
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel
| | - Michael Mimouni
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Alexandra Lichtenstein
- Sackler Cellular and Molecular Imaging Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Daniel Segal
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel
- Sagol Interdisciplinary School of Neurosciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel
| | - Ehud Gazit
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel.
- Sagol Interdisciplinary School of Neurosciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel.
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71
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Goropevšek A, Gorenjak M, Gradišnik S, Dai K, Holc I, Hojs R, Krajnc I, Pahor A, Avčin T. STAT5 phosphorylation in CD4 T cells from patients with SLE is related to changes in their subsets and follow-up disease severity. J Leukoc Biol 2017; 101:1405-1418. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.5a0416-194r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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72
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Riether C, Schürch CM, Bührer ED, Hinterbrandner M, Huguenin AL, Hoepner S, Zlobec I, Pabst T, Radpour R, Ochsenbein AF. CD70/CD27 signaling promotes blast stemness and is a viable therapeutic target in acute myeloid leukemia. J Exp Med 2016; 214:359-380. [PMID: 28031480 PMCID: PMC5294846 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20152008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Riether et al. show that CD70/CD27 signaling activates stem cell gene expression programs in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Blocking the CD70/CD27 interaction inhibits self-renewal and induces differentiation of AML blasts and stem/progenitor cells. Aberrant proliferation, symmetric self-renewal, increased survival, and defective differentiation of malignant blasts are key oncogenic drivers in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Stem cell gene signatures predict poor prognosis in AML patients; however, with few exceptions, these deregulated molecular pathways cannot be targeted therapeutically. In this study, we demonstrate that the TNF superfamily ligand–receptor pair CD70/CD27 is expressed on AML blasts and AML stem/progenitor cells. CD70/CD27 signaling in AML cells activates stem cell gene expression programs, including the Wnt pathway, and promotes symmetric cell divisions and proliferation. Soluble CD27, reflecting the extent of CD70/CD27 interactions in vivo, was significantly elevated in the sera of newly diagnosed AML patients and is a strong independent negative prognostic biomarker for overall survival. Blocking the CD70/CD27 interaction by mAb induced asymmetric cell divisions and differentiation in AML blasts and AML stem/progenitor cells, inhibited cell growth and colony formation, and significantly prolonged survival in murine AML xenografts. Importantly, hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells from healthy BM donors express neither CD70 nor CD27 and were unaffected by blocking mAb treatment. Therefore, targeting CD70/CD27 signaling represents a promising therapeutic strategy for AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Riether
- Tumor Immunology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Medical Oncology, Inselspital, University Hospital and University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christian M Schürch
- Tumor Immunology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland.,Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Elias D Bührer
- Tumor Immunology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Anne-Laure Huguenin
- Tumor Immunology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Hoepner
- Tumor Immunology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Inti Zlobec
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Pabst
- Department of Medical Oncology, Inselspital, University Hospital and University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ramin Radpour
- Tumor Immunology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Adrian F Ochsenbein
- Tumor Immunology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland .,Department of Medical Oncology, Inselspital, University Hospital and University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
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73
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A high-throughput bioimaging study to assess the impact of chitosan-based nanoparticle degradation on DNA delivery performance. Acta Biomater 2016; 46:129-140. [PMID: 27686038 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
By using imaging flow cytometry as a powerful statistical high-throughput technique we investigated the impact of degradation on the biological performance of trimethyl chitosan (TMC)-based nanoparticles (NPs). In order to achieve high transfection efficiencies, a precise balance between NP stability and degradation must occur. We altered the biodegradation rate of the TMC NPs by varying the degree of acetylation (DA) of the polymer (DA ranged from 4 to 21%), giving rise to NPs with different enzymatic degradation profiles. While this parameter did not affect NP size, charge or ability to protect plasmid DNA, NPs based on TMC with an intermediate DA (16%) showed the highest transfection efficiency. Subsequently, by means of a single quantitative technique, we were able to follow, for each tested formulation, major steps of the NP-mediated gene delivery process - NP cell membrane association, internalization and intracellular trafficking, including plasmid DNA transport towards the nucleus. NP cytotoxicity was also possible to determine by quantification of cell apoptosis. Overall, the obtained data revealed that the biodegradation rate of these NPs affects their intracellular trafficking and, consequently, their efficiency to transfect cells. Thus, one can use the polymer DA to modulate the NPs towards attaining different degradation rates and tune their bioactivity according to the desired application. Furthermore, this novel technical approach revealed to be a valuable tool for the initial steps of nucleic acid vector design. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE By changing the biodegradation rate of trimethyl chitosan-based nanoparticles (NPs) one was able to alter the NP ability to protect or efficiently release DNA and consequently, to modulate their intracellular dynamics. To address the influence of NP degradation rate in their transfection efficiency we took advantage of imaging flow cytometry, a high-throughput bioimaging technique, to unravel some critical aspects about NP formulation such as the distinction between internalized versus cell-associated/adsorbed NP, and even explore NP intracellular localization. Overall, our work provides novel information about the importance of vector degradation rate for gene delivery into cells, as a way to tune gene expression as a function of the desired application, and advances novel approaches to optimize nanoparticle formulation.
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74
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Rivkin N, Chapnik E, Mildner A, Barshtein G, Porat Z, Kartvelishvily E, Dadosh T, Birger Y, Amir G, Yedgar S, Izraeli S, Jung S, Hornstein E. Erythrocyte survival is controlled by microRNA-142. Haematologica 2016; 102:676-685. [PMID: 27909218 PMCID: PMC5395108 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2016.156109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic–specific microRNA-142 is a critical regulator of various blood cell lineages, but its role in erythrocytes is unexplored. Herein, we characterize the impact of microRNA-142 on erythrocyte physiology and molecular cell biology, using a mouse loss-of-function allele. We report that microRNA-142 is required for maintaining the typical erythrocyte biconcave shape and structural resilience, for the normal metabolism of reactive oxygen species, and for overall lifespan. microRNA-142 further controls ACTIN filament homeostasis and membrane skeleton organization. The analyses presented reveal previously unappreciated functions of microRNA-142 and contribute to an emerging view of small RNAs as key players in erythropoiesis. Finally, the work herein demonstrates how a housekeeping network of cytoskeletal regulators can be reshaped by a single micro-RNA denominator in a cell type specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Rivkin
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Elik Chapnik
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Alexander Mildner
- Department of Immunology Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Gregory Barshtein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hebrew university, Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ziv Porat
- Flow Cytometry Unit, Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Elena Kartvelishvily
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Tali Dadosh
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yehudit Birger
- Functional Genomics and Leukemic Research, Cancer Research Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Gail Amir
- Department of Pathology, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Saul Yedgar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hebrew university, Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shai Izraeli
- Functional Genomics and Leukemic Research, Cancer Research Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Tel Aviv University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Steffen Jung
- Department of Immunology Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eran Hornstein
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Mace EM, Bigley V, Gunesch JT, Chinn IK, Angelo LS, Care MA, Maisuria S, Keller MD, Togi S, Watkin LB, LaRosa DF, Jhangiani SN, Muzny DM, Stray-Pedersen A, Coban Akdemir Z, Smith JB, Hernández-Sanabria M, Le DT, Hogg GD, Cao TN, Freud AG, Szymanski EP, Savic S, Collin M, Cant AJ, Gibbs RA, Holland SM, Caligiuri MA, Ozato K, Paust S, Doody GM, Lupski JR, Orange JS. Biallelic mutations in IRF8 impair human NK cell maturation and function. J Clin Invest 2016; 127:306-320. [PMID: 27893462 DOI: 10.1172/jci86276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human NK cell deficiencies are rare yet result in severe and often fatal disease, particularly as a result of viral susceptibility. NK cells develop from hematopoietic stem cells, and few monogenic errors that specifically interrupt NK cell development have been reported. Here we have described biallelic mutations in IRF8, which encodes an interferon regulatory factor, as a cause of familial NK cell deficiency that results in fatal and severe viral disease. Compound heterozygous or homozygous mutations in IRF8 in 3 unrelated families resulted in a paucity of mature CD56dim NK cells and an increase in the frequency of the immature CD56bright NK cells, and this impairment in terminal maturation was also observed in Irf8-/-, but not Irf8+/-, mice. We then determined that impaired maturation was NK cell intrinsic, and gene expression analysis of human NK cell developmental subsets showed that multiple genes were dysregulated by IRF8 mutation. The phenotype was accompanied by deficient NK cell function and was stable over time. Together, these data indicate that human NK cells require IRF8 for development and functional maturation and that dysregulation of this function results in severe human disease, thereby emphasizing a critical role for NK cells in human antiviral defense.
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76
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Sharkia I, Hadad Erlich T, Landolina N, Assayag M, Motzik A, Rachmin I, Kay G, Porat Z, Tshori S, Berkman N, Levi-Schaffer F, Razin E. Pyruvate dehydrogenase has a major role in mast cell function, and its activity is regulated by mitochondrial microphthalmia transcription factor. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 140:204-214.e8. [PMID: 27871875 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have recently observed that oxidative phosphorylation-mediated ATP production is essential for mast cell function. Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) is the main regulator of the Krebs cycle and is located upstream of the electron transport chain. However, the role of PDH in mast cell function has not been described. Microphthalmia transcription factor (MITF) regulates the development, number, and function of mast cells. Localization of MITF to the mitochondria and its interaction with mitochondrial proteins has not been explored. OBJECTIVE We sought to explore the role played by PDH in mast cell exocytosis and to determine whether MITF is localized in the mitochondria and involved in regulation of PDH activity. METHODS Experiments were performed in vitro by using human and mouse mast cells, as well as rat basophil leukemia cells, and in vivo in mice. The effect of PDH inhibition on mast cell function was examined. PDH interaction with MITF was measured before and after immunologic activation. Furthermore, mitochondrial localization of MITF and its effect on PDH activity were determined. RESULTS PDH is essential for immunologically mediated degranulation of mast cells. After activation, PDH is serine dephosphorylated. In addition, for the first time, we show that MITF is partially located in the mitochondria and interacts with PDH. This interaction is dependent on the phosphorylation state of PDH. Furthermore, mitochondrial MITF regulates PDH activity. CONCLUSION The association of mitochondrial MITF with PDH emerges as an important regulator of mast cell function. Our findings indicate that PDH could arise as a new target for the manipulation of allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israa Sharkia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tal Hadad Erlich
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nadine Landolina
- Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Unit, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Miri Assayag
- Institute of Pulmonary Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Alex Motzik
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Inbal Rachmin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Gillian Kay
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ziv Porat
- Flow Cytometry Unit, Biological Services Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sagi Tshori
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Neville Berkman
- Institute of Pulmonary Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Francesca Levi-Schaffer
- Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Unit, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ehud Razin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
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An open-source solution for advanced imaging flow cytometry data analysis using machine learning. Methods 2016; 112:201-210. [PMID: 27594698 PMCID: PMC5231320 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2016.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Imaging flow cytometry (IFC) enables the high throughput collection of morphological and spatial information from hundreds of thousands of single cells. This high content, information rich image data can in theory resolve important biological differences among complex, often heterogeneous biological samples. However, data analysis is often performed in a highly manual and subjective manner using very limited image analysis techniques in combination with conventional flow cytometry gating strategies. This approach is not scalable to the hundreds of available image-based features per cell and thus makes use of only a fraction of the spatial and morphometric information. As a result, the quality, reproducibility and rigour of results are limited by the skill, experience and ingenuity of the data analyst. Here, we describe a pipeline using open-source software that leverages the rich information in digital imagery using machine learning algorithms. Compensated and corrected raw image files (.rif) data files from an imaging flow cytometer (the proprietary .cif file format) are imported into the open-source software CellProfiler, where an image processing pipeline identifies cells and subcellular compartments allowing hundreds of morphological features to be measured. This high-dimensional data can then be analysed using cutting-edge machine learning and clustering approaches using "user-friendly" platforms such as CellProfiler Analyst. Researchers can train an automated cell classifier to recognize different cell types, cell cycle phases, drug treatment/control conditions, etc., using supervised machine learning. This workflow should enable the scientific community to leverage the full analytical power of IFC-derived data sets. It will help to reveal otherwise unappreciated populations of cells based on features that may be hidden to the human eye that include subtle measured differences in label free detection channels such as bright-field and dark-field imagery.
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78
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Minderman H, Maguire O, O'Loughlin KL, Muhitch J, Wallace PK, Abrams SI. Total cellular protein presence of the transcription factor IRF8 does not necessarily correlate with its nuclear presence. Methods 2016; 112:84-90. [PMID: 27582125 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor interferon regulatory factor-8 (IRF8) plays an essential role in myeloid differentiation and lineage commitment, based largely on molecular and genetic studies. The detection of IRF8 in specific cell populations by flow cytometry (FCM) has the potential to provide new insights into normal and pathologic myelopoiesis, but critical validation of this protein-based approach, particularly in human samples, is lacking. In this study, the assessment of total cellular IRF8 presence was compared to its specific nuclear presence as assessed by imaging flow cytometry (IFC) analysis. Peptide neutralization of the IRF8-specific antibody that has been predominantly used to date in the literature served as a negative control for the immunofluorescent labeling. Expression of total IRF8 was analyzed by total cellular fluorescence analogous to the mean fluorescence intensity readout of conventional FCM. Additionally, specific nuclear fluorescence and the similarity score between the nuclear image (DAPI) and the corresponding IRF8 image for each cell were analyzed as parameters for nuclear localization of IRF8. IFC showed that peptide blocking eliminated binding of the IRF8 antibody in the nucleus. It also reduced cytoplasmic binding of the antibody but not to the extent observed in the nucleus. In agreement with the similarity score data, the total cellular IRF8 as well as nuclear IRF8 intensities decreased with peptide blocking. In healthy donor peripheral blood subpopulations and a positive control cell line (THP-1), the assessment of IRF8 by total cellular presence correlated well with its specific nuclear presence and correlated with the known distribution of IRF8 in these cells. In clinical samples of myeloid-derived suppressors cells derived from patients with renal carcinoma, however, total cellular IRF8 did not necessarily correlate with its nuclear presence. Discordance was primarily associated with peptide blocking having a proportionally greater effect on the IRF8 nuclear localization versus total fluorescence assessment. The data thus indicate that IRF8 can have cytoplasmic presence and that during disease its nuclear-cytoplasmic distribution may be altered, which may provide a basis for potential myeloid defects during certain pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Minderman
- Flow and Image Cytometry Shared Resource, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, United States.
| | - Orla Maguire
- Flow and Image Cytometry Shared Resource, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Kieran L O'Loughlin
- Flow and Image Cytometry Shared Resource, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Jason Muhitch
- Dept of Urology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Paul K Wallace
- Flow and Image Cytometry Shared Resource, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Scott I Abrams
- Dept of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, United States
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79
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Shemi A, Schatz D, Fredricks HF, Van Mooy BAS, Porat Z, Vardi A. Phosphorus starvation induces membrane remodeling and recycling in Emiliania huxleyi. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 211:886-898. [PMID: 27111716 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Nutrient availability is an important factor controlling phytoplankton productivity. Phytoplankton contribute c. 50% of the global photosynthesis and possess efficient acclimation mechanisms to cope with nutrient stress. We investigate the cellular response of the bloom-forming coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi to phosphorus (P) scarcity, which is often a limiting factor in marine ecosystems. We combined mass spectrometry, fluorescence microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and gene expression analyses in order to assess diverse cellular features in cells exposed to P limitation and recovery. Early starvation-induced substitution of phospholipids in the cells' membranes with galacto- and betaine lipids. Lipid remodeling was rapid and reversible upon P resupply. The PI3K inhibitor wortmannin reduced phospholipid substitution, suggesting a possible involvement of PI3K- signaling in this process. In addition, P limitation enhanced the formation and acidification of membrane vesicles in the cytoplasm. Intracellular vesicles may facilitate the recycling of cytoplasmic content, which is engulfed in the vesicles and delivered to the main vacuole. Long-term starvation was characterized by a profound increase in cell size and morphological alterations in cellular ultrastructure. This study provides cellular and molecular basis for future ecophysiological assessment of natural E. huxleyi populations in oligotrophic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adva Shemi
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Daniella Schatz
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Helen F Fredricks
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
| | - Benjamin A S Van Mooy
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
| | - Ziv Porat
- Biological Services Department, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Assaf Vardi
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
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80
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Dominical V, Samsel L, McCoy JP. Masks in imaging flow cytometry. Methods 2016; 112:9-17. [PMID: 27461256 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Data analysis in imaging flow cytometry incorporates elements of flow cytometry together with other aspects of morphological analysis of images. A crucial early step in this analysis is the creation of a mask to distinguish the portion of the image upon which further examination of specified features can be performed. Default masks are provided by the manufacturer of the imaging flow cytometer but additional custom masks can be created by the individual user for specific applications. Flawed or inaccurate masks can have a substantial negative impact on the overall analysis of a sample, thus great care must be taken to ensure the accuracy of masks. Here we discuss various types of masks and cite examples of their use. Furthermore we provide our insight for how to approach selecting and assessing the optimal mask for a specific analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venina Dominical
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Leigh Samsel
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - J Philip McCoy
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
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81
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Sheyn U, Rosenwasser S, Ben-Dor S, Porat Z, Vardi A. Modulation of host ROS metabolism is essential for viral infection of a bloom-forming coccolithophore in the ocean. THE ISME JOURNAL 2016; 10:1742-54. [PMID: 26784355 PMCID: PMC4918435 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2015.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The cosmopolitan coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi is a unicellular eukaryotic alga responsible for vast blooms in the ocean. These blooms have immense impact on large biogeochemical cycles and are terminated by a specific large double-stranded DNA E. huxleyi virus (EhV, Phycodnaviridae). EhV infection is accompanied by induction of hallmarks of programmed cell death and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Here we characterized alterations in ROS metabolism and explored its role during infection. Transcriptomic analysis of ROS-related genes predicted an increase in glutathione (GSH) and H2O2 production during infection. In accordance, using biochemical assays and specific fluorescent probes we demonstrated the overproduction of GSH during lytic infection. We also showed that H2O2 production, rather than superoxide, is the predominant ROS during the onset of the lytic phase of infection. Using flow cytometry, confocal microscopy and multispectral imaging flow cytometry, we showed that the profound co-production of H2O2 and GSH occurred in the same subpopulation of cells but at different subcellular localization. Positively stained cells for GSH and H2O2 were highly infected compared with negatively stained cells. Inhibition of ROS production by application of a peroxidase inhibitor or an H2O2 scavenger inhibited host cell death and reduced viral production. We conclude that viral infection induced remodeling of the host antioxidant network that is essential for a successful viral replication cycle. This study provides insight into viral replication strategy and suggests the use of specific cellular markers to identify and quantify the extent of active viral infection during E. huxleyi blooms in the ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uri Sheyn
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shilo Rosenwasser
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shifra Ben-Dor
- Department of Biological Services, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ziv Porat
- Department of Biological Services, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Assaf Vardi
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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82
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Dekel E, Rivkin A, Heidenreich M, Nadav Y, Ofir-Birin Y, Porat Z, Regev-Rudzki N. Identification and classification of the malaria parasite blood developmental stages, using imaging flow cytometry. Methods 2016; 112:157-166. [PMID: 27350362 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2016.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is the most devastating parasitic disease of humans, caused by the unicellular protozoa of the Plasmodium genus, such as Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) and is responsible for up to a million deaths each year. Pf life cycle is complex, with transmission of the parasite between humans via mosquitos involving a remarkable series of morphological transformations. In the bloodstream, the parasites undergo asexual multiplications inside the red blood cell (RBC), where they mature through the ring (R), trophozoite (T) and schizont (S) stages, and sexual development, resulting in gametocytes (G). All symptoms of malaria pathology are caused by the asexual blood stage parasites. Flow cytometry methods were previously used to detect malaria infected (i) RBCs, in live or fixed cells, using DNA (Hoechst) and RNA (Thiazole Orange) stains. Here, by using imaging flow cytometry, we developed improved methods of identifying and quantifying each of the four parasite blood stages (R, T, S and G). This technique allows multi-channel, high resolution imaging of individual parasites, as well as detailed morphological quantification of Pf-iRBCs cultures. Moreover, by measuring iRBC morphological properties, we can eliminate corrupted and extracellular (dying) parasites from the analysis, providing accurate quantification and robust measurement of the parasitemia profile. This new method is a valuable tool in malaria molecular biology research and drug screen assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elya Dekel
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Anna Rivkin
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Meta Heidenreich
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yotam Nadav
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yifat Ofir-Birin
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ziv Porat
- Flow Cytometry Unit, Biological Services Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Neta Regev-Rudzki
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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83
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Maguire O, Chen GL, Hahn TE, Brix L, McCarthy PL, Wallace PK, Minderman H. Quantifying MHC dextramer-induced NFAT activation in antigen-specific T cells as a functional response parameter. Methods 2016; 112:75-83. [PMID: 27327144 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2016.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
MHC-multimers are reagents used for the detection and enumeration of antigen-specific T cells (ASTs). These reagents exploit the mechanism by which T cell receptors (TCR) on cytotoxic CD8 T cells recognize specific antigens in the context of a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule during antigen presentation. MHC-multimers are fluorescently-labeled dextran polymers that carry MHC Class I molecules and peptide sequences that can be modified to represent specific cognate sequences of the antigen of interest with dextramers having a 10-fold multiplicity of the MHC/peptide combination within a single multimer. Since the binding of antigen-specific dextramers mimics antigen presentation to the TCR, the present study sought to determine whether this TCR engagement on the AST was sufficient to elicit a functional T cell response. The effect of binding of CMV specific dextramers on the activation of the NFAT signal transduction cascade was assessed in peripheral blood from bone marrow transplant recipients previously determined to be positive for CMV-ASTs (CASTs). NFAT activation was quantified by measuring nuclear translocation of NFAT1 in CD8+ CASTs and CD8+ non-CASTs by imaging flow cytometry. Our results demonstrate that an increase in the nuclear localization of NFAT1 was detectable in the CASTs following the CMV-dextramer binding and could be observed as early as 10min post-exposure. The NFAT1 activation correlated with a downstream functional response in the form of interferon gamma production. Sample preparation, temperature, and duration of dextramer exposure were important parameters affecting the dextramer-induced NFAT activation with 2h exposure in whole blood at room temperature being the optimal of the conditions tested. Intra- and inter-individual heterogeneity was observed with regards to the NFAT activation in the CASTs. Importantly, no effect of the dextramers was observed in the CD8+ non-CASTs, and therefore dextramer negative cell populations. Exposure to PMA/ionomycin following dextramer exposure resulted in a homogeneous NFAT activation in both the dextramer-positive but NFAT1 nonresponsive CAST and non-CAST cells. Thus, the data demonstrate that binding of antigen-specific dextramers to ASTs specifically results in activation of NFAT, that the NFAT activation correlates with a downstream functional response and that the response can be heterogeneous. This functional parameter may provide insight to the issue whether enumeration alone of ASTs is a sufficient parameter to assess an individual's immune status against a specific antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orla Maguire
- Department of Flow and Image Cytometry, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
| | - George L Chen
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Theresa E Hahn
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | | | - Philip L McCarthy
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Paul K Wallace
- Department of Flow and Image Cytometry, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Hans Minderman
- Department of Flow and Image Cytometry, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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84
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Menard LC, Habte S, Gonsiorek W, Lee D, Banas D, Holloway DA, Manjarrez-Orduno N, Cunningham M, Stetsko D, Casano F, Kansal S, Davis PM, Carman J, Zhang CK, Abidi F, Furie R, Nadler SG, Suchard SJ. B cells from African American lupus patients exhibit an activated phenotype. JCI Insight 2016; 1:e87310. [PMID: 27699274 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.87310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex systemic autoimmune disease driven by both innate and adaptive immune cells. African Americans tend to present with more severe disease at an earlier age compared with patients of European ancestry. In order to better understand the immunological differences between African American and European American patients, we analyzed the frequencies of B cell subsets and the expression of B cell activation markers from a total of 68 SLE patients and 69 normal healthy volunteers. We found that B cells expressing the activation markers CD86, CD80, PD1, and CD40L, as well as CD19+CD27-IgD- double-negative B cells, were enriched in African American patients vs. patients of European ancestry. In addition to increased expression of CD40L, surface levels of CD40 on B cells were lower, suggesting the engagement of the CD40 pathway. In vitro experiments confirmed that CD40L expressed by B cells could lead to CD40 activation and internalization on adjacent B cells. To conclude, these results indicate that, compared with European American patients, African American SLE patients present with a particularly active B cell component, possibly via the activation of the CD40/CD40L pathway. These data may help guide the development of novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence C Menard
- Discovery Translational Sciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Sium Habte
- Discovery Translational Sciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Waldemar Gonsiorek
- Discovery Translational Sciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Deborah Lee
- Discovery Translational Sciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Dana Banas
- Discovery Translational Sciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Deborah A Holloway
- Discovery Translational Sciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Mark Cunningham
- Discovery Translational Sciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Dawn Stetsko
- Discovery Translational Sciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Francesca Casano
- Discovery Translational Sciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Selena Kansal
- Discovery Translational Sciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Patricia M Davis
- Discovery Translational Sciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Julie Carman
- Discovery Translational Sciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Clarence K Zhang
- Immunoscience Translational Bioinformatics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Pennington, New Jersey, USA
| | - Ferva Abidi
- Division of Rheumatology, Northwell Health, Great Neck, New York, USA
| | - Richard Furie
- Division of Rheumatology, Northwell Health, Great Neck, New York, USA
| | - Steven G Nadler
- Discovery Translational Sciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Suzanne J Suchard
- Discovery Translational Sciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
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85
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Pardo M, Porat Z, Rudich A, Schauer JJ, Rudich Y. Repeated exposures to roadside particulate matter extracts suppresses pulmonary defense mechanisms, resulting in lipid and protein oxidative damage. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 210:227-37. [PMID: 26735168 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to particulate matter (PM) pollution in cities and urban canyons can be harmful to the exposed population. However, the underlying mechanisms that lead to health effects are not yet elucidated. It is postulated that exposure to repeated, small, environmentally relevant concentrations can affect lung homeostasis. This study examines the impact of repeated exposures to urban PM on mouse lungs with focus on inflammatory and oxidative stress parameters. Aqueous extracts from collected urban PM were administered to mice by 5 repeated intra-tracheal instillations (IT). Multiple exposures, led to an increase in cytokine levels in both bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and in the blood serum, indicating a systemic reaction. Lung mRNA levels of antioxidant/phase II detoxifying enzymes decreased by exposure to the PM extract, but not when metals were removed by chelation. Finally, disruption of lung tissue oxidant-inflammatory/defense balance was evidenced by increased levels of lipid and protein oxidation. Unlike response to a single IT exposure to the same dose and source of extract, multiple exposures result in lung oxidative damage and a systemic inflammatory reaction. These could be attributed to compromised capacity to activate the protective Nrf2 tissue defense system. It is suggested that water-soluble metals present in urban PM, potentially from break and tire wear, may constitute major drivers of the pulmonary and systemic responses to multiple exposure to urban PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Pardo
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Ziv Porat
- Flow Cytometry Unit, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Assaf Rudich
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, and the National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - James J Schauer
- Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Yinon Rudich
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
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86
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Jia H, Liu S, Wu J, Hou S, Xin T, Guo X, Yuan W, Gao X, Zhang G, Li M, Qu H, Zhu H. Recombinant TB9.8 of Mycobacterium bovis Triggers the Production of IL-12 p40 and IL-6 in RAW264.7 Macrophages via Activation of the p38, ERK, and NF-κB Signaling Pathways. Inflammation 2016; 38:1337-46. [PMID: 25577342 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-014-0105-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The TB9.8 of Mycobacterium bovis can induce strong antigen-specific T-cell responses in proliferation assays and IFN-γ assays. However, whether and how TB9.8 activates innate immune cells remain unclear. Therefore, recombinant protein TB9.8 (rTB9.8)-induced proinflammatory cytokine profile by RAW264.7 cells was investigated and the related signaling pathway was studied. Stimulation with rTB9.8 triggered RAW264.7 cells to produce IL-6 and IL-12 p40. In addition, rTB9.8 activated the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade in RAW264.7 cells by inducing the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38 kinase (p38) and also promoted nuclear translocation of phosphorylated p38 and ERK1/2. Furthermore, rTB9.8 activated nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway by inducing p65 translocation into the nucleus and the phosphorylation of IκBα in the cytosol. Blocking assays showed that specific inhibitors of ERK1/2, p38, and IκBα can significantly reduce the expression of IL-6 and IL-12 p40, which demonstrated that rTB9.8-mediated cytokine production is dependent on the activation of these kinases. Thus, this study demonstrates that rTB9.8 can activate RAW264.7 and trigger IL-6 and IL-12 p40 production via the ERK, p38, and NF-κB signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Jia
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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87
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Shmuel-Galia L, Aychek T, Fink A, Porat Z, Zarmi B, Bernshtein B, Brenner O, Jung S, Shai Y. Neutralization of pro-inflammatory monocytes by targeting TLR2 dimerization ameliorates colitis. EMBO J 2016; 35:685-98. [PMID: 26884587 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201592649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Monocytes have emerged as critical driving force of acute inflammation. Here, we show that inhibition of Toll-like receptor 2(TLR2) dimerization by a TLR2 transmembrane peptide (TLR2-p) ameliorated DSS-induced colitis by interfering specifically with the activation of Ly6C(+) monocytes without affecting their recruitment to the colon. We report that TLR2-p directly interacts with TLR2 within the membrane, leading to inhibition of TLR2-TLR6/1 assembly induced by natural ligands. This was associated with decreased levels of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) signaling and reduced secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-23, IL-12, and IL-1β. Altogether, our study provides insights into the essential role of TLR2 dimerization in the activation of pathogenic pro-inflammatory Ly6C(hi) monocytes and suggests that inhibition of this aggregation by TLR2-p might have therapeutic potential in the treatment of acute gut inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liraz Shmuel-Galia
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Tegest Aychek
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Avner Fink
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ziv Porat
- Department of Biological Services, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Batya Zarmi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Biana Bernshtein
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ori Brenner
- Department of Veterinary Resources, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Steffen Jung
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yechiel Shai
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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88
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Fasler-Kan E, Baiken Y, Vorobjev IA, Barteneva NS. Analysis of Nucleocytoplasmic Protein Shuttling by Imaging Flow Cytometry. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1389:127-137. [PMID: 27460241 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3302-0_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Many intracellular signal transduction events involve the reversible shuttling of proteins between the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Study of these processes requires imaging information on the protein localization in a given cell and a large number of measurements to obtain sufficient statistics on the protein localization in the whole population. The protocol describes method for quantitative imaging flow cytometry analysis of intracellular distribution of NF-kappaB in ARPE-19 cells stained with specific fluorochrome-conjugated antibodies. The described technique alone or in combination with standard flow cytometry methods can be applied to study any protein undergoing translocation from cytoplasm into the nucleus in a variety of cell lines as well as in heterogeneous primary cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizaveta Fasler-Kan
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, CH-4031, Basel, Switzerland.
- Department of Pediatric Surgery and Department of Clinical Research, Inselspital University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, CH-3010, Switzerland.
| | - Yeldar Baiken
- Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ivan A Vorobjev
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia
| | - Natasha S Barteneva
- Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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89
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Cell-cycle progress in obligate predatory bacteria is dependent upon sequential sensing of prey recognition and prey quality cues. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E6028-37. [PMID: 26487679 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1515749112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Predators feed on prey to acquire the nutrients necessary to sustain their survival, growth, and replication. In Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus, an obligate predator of Gram-negative bacteria, cell growth and replication are tied to a shift from a motile, free-living phase of search and attack to a sessile, intracellular phase of growth and replication during which a single prey cell is consumed. Engagement and sustenance of growth are achieved through the sensing of two unidentified prey-derived cues. We developed a novel ex vivo cultivation system for B. bacteriovorus composed of prey ghost cells that are recognized and invaded by the predator. By manipulating their content, we demonstrated that an early cue is located in the prey envelope and a late cue is found within the prey soluble fraction. These spatially and temporally separated cues elicit discrete and combinatory regulatory effects on gene transcription. Together, they delimit a poorly characterized transitory phase between the attack phase and the growth phase, during which the bdelloplast (the invaded prey cell) is constructed. This transitory phase constitutes a checkpoint in which the late cue presumably acts as a determinant of the prey's nutritional value before the predator commits. These regulatory adaptations to a unique bacterial lifestyle have not been reported previously.
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90
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Affiliation(s)
- David Basiji
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Maurice R G O'Gorman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Departments of Pathology and Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, USA
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91
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Wortzel I, Hanoch T, Porat Z, Hausser A, Seger R. Mitotic Golgi translocation of ERK1c is mediated by a PI4KIIIβ-14-3-3γ shuttling complex. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:4083-95. [PMID: 26459638 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.170910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Golgi fragmentation is a highly regulated process that allows division of the Golgi complex between the two daughter cells. The mitotic reorganization of the Golgi is accompanied by a temporary block in Golgi functioning, as protein transport in and out of the Golgi stops. Our group has previously demonstrated the involvement of the alternatively spliced variants ERK1c and MEK1b (ERK1 is also known as MAPK3, and MEK1 as MAP2K1) in mitotic Golgi fragmentation. We had also found that ERK1c translocates to the Golgi at the G2 to M phase transition, but the molecular mechanism underlying this recruitment remains unknown. In this study, we narrowed the translocation timing to prophase and prometaphase, and elucidated its molecular mechanism. We found that CDK1 phosphorylates Ser343 of ERK1c, thereby allowing the binding of phosphorylated ERK1c to a complex that consists of PI4KIIIβ (also known as PI4KB) and the 14-3-3γ dimer (encoded by YWHAB). The stability of the complex is regulated by protein kinase D (PKD)-mediated phosphorylation of PI4KIIIβ. The complex assembly induces the Golgi shuttling of ERK1c, where it is activated by MEK1b, and induces Golgi fragmentation. Our work shows that protein shuttling to the Golgi is not completely abolished at the G2 to M phase transition, thus integrating several independent Golgi-regulating processes into one coherent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inbal Wortzel
- Department of Biological Regulation, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Tamar Hanoch
- Department of Biological Regulation, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Ziv Porat
- Department of Biological Services, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Angelika Hausser
- University of Stuttgart, Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, Stuttgart 70550, Germany
| | - Rony Seger
- Department of Biological Regulation, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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92
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Holcar M, Goropevšek A, Ihan A, Avčin T. Age-Related Differences in Percentages of Regulatory and Effector T Lymphocytes and Their Subsets in Healthy Individuals and Characteristic STAT1/STAT5 Signalling Response in Helper T Lymphocytes. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:352934. [PMID: 26525134 PMCID: PMC4615205 DOI: 10.1155/2015/352934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The dynamic process of the development of the immune system can in itself result in age-related immune malfunctions. In this study, we analysed lymphocyte subsets in the peripheral blood of 60 healthy donors, divided into groups of children, adolescents, and adults, focusing on effector (Teff) and regulatory (Treg) T lymphocytes and STAT1/STAT5 signalling response in helper T lymphocytes (Th) in adults, using flow cytometry. Our results demonstrate a decrease in the percentage of total Tregs and an increase in the percentage of total Teffs with age and a consequential immense increase in the Teff/Treg ratio. The increase of Teffs was most apparent in Th1, Th1Th17, and Th17CD161- subsets. Significant Th lymphocyte STAT1 expression differences were observed between children and adolescents, which were associated with the decrease in activated Tregs. Higher expression of STAT1 was found in FoxP3hi than in FoxP3low Th lymphocytes, while significant IL-2 induced STAT5 phosphorylation differences were found among the subsets of Th lymphocytes in adults. Our study demonstrates age-related changes in circulating Teff and Treg, as well as significant differences in STAT5/STAT1 signalling among FoxP3+ Th lymphocytes, providing new advances in the understanding of immunosenescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Holcar
- Department of Allergology, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Bohoričeva 20, SI-1525 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Aleš Goropevšek
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, University Medical Centre Maribor, Ljubljanska Ulica 5, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska Ulica 8, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Alojz Ihan
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tadej Avčin
- Department of Allergology, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Bohoričeva 20, SI-1525 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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93
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Novel p53 target genes secreted by the liver are involved in non-cell-autonomous regulation. Cell Death Differ 2015; 23:509-20. [PMID: 26358154 PMCID: PMC5072444 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2015.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor-suppressor p53 is a transcription factor that prevents cancer development and is involved in regulation of various physiological processes. This is mediated both by induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis and by controlling the expression of a plethora of target genes, including secreted proteins. It has been demonstrated that p53 may exert its effect in non-cell-autonomous manner by modulating the expression of genes that encode for secreted factors. In this study, we utilized our microarray data to identify and characterize novel p53 target genes expressed in human liver cells and associated with steroid hormones processing and transfer. We identified the steroid hormones binding factors, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) and cytochrome P450 family 21 subfamily A polypeptide 2, as novel p53 target genes. Their expression and secretion was increased following p53 activation in various hepatic cells. We observed that p53 wild-type mice exhibited higher levels of CBG compared with their p53 null counterparts. We demonstrated that the induction of the steroid hormones binding factors can be mediated by binding to specific p53 responsive elements within their promoters. In addition, utilizing conditioned medium experiments we have shown that p53-dependent induction of SHBG secretion from liver cells enhances apoptosis of breast cancer cells. Moreover, depletion of SHBG abolished the induction of breast cancer cells death. The newly identified p53 target genes suggest a novel non-cell-autonomous tumor-suppressive regulation mediated by p53 that is central for maintaining organism homeostasis.
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94
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Han Y, Lo YH. Imaging Cells in Flow Cytometer Using Spatial-Temporal Transformation. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13267. [PMID: 26281956 PMCID: PMC4539609 DOI: 10.1038/srep13267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Flow cytometers measure fluorescence and light scattering and analyze multiple physical characteristics of a large population of single cells as cells flow in a fluid stream through an excitation light beam. Although flow cytometers have massive statistical power due to their single cell resolution and high throughput, they produce no information about cell morphology or spatial resolution offered by microscopy, which is a much wanted feature missing in almost all flow cytometers. In this paper, we invent a method of spatial-temporal transformation to provide flow cytometers with cell imaging capabilities. The method uses mathematical algorithms and a spatial filter as the only hardware needed to give flow cytometers imaging capabilities. Instead of CCDs or any megapixel cameras found in any imaging systems, we obtain high quality image of fast moving cells in a flow cytometer using PMT detectors, thus obtaining high throughput in manners fully compatible with existing cytometers. To prove the concept, we demonstrate cell imaging for cells travelling at a velocity of 0.2 m/s in a microfluidic channel, corresponding to a throughput of approximately 1,000 cells per second.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Han
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA
| | - Yu-Hwa Lo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA
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95
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An MTCH2 pathway repressing mitochondria metabolism regulates haematopoietic stem cell fate. Nat Commun 2015. [PMID: 26219591 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The metabolic state of stem cells is emerging as an important determinant of their fate. In the bone marrow, haematopoietic stem cell (HSC) entry into cycle, triggered by an increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), corresponds to a critical metabolic switch from glycolysis to mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Here we show that loss of mitochondrial carrier homologue 2 (MTCH2) increases mitochondrial OXPHOS, triggering HSC and progenitor entry into cycle. Elevated OXPHOS is accompanied by an increase in mitochondrial size, increase in ATP and ROS levels, and protection from irradiation-induced apoptosis. In contrast, a phosphorylation-deficient mutant of BID, MTCH2's ligand, induces a similar increase in OXPHOS, but with higher ROS and reduced ATP levels, and is associated with hypersensitivity to irradiation. Thus, our results demonstrate that MTCH2 is a negative regulator of mitochondrial OXPHOS downstream of BID, indispensible in maintaining HSC homeostasis.
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96
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Liu YP, Lee JJ, Lai TC, Lee CH, Hsiao YW, Chen PS, Liu WT, Hong CY, Lin SK, Ping Kuo MY, Lu PJ, Hsiao M. Suppressive function of low-dose deguelin on the invasion of oral cancer cells by downregulating tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced nuclear factor-kappa B signaling. Head Neck 2015; 38 Suppl 1:E524-34. [PMID: 25784049 DOI: 10.1002/hed.24034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deguelin has both antiproliferation and antimetastasis activities. However, high-dose deguelin elicits many undesired side effects. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the low-dose deguelin can prevent the metastasis of oral cancer. METHODS The dose effects of deguelin on metastasis of oral cancer cells were analyzed by in vitro invasion assay and an orthotropic xenograft mouse model. The involvement of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)-induced nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling was examined by Western blot and reporter assay. RESULTS Low-dose deguelin, which has minimal cytotoxicity, significantly inhibited the invasion and migration of oral cancer cells. These inhibitory effects of low-dose deguelin were mediated by suppressing TNF-α-induced activation of IκB kinase leading to the inhibition of IκB phosphorylation, NF-κB transcriptional activity, and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2) expression. The low-dose deguelin treatment significantly inhibited tumor growth and invasion without systemic toxicity. CONCLUSION The low-dose deguelin suppressed the invasion and migration of oral cancer by downregulating TNF-α-induced NF-κB signaling. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E524-E534, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Peng Liu
- Department of Genome Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jih-Jong Lee
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bio-Resources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Chien-Hsin Lee
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Wen Hsiao
- Department of Cardiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Shen Chen
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Wei-Ting Liu
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Yuan Hong
- Institute of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Se-Kwan Lin
- Institute of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mark-Yen Ping Kuo
- Institute of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Jung Lu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Michael Hsiao
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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97
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Yong ST, Nguyen HN, Choi JH, Bortner CD, Williams J, Pulloor NK, Krishnan MN, Shears SB. Identification of a functional nuclear translocation sequence in hPPIP5K2. BMC Cell Biol 2015; 16:17. [PMID: 26084399 PMCID: PMC4472268 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-015-0063-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cells contain several inositol pyrophosphates (PP-InsPs; also known as diphosphoinositol polyphosphates), which play pivotal roles in cellular and organismic homeostasis. It has been proposed that determining mechanisms of compartmentation of the synthesis of a particular PP-InsP is key to understanding how each of them may exert a specific function. Human PPIP5K2 (hPPIP5K2), one of the key enzymes that synthesizes PP-InsPs, contains a putative consensus sequence for a nuclear localization signal (NLS). However, such in silico analysis has limited predictive power, and may be complicated by phosphorylation events that can dynamically modulate NLS function. We investigated if this candidate NLS is functional and regulated, using the techniques of cell biology, mutagenesis and mass spectrometry. RESULTS Multiple sequence alignments revealed that the metazoan PPIP5K2 family contains a candidate NLS within a strikingly well-conserved 63 amino-acid domain. By analyzing the distribution of hPPIP5K2-GFP in HEK293T cells with the techniques of confocal microscopy and imaging flow cytometry, we found that a distinct pool of hPPIP5K2 is present in the nucleus. Imaging flow cytometry yielded particular insight into the characteristics of the nuclear hPPIP5K2 sub-pool, through a high-throughput, statistically-robust analysis of many hundreds of cells. Mutagenic disruption of the candidate NLS in hPPIP5K2 reduced its degree of nuclear localization. Proximal to the NLS is a Ser residue (S1006) that mass spectrometry data indicate is phosphorylated inside cells. The degree of nuclear localization of hPPIP5K2 was increased when S1006 was rendered non-phosphorylatable by its mutation to Ala. Conversely, a S1006D phosphomimetic mutant of hPPIP5K2 exhibited a lower degree of nuclear localization. CONCLUSIONS The current study describes for the first time the functional significance of an NLS in the conserved PPIP5K2 family. We have further demonstrated that there is phosphorylation of a Ser residue that is proximal to the NLS of hPPIP5K2. These conclusions draw attention to nuclear compartmentation of PPIP5K2 as being a physiologically relevant and covalently-regulated event. Our study also increases general insight into the consensus sequences of other NLSs, the functions of which might be similarly regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila T Yong
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 101 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Hoai-Nghia Nguyen
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 101 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Jae H Choi
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 101 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA. .,Current address: Thermo Fisher Scientific, LSG/Biosciences Division, 3747 N. Meridian Drive, Rockford, IL, 61101, USA.
| | - Carl D Bortner
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 101 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Jason Williams
- Protein Microcharacterization Core Facility, Mass Spectrometry Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 101 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Niyas K Pulloor
- Program on Emerging Infectious Diseases, DUKE-NUS Graduate Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Manoj N Krishnan
- Program on Emerging Infectious Diseases, DUKE-NUS Graduate Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Stephen B Shears
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 101 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
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98
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Zhao W, Fogg DK, Kaplan MJ. A novel image-based quantitative method for the characterization of NETosis. J Immunol Methods 2015; 423:104-10. [PMID: 26003624 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2015.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
NETosis is a newly recognized mechanism of programmed neutrophil death. It is characterized by a stepwise progression of chromatin decondensation, membrane rupture, and release of bactericidal DNA-based structures called neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Conventional 'suicidal' NETosis has been described in pathogenic models of systemic autoimmune disorders. Recent in vivo studies suggest that a process of 'vital' NETosis also exists, in which chromatin is condensed and membrane integrity is preserved. Techniques to assess 'suicidal' or 'vital' NET formation in a specific, quantitative, rapid and semiautomated way have been lacking, hindering the characterization of this process. Here we have developed a new method to simultaneously assess both 'suicidal' and 'vital' NETosis, using high-speed multi-spectral imaging coupled to morphometric image analysis, to quantify spontaneous NET formation observed ex-vivo or stimulus-induced NET formation triggered in vitro. The use of imaging flow cytometry allows automated, quantitative and rapid analysis of subcellular morphology and texture, and introduces the potential for further investigation using NETosis as a biomarker in pre-clinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenpu Zhao
- Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Darin K Fogg
- EMD Millipore Corporation, Billerica, MA 01821, United States
| | - Mariana J Kaplan
- Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
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99
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An imaging flow cytometry-based approach to measuring the spatiotemporal calcium mobilisation in activated T cells. J Immunol Methods 2015; 423:120-30. [PMID: 25967946 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2015.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Revised: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Calcium ions (Ca(2+)) are a ubiquitous transducer of cellular signals controlling key processes such as proliferation, differentiation, secretion and metabolism. In the context of T cells, stimulation through the T cell receptor has been shown to induce the release of Ca(2+) from intracellular stores. This sudden elevation within the cytoplasm triggers the opening of ion channels in the plasma membrane allowing an influx of extracellular Ca(2+) that in turn activates key molecules such as calcineurin. This cascade ultimately results in gene transcription and changes in the cellular state. Traditional methods for measuring Ca(2+) include spectrophotometry, conventional flow cytometry (CFC) and live cell imaging techniques. While each method has strengths and weaknesses, none can offer a detailed picture of Ca(2+) mobilisation in response to various agonists. Here we report an Imaging Flow Cytometry (IFC)-based method that combines the throughput and statistical rigour of CFC with the spatial information of a microscope. By co-staining cells with Ca(2+) indicators and organelle-specific dyes we can address the spatiotemporal patterns of Ca(2+) flux in Jurkat cells after stimulation with anti-CD3. The multispectral, high-throughput nature of IFC means that the organelle co-staining functions to direct the measurement of Ca(2+) indicator fluorescence to either the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or the mitochondrial compartments without the need to treat cells with detergents such as digitonin to eliminate cytoplasmic background. We have used this system to look at the cellular localisation of Ca(2+) after stimulating cells with CD3, thapsigargin or ionomycin in the presence or absence of extracellular Ca(2+). Our data suggest that there is a dynamic interplay between the ER and mitochondrial compartments and that mitochondria act as a sink for both intracellular and extracellular derived Ca(2+). Moreover, by generating an NFAT-GFP expressing Jurkat line, we were able to combine mitochondrial Ca(2+) measurements with nuclear translocation. In conclusion, this method enables the high throughput study of spatiotemporal patterns of Ca2(+) signals in T cells responding to different stimuli.
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Baruch K, Kertser A, Porat Z, Schwartz M. Cerebral nitric oxide represses choroid plexus NFκB-dependent gateway activity for leukocyte trafficking. EMBO J 2015; 34:1816-28. [PMID: 25940071 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201591468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic neuroinflammation is evident in brain aging and neurodegenerative disorders and is often associated with excessive nitric oxide (NO) production within the central nervous system (CNS). Under such conditions, increased NO levels are observed at the choroid plexus (CP), an epithelial layer that forms the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) and serves as a selective gateway for leukocyte entry to the CNS in homeostasis and following injury. Here, we hypothesized that elevated cerebral NO levels interfere with CP gateway activity. We found that induction of leukocyte trafficking determinants by the CP and sequential leukocyte entry to the CSF are dependent on the CP epithelial NFκB/p65 signaling pathway, which was inhibited upon exposure to NO. Examining the CP in 5XFAD transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (AD-Tg) revealed impaired ability to mount an NFκB/p65-dependent response. Systemic administration of an NO scavenger in AD-Tg mice alleviated NFκB/p65 suppression at the CP and augmented its gateway activity. Together, our findings identify cerebral NO as a negative regulator of CP gateway activity for immune cell trafficking to the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuti Baruch
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Alexander Kertser
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ziv Porat
- Department of Biological Services, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Michal Schwartz
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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