51
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Chen NP, Sun Z, Fässler R. The Kank family proteins in adhesion dynamics. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2018; 54:130-136. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2018.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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52
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Latremoliere A, Cheng L, DeLisle M, Wu C, Chew S, Hutchinson EB, Sheridan A, Alexandre C, Latremoliere F, Sheu SH, Golidy S, Omura T, Huebner EA, Fan Y, Whitman MC, Nguyen E, Hermawan C, Pierpaoli C, Tischfield MA, Woolf CJ, Engle EC. Neuronal-Specific TUBB3 Is Not Required for Normal Neuronal Function but Is Essential for Timely Axon Regeneration. Cell Rep 2018; 24:1865-1879.e9. [PMID: 30110642 PMCID: PMC6155462 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We generated a knockout mouse for the neuronal-specific β-tubulin isoform Tubb3 to investigate its role in nervous system formation and maintenance. Tubb3-/- mice have no detectable neurobehavioral or neuropathological deficits, and upregulation of mRNA and protein of the remaining β-tubulin isotypes results in equivalent total β-tubulin levels in Tubb3-/- and wild-type mice. Despite similar levels of total β-tubulin, adult dorsal root ganglia lacking TUBB3 have decreased growth cone microtubule dynamics and a decreased neurite outgrowth rate of 22% in vitro and in vivo. The effect of the 22% slower growth rate is exacerbated for sensory recovery, where fibers must reinnervate the full volume of the skin to recover touch function. Overall, these data reveal that, while TUBB3 is not required for formation of the nervous system, it has a specific role in the rate of peripheral axon regeneration that cannot be replaced by other β-tubulins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alban Latremoliere
- Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Long Cheng
- Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michelle DeLisle
- Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Chen Wu
- Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sheena Chew
- Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth B Hutchinson
- Quantitative Medical Imaging Section, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA; The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andrew Sheridan
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chloe Alexandre
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Shu-Hsien Sheu
- Department of Pathology and Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sara Golidy
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Takao Omura
- Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Eric A Huebner
- Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yanjie Fan
- Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mary C Whitman
- Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elaine Nguyen
- Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Crystal Hermawan
- Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carlo Pierpaoli
- Quantitative Medical Imaging Section, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA; The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Max A Tischfield
- Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Clifford J Woolf
- Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth C Engle
- Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
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53
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Kim N, Yang HK, Kim JH, Hwang JM. Comparison of Clinical and Radiological Findings between Congenital Orbital Fibrosis and Congenital Fibrosis of the Extraocular Muscles. Curr Eye Res 2018; 43:1471-1476. [DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2018.1506037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Namju Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Hee Kyung Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Jae Hyoung Kim
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Jeong-Min Hwang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
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54
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Shaaban S, MacKinnon S, Andrews C, Staffieri SE, Maconachie GDE, Chan WM, Whitman MC, Morton SU, Yazar S, MacGregor S, Elder JE, Traboulsi EI, Gottlob I, Hewitt AW, Strabismus Genetics Research Consortium, Hunter DG, Mackey DA, Engle EC. Genome-Wide Association Study Identifies a Susceptibility Locus for Comitant Esotropia and Suggests a Parent-of-Origin Effect. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2018; 59:4054-4064. [PMID: 30098192 PMCID: PMC6088800 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-24082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To identify genetic variants conferring susceptibility to esotropia. Esotropia is the most common form of comitant strabismus, has its highest incidence in European ancestry populations, and is believed to be inherited as a complex trait. Methods White European American discovery cohorts with nonaccommodative (826 cases and 2991 controls) or accommodative (224 cases and 749 controls) esotropia were investigated. White European Australian and United Kingdom cohorts with nonaccommodative (689 cases and 1448 controls) or accommodative (66 cases and 264 controls) esotropia were tested for replication. We performed a genome-wide case-control association study using a mixed linear additive model. Meta-analyses of discovery and replication cohorts were then conducted. Results A significant association with nonaccommodative esotropia was discovered (odds ratio [OR] = 1.41, P = 2.84 × 10-09) and replicated (OR = 1.23, P = 0.01) at rs2244352 [T] located within intron 1 of the WRB (tryptophan rich basic protein) gene on chromosome 21 (meta-analysis OR = 1.33, P = 9.58 × 10-11). This single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) is differentially methylated, and there is a statistically significant skew toward paternal inheritance in the discovery cohort. Meta-analysis of the accommodative discovery and replication cohorts identified an association with rs912759 [T] (OR = 0.59, P = 1.89 × 10-08), an intergenic SNP on chromosome 1p31.1. Conclusions This is the first genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify significant associations in esotropia and suggests a parent-of-origin effect. Additional cohorts will permit replication and extension of these findings. Future studies of rs2244352 and WRB should provide insight into pathophysiological mechanisms underlying comitant strabismus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherin Shaaban
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Dubai Harvard Foundation for Medical Research, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Sarah MacKinnon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Caroline Andrews
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States
| | - Sandra E. Staffieri
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gail D. E. Maconachie
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Leicester Ulverscroft Eye Unit, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Wai-Man Chan
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States
| | - Mary C. Whitman
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Sarah U. Morton
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Seyhan Yazar
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Lions Eye Institute, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Stuart MacGregor
- Stastical Genetics Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research (QIMR) Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - James E. Elder
- Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elias I. Traboulsi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Irene Gottlob
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Leicester Ulverscroft Eye Unit, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Alex W. Hewitt
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Lions Eye Institute, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Strabismus Genetics Research Consortium
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Dubai Harvard Foundation for Medical Research, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Leicester Ulverscroft Eye Unit, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Lions Eye Institute, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Stastical Genetics Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research (QIMR) Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
| | - David G. Hunter
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - David A. Mackey
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Lions Eye Institute, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Elizabeth C. Engle
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
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55
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Kelliher MT, Yue Y, Ng A, Kamiyama D, Huang B, Verhey KJ, Wildonger J. Autoinhibition of kinesin-1 is essential to the dendrite-specific localization of Golgi outposts. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:2531-2547. [PMID: 29728423 PMCID: PMC6028532 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201708096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal polarity relies on the axon- or dendrite-specific localization of cargo by molecular motors such as kinesin-1. This study shows how autoinhibition regulates both kinesin-1 activity and localization to keep dendritic Golgi outposts from entering axons. Neuronal polarity relies on the selective localization of cargo to axons or dendrites. The molecular motor kinesin-1 moves cargo into axons but is also active in dendrites. This raises the question of how kinesin-1 activity is regulated to maintain the compartment-specific localization of cargo. Our in vivo structure–function analysis of endogenous Drosophila melanogaster kinesin-1 reveals a novel role for autoinhibition in enabling the dendrite-specific localization of Golgi outposts. Mutations that disrupt kinesin-1 autoinhibition result in the axonal mislocalization of Golgi outposts. Autoinhibition also regulates kinesin-1 localization. Uninhibited kinesin-1 accumulates in axons and is depleted from dendrites, correlating with the change in outpost distribution and dendrite growth defects. Genetic interaction tests show that a balance of kinesin-1 inhibition and dynein activity is necessary to localize Golgi outposts to dendrites and keep them from entering axons. Our data indicate that kinesin-1 activity is precisely regulated by autoinhibition to achieve the selective localization of dendritic cargo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Kelliher
- Integrated Program in Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI.,Biochemistry Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Yang Yue
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Ashley Ng
- Biochemistry Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI.,Biochemistry Scholars Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Daichi Kamiyama
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Bo Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Kristen J Verhey
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Jill Wildonger
- Biochemistry Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
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56
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Yue Y, Blasius TL, Zhang S, Jariwala S, Walker B, Grant BJ, Cochran JC, Verhey KJ. Altered chemomechanical coupling causes impaired motility of the kinesin-4 motors KIF27 and KIF7. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:1319-1334. [PMID: 29351996 PMCID: PMC5881503 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201708179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Kinesin-4 motors play important roles in cell division, microtubule organization, and signaling. Understanding how motors perform their functions requires an understanding of their mechanochemical and motility properties. We demonstrate that KIF27 can influence microtubule dynamics, suggesting a conserved function in microtubule organization across the kinesin-4 family. However, kinesin-4 motors display dramatically different motility characteristics: KIF4 and KIF21 motors are fast and processive, KIF7 and its Drosophila melanogaster homologue Costal2 (Cos2) are immotile, and KIF27 is slow and processive. Neither KIF7 nor KIF27 can cooperate for fast processive transport when working in teams. The mechanistic basis of immotile KIF7 behavior arises from an inability to release adenosine diphosphate in response to microtubule binding, whereas slow processive KIF27 behavior arises from a slow adenosine triphosphatase rate and a high affinity for both adenosine triphosphate and microtubules. We suggest that evolutionarily selected sequence differences enable immotile KIF7 and Cos2 motors to function not as transporters but as microtubule-based tethers of signaling complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yue
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - T Lynne Blasius
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Stephanie Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
| | - Shashank Jariwala
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Benjamin Walker
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
| | - Barry J Grant
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Jared C Cochran
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
| | - Kristen J Verhey
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
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57
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Pan W, Sun K, Tang K, Xiao Q, Ma C, Yu C, Wei Z. Structural insights into ankyrin repeat-mediated recognition of the kinesin motor protein KIF21A by KANK1, a scaffold protein in focal adhesion. J Biol Chem 2017; 293:1944-1956. [PMID: 29217769 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.815779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Kidney ankyrin repeat-containing proteins (KANK1/2/3/4) belong to a family of scaffold proteins, playing critical roles in cytoskeleton organization, cell polarity, and migration. Mutations in KANK proteins are implicated in cancers and genetic diseases, such as nephrotic syndrome. KANK proteins can bind various target proteins through different protein regions, including a highly conserved ankyrin repeat domain (ANKRD). However, the molecular basis for target recognition by the ANKRD remains elusive. In this study, we solved a high-resolution crystal structure of the ANKRD of KANK1 in complex with a short sequence of the motor protein kinesin family member 21A (KIF21A), revealing that the highly specific target-binding mode of the ANKRD involves combinatorial use of two interfaces. Mutations in either interface disrupted the KANK1-KIF21A interaction. Cellular immunofluorescence localization analysis indicated that binding-deficient mutations block recruitment of KIF21A to focal adhesions by KANK1. In conclusion, our structural study provides mechanistic explanations for the ANKRD-mediated recognition of KIF21A and for many disease-related mutations identified in human KANK proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfei Pan
- From the Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055 Shenzhen, China
| | - Kang Sun
- From the Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055 Shenzhen, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, 518055 Shenzhen, China
| | - Kun Tang
- From the Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055 Shenzhen, China.,College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 300071 Tianjin, China, and
| | - Qingpin Xiao
- From the Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055 Shenzhen, China.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Chenxue Ma
- From the Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055 Shenzhen, China
| | - Cong Yu
- From the Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055 Shenzhen, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, 518055 Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhiyi Wei
- From the Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055 Shenzhen, China,
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58
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Whitman MC, Engle EC. Ocular congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders (CCDDs): insights into axon growth and guidance. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:R37-R44. [PMID: 28459979 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Unraveling the genetics of the paralytic strabismus syndromes known as congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders (CCDDs) is both informing physicians and their patients and broadening our understanding of development of the ocular motor system. Genetic mutations underlying ocular CCDDs alter either motor neuron specification or motor nerve development, and highlight the importance of modulations of cell signaling, cytoskeletal transport, and microtubule dynamics for axon growth and guidance. Here we review recent advances in our understanding of two CCDDs, congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles (CFEOM) and Duane retraction syndrome (DRS), and discuss what they have taught us about mechanisms of axon guidance and selective vulnerability. CFEOM presents with congenital ptosis and restricted eye movements, and can be caused by heterozygous missense mutations in the kinesin motor protein KIF21A or in the β-tubulin isotypes TUBB3 or TUBB2B. CFEOM-causing mutations in these genes alter protein function and result in axon growth and guidance defects. DRS presents with inability to abduct one or both eyes. It can be caused by decreased function of several transcription factors critical for abducens motor neuron identity, including MAFB, or by heterozygous missense mutations in CHN1, which encodes α2-chimaerin, a Rac-GAP GTPase that affects cytoskeletal dynamics. Examination of the orbital innervation in mice lacking Mafb has established that the stereotypical misinnervation of the lateral rectus by fibers of the oculomotor nerve in DRS is secondary to absence of the abducens nerve. Studies of a CHN1 mouse model have begun to elucidate mechanisms of selective vulnerability in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary C Whitman
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Elizabeth C Engle
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
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59
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Weng Z, Shang Y, Yao D, Zhu J, Zhang R. Structural analyses of key features in the KANK1·KIF21A complex yield mechanistic insights into the cross-talk between microtubules and the cell cortex. J Biol Chem 2017; 293:215-225. [PMID: 29158259 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.816017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The cross-talk between dynamic microtubules and the cell cortex plays important roles in cell division, polarity, and migration. A critical adaptor that links the plus ends of microtubules with the cell cortex is the KANK N-terminal motif and ankyrin repeat domains 1 (KANK1)/kinesin family member 21A (KIF21A) complex. Genetic defects in these two proteins are associated with various cancers and developmental diseases, such as congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles type 1. However, the molecular mechanism governing the KANK1/KIF21A interaction and the role of the conserved ankyrin (ANK) repeats in this interaction are still unclear. In this study, we present the crystal structure of the KANK1·KIF21A complex at 2.1 Å resolution. The structure, together with biochemical studies, revealed that a five-helix-bundle-capping domain immediately preceding the ANK repeats of KANK1 forms a structural and functional supramodule with its ANK repeats in binding to an evolutionarily conserved peptide located in the middle of KIF21A. We also show that several missense mutations present in cancer patients are located at the interface of the KANK1·KIF21A complex and destabilize its formation. In conclusion, our study elucidates the molecular basis underlying the KANK1/KIF21A interaction and also provides possible mechanistic explanations for the diseases caused by mutations in KANK1 and KIF21A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuangfeng Weng
- National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 333 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 100 Haike Road, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yuan Shang
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Deqiang Yao
- National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 333 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jinwei Zhu
- National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 333 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Rongguang Zhang
- National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 333 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 100 Haike Road, Shanghai 201210, China; Shanghai Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
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60
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Chen H, Liu T, Zeng Z, Wang Y, Lin Y, Cheng L, Pan Q, Gu F, Song Z, Zhang Z. Clinical characteristics of a KIF21A mutation in a Chinese family with congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles type 1. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e8068. [PMID: 28930843 PMCID: PMC5617710 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000008068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study is to characterize the clinical ocular phenotype with congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles type 1 (CFEOM1) and to confirm whether the kinesin family member 21A (KIF21A) mutation was the pathogenic gene in this Chinese family.Three affected individuals and 2 asymptomatic kinsfolk from a Chinese family underwent comprehensive ophthalmic examinations, orbital computerized tomography (CT), and postoperative histological examinations were performed in the proband. All the recruited members were screened for 3 exons (8, 20, and 21) of KIF21A mutations using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and direct sequencing of corresponding PCR products.All patients shared the clinical characteristics including bilateral ophthalmoplegia, blepharoptosis, hypertropic, and exotropic position with inability to raise either eye above the midline and a chin-up head position. Direct DNA sequence analysis from the affected members revealed a missense mutation in KIF21A (c.2860C>T, p.R954W). The unaffected members did not harbor the p.R954W mutation. The candidate mutation was not present in multiple web-accessible and in-house exome databases.The p.Arg954Trp mutation of KIF21A was the causative mutation in this Chinese pedigree with CFEOM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqiong Chen
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province
| | - Tangbing Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third People's Hospital of Mianyang, Sichuan Province
| | - Zhenhai Zeng
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province
| | - Yufei Wang
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province
| | - Yuanyuan Lin
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Lulu Cheng
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province
| | - Qintuo Pan
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province
| | - Feng Gu
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province
| | - Zongming Song
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province
| | - Zongduan Zhang
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province
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Fritzsch B, Elliott KL, Glover JC. Gaskell revisited: new insights into spinal autonomics necessitate a revised motor neuron nomenclature. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 370:195-209. [PMID: 28856468 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2676-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Several concepts developed in the nineteenth century have formed the basis of much of our neuroanatomical teaching today. Not all of these were based on solid evidence nor have withstood the test of time. Recent evidence on the evolution and development of the autonomic nervous system, combined with molecular insights into the development and diversification of motor neurons, challenges some of the ideas held for over 100 years about the organization of autonomic motor outflow. This review provides an overview of the original ideas and quality of supporting data and contrasts this with a more accurate and in depth insight provided by studies using modern techniques. Several lines of data demonstrate that branchial motor neurons are a distinct motor neuron population within the vertebrate brainstem, from which parasympathetic visceral motor neurons of the brainstem evolved. The lack of an autonomic nervous system in jawless vertebrates implies that spinal visceral motor neurons evolved out of spinal somatic motor neurons. Consistent with the evolutionary origin of brainstem parasympathetic motor neurons out of branchial motor neurons and spinal sympathetic motor neurons out of spinal motor neurons is the recent revision of the organization of the autonomic nervous system into a cranial parasympathetic and a spinal sympathetic division (e.g., there is no sacral parasympathetic division). We propose a new nomenclature that takes all of these new insights into account and avoids the conceptual misunderstandings and incorrect interpretation of limited and technically inferior data inherent in the old nomenclature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Fritzsch
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, 129 E Jefferson Street, 214 Biology Building, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA. .,Center on Aging & Aging Mind and Brain Initiative, Weslawn Office 2159 A-2, Iowa City, IA, 52242-1324, USA.
| | - Karen L Elliott
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, 129 E Jefferson Street, 214 Biology Building, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Joel C Glover
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Fazeli W, Herkenrath P, Stiller B, Neugebauer A, Fricke J, Lang-Roth R, Nürnberg G, Thoenes M, Becker J, Altmüller J, Volk AE, Kubisch C, Heller R. A TUBB6 mutation is associated with autosomal dominant non-progressive congenital facial palsy, bilateral ptosis and velopharyngeal dysfunction. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:4055-4066. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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Michalak SM, Whitman MC, Park JG, Tischfield MA, Nguyen EH, Engle EC. Ocular Motor Nerve Development in the Presence and Absence of Extraocular Muscle. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 58:2388-2396. [PMID: 28437527 PMCID: PMC5403115 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-21268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To spatially and temporally define ocular motor nerve development in the presence and absence of extraocular muscles (EOMs). Methods Myf5cre mice, which in the homozygous state lack EOMs, were crossed to an IslMN:GFP reporter line to fluorescently label motor neuron cell bodies and axons. Embryonic day (E) 11.5 to E15.5 wild-type and Myf5cre/cre:IslMN:GFP whole mount embryos and dissected orbits were imaged by confocal microscopy to visualize the developing oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens nerves in the presence and absence of EOMs. E11.5 and E18.5 brainstems were serially sectioned and stained for Islet1 to determine the fate of ocular motor neurons. Results At E11.5, all three ocular motor nerves in mutant embryos approached the orbit with a trajectory similar to that of wild-type. Subsequently, while wild-type nerves send terminal branches that contact target EOMs in a stereotypical pattern, the Myf5cre/cre ocular motor nerves failed to form terminal branches, regressed, and by E18.5 two-thirds of their corresponding motor neurons died. Comparisons between mutant and wild-type embryos revealed novel aspects of trochlear and oculomotor nerve development. Conclusions We delineated mouse ocular motor nerve spatial and temporal development in unprecedented detail. Moreover, we found that EOMs are not necessary for initial outgrowth and guidance of ocular motor axons from the brainstem to the orbit but are required for their terminal branching and survival. These data suggest that intermediate targets in the mesenchyme provide cues necessary for appropriate targeting of ocular motor axons to the orbit, while EOM cues are responsible for terminal branching and motor neuron survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M Michalak
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States 2F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States 3Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States 4University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States 5Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States
| | - Mary C Whitman
- F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States 6Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States 7Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Jong G Park
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States 2F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States 3Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States 5Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States 8Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Max A Tischfield
- F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States 3Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Elaine H Nguyen
- F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States 6Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Elizabeth C Engle
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States 2F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States 3Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States 5Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States 6Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States 7Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
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Chilton JK, Guthrie S. Axons get ahead: Insights into axon guidance and congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders. Dev Neurobiol 2017; 77:861-875. [DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John K. Chilton
- Wellcome Wolfson Centre for Medical Research; University of Exeter Medical School, Wellcome-Wolfson Centre for Medical Research; Exeter EX2 5DW United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Guthrie
- School of Life Sciences; University of Sussex; Falmer Brighton, BN1 9QG
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Fritzsch B, Elliott KL. Evolution and Development of the Inner Ear Efferent System: Transforming a Motor Neuron Population to Connect to the Most Unusual Motor Protein via Ancient Nicotinic Receptors. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:114. [PMID: 28484373 PMCID: PMC5401870 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
All craniate chordates have inner ears with hair cells that receive input from the brain by cholinergic centrifugal fibers, the so-called inner ear efferents (IEEs). Comparative data suggest that IEEs derive from facial branchial motor (FBM) neurons that project to the inner ear instead of facial muscles. Developmental data showed that IEEs develop adjacent to FBMs and segregation from IEEs might depend on few transcription factors uniquely associated with IEEs. Like other cholinergic terminals in the peripheral nervous system (PNS), efferent terminals signal on hair cells through nicotinic acetylcholine channels, likely composed out of alpha 9 and alpha 10 units (Chrna9, Chrna10). Consistent with the evolutionary ancestry of IEEs is the even more conserved ancestry of Chrna9 and 10. The evolutionary appearance of IEEs may reflect access of FBMs to a novel target, possibly related to displacement or loss of mesoderm-derived muscle fibers by the ectoderm-derived ear vesicle. Experimental transplantations mimicking this possible aspect of ear evolution showed that different motor neurons of the spinal cord or brainstem form cholinergic synapses on hair cells when ears replace somites or eyes. Transplantation provides experimental evidence in support of the evolutionary switch of FBM neurons to become IEEs. Mammals uniquely evolved a prestin related motor system to cause shape changes in outer hair cells regulated by the IEEs. In summary, an ancient motor neuron population drives in craniates via signaling through highly conserved Chrna receptors a uniquely derived cellular contractility system that is essential for hearing in mammals.
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Nugent AA, Park JG, Wei Y, Tenney AP, Gilette NM, DeLisle MM, Chan WM, Cheng L, Engle EC. Mutant α2-chimaerin signals via bidirectional ephrin pathways in Duane retraction syndrome. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:1664-1682. [PMID: 28346224 DOI: 10.1172/jci88502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Duane retraction syndrome (DRS) is the most common form of congenital paralytic strabismus in humans and can result from α2-chimaerin (CHN1) missense mutations. We report a knockin α2-chimaerin mouse (Chn1KI/KI) that models DRS. Whole embryo imaging of Chn1KI/KI mice revealed stalled abducens nerve growth and selective trochlear and first cervical spinal nerve guidance abnormalities. Stalled abducens nerve bundles did not reach the orbit, resulting in secondary aberrant misinnervation of the lateral rectus muscle by the oculomotor nerve. By contrast, Chn1KO/KO mice did not have DRS, and embryos displayed abducens nerve wandering distinct from the Chn1KI/KI phenotype. Murine embryos lacking EPH receptor A4 (Epha4KO/KO), which is upstream of α2-chimaerin in corticospinal neurons, exhibited similar abducens wandering that paralleled previously reported gait alterations in Chn1KO/KO and Epha4KO/KO adult mice. Findings from Chn1KI/KI Epha4KO/KO mice demonstrated that mutant α2-chimaerin and EphA4 have different genetic interactions in distinct motor neuron pools: abducens neurons use bidirectional ephrin signaling via mutant α2-chimaerin to direct growth, while cervical spinal neurons use only ephrin forward signaling, and trochlear neurons do not use ephrin signaling. These findings reveal a role for ephrin bidirectional signaling upstream of mutant α2-chimaerin in DRS, which may contribute to the selective vulnerability of abducens motor neurons in this disorder.
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van Riel WE, Rai A, Bianchi S, Katrukha EA, Liu Q, Heck AJ, Hoogenraad CC, Steinmetz MO, Kapitein LC, Akhmanova A. Kinesin-4 KIF21B is a potent microtubule pausing factor. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28290984 PMCID: PMC5383399 DOI: 10.7554/elife.24746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules are dynamic polymers that in cells can grow, shrink or pause, but the factors that promote pausing are poorly understood. Here, we show that the mammalian kinesin-4 KIF21B is a processive motor that can accumulate at microtubule plus ends and induce pausing. A few KIF21B molecules are sufficient to induce strong growth inhibition of a microtubule plus end in vitro. This property depends on non-motor microtubule-binding domains located in the stalk region and the C-terminal WD40 domain. The WD40-containing KIF21B tail displays preference for a GTP-type over a GDP-type microtubule lattice and contributes to the interaction of KIF21B with microtubule plus ends. KIF21B also contains a motor-inhibiting domain that does not fully block the interaction of the protein with microtubules, but rather enhances its pause-inducing activity by preventing KIF21B detachment from microtubule tips. Thus, KIF21B combines microtubule-binding and regulatory activities that together constitute an autonomous microtubule pausing factor. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.24746.001 Microtubules are tiny tubes that cells use as rails to move various cell compartments and structures to different locations within the cell. They are made of building blocks called tubulin and form extensive networks across the cell. Depending on the cell’s needs, microtubule networks can be rapidly assembled and disassembled by adding or removing tubulin subunits at the ends of individual microtubules. While a lot is known about how cells regulate the growth and shrinkage of microtubules, much less is known about the factors that can pause these processes and thus stabilize a microtubule. Proteins belonging to the kinesin family are molecular motors that can walk along microtubules and control how microtubules grow and shrink. A kinesin known as KIF21B is found in several types of cells including neurons and immune cells and genetic alterations in this protein have been linked with several neurodegenerative diseases. KIF21B is made up of three regions: a motor domain, a stalk and a tail domain that binds to microtubules. Recent studies have suggested that this kinesin affects the ability of one end of microtubules (known as the plus end) to grow. Here, van Riel, Rai, Bianchi et al. used a biochemical approach to investigate the activity of KIF21B. The experiments show that KIF21B can walk to the plus end of microtubules and efficiently pause growth. Small numbers of KIF21B molecules are enough to inhibit microtubule growth and this activity depends on the motor domain and the tail domain of KIF21B working together. These experiments were performed a cell-free system and so the next challenge is to investigate how KIF21B works in living cells, including neurons and immune cells. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.24746.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilhelmina E van Riel
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ankit Rai
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Sarah Bianchi
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Eugene A Katrukha
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Qingyang Liu
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Albert Jr Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and The Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Casper C Hoogenraad
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Michel O Steinmetz
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Lukas C Kapitein
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Anna Akhmanova
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Ghiretti AE, Thies E, Tokito MK, Lin T, Ostap EM, Kneussel M, Holzbaur ELF. Activity-Dependent Regulation of Distinct Transport and Cytoskeletal Remodeling Functions of the Dendritic Kinesin KIF21B. Neuron 2016; 92:857-872. [PMID: 27817978 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The dendritic arbor is subject to continual activity-dependent remodeling, requiring a balance between directed cargo trafficking and dynamic restructuring of the underlying microtubule tracks. How cytoskeletal components are able to dynamically regulate these processes to maintain this balance remains largely unknown. By combining single-molecule assays and live imaging in rat hippocampal neurons, we have identified the kinesin-4 KIF21B as a molecular regulator of activity-dependent trafficking and microtubule dynamicity in dendrites. We find that KIF21B contributes to the retrograde trafficking of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-TrkB complexes and also regulates microtubule dynamics through a separable, non-motor microtubule-binding domain. Neuronal activity enhances the motility of KIF21B at the expense of its role in cytoskeletal remodeling, the first example of a kinesin whose function is directly tuned to neuronal activity state. These studies suggest a model in which KIF21B navigates the complex cytoskeletal environment of dendrites by compartmentalizing functions in an activity-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Ghiretti
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 415 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Edda Thies
- Department of Molecular Neurogenetics, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mariko K Tokito
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 415 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Tianming Lin
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 415 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - E Michael Ostap
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 415 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Matthias Kneussel
- Department of Molecular Neurogenetics, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Erika L F Holzbaur
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 415 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Bjorke B, Shoja-Taheri F, Kim M, Robinson GE, Fontelonga T, Kim KT, Song MR, Mastick GS. Contralateral migration of oculomotor neurons is regulated by Slit/Robo signaling. Neural Dev 2016; 11:18. [PMID: 27770832 PMCID: PMC5075191 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-016-0073-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oculomotor neurons develop initially like typical motor neurons, projecting axons out of the ventral midbrain to their ipsilateral targets, the extraocular muscles. However, in all vertebrates, after the oculomotor nerve (nIII) has reached the extraocular muscle primordia, the cell bodies that innervate the superior rectus migrate to join the contralateral nucleus. This motor neuron migration represents a unique strategy to form a contralateral motor projection. Whether migration is guided by diffusible cues remains unknown. METHODS We examined the role of Slit chemorepellent signals in contralateral oculomotor migration by analyzing mutant mouse embryos. RESULTS We found that the ventral midbrain expresses high levels of both Slit1 and 2, and that oculomotor neurons express the repellent Slit receptors Robo1 and Robo2. Therefore, Slit signals are in a position to influence the migration of oculomotor neurons. In Slit 1/2 or Robo1/2 double mutant embryos, motor neuron cell bodies migrated into the ventral midbrain on E10.5, three days prior to normal migration. These early migrating neurons had leading projections into and across the floor plate. In contrast to the double mutants, embryos which were mutant for single Slit or Robo genes did not have premature migration or outgrowth on E10.5, demonstrating a cooperative requirement of Slit1 and 2, as well as Robo1 and 2. To test how Slit/Robo midline repulsion is modulated, we found that the normal migration did not require the receptors Robo3 and CXCR4, or the chemoattractant, Netrin 1. The signal to initiate contralateral migration is likely autonomous to the midbrain because oculomotor neurons migrate in embryos that lack either nerve outgrowth or extraocular muscles, or in cultured midbrains that lacked peripheral tissue. CONCLUSION Overall, our results demonstrate that a migratory subset of motor neurons respond to floor plate-derived Slit repulsion to properly control the timing of contralateral migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brielle Bjorke
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | | | - Minkyung Kim
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - G Eric Robinson
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | | | - Kyung-Tai Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Oryong-dong, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Ryoung Song
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Oryong-dong, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Grant S Mastick
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA.
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Autoinhibition of a Neuronal Kinesin UNC-104/KIF1A Regulates the Size and Density of Synapses. Cell Rep 2016; 16:2129-2141. [PMID: 27524618 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinesin motor proteins transport intracellular cargoes throughout cells by hydrolyzing ATP and moving along microtubule tracks. Intramolecular autoinhibitory interactions have been shown for several kinesins in vitro; however, the physiological significance of autoinhibition remains poorly understood. Here, we identified four mutations in the stalk region and motor domain of the synaptic vesicle (SV) kinesin UNC-104/KIF1A that specifically disrupt autoinhibition. These mutations augment both microtubule and cargo vesicle binding in vitro. In vivo, these mutations cause excessive activation of UNC-104, leading to decreased synaptic density, smaller synapses, and ectopic localization of SVs in the dendrite. We also show that the SV-bound small GTPase ARL-8 activates UNC-104 by unlocking the autoinhibition. These results demonstrate that the autoinhibitory mechanism is used to regulate the distribution of transport cargoes and is important for synaptogenesis in vivo.
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Structural basis for misregulation of kinesin KIF21A autoinhibition by CFEOM1 disease mutations. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30668. [PMID: 27485312 PMCID: PMC4971492 DOI: 10.1038/srep30668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Tight regulation of kinesin activity is crucial and malfunction is linked to neurological diseases. Point mutations in the KIF21A gene cause congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles type 1 (CFEOM1) by disrupting the autoinhibitory interaction between the motor domain and a regulatory region in the stalk. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the misregulation of KIF21A activity in CFEOM1 is not understood. Here, we show that the KIF21A regulatory domain containing all disease-associated substitutions in the stalk forms an intramolecular antiparallel coiled coil that inhibits the kinesin. CFEOM1 mutations lead to KIF21A hyperactivation by affecting either the structural integrity of the antiparallel coiled coil or the autoinhibitory binding interface, thereby reducing its affinity for the motor domain. Interaction of the KIF21A regulatory domain with the KIF21B motor domain and sequence similarities to KIF7 and KIF27 strongly suggest a conservation of this regulatory mechanism in other kinesin-4 family members.
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Park JG, Tischfield MA, Nugent AA, Cheng L, Di Gioia SA, Chan WM, Maconachie G, Bosley TM, Summers CG, Hunter DG, Robson CD, Gottlob I, Engle EC. Loss of MAFB Function in Humans and Mice Causes Duane Syndrome, Aberrant Extraocular Muscle Innervation, and Inner-Ear Defects. Am J Hum Genet 2016; 98:1220-1227. [PMID: 27181683 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Duane retraction syndrome (DRS) is a congenital eye-movement disorder defined by limited outward gaze and retraction of the eye on attempted inward gaze. Here, we report on three heterozygous loss-of-function MAFB mutations causing DRS and a dominant-negative MAFB mutation causing DRS and deafness. Using genotype-phenotype correlations in humans and Mafb-knockout mice, we propose a threshold model for variable loss of MAFB function. Postmortem studies of DRS have reported abducens nerve hypoplasia and aberrant innervation of the lateral rectus muscle by the oculomotor nerve. Our studies in mice now confirm this human DRS pathology. Moreover, we demonstrate that selectively disrupting abducens nerve development is sufficient to cause secondary innervation of the lateral rectus muscle by aberrant oculomotor nerve branches, which form at developmental decision regions close to target extraocular muscles. Thus, we present evidence that the primary cause of DRS is failure of the abducens nerve to fully innervate the lateral rectus muscle in early development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong G Park
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA; Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Max A Tischfield
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alicia A Nugent
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Long Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Silvio Alessandro Di Gioia
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wai-Man Chan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA; Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gail Maconachie
- Ulverscroft Eye Unit, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK; Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, and Behavior, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK
| | - Thomas M Bosley
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - C Gail Summers
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - David G Hunter
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Caroline D Robson
- Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Irene Gottlob
- Ulverscroft Eye Unit, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK; Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, and Behavior, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK
| | - Elizabeth C Engle
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA; Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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73
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van de Willige D, Hoogenraad CC, Akhmanova A. Microtubule plus-end tracking proteins in neuronal development. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:2053-77. [PMID: 26969328 PMCID: PMC4834103 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2168-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of the microtubule cytoskeleton is of pivotal importance for neuronal development and function. One such regulatory mechanism centers on microtubule plus-end tracking proteins (+TIPs): structurally and functionally diverse regulatory factors, which can form complex macromolecular assemblies at the growing microtubule plus-ends. +TIPs modulate important properties of microtubules including their dynamics and their ability to control cell polarity, membrane transport and signaling. Several neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases are associated with mutations in +TIPs or with misregulation of these proteins. In this review, we focus on the role and regulation of +TIPs in neuronal development and associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieudonnée van de Willige
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Casper C Hoogenraad
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Anna Akhmanova
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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74
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Muhia M, Thies E, Labonté D, Ghiretti AE, Gromova KV, Xompero F, Lappe-Siefke C, Hermans-Borgmeyer I, Kuhl D, Schweizer M, Ohana O, Schwarz JR, Holzbaur ELF, Kneussel M. The Kinesin KIF21B Regulates Microtubule Dynamics and Is Essential for Neuronal Morphology, Synapse Function, and Learning and Memory. Cell Rep 2016; 15:968-977. [PMID: 27117409 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.03.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The kinesin KIF21B is implicated in several human neurological disorders, including delayed cognitive development, yet it remains unclear how KIF21B dysfunction may contribute to pathology. One limitation is that relatively little is known about KIF21B-mediated physiological functions. Here, we generated Kif21b knockout mice and used cellular assays to investigate the relevance of KIF21B in neuronal and in vivo function. We show that KIF21B is a processive motor protein and identify an additional role for KIF21B in regulating microtubule dynamics. In neurons lacking KIF21B, microtubules grow more slowly and persistently, leading to tighter packing in dendrites. KIF21B-deficient neurons exhibit decreased dendritic arbor complexity and reduced spine density, which correlate with deficits in synaptic transmission. Consistent with these observations, Kif21b-null mice exhibit behavioral changes involving learning and memory deficits. Our study provides insight into the cellular function of KIF21B and the basis for cognitive decline resulting from KIF21B dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Muhia
- Department of Molecular Neurogenetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Edda Thies
- Department of Molecular Neurogenetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dorthe Labonté
- Department of Molecular Neurogenetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Amy E Ghiretti
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6085, USA
| | - Kira V Gromova
- Department of Molecular Neurogenetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Francesca Xompero
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Cognition, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Corinna Lappe-Siefke
- Department of Molecular Neurogenetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Irm Hermans-Borgmeyer
- Transgenic Animal Unit, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dietmar Kuhl
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Cognition, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michaela Schweizer
- Morphology Unit, Center for Molecular Neurobiology ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ora Ohana
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Cognition, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen R Schwarz
- Department of Molecular Neurogenetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Erika L F Holzbaur
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6085, USA
| | - Matthias Kneussel
- Department of Molecular Neurogenetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, 20251 Hamburg, Germany.
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75
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Minoura I, Takazaki H, Ayukawa R, Saruta C, Hachikubo Y, Uchimura S, Hida T, Kamiguchi H, Shimogori T, Muto E. Reversal of axonal growth defects in an extraocular fibrosis model by engineering the kinesin-microtubule interface. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10058. [PMID: 26775887 PMCID: PMC4735607 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in human β3-tubulin (TUBB3) cause an ocular motility disorder termed congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles type 3 (CFEOM3). In CFEOM3, the oculomotor nervous system develops abnormally due to impaired axon guidance and maintenance; however, the underlying mechanism linking TUBB3 mutations to axonal growth defects remains unclear. Here, we investigate microtubule (MT)-based motility in vitro using MTs formed with recombinant TUBB3. We find that the disease-associated TUBB3 mutations R262H and R262A impair the motility and ATPase activity of the kinesin motor. Engineering a mutation in the L12 loop of kinesin surprisingly restores a normal level of motility and ATPase activity on MTs carrying the R262A mutation. Moreover, in a CFEOM3 mouse model expressing the same mutation, overexpressing the suppressor mutant kinesin restores axonal growth in vivo. Collectively, these findings establish the critical role of the TUBB3-R262 residue for mediating kinesin interaction, which in turn is required for normal axonal growth and brain development. How mutations in β3-tubulin cause axonal growth defects in congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles type 3 remains elusive. Minoura et al. develop a model system using recombinant human tubulin that demonstrates a link between tubulin mutation, impaired kinesin motility and axonal growth defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itsushi Minoura
- Laboratory for Molecular Biophysics, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hiroko Takazaki
- Laboratory for Molecular Biophysics, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Rie Ayukawa
- Laboratory for Molecular Biophysics, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Chihiro Saruta
- Laboratory for Molecular Biophysics, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.,Laboratory for Molecular Mechanisms of Thalamus Development, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - You Hachikubo
- Laboratory for Molecular Biophysics, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Seiichi Uchimura
- Laboratory for Molecular Biophysics, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Tomonobu Hida
- Laboratory for Neuronal Growth Mechanisms, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kamiguchi
- Laboratory for Neuronal Growth Mechanisms, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Tomomi Shimogori
- Laboratory for Molecular Mechanisms of Thalamus Development, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Etsuko Muto
- Laboratory for Molecular Biophysics, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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76
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Whitman MC, Andrews C, Chan WM, Tischfield MA, Stasheff SF, Brancati F, Ortiz-Gonzalez X, Nuovo S, Garaci F, MacKinnon SE, Hunter DG, Grant PE, Engle EC. Two unique TUBB3 mutations cause both CFEOM3 and malformations of cortical development. Am J Med Genet A 2015; 170A:297-305. [PMID: 26639658 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
One set of missense mutations in the neuron specific beta tubulin isotype 3 (TUBB3) has been reported to cause malformations of cortical development (MCD), while a second set has been reported to cause isolated or syndromic Congenital Fibrosis of the Extraocular Muscles type 3 (CFEOM3). Because TUBB3 mutations reported to cause CFEOM had not been associated with cortical malformations, while mutations reported to cause MCD had not been associated with CFEOM or other forms of paralytic strabismus, it was hypothesized that each set of mutations might alter microtubule function differently. Here, however, we report two novel de novo heterozygous TUBB3 amino acid substitutions, G71R and G98S, in four patients with both MCD and syndromic CFEOM3. These patients present with moderately severe CFEOM3, nystagmus, torticollis, and developmental delay, and have intellectual and social disabilities. Neuroimaging reveals defective cortical gyration, as well as hypoplasia or agenesis of the corpus callosum and anterior commissure, malformations of hippocampi, thalami, basal ganglia and cerebella, and brainstem and cranial nerve hypoplasia. These new TUBB3 substitutions meld the two previously distinct TUBB3-associated phenotypes, and implicate similar microtubule dysfunction underlying both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary C Whitman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Caroline Andrews
- FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland
| | - Wai-Man Chan
- FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland.,Program in Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Max A Tischfield
- FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Steven F Stasheff
- Departments of Pediatrics (Neurology), Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Neurology and Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Francesco Brancati
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, Gabriele d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Xilma Ortiz-Gonzalez
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sara Nuovo
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Garaci
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Molecular Imaging, Interventional Radiology and Radiotherapy, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Sarah E MacKinnon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David G Hunter
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - P Ellen Grant
- Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Elizabeth C Engle
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland.,Program in Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Medicine (Genetics), Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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77
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Yang R, Bentley M, Huang CF, Banker G. Analyzing kinesin motor domain translocation in cultured hippocampal neurons. Methods Cell Biol 2015; 131:217-232. [PMID: 26794516 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2015.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal microtubules are subject to extensive posttranslational modifications and are bound by MAPs, tip-binding proteins, and other accessory proteins. All of these features, which are difficult to replicate in vitro, are likely to influence the translocation of kinesin motors. Here we describe assays for evaluating the translocation of a population of fluorescently labeled kinesin motor domains, based on their accumulation in regions of the cell enriched in microtubule plus ends. Neurons lend themselves to these experiments because of their microtubule organization. In axons, microtubules are oriented with their plus ends out; dendrites contain a mixed population of microtubules, but those near the tips are also plus end out. The assays involve the expression of constitutively active kinesins that can walk processively, but that lack the autoinhibitory domain in the tail that normally prevents their binding to microtubules until they attach to vesicles. The degree to which such motor domains accumulate at neurite tips serves as a measure of the efficiency of their translocation. Although these assays cannot provide the kind of quantitative kinetic information obtained from in vitro assays, they offer a simple way to examine kinesin translocation in living neurons. They can be used to compare the translocation efficiency of different kinesin motors and to evaluate how mutations or posttranslational modifications within the motor domain influence kinesin translocation. Changes to motor domain accumulation in these assays can also serve as readout for changes in the microtubule cytoskeleton that affect kinesin translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yang
- Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Marvin Bentley
- Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Chung-Fang Huang
- Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Gary Banker
- Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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78
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Kevenaar JT, Hoogenraad CC. The axonal cytoskeleton: from organization to function. Front Mol Neurosci 2015; 8:44. [PMID: 26321907 PMCID: PMC4536388 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2015.00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The axon is the single long fiber that extends from the neuron and transmits electrical signals away from the cell body. The neuronal cytoskeleton, composed of microtubules (MTs), actin filaments and neurofilaments, is not only required for axon formation and axonal transport but also provides the structural basis for several specialized axonal structures, such as the axon initial segment (AIS) and presynaptic boutons. Emerging evidence suggest that the unique cytoskeleton organization in the axon is essential for its structure and integrity. In addition, the increasing number of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases linked to defect in actin- and microtubule-dependent processes emphasizes the importance of a properly regulated cytoskeleton for normal axonal functioning. Here, we provide an overview of the current understanding of actin and microtubule organization within the axon and discuss models for the functional role of the cytoskeleton at specialized axonal structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josta T. Kevenaar
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht UniversityUtrecht, Netherlands
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79
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Miao W, Man F, Wu S, Lv B, Wang Z, Xian J, Sabel BA, He H, Jiao Y. Brain Abnormalities in Congenital Fibrosis of the Extraocular Muscles Type 1: A Multimodal MRI Imaging Study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133473. [PMID: 26186732 PMCID: PMC4506083 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore the possible brain structural and functional alterations in congenital fibrosis of extraocular muscles type 1 (CFEOM1) patients using multimodal MRI imaging. METHODS T1-weighted, diffusion tensor images and functional MRI data were obtained from 9 KIF21A positive patients and 19 age- and gender-matched healthy controls. Voxel based morphometry and tract based spatial statistics were applied to the T1-weighted and diffusion tensor images, respectively. Amplitude of low frequency fluctuations and regional homogeneity were used to process the functional MRI data. We then compared these multimodal characteristics between CFEOM1 patients and healthy controls. RESULTS Compared with healthy controls, CFEOM1 patients demonstrated increased grey matter volume in bilateral frontal orbital cortex and in the right temporal pole. No diffusion indices changes were detected, indicating unaffected white matter microstructure. In addition, from resting state functional MRI data, trend of amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations increases were noted in the right inferior parietal lobe and in the right frontal cortex, and a trend of ReHo increase (p<0.001 uncorrected) in the left precentral gyrus, left orbital frontal cortex, temporal pole and cingulate gyrus. CONCLUSIONS CFEOM1 patients had structural and functional changes in grey matter, but the white matter was unaffected. These alterations in the brain may be due to the abnormality of extraocular muscles and their innervating nerves. Future studies should consider the possible correlations between brain morphological/functional findings and clinical data, especially pertaining to eye movements, to obtain more precise answers about the role of brain area changes and their functional consequence in CFEOM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fengyuan Man
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shaoqin Wu
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Lv
- China Academy of Telecommunication Research of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenchang Wang
- Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Junfang Xian
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bernhard A. Sabel
- State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Tongren Eye Centre, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Science Key Lab, Beijing, China
- Otto-von-Guericke University of Magdeburg, Medical Faculty, Institute of Medical Psychology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Huiguang He
- State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (YJ); (HH)
| | - Yonghong Jiao
- Beijing Tongren Eye Centre, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Science Key Lab, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (YJ); (HH)
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80
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Kong Z, Ioki M, Braybrook S, Li S, Ye ZH, Julie Lee YR, Hotta T, Chang A, Tian J, Wang G, Liu B. Kinesin-4 Functions in Vesicular Transport on Cortical Microtubules and Regulates Cell Wall Mechanics during Cell Elongation in Plants. MOLECULAR PLANT 2015; 8:1011-23. [PMID: 25600279 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In plants, anisotropic cell expansion depends on cortical microtubules that serve as tracks along which macromolecules and vesicles are transported by the motor kinesins of unknown identities. We used cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) fibers that underwent robust elongation to discover kinesins that are involved in cell elongation and found Gh KINESIN-4A expressed abundantly. The motor was detected by immunofluorescence on vesicle-like structures that were associated with cortical microtubules. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the orthologous motor At KINESIN-4A/FRA1, previously implicated in cellulose deposition during secondary growth in fiber cells, was examined by live-cell imaging in cells expressing the fluorescently tagged functional protein. The motor decorated vesicle-like particles that exhibit a linear movement along cortical microtubules with an average velocity of 0.89 μm/min, which was significantly different from those linked to cellulose biosynthesis. We also discovered that At KINESIN-4A/FRA1 and the related At KINESIN-4C play redundant roles in cell wall mechanics, cell elongation, and the axial growth of various vegetative and reproductive organs, as the loss of At KINESIN-4C greatly enhanced the defects caused by a null mutation at the KINESIN-4A/FRA1 locus. The double mutant displayed a lack of cell wall softening at normal stages of rapid cell elongation. Furthermore, enhanced deposition of arabinose-containing carbohydrate was detected in the kinesin-4 mutants. Our findings established a connection between the Kinesin-4-based transport of cargoes containing non-cellulosic components along cortical microtubules and cell wall mechanics and cell elongation in flowering plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaosheng Kong
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Motohide Ioki
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Siobhan Braybrook
- Sainsbury Laboratory Cambridge, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Shundai Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16802, USA
| | - Zheng-Hua Ye
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Yuh-Ru Julie Lee
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Takashi Hotta
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Anny Chang
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Juan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Guangda Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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81
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Gutowski NJ, Chilton JK. The congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders. Arch Dis Child 2015; 100:678-81. [PMID: 25633065 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2014-307035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders (CCDD) encompass a number of related conditions and includes Duane syndrome, congenital fibrosis of the external ocular muscles, Möbius syndrome, congenital ptosis and hereditary congenital facial paresis. These are congenital disorders where the primary findings are non-progressive and are caused by developmental abnormalities of cranial nerves/nuclei with primary or secondary dysinnervation. Several CCDD genes have been found, which enhance our understanding of the mechanisms involved in brain stem development and axonal guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Gutowski
- Department of Neurology, Royal Devon and Exeter Foundation Hospital, Exeter, UK University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - J K Chilton
- University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
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Kurup N, Yan D, Goncharov A, Jin Y. Dynamic microtubules drive circuit rewiring in the absence of neurite remodeling. Curr Biol 2015; 25:1594-605. [PMID: 26051896 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A striking neuronal connectivity change in C. elegans involves the coordinated elimination of existing synapses and formation of synapses at new locations, without altering neuronal morphology. Here, we investigate the tripartite interaction between dynamic microtubules (MTs), kinesin-1, and vesicular cargo during this synapse remodeling. We find that a reduction in the dynamic MT population in motor neuron axons, resulting from genetic interaction between loss of function in the conserved MAPKKK dlk-1 and an α-tubulin mutation, specifically blocks synapse remodeling. Using live imaging and pharmacological modulation of the MT cytoskeleton, we show that dynamic MTs are increased at the onset of remodeling and are critical for new synapse formation. DLK-1 acts during synapse remodeling, and its function involves MT catastrophe factors including kinesin-13/KLP-7 and spastin/SPAS-1. Through a forward genetic screen, we identify gain-of-function mutations in kinesin-1 that can compensate for reduced dynamic MTs to promote synaptic vesicle transport during remodeling. Our data provide in vivo evidence supporting the requirement of dynamic MTs for kinesin-1-dependent axonal transport and shed light on the role of the MT cytoskeleton in facilitating neural circuit plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naina Kurup
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Dong Yan
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Alexandr Goncharov
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yishi Jin
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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83
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Hirokawa N, Tanaka Y. Kinesin superfamily proteins (KIFs): Various functions and their relevance for important phenomena in life and diseases. Exp Cell Res 2015; 334:16-25. [PMID: 25724902 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Kinesin superfamily proteins (KIFs) largely serve as molecular motors on the microtubule system and transport various cellular proteins, macromolecules, and organelles. These transports are fundamental to cellular logistics, and at times, they directly modulate signal transduction by altering the semantics of informational molecules. In this review, we will summarize recent approaches to the regulation of the transport destinations and to the physiological relevance of the role of these proteins in neuroscience, ciliary functions, and metabolic diseases. Understanding these burning questions will be essential in establishing a new paradigm of cellular functions and disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobutaka Hirokawa
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Center of Excellence in Genome Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Yosuke Tanaka
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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84
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Niwa S. Kinesin superfamily proteins and the regulation of microtubule dynamics in morphogenesis. Anat Sci Int 2014; 90:1-6. [PMID: 25347970 DOI: 10.1007/s12565-014-0259-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Kinesin superfamily proteins (KIFs) are microtubule-dependent molecular motors that serve as sources of force for intracellular transport and cell division. Recent studies have revealed new roles of KIFs as microtubule stabilizers and depolymerizers, and these activities are fundamental to cellular morphogenesis and mammalian development. KIF2A and KIF19A have microtubule-depolymerizing activities and regulate the neuronal morphology and cilia length, respectively. KIF21A and KIF26A work as microtubule stabilizers that regulate axonal morphology. Morphological defects that are similar to human diseases are observed in mice in which these KIF genes have been deleted. Actually, KIF2A and KIF21A have been identified as causes of human neuronal diseases. In this review, the functions of these atypical KIFs that regulate microtubule dynamics are discussed. Moreover, some interesting unanswered questions and hypothetical answers to them are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Niwa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, 385 Serra Mall, Herrin Lab 144, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA,
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