51
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Vivo P, Salunke JK, Priimagi A. Hole-Transporting Materials for Printable Perovskite Solar Cells. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 10:E1087. [PMID: 28914823 PMCID: PMC5615741 DOI: 10.3390/ma10091087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) represent undoubtedly the most significant breakthrough in photovoltaic technology since the 1970s, with an increase in their power conversion efficiency from less than 5% to over 22% in just a few years. Hole-transporting materials (HTMs) are an essential building block of PSC architectures. Currently, 2,2',7,7'-tetrakis-(N,N'-di-p-methoxyphenylamine)-9,9'-spirobifluorene), better known as spiro-OMeTAD, is the most widely-used HTM to obtain high-efficiency devices. However, it is a tremendously expensive material with mediocre hole carrier mobility. To ensure wide-scale application of PSC-based technologies, alternative HTMs are being proposed. Solution-processable HTMs are crucial to develop inexpensive, high-throughput and printable large-area PSCs. In this review, we present the most recent advances in the design and development of different types of HTMs, with a particular focus on mesoscopic PSCs. Finally, we outline possible future research directions for further optimization of the HTMs to achieve low-cost, stable and large-area PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Vivo
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Tampere University of Technology, P.O. Box 541, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland.
| | - Jagadish K Salunke
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Tampere University of Technology, P.O. Box 541, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland.
| | - Arri Priimagi
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Tampere University of Technology, P.O. Box 541, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland.
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52
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Koh TM, Huang J, Neogi I, Boix PP, Mhaisalkar SG, Mathews N. High Stability Bilayered Perovskites through Crystallization Driven Self-Assembly. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:28743-28749. [PMID: 28799740 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b07780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this manuscript we reveal the formation of bilayered hybrid perovskites of a new lower dimensional perovskite family, (CHMA)2(MA)n-1PbnI3 with n = 1-5, with high ambient stability via its crystallization driven self-assembly process. The spun-coated perovskite solution tends to crystallize and undergo phase separation during annealing, resulting in the formation of 2D/3D bilayered hybrid perovskites. Remarkably, this 2D/3D hybrid perovskites possess striking moisture resistance and displays high ambient stability up to 65 days. The bilayered approach in combining 3D and 2D perovskites could lead to a new era of perovskite research for high-efficiency photovoltaics with outstanding stability, with the 3D perovskite providing excellent electronic properties while the 2D perovskite endows it moisture stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teck Ming Koh
- Energy Research Institute at Nanyang Technological University (ERI@N) , Research Techno Plaza, X-Frontier Block Level 5, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 637553, Singapore
| | - Junye Huang
- Energy Research Institute at Nanyang Technological University (ERI@N) , Research Techno Plaza, X-Frontier Block Level 5, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 637553, Singapore
| | - Ishita Neogi
- Energy Research Institute at Nanyang Technological University (ERI@N) , Research Techno Plaza, X-Frontier Block Level 5, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 637553, Singapore
| | - Pablo P Boix
- Energy Research Institute at Nanyang Technological University (ERI@N) , Research Techno Plaza, X-Frontier Block Level 5, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 637553, Singapore
| | - Subodh G Mhaisalkar
- Energy Research Institute at Nanyang Technological University (ERI@N) , Research Techno Plaza, X-Frontier Block Level 5, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 637553, Singapore
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Nripan Mathews
- Energy Research Institute at Nanyang Technological University (ERI@N) , Research Techno Plaza, X-Frontier Block Level 5, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 637553, Singapore
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
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53
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Tang ZK, Xu ZF, Zhang DY, Hu SX, Lau WM, Liu LM. Enhanced optical absorption via cation doping hybrid lead iodine perovskites. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7843. [PMID: 28798418 PMCID: PMC5552798 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08215-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The suitable band structure is vital for perovskite solar cells, which greatly affect the high photoelectric conversion efficiency. Cation substitution is an effective approach to tune the electric structure, carrier concentration, and optical absorption of hybrid lead iodine perovskites. In this work, the electronic structures and optical properties of cation (Bi, Sn, and TI) doped tetragonal formamidinium lead iodine CH(NH2)2PbI3 (FAPbI3) are studied by first-principles calculations. For comparison, the cation-doped tetragonal methylammonium lead iodine CH3NH3PbI3 (MAPbI3) are also considered. The calculated formation energies reveal that the Sn atom is easier to dope in the tetragonal MAPbI3/FAPbI3 structure due to the small formation energy of about 0.3 eV. Besides, the band gap of Sn-doped MAPbI3/FAPbI3 is 1.30/1.40 eV, which is considerably smaller than the un-doped tetragonal MAPbI3/FAPbI3. More importantly, compare with the un-doped tetragonal MAPbI3/FAPbI3, the Sn-doped MAPbI3 and FAPbI3 have the larger optical absorption coefficient and theoretical maximum efficiency, especially for Sn-doped FAPbI3. The lower formation energy, suitable band gap and outstanding optical absorption of the Sn-doped FAPbI3 make it promising candidates for high-efficient perovskite cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Kun Tang
- College of Physics and Electronics Engineering & College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang, 421008, China.,Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zhi-Feng Xu
- College of Physics and Electronics Engineering & College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang, 421008, China
| | - Deng-Yu Zhang
- College of Physics and Electronics Engineering & College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang, 421008, China
| | - Shu-Xian Hu
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Woon-Ming Lau
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing, 100084, China.,Center for Green Innovation, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Li-Min Liu
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing, 100084, China.
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54
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Monahan DM, Guo L, Lin J, Dou L, Yang P, Fleming GR. Room-Temperature Coherent Optical Phonon in 2D Electronic Spectra of CH 3NH 3PbI 3 Perovskite as a Possible Cooling Bottleneck. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:3211-3215. [PMID: 28661142 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b01357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
A hot phonon bottleneck may be responsible for slow hot carrier cooling in methylammonium lead iodide hybrid perovskite, creating the potential for more efficient hot carrier photovoltaics. In room-temperature 2D electronic spectra near the band edge, we observe amplitude oscillations due to a remarkably long lived 0.9 THz coherent phonon population at room temperature. This phonon (or set of phonons) is assigned to angular distortions of the Pb-I lattice, not coupled to cation rotations. The strong coupling between the electronic transition and the 0.9 THz mode(s), together with relative isolation from other phonon modes, makes it likely to cause a phonon bottleneck. The pump frequency resolution of the 2D spectra also enables independent observation of photoinduced absorptions and bleaches independently and confirms that features due to band gap renormalization are longer-lived than in transient absorption spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele M Monahan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Liang Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jia Lin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Letian Dou
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Peidong Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Graham R Fleming
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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55
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Hybrid perovskite solar cells fabricated from guanidine hydroiodide and tin iodide. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4969. [PMID: 28694513 PMCID: PMC5503999 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05317-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
For the search of new metal-halide perovskite solar cell materials, tolerance factors are calculated from the ionic radius of each site and are often utilized as the critical factors to expect the materials forming perovskite structure. As one of such amine hydrohalides, guanidine hydroiodide (GI) is reported not to react with PbI2. However, in this paper, we report the product of GI and SnI2 reaction, its visible light absorption, X-ray diffraction, and its solar cell operation, in spite of the more disadvantageous tolerance factor of SnI2 than PbI2. We also report the thermal stability of GI, enabling precise control of vacuum deposition, and utilization of co-evaporant induced crystallization method during the vacuum evaporation of the SnI2 film, which resulted in enlarging the SnI2 crystals and improving the short circuit current density of the solar cell.
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56
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Ganose AM, Savory CN, Scanlon DO. Beyond methylammonium lead iodide: prospects for the emergent field of ns 2 containing solar absorbers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:20-44. [PMID: 27722664 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc06475b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The field of photovoltaics is undergoing a surge of interest following the recent discovery of the lead hybrid perovskites as a remarkably efficient class of solar absorber. Of these, methylammonium lead iodide (MAPI) has garnered significant attention due to its record breaking efficiencies, however, there are growing concerns surrounding its long-term stability. Many of the excellent properties seen in hybrid perovskites are thought to derive from the 6s2 electronic configuration of lead, a configuration seen in a range of post-transition metal compounds. In this review we look beyond MAPI to other ns2 solar absorbers, with the aim of identifying those materials likely to achieve high efficiencies. The ideal properties essential to produce highly efficient solar cells are discussed and used as a framework to assess the broad range of compounds this field encompasses. Bringing together the lessons learned from this wide-ranging collection of materials will be essential as attention turns toward producing the next generation of solar absorbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex M Ganose
- University College London, Kathleen Lonsdale Materials Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK. and Diamond Light Source Ltd., Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Christopher N Savory
- University College London, Kathleen Lonsdale Materials Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK.
| | - David O Scanlon
- University College London, Kathleen Lonsdale Materials Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK. and Diamond Light Source Ltd., Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, UK
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57
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Han G, Koh TM, Lim SS, Goh TW, Guo X, Leow SW, Begum R, Sum TC, Mathews N, Mhaisalkar S. Facile Method to Reduce Surface Defects and Trap Densities in Perovskite Photovoltaics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:21292-21297. [PMID: 28574243 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b05133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Owing to improvements in film morphology, crystallization process optimization, and compositional design, the power conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells has increased from 3.8 to 22.1% in a period of 5 years. Nearly defect-free crystalline films and slow recombination rates enable polycrystalline perovskite to boast efficiencies comparable to those of multicrystalline silicon solar cells. However, volatile low melting point components and antisolvent treatments essential for the processing of dense and smooth films often lead to surface defects that hamper charge extraction. In this study, we investigate methylammonium bromide (MABr) surface treatments on perovskite films to compensate for the loss of volatile cation during the annealing process for surface defect passivation, grain growth, and a bromide-rich top layer. This facile method did not change the phase or bandgap of perovskite films yet resulted in a significant increase in the open circuit voltages of devices. The devices with 10 mM MABr treatment show 2% improvement in absolute power conversion efficiency over the control sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guifang Han
- Energy Research Institute @NTU (ERI@N), Nanyang Technological University , Research Techno Plaza, X-Frontier Block, Level 5, 50 Nanyang Drive 637553, Singapore
| | - Teck Ming Koh
- Energy Research Institute @NTU (ERI@N), Nanyang Technological University , Research Techno Plaza, X-Frontier Block, Level 5, 50 Nanyang Drive 637553, Singapore
| | - Swee Sien Lim
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University , 21 Nanyang Link 637371, Singapore
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School , Nanyang Avenue 639798, Singapore
| | - Teck Wee Goh
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University , 21 Nanyang Link 637371, Singapore
| | - Xintong Guo
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School , Nanyang Avenue 639798, Singapore
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , Nanyang Avenue 639798, Singapore
| | - Shin Woei Leow
- Energy Research Institute @NTU (ERI@N), Nanyang Technological University , Research Techno Plaza, X-Frontier Block, Level 5, 50 Nanyang Drive 637553, Singapore
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , Nanyang Avenue 639798, Singapore
| | - Raihana Begum
- Energy Research Institute @NTU (ERI@N), Nanyang Technological University , Research Techno Plaza, X-Frontier Block, Level 5, 50 Nanyang Drive 637553, Singapore
| | - Tze Chien Sum
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University , 21 Nanyang Link 637371, Singapore
| | - Nripan Mathews
- Energy Research Institute @NTU (ERI@N), Nanyang Technological University , Research Techno Plaza, X-Frontier Block, Level 5, 50 Nanyang Drive 637553, Singapore
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , Nanyang Avenue 639798, Singapore
| | - Subodh Mhaisalkar
- Energy Research Institute @NTU (ERI@N), Nanyang Technological University , Research Techno Plaza, X-Frontier Block, Level 5, 50 Nanyang Drive 637553, Singapore
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , Nanyang Avenue 639798, Singapore
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58
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Vargas B, Ramos E, Pérez-Gutiérrez E, Alonso JC, Solis-Ibarra D. A Direct Bandgap Copper-Antimony Halide Perovskite. J Am Chem Soc 2017. [PMID: 28635273 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b04119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Since the establishment of perovskite solar cells (PSCs), there has been an intense search for alternative materials to replace lead and improve their stability toward moisture and light. As single-metal perovskite structures have yielded unsatisfactory performances, an alternative is the use of double perovskites that incorporate a combination of metals. To this day, only a handful of these compounds have been synthesized, but most of them have indirect bandgaps and/or do not have bandgaps energies well-suited for photovoltaic applications. Here we report the synthesis and characterization of a unique mixed metal ⟨111⟩-oriented layered perovskite, Cs4CuSb2Cl12 (1), that incorporates Cu2+ and Sb3+ into layers that are three octahedra thick (n = 3). In addition to being made of abundant and nontoxic elements, we show that this material behaves as a semiconductor with a direct bandgap of 1.0 eV and its conductivity is 1 order of magnitude greater than that of MAPbI3 (MA = methylammonium). Furthermore, 1 has high photo- and thermal-stability and is tolerant to humidity. We conclude that 1 is a promising material for photovoltaic applications and represents a new type of layered perovskite structure that incorporates metals in 2+ and 3+ oxidation states, thus significantly widening the possible combinations of metals to replace lead in PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Vargas
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , CU, Coyoacán, 04510 Ciudad de México, México
| | - Estrella Ramos
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , CU, Coyoacán, 04510 Ciudad de México, México
| | - Enrique Pérez-Gutiérrez
- CONACYT-Laboratorio de Polímeros, Centro de Química, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP), Complejo de Ciencias, ICUAP , C.P. 72570 Puebla, México
| | - Juan Carlos Alonso
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , CU, Coyoacán, 04510 Ciudad de México, México
| | - Diego Solis-Ibarra
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , CU, Coyoacán, 04510 Ciudad de México, México
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59
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García-Fernández A, Bermúdez-García JM, Castro-García S, Llamas-Saiz AL, Artiaga R, López-Beceiro J, Hu S, Ren W, Stroppa A, Sánchez-Andújar M, Señarís-Rodríguez MA. Phase Transition, Dielectric Properties, and Ionic Transport in the [(CH 3) 2NH 2]PbI 3 Organic-Inorganic Hybrid with 2H-Hexagonal Perovskite Structure. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:4918-4927. [PMID: 28375611 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b03095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we focus on [(CH3)2NH2]PbI3, a member of the [AmineH]PbI3 series of hybrid organic-inorganic compounds, reporting a very easy mechanosynthesis route for its preparation at room temperature. We report that this [(CH3)2NH2]PbI3 compound with 2H-perovskite structure experiences a first-order transition at ≈250 K from hexagonal symmetry P63/mmc (HT phase) to monoclinic symmetry P21/c (LT phase), which involves two cooperative processes: an off-center shift of the Pb2+ cations and an order-disorder process of the N atoms of the DMA cations. Very interestingly, this compound shows a dielectric anomaly associated with the structural phase transition. Additionally, this compound displays very large values of the dielectric constant at room temperature because of the appearance of a certain conductivity and the activation of extrinsic contributions, as demonstrated by impedance spectroscopy. The large optical band gap displayed by this material (Eg = 2.59 eV) rules out the possibility that the observed conductivity can be electronic and points to ionic conductivity, as confirmed by density functional theory calculations that indicate that the lowest activation energy of 0.68 eV corresponds to the iodine anions, and suggests the most favorable diffusion paths for these anions. The obtained results thus indicate that [(CH3)2NH2]PbI3 is an electronic insulator and an ionic conductor, where the electronic conductivity is disfavored because of the low dimensionality of the [(CH3)2NH2]PbI3 structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- A García-Fernández
- QuiMolMat Group, Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Faculty of Science and CICA, University of A Coruña , Campus A Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - J M Bermúdez-García
- QuiMolMat Group, Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Faculty of Science and CICA, University of A Coruña , Campus A Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - S Castro-García
- QuiMolMat Group, Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Faculty of Science and CICA, University of A Coruña , Campus A Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - A L Llamas-Saiz
- RIAIDT X-ray Unit, University of Santiago de Compostela , 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - R Artiaga
- Department of Industrial Engineering II, University of A Coruña , Campus Ferrol, 15403 Ferrol, Spain
| | - J López-Beceiro
- Department of Industrial Engineering II, University of A Coruña , Campus Ferrol, 15403 Ferrol, Spain
| | - S Hu
- International Centre for Quantum and Molecular Structures, Physics Department, Shanghai University , Shanghai 200444, China.,Materials Genome Institute and Shanghai Key Laboratory of High Temperature Superconductors, Shanghai University , Shanghai 200444, China
| | - W Ren
- International Centre for Quantum and Molecular Structures, Physics Department, Shanghai University , Shanghai 200444, China.,Materials Genome Institute and Shanghai Key Laboratory of High Temperature Superconductors, Shanghai University , Shanghai 200444, China
| | - A Stroppa
- International Centre for Quantum and Molecular Structures, Physics Department, Shanghai University , Shanghai 200444, China.,Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche , Institute CNR-SPIN , Via Vetoio, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - M Sánchez-Andújar
- QuiMolMat Group, Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Faculty of Science and CICA, University of A Coruña , Campus A Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - M A Señarís-Rodríguez
- QuiMolMat Group, Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Faculty of Science and CICA, University of A Coruña , Campus A Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
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60
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Hoefler SF, Trimmel G, Rath T. Progress on lead-free metal halide perovskites for photovoltaic applications: a review. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2017; 148:795-826. [PMID: 28458399 PMCID: PMC5387038 DOI: 10.1007/s00706-017-1933-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Metal halide perovskites have revolutionized the field of solution-processable photovoltaics. Within just a few years, the power conversion efficiencies of perovskite-based solar cells have been improved significantly to over 20%, which makes them now already comparably efficient to silicon-based photovoltaics. This breakthrough in solution-based photovoltaics, however, has the drawback that these high efficiencies can only be obtained with lead-based perovskites and this will arguably be a substantial hurdle for various applications of perovskite-based photovoltaics and their acceptance in society, even though the amounts of lead in the solar cells are low. This fact opened up a new research field on lead-free metal halide perovskites, which is currently remarkably vivid. We took this as incentive to review this emerging research field and discuss possible alternative elements to replace lead in metal halide perovskites and the properties of the corresponding perovskite materials based on recent theoretical and experimental studies. Up to now, tin-based perovskites turned out to be most promising in terms of power conversion efficiency; however, also the toxicity of these tin-based perovskites is argued. In the focus of the research community are other elements as well including germanium, copper, antimony, or bismuth, and the corresponding perovskite compounds are already showing promising properties. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian F. Hoefler
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials (ICTM), NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Gregor Trimmel
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials (ICTM), NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Rath
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials (ICTM), NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
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61
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Akkerman QA, Park S, Radicchi E, Nunzi F, Mosconi E, De Angelis F, Brescia R, Rastogi P, Prato M, Manna L. Nearly Monodisperse Insulator Cs 4PbX 6 (X = Cl, Br, I) Nanocrystals, Their Mixed Halide Compositions, and Their Transformation into CsPbX 3 Nanocrystals. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:1924-1930. [PMID: 28196323 PMCID: PMC5345893 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b05262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a colloidal synthesis of nearly monodisperse nanocrystals of pure Cs4PbX6 (X = Cl, Br, I) and their mixed halide compositions with sizes ranging from 9 to 37 nm. The optical absorption spectra of these nanocrystals display a sharp, high energy peak due to transitions between states localized in individual PbX64- octahedra. These spectral features are insensitive to the size of the particles and in agreement with the features of the corresponding bulk materials. Samples with mixed halide composition exhibit absorption bands that are intermediate in spectral position between those of the pure halide compounds. Furthermore, the absorption bands of intermediate compositions broaden due to the different possible combinations of halide coordination around the Pb2+ ions. Both observations are supportive of the fact that the [PbX6]4- octahedra are electronically decoupled in these systems. Because of the large band gap of Cs4PbX6 (>3.2 eV), no excitonic emission in the visible range was observed. The Cs4PbBr6 nanocrystals can be converted into green fluorescent CsPbBr3 nanocrystals by their reaction with an excess of PbBr2 with preservation of size and size distributions. The insertion of PbX2 into Cs4PbX6 provides a means of accessing CsPbX3 nanocrystals in a wide variety of sizes, shapes, and compositions, an important aspect for the development of precisely tuned perovskite nanocrystal inks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quinten A. Akkerman
- Nanochemistry Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università degli Studi di Genova, Via Dodecaneso, 31, 16146, Genova, Italy
| | - Sungwook Park
- Nanochemistry Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
- Department of Physics, Pukyong National
University, Busan 608-737, Korea
| | - Eros Radicchi
- Computational
Laboratory of Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), CNR-ISTM, via Elce di
Sotto 8, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica,
Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università
degli Studi di Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesca Nunzi
- Computational
Laboratory of Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), CNR-ISTM, via Elce di
Sotto 8, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica,
Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università
degli Studi di Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Edoardo Mosconi
- Computational
Laboratory of Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), CNR-ISTM, via Elce di
Sotto 8, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- CompuNet, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Filippo De Angelis
- Computational
Laboratory of Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), CNR-ISTM, via Elce di
Sotto 8, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- CompuNet, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Rosaria Brescia
- Nanochemistry Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Prachi Rastogi
- Nanochemistry Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università degli Studi di Genova, Via Dodecaneso, 31, 16146, Genova, Italy
| | - Mirko Prato
- Nanochemistry Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
- E-mail:
| | - Liberato Manna
- Nanochemistry Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
- E-mail:
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63
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Stoumpos CC, Soe CMM, Tsai H, Nie W, Blancon JC, Cao DH, Liu F, Traoré B, Katan C, Even J, Mohite AD, Kanatzidis MG. High Members of the 2D Ruddlesden-Popper Halide Perovskites: Synthesis, Optical Properties, and Solar Cells of (CH3(CH2)3NH3)2(CH3NH3)4Pb5I16. Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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64
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Abid H, Hlil E, Abid Y. Spectroscopic ellipsometry thin film and first-principles calculations of electronic and linear optical properties of [(C 9 H 19 NH 3 ) 2 PbI 2 Br 2 ] 2D perovskite. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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65
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Wang D, Wen B, Zhu YN, Tong CJ, Tang ZK, Liu LM. First-Principles Study of Novel Two-Dimensional (C 4H 9NH 3) 2PbX 4 Perovskites for Solar Cell Absorbers. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:876-883. [PMID: 28161952 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Low-dimensional perovskites (A2BX4), in which the A cations are replaced by different organic cations, may be used for photovoltaic applications. In this contribution, we systematically study the two-dimensional (2D) (C4H9NH3)2PbX4 (X═Cl, Br and I) hybrid perovskites by density functional theory (DFT). A clear structures-properties relationship, with the photophysical characteristics directly related to the dimensionality and material compositions, was established. The strong s-p antibonding couplings in both bulk and monolayer (C4H9NH3)2PbI4 lead to low effective masses for both holes (mh*) and electrons (me*). However, mh* increases in proportion to the decreasing inorganic layer thickness, which eventually leads to a slightly shifted band edge emission found in 2D perovskites. Notably, the 2D (C4H9NH3)2PbX4 perovskites exhibit strong optical transitions in the visible light spectrum, and the optical absorption tunings can be achieved by varying the compositions and the layer thicknesses. Such work paves an important way to uncover the structures-properties relationship in 2D perovskites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Wang
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Wen
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
- International Center for Quantum Materials (ICQM) and School of Physics, Peking University , Beijing, 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Nan Zhu
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuan-Jia Tong
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Kun Tang
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Min Liu
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
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66
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Liu J, Leng J, Wu K, Zhang J, Jin S. Observation of Internal Photoinduced Electron and Hole Separation in Hybrid Two-Dimentional Perovskite Films. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:1432-1435. [PMID: 28094931 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b12581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) organolead halide perovskites are promising for various optoelectronic applications. Here we report a unique spontaneous charge (electron/hole) separation property in multilayered (BA)2(MA)n-1PbnI3n+1 (BA = CH3(CH2)3NH3+, MA = CH3NH3+) 2D perovskite films by studying the charge carrier dynamics using ultrafast transient absorption and photoluminescence spectroscopy. Surprisingly, the 2D perovskite films, although nominally prepared as "n = 4", are found to be mixture of multiple perovskite phases, with n = 2, 3, 4 and ≈ ∞, that naturally align in the order of n along the direction perpendicular to the substrate. Driven by the band alignment between 2D perovskites phases, we observe consecutive photoinduced electron transfer from small-n to large-n phases and hole transfer in the opposite direction on hundreds of picoseconds inside the 2D film of ∼358 nm thickness. This internal charge transfer efficiently separates electrons and holes to the upper and bottom surfaces of the films, which is a unique property beneficial for applications in photovoltaics and other optoelectronics devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China.,State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum , 66 Changjiang West Road, Huangdao District, Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Jing Leng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Kaifeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum , 66 Changjiang West Road, Huangdao District, Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Shengye Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
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67
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Bhatt MD, Lee JS. Current progress and scientific challenges in the advancement of organic–inorganic lead halide perovskite solar cells. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj02691a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The solution-processed organic–inorganic lead halide perovskite solar cells have recently emerged as promising candidates for the conversion of solar power into electricity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Datt Bhatt
- School of Energy & Chemical Engineering
- Ulsan National Institute of Science & Technology (UNIST)
- Ulsan
- Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Sung Lee
- School of Energy & Chemical Engineering
- Ulsan National Institute of Science & Technology (UNIST)
- Ulsan
- Republic of Korea
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68
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Ono LK, Qi Y. Surface and Interface Aspects of Organometal Halide Perovskite Materials and Solar Cells. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:4764-4794. [PMID: 27791377 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b01951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The current challenges (e.g., stability, hysteresis, etc.) in organometal halide perovskite solar cell research are closely correlated with surfaces and interfaces. For instance, efficient generation of charges, extraction, and transport with minimum recombination through interlayer interfaces is crucial to attain high-efficiency solar cell devices. Furthermore, intralayer interfaces may be present in the form of grain boundaries within a film composed of the same material, for example, a polycrystalline perovskite layer. The adjacent grains may assume different crystal orientations and/or have different chemical compositions, which impacts charge excitation and dynamics and thereby the overall solar cell performance. In this Perspective, we present case studies to demonstrate (1) how surfaces and interfaces can impact material properties and device performance and (2) how these issues can be investigated by surface science techniques, such as scanning probe microscopy, photoelectron spectroscopy, and so forth. We end this Perspective by outlining the future research directions based on the reported results as well as the new trends in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis K Ono
- Energy Materials and Surface Sciences Unit (EMSS), Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST) , 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Yabing Qi
- Energy Materials and Surface Sciences Unit (EMSS), Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST) , 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
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69
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Pandey M, Jacobsen KW, Thygesen KS. Band Gap Tuning and Defect Tolerance of Atomically Thin Two-Dimensional Organic-Inorganic Halide Perovskites. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:4346-4352. [PMID: 27758095 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b01998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Organic-inorganic halide perovskites have proven highly successful for photovoltaics but suffer from low stability, which deteriorates their performance over time. Recent experiments have demonstrated that low dimensional phases of the hybrid perovskites may exhibit improved stability. Here we report first-principles calculations for isolated monolayers of the organometallic halide perovskites (C4H9NH3)2MX2Y2, where M = Pb, Ge, Sn and X,Y = Cl, Br, I. The band gaps computed using the GLLB-SC functional are found to be in excellent agreement with experimental photoluminescence data for the already synthesized perovskites. Finally, we study the effect of different defects on the band structure. We find that the most common defects only introduce shallow or no states in the band gap, indicating that these atomically thin 2D perovskites are likely to be defect tolerant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohnish Pandey
- Center for Atomic-scale Materials Design (CAMD), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark , DK - 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Karsten W Jacobsen
- Center for Atomic-scale Materials Design (CAMD), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark , DK - 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kristian S Thygesen
- Center for Atomic-scale Materials Design (CAMD), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark , DK - 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- Center for Nanostructured Graphene (CNG), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark , DK - 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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70
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Straus DB, Hurtado Parra S, Iotov N, Gebhardt J, Rappe AM, Subotnik JE, Kikkawa JM, Kagan CR. Direct Observation of Electron-Phonon Coupling and Slow Vibrational Relaxation in Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Perovskites. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:13798-13801. [PMID: 27706940 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b08175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Quantum and dielectric confinement effects in Ruddlesden-Popper 2D hybrid perovskites create excitons with a binding energy exceeding 150 meV. We exploit the large exciton binding energy to study exciton and carrier dynamics as well as electron-phonon coupling (EPC) in hybrid perovskites using absorption and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopies. At temperatures <75 K, we resolve splitting of the excitonic absorption and PL into multiple regularly spaced resonances every 40-46 meV, consistent with EPC to phonons located on the organic cation. We also resolve resonances with a 14 meV spacing, in accord with coupling to phonons with mixed organic and inorganic character. These assignments are supported by density-functional theory calculations. Hot exciton PL and time-resolved PL measurements show that vibrational relaxation occurs on a picosecond time scale competitive with that for PL. At temperatures >75 K, excitonic absorption and PL exhibit homogeneous broadening. While absorption remains homogeneous, PL becomes inhomogeneous at temperatures <75K, which we speculate is caused by the formation and subsequent dynamics of a polaronic exciton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Straus
- Departments of †Chemistry, ‡Physics and Astronomy, §Materials Science and Engineering, and ∥Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Sebastian Hurtado Parra
- Departments of †Chemistry, ‡Physics and Astronomy, §Materials Science and Engineering, and ∥Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Natasha Iotov
- Departments of †Chemistry, ‡Physics and Astronomy, §Materials Science and Engineering, and ∥Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Julian Gebhardt
- Departments of †Chemistry, ‡Physics and Astronomy, §Materials Science and Engineering, and ∥Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Andrew M Rappe
- Departments of †Chemistry, ‡Physics and Astronomy, §Materials Science and Engineering, and ∥Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Joseph E Subotnik
- Departments of †Chemistry, ‡Physics and Astronomy, §Materials Science and Engineering, and ∥Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - James M Kikkawa
- Departments of †Chemistry, ‡Physics and Astronomy, §Materials Science and Engineering, and ∥Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Cherie R Kagan
- Departments of †Chemistry, ‡Physics and Astronomy, §Materials Science and Engineering, and ∥Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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71
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Synthesis, structural and optical characterization of APbX3 (A=methylammonium, dimethylammonium, trimethylammonium; X=I, Br, Cl) hybrid organic-inorganic materials. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2016.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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72
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Stoumpos CC, Kanatzidis MG. Halide Perovskites: Poor Man's High-Performance Semiconductors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:5778-93. [PMID: 27174223 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201600265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Halide perovskites are a rapidly developing class of medium-bandgap semiconductors which, to date, have been popularized on account of their remarkable success in solid-state heterojunction solar cells raising the photovoltaic efficiency to 20% within the last 5 years. As the physical properties of the materials are being explored, it is becoming apparent that the photovoltaic performance of the halide perovskites is just but one aspect of the wealth of opportunities that these compounds offer as high-performance semiconductors. From unique optical and electrical properties stemming from their characteristic electronic structure to highly efficient real-life technological applications, halide perovskites constitute a brand new class of materials with exotic properties awaiting discovery. The nature of halide perovskites from the materials' viewpoint is discussed here, enlisting the most important classes of the compounds and describing their most exciting properties. The topics covered focus on the optical and electrical properties highlighting some of the milestone achievements reported to date but also addressing controversies in the vastly expanding halide perovskite literature.
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73
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Yen HJ, Liang PW, Chueh CC, Yang Z, Jen AKY, Wang HL. Large Grained Perovskite Solar Cells Derived from Single-Crystal Perovskite Powders with Enhanced Ambient Stability. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:14513-14520. [PMID: 27224963 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b02169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we demonstrate the large grained perovskite solar cells prepared from precursor solution comprising single-crystal perovskite powders for the first time. The resultant large grained perovskite thin film possesses a negligible physical (structural) gap between each large grain and is highly crystalline as evidenced by its fan-shaped birefringence observed under polarized light, which is very different from the thin film prepared from the typical precursor route (MAI + PbI2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Ju Yen
- Physical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy (C-PCS), Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Po-Wei Liang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Chu-Chen Chueh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Zhibin Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Alex K-Y Jen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Hsing-Lin Wang
- Physical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy (C-PCS), Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
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74
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Zhao Y, Zhu K. Organic-inorganic hybrid lead halide perovskites for optoelectronic and electronic applications. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:655-89. [PMID: 26645733 DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00458b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 541] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Organic and inorganic hybrid perovskites (e.g., CH(3)NH(3)PbI(3)), with advantages of facile processing, tunable bandgaps, and superior charge-transfer properties, have emerged as a new class of revolutionary optoelectronic semiconductors promising for various applications. Perovskite solar cells constructed with a variety of configurations have demonstrated unprecedented progress in efficiency, reaching about 20% from multiple groups after only several years of active research. A key to this success is the development of various solution-synthesis and film-deposition techniques for controlling the morphology and composition of hybrid perovskites. The rapid progress in material synthesis and device fabrication has also promoted the development of other optoelectronic applications including light-emitting diodes, photodetectors, and transistors. Both experimental and theoretical investigations on organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites have enabled some critical fundamental understandings of this material system. Recent studies have also demonstrated progress in addressing the potential stability issue, which has been identified as a main challenge for future research on halide perovskites. Here, we review recent progress on hybrid perovskites including basic chemical and crystal structures, chemical synthesis of bulk/nanocrystals and thin films with their chemical and physical properties, device configurations, operation principles for various optoelectronic applications (with a focus on solar cells), and photophysics of charge-carrier dynamics. We also discuss the importance of further understanding of the fundamental properties of hybrid perovskites, especially those related to chemical and structural stabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Kai Zhu
- Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO 80401, USA.
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75
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Koh TM, Shanmugam V, Schlipf J, Oesinghaus L, Müller-Buschbaum P, Ramakrishnan N, Swamy V, Mathews N, Boix PP, Mhaisalkar SG. Nanostructuring Mixed-Dimensional Perovskites: A Route Toward Tunable, Efficient Photovoltaics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:3653-61. [PMID: 26990287 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201506141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
2D perovskites is one of the proposed strategies to enhance the moisture resistance, since the larger organic cations can act as a natural barrier. Nevertheless, 2D perovskites hinder the charge transport in certain directions, reducing the solar cell power conversion efficiency. A nanostructured mixed-dimensionality approach is presented to overcome the charge transport limitation, obtaining power conversion efficiencies over 9%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teck Ming Koh
- Energy Research Institute at Nanyang Technological University (ERI@N), Research Techno Plaza, X-Frontier Block Level 5, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637553, Singapore
| | - Vignesh Shanmugam
- Mechanical Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Johannes Schlipf
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Lukas Oesinghaus
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Peter Müller-Buschbaum
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - N Ramakrishnan
- Electrical and Computer Systems Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor, 47500, Malaysia
| | - Varghese Swamy
- Mechanical Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nripan Mathews
- Energy Research Institute at Nanyang Technological University (ERI@N), Research Techno Plaza, X-Frontier Block Level 5, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637553, Singapore
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Pablo P Boix
- Energy Research Institute at Nanyang Technological University (ERI@N), Research Techno Plaza, X-Frontier Block Level 5, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637553, Singapore
| | - Subodh G Mhaisalkar
- Energy Research Institute at Nanyang Technological University (ERI@N), Research Techno Plaza, X-Frontier Block Level 5, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637553, Singapore
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
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76
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Fang HH, Wang F, Adjokatse S, Zhao N, Even J, Antonietta Loi M. Photoexcitation dynamics in solution-processed formamidinium lead iodide perovskite thin films for solar cell applications. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2016; 5:e16056. [PMID: 30167155 PMCID: PMC6059954 DOI: 10.1038/lsa.2016.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Formamidinium lead iodide (FAPbI3) is a newly developed hybrid perovskite that potentially can be used in high-efficiency solution-processed solar cells. Here, the temperature-dependent dynamic optical properties of three types of FAPbI3 perovskite films (fabricated using three different precursor systems) are comparatively studied. The time-resolved photoluminescence (PL) spectra reveal that FAPbI3 films made from the new precursor (a mixture of formamidinium iodide and hydrogen lead triiodide) exhibit the longest lifetime of 439 ns at room temperature, suggesting a lower number of defects and lower non-radiative recombination losses compared with FAPbI3 obtained from the other two precursors. From the temperature-dependent PL spectra, a phase transition in the films is clearly observed. Meanwhile, exciton-binding energies of 8.1 and 18 meV for the high- and low-temperature phases are extracted, respectively. Importantly, the PL spectra for all of the samples show a single peak at room temperature, whereas at liquid-helium temperature the emission features two peaks: one in higher energy displaying a fast decay (0.5 ns) and a second red-shifted peak with a decay of up to several microseconds. These two emissions, separated by ~18 meV, are attributed to free excitons and bound excitons with singlet and triplet characters, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Hua Fang
- Photophysics & OptoElectronics, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Sampson Adjokatse
- Photophysics & OptoElectronics, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Ni Zhao
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Jacky Even
- Université Européenne de Bretagne, INSA, FOTON, UMR 6082, 35708 Rennes, France
| | - Maria Antonietta Loi
- Photophysics & OptoElectronics, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen 9747 AG, The Netherlands
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77
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Travis W, Glover ENK, Bronstein H, Scanlon DO, Palgrave RG. On the application of the tolerance factor to inorganic and hybrid halide perovskites: a revised system. Chem Sci 2016; 7:4548-4556. [PMID: 30155101 PMCID: PMC6016328 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc04845a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Can new hybrid perovskites be predicted using the tolerance factor?
The tolerance factor is a widely used predictor of perovskite stability. The recent interest in hybrid perovskites for use as solar cell absorbers has lead to application of the tolerance factor to these materials as a way to explain and predict structure. Here we critically assess the suitability of the tolerance factor for halide perovskites. We show that the tolerance factor fails to accurately predict the stability of the 32 known inorganic iodide perovskites, and propose an alternative method. We introduce a revised set of ionic radii for cations that is anion dependent, this revision is necessary due to increased covalency in metal–halide bonds for heavier halides compared with the metal-oxide and fluoride bonds used to calculate Shannon radii. We also employ a 2D structural map to account for the size requirements of the halide anions. Together these measures yield a simple system which may assist in the search for new hybrid and inorganic perovskites.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Travis
- Department of Chemistry , University College London , 20 Gordon Street , London , WC1H 0AJ , UK .
| | - E N K Glover
- Department of Chemistry , University College London , 20 Gordon Street , London , WC1H 0AJ , UK .
| | - H Bronstein
- Department of Chemistry , University College London , 20 Gordon Street , London , WC1H 0AJ , UK .
| | - D O Scanlon
- University College London , Kathleen Lonsdale Materials Chemistry , Department of Chemistry , 20 Gordon Street , London , WC1H 0AJ , UK.,Diamond Light Source Ltd. , Diamond House , Harwell Science and Innovation Campus , Didcot , Oxfordshire OX11 0DE , UK
| | - R G Palgrave
- Department of Chemistry , University College London , 20 Gordon Street , London , WC1H 0AJ , UK .
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78
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Sun S, Yuan D, Xu Y, Wang A, Deng Z. Ligand-Mediated Synthesis of Shape-Controlled Cesium Lead Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals via Reprecipitation Process at Room Temperature. ACS NANO 2016; 10:3648-57. [PMID: 26886173 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b08193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 400] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal nanocrystals of fully inorganic cesium lead halide (CsPbX3, X = Cl, Br, I, or combinations thereof) perovskites have attracted much attention for photonic and optoelectronic applications. Herein, we demonstrate a facile room-temperature (e.g., 25 °C), ligand-mediated reprecipitation strategy for systematically manipulating the shape of CsPbX3 colloidal nanocrystals, such as spherical quantum dots, nanocubes, nanorods, and nanoplatelets. The colloidal spherical quantum dots of CsPbX3 were synthesized with photoluminescence (PL) quantum yield values up to >80%, and the corresponding PL emission peaks covering the visible range from 380 to 693 nm. Besides spherical quantum dots, the shape of CsPbX3 nanocrystals could be engineered into nanocubes, one-dimensional nanorods, and two-dimensional few-unit-cell-thick nanoplatelets with well-defined morphology by choosing different organic acid and amine ligands via the reprecipitation process. The shape-dependent PL decay lifetimes have been determined to be several to tens to hundreds of nanoseconds. Our method provides a facile and versatile route to rationally control the shape of the CsPbX3 perovskites nanocrystals, which will create opportunities for applications such as displays, lasing, light-emitting diodes, solar concentrators, and photon detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibin Sun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University , Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, P. R. China
| | - Dan Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University , Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University , Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, P. R. China
| | - Aifei Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University , Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, P. R. China
| | - Zhengtao Deng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University , Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, P. R. China
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79
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Travis W, Knapp CE, Savory CN, Ganose AM, Kafourou P, Song X, Sharif Z, Cockcroft JK, Scanlon DO, Bronstein H, Palgrave RG. Hybrid Organic–Inorganic Coordination Complexes as Tunable Optical Response Materials. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:3393-400. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b02749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alex M. Ganose
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - David O. Scanlon
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
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80
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Fu Y, Zhu H, Schrader AW, Liang D, Ding Q, Joshi P, Hwang L, Zhu XY, Jin S. Nanowire Lasers of Formamidinium Lead Halide Perovskites and Their Stabilized Alloys with Improved Stability. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:1000-8. [PMID: 26727024 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b04053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The excellent intrinsic optoelectronic properties of methylammonium lead halide perovskites (MAPbX3, X = Br, I), such as high photoluminescence quantum efficiency, long carrier lifetime, and high gain coupled with the facile solution growth of nanowires make them promising new materials for ultralow-threshold nanowire lasers. However, their photo and thermal stabilities need to be improved for practical applications. Herein, we report a low-temperature solution growth of single crystal nanowires of formamidinium lead halide perovskites (FAPbX3) that feature red-shifted emission and better thermal stability compared to MAPbX3. We demonstrate optically pumped room-temperature near-infrared (∼820 nm) and green lasing (∼560 nm) from FAPbI3 (and MABr-stabilized FAPbI3) and FAPbBr3 nanowires with low lasing thresholds of several microjoules per square centimeter and high quality factors of about 1500-2300. More remarkably, the FAPbI3 and MABr-stabilized FAPbI3 nanowires display durable room-temperature lasing under ∼10(8) shots of sustained illumination of 402 nm pulsed laser excitation (150 fs, 250 kHz), substantially exceeding the stability of MAPbI3 (∼10(7) laser shots). We further demonstrate tunable nanowire lasers in wider wavelength region from FA-based lead halide perovskite alloys (FA,MA)PbI3 and (FA,MA)Pb(I,Br)3 through cation and anion substitutions. The results suggest that formamidinium lead halide perovskite nanostructures could be more promising and stable materials for the development of light-emitting diodes and continuous-wave lasers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongping Fu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Haiming Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University , New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Alex W Schrader
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Dong Liang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Qi Ding
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Prakriti Joshi
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University , New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Leekyoung Hwang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - X-Y Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University , New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Song Jin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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81
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Yang L, Barrows AT, Lidzey DG, Wang T. Recent progress and challenges of organometal halide perovskite solar cells. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2016; 79:026501. [PMID: 26824626 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/79/2/026501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We review recent progress in the development of organometal halide perovskite solar cells. We discuss different compounds used to construct perovskite photoactive layers, as well as the optoelectronic properties of this system. The factors that affect the morphology of the perovskite active layer are explored, e.g. material composition, film deposition methods, casting solvent and various post-treatments. Different strategies are reviewed that have recently emerged to prepare high performing perovskite films, creating polycrystalline films having either large or small grain size. Devices that are constructed using meso-superstructured and planar architectures are summarized and the impact of the fabrication process on operational efficiency is discussed. Finally, important research challenges (hysteresis, thermal and moisture instability, mechanical flexibility, as well as the development of lead-free materials) in the development of perovskite solar cells are outlined and their potential solutions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
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82
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Daub M, Stroh R, Hillebrecht H. Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Optical Properties of (CH3
NH3
)2
CoX
4
(X
= Cl, Br, I, Cl0.5
Br0.5
, Cl0.5
I0.5
, Br0.5
I0.5
). Z Anorg Allg Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201500738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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83
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Abdelhady AL, Saidaminov MI, Murali B, Adinolfi V, Voznyy O, Katsiev K, Alarousu E, Comin R, Dursun I, Sinatra L, Sargent EH, Mohammed OF, Bakr OM. Heterovalent Dopant Incorporation for Bandgap and Type Engineering of Perovskite Crystals. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:295-301. [PMID: 26727130 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b02681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Controllable doping of semiconductors is a fundamental technological requirement for electronic and optoelectronic devices. As intrinsic semiconductors, hybrid perovskites have so far been a phenomenal success in photovoltaics. The inability to dope these materials heterovalently (or aliovalently) has greatly limited their wider utilizations in electronics. Here we show an efficient in situ chemical route that achieves the controlled incorporation of trivalent cations (Bi(3+), Au(3+), or In(3+)) by exploiting the retrograde solubility behavior of perovskites. We term the new method dopant incorporation in the retrograde regime. We achieve Bi(3+) incorporation that leads to bandgap tuning (∼300 meV), 10(4) fold enhancement in electrical conductivity, and a change in the sign of majority charge carriers from positive to negative. This work demonstrates the successful incorporation of dopants into perovskite crystals while preserving the host lattice structure, opening new avenues to tailor the electronic and optoelectronic properties of this rapidly emerging class of solution-processed semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed L Abdelhady
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Solar and Photovoltaics Engineering Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University , Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Makhsud I Saidaminov
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Solar and Photovoltaics Engineering Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Banavoth Murali
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Solar and Photovoltaics Engineering Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Valerio Adinolfi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Oleksandr Voznyy
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Khabiboulakh Katsiev
- SABIC Corporate Research and Innovation Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Erkki Alarousu
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Solar and Photovoltaics Engineering Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Riccardo Comin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Ibrahim Dursun
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Solar and Photovoltaics Engineering Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Lutfan Sinatra
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Solar and Photovoltaics Engineering Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Edward H Sargent
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Omar F Mohammed
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Solar and Photovoltaics Engineering Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Osman M Bakr
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Solar and Photovoltaics Engineering Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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84
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Cortecchia D, Dewi HA, Yin J, Bruno A, Chen S, Baikie T, Boix PP, Grätzel M, Mhaisalkar S, Soci C, Mathews N. Lead-Free MA2CuCl(x)Br(4-x) Hybrid Perovskites. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:1044-52. [PMID: 26756860 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b01896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Despite their extremely good performance in solar cells with efficiencies approaching 20% and the emerging application for light-emitting devices, organic-inorganic lead halide perovskites suffer from high content of toxic, polluting, and bioaccumulative Pb, which may eventually hamper their commercialization. Here, we present the synthesis of two-dimensional (2D) Cu-based hybrid perovskites and study their optoelectronic properties to investigate their potential application in solar cells and light-emitting devices, providing a new environmental-friendly alternative to Pb. The series (CH3NH3)2CuCl(x)Br(4-x) was studied in detail, with the role of Cl found to be essential for stabilization. By exploiting the additional Cu d-d transitions and appropriately tuning the Br/Cl ratio, which affects ligand-to-metal charge transfer transitions, the optical absorption in this series of compounds can be extended to the near-infrared for optimal spectral overlap with the solar irradiance. In situ formation of Cu(+) ions was found to be responsible for the green photoluminescence of this material set. Processing conditions for integrating Cu-based perovskites into photovoltaic device architectures, as well as the factors currently limiting photovoltaic performance, are discussed: among them, we identified the combination of low absorption coefficient and heavy mass of the holes as main limitations for the solar cell efficiency. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of the potential of 2D copper perovskite as light harvesters and lays the foundation for further development of perovskite based on transition metals as alternative lead-free materials. Appropriate molecular design will be necessary to improve the material's properties and solar cell performance filling the gap with the state-of-the-art Pb-based perovskite devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Cortecchia
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School, Energy Research Institute at NTU , 639798 Singapore.,Energy Research Institute @ NTU (ERI@N), Research Technoplaza, Nanyang Technological University , Nanyang Drive, 637553 Singapore
| | - Herlina Arianita Dewi
- Energy Research Institute @ NTU (ERI@N), Research Technoplaza, Nanyang Technological University , Nanyang Drive, 637553 Singapore
| | - Jun Yin
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, Nanyang Technological University , 637371 Singapore
| | - Annalisa Bruno
- Energy Research Institute @ NTU (ERI@N), Research Technoplaza, Nanyang Technological University , Nanyang Drive, 637553 Singapore.,Division of Physics and Applied Physics, Nanyang Technological University , 637371 Singapore
| | - Shi Chen
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, Nanyang Technological University , 637371 Singapore
| | - Tom Baikie
- Energy Research Institute @ NTU (ERI@N), Research Technoplaza, Nanyang Technological University , Nanyang Drive, 637553 Singapore
| | - Pablo P Boix
- Energy Research Institute @ NTU (ERI@N), Research Technoplaza, Nanyang Technological University , Nanyang Drive, 637553 Singapore
| | - Michael Grätzel
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology , Station 6, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Subodh Mhaisalkar
- Energy Research Institute @ NTU (ERI@N), Research Technoplaza, Nanyang Technological University , Nanyang Drive, 637553 Singapore.,School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , Nanyang Avenue, 639798 Singapore
| | - Cesare Soci
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, Nanyang Technological University , 637371 Singapore
| | - Nripan Mathews
- Energy Research Institute @ NTU (ERI@N), Research Technoplaza, Nanyang Technological University , Nanyang Drive, 637553 Singapore.,School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , Nanyang Avenue, 639798 Singapore
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85
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Bao C, Yang J, Zhu W, Zhou X, Gao H, Li F, Fu G, Yu T, Zou Z. A resistance change effect in perovskite CH3NH3PbI3 films induced by ammonia. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 51:15426-9. [PMID: 26344914 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc06060e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The resistance of the perovskite CH3NH3PbI3 film was found to decrease significantly in seconds when the film was exposed to an NH3 atmosphere at room-temperature, and recover to its original value in seconds when out of the NH3 environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiong Bao
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Eco-Materials and Renewable Energy Research Center (ERERC), Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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86
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Lu X, Zhao Z, Li K, Han Z, Wei S, Guo C, Zhou S, Wu Z, Guo W, Wu CML. First-principles insight into the photoelectronic properties of Ge-based perovskites. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra18534g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
First-principles investigations were performed to elucidate the effects of A and X in Ge-based MAGeX3perovskites (MA = CH3NH3+; X = Cl−, Br−, and I−) and AGeI3(A = Cs+, CH3NH3+, HC(NH2)2+, CH3C(NH2)2+, and C(NH2)3+) on the photoelectronic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Lu
- College of Science
- China University of Petroleum
- Qingdao
- P. R. China
| | - Zigang Zhao
- College of Science
- China University of Petroleum
- Qingdao
- P. R. China
| | - Ke Li
- College of Science
- China University of Petroleum
- Qingdao
- P. R. China
| | - Zhaoxiang Han
- College of Science
- China University of Petroleum
- Qingdao
- P. R. China
| | - Shuxian Wei
- College of Science
- China University of Petroleum
- Qingdao
- P. R. China
| | - Chen Guo
- College of Science
- China University of Petroleum
- Qingdao
- P. R. China
| | - Sainan Zhou
- College of Science
- China University of Petroleum
- Qingdao
- P. R. China
| | - Zhonghua Wu
- College of Science
- China University of Petroleum
- Qingdao
- P. R. China
| | - Wenyue Guo
- College of Science
- China University of Petroleum
- Qingdao
- P. R. China
| | - Chi-man Lawrence Wu
- Department of Physics and Materials Science
- City University of Hong Kong
- P. R. China
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87
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Zhang L, Ju MG, Liang W. The effect of moisture on the structures and properties of lead halide perovskites: a first-principles theoretical investigation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:23174-83. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp01994c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The degradation mechanism of perovskite materials when exposed to moisture and sunlight has been fully explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
- and Department of Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
| | - Ming-Gang Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
- and Department of Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
| | - WanZhen Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
- and Department of Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
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88
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Yuan Z, Shu Y, Xin Y, Ma B. Highly luminescent nanoscale quasi-2D layered lead bromide perovskites with tunable emissions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:3887-90. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc09762b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report a new color tuning approach for highly luminescent nanoscale lead(ii) bromide perovskites with a quasi-2D layered structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Yuan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- FAMU-FSU College of Engineering
- Tallahassee
- USA
| | - Yu Shu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- FAMU-FSU College of Engineering
- Tallahassee
- USA
| | - Yan Xin
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory
- Florida State University
- Tallahassee
- USA
| | - Biwu Ma
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- FAMU-FSU College of Engineering
- Tallahassee
- USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
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89
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Mastroianni S, Heinz FD, Im JH, Veurman W, Padilla M, Schubert MC, Würfel U, Grätzel M, Park NG, Hinsch A. Analysing the effect of crystal size and structure in highly efficient CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite solar cells by spatially resolved photo- and electroluminescence imaging. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:19653-62. [PMID: 26548804 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr05308k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite solar cells with a mesoporous TiO2 layer and spiro-MeOTAD as a hole transport layer (HTL) with three different CH3NH3I concentrations (0.032 M, 0.044 M and 0.063 M) were investigated. Strong variations in crystal size and morphology resulting in diversified cell efficiencies (9.2%, 16.9% and 12.3%, respectively) were observed. The physical origin of this behaviour was analysed by detailed characterization combining current-voltage curves with photo- and electroluminescence (PL and EL) imaging as well as light beam induced current measurements (LBIC). It was found that the most efficient cell shows the highest luminescence and the least efficient cell is most strongly limited by non-radiative recombination. Crystal size, morphology and distribution in the capping layer and in the porous scaffold strongly affect the non-radiative recombination. Moreover, the very non-uniform crystal structure with multiple facets, as evidenced by SEM images of the 0.032 M device, suggests the creation of a large number of grain boundaries and crystal dislocations. These defects give rise to increased trap-assisted non-radiative recombination as is confirmed by high-resolution μ-PL images. The different imaging techniques used in this study prove to be well-suited to spatially investigate and thus correlate the crystal morphology of the perovskite layer with the electrical and radiative properties of the solar cells and thus with their performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mastroianni
- Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE, Heidenhofstr. 2, 79110 Freiburg, Germany. and Materials Research Center FMF, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - F D Heinz
- Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE, Heidenhofstr. 2, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - J-H Im
- Laboratory for Photonics and Interfaces, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, School of Basic Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. and School of Chemical Engineering and Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea.
| | - W Veurman
- Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE, Heidenhofstr. 2, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - M Padilla
- Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE, Heidenhofstr. 2, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - M C Schubert
- Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE, Heidenhofstr. 2, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - U Würfel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE, Heidenhofstr. 2, 79110 Freiburg, Germany. and Materials Research Center FMF, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - M Grätzel
- Laboratory for Photonics and Interfaces, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, School of Basic Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - N-G Park
- School of Chemical Engineering and Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea.
| | - A Hinsch
- Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE, Heidenhofstr. 2, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.
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90
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Mixed-halide Cs2SnI3Br3 perovskite as low resistance hole-transporting material in dye-sensitized solar cells. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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91
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Armaroli N, Balzani V. Solar Electricity and Solar Fuels: Status and Perspectives in the Context of the Energy Transition. Chemistry 2015; 22:32-57. [PMID: 26584653 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201503580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The energy transition from fossil fuels to renewables is already ongoing, but it will be a long and difficult process because the energy system is a gigantic and complex machine. Key renewable energy production data show the remarkable growth of solar electricity technologies and indicate that crystalline silicon photovoltaics (PV) and wind turbines are the workhorses of the first wave of renewable energy deployment on the TW scale around the globe. The other PV alternatives (e.g., copper/indium/gallium/selenide (CIGS) or CdTe), along with other less mature options, are critically analyzed. As far as fuels are concerned, the situation is significantly more complex because making chemicals with sunshine is far more complicated than generating electric current. The prime solar artificial fuel is molecular hydrogen, which is characterized by an excellent combination of chemical and physical properties. The routes to make it from solar energy (photoelectrochemical cells (PEC), dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical cells (DSPEC), PV electrolyzers) and then synthetic liquid fuels are presented, with discussion on economic aspects. The interconversion between electricity and hydrogen, two energy carriers directly produced by sunlight, will be a key tool to distribute renewable energies with the highest flexibility. The discussion takes into account two concepts that are often overlooked: the energy return on investment (EROI) and the limited availability of natural resources-particularly minerals-which are needed to manufacture energy converters and storage devices on a multi-TW scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Armaroli
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna (Italy), Fax: (+39) 051-6399844.
| | - Vincenzo Balzani
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna (Italy), Fax: (+39) 051-2099456.
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92
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Ju MG, Sun G, Zhao Y, Liang W. A computational view of the change in the geometric and electronic properties of perovskites caused by the partial substitution of Pb by Sn. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:17679-87. [PMID: 26081196 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp01991e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recently, solar cells with hybrid organic-inorganic lead halide perovskites have achieved a great success and their power conversion efficiency reaches about 17.9%. For practical applications, one has to avoid the toxicology issue of lead, to develop lead-free perovskite solar cells by using metal substitution. It has been shown that tin is one of possible candidates as a replacement for lead. Herein, a step-by-step protocol based on the first-principles calculations is performed to investigate the geometrical and electronic properties of mixed Sn and Pb perovskite MAPbxSn1-xI3 with different crystal symmetries. At first, a GGA functional with the inclusion of the van der Waals interaction, vdW-DF3, is used to optimize the geometries and it reproduces closely the unit cell volume. Then, a more accurate hybrid functional PBE0 combined with the spin-orbit coupling effect is used to perform electronic-structure calculations. The calculated results reveal that the band gaps of MAPbxSn1-xI3 are sensitive to the ratio of Sn/Pb, and are proportional to the x component, consistent with the previous reports. Further investigations show that the crystal symmetry can also modify the band gap in an order of Pnma > I4cm > P4mm at x = 0.5. The random rotation of organic cations, which makes the band alignments in the compounds, facilitates the separation and transfer of holes and electrons. Interestingly, the computed binding energies of the unrelaxed exciton have the same trend as band gaps, which decreases with decreasing x, the binding energies of MAPb0.5Sn0.5I3 also decrease as the crystal symmetry decreases, implying a faster exciton dissociation with lower x and lower symmetry at an ambient temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Gang Ju
- Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
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93
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Galisteo-López JF, Anaya M, Calvo ME, Míguez H. Environmental Effects on the Photophysics of Organic-Inorganic Halide Perovskites. J Phys Chem Lett 2015; 6:2200-5. [PMID: 26266592 PMCID: PMC4603615 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b00785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The photophysical properties of films of organic-inorganic lead halide perovskites under different ambient conditions are herein reported. We demonstrate that their luminescent properties are determined by the interplay between photoinduced activation and darkening processes, which strongly depend on the atmosphere surrounding the samples. We have isolated oxygen and moisture as the key elements in each process, activation and darkening, both of which involve the interaction with photogenerated carriers. These findings show that environmental factors play a key role in the performance of lead halide perovskites as efficient luminescent materials.
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94
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Hsieh TY, Wei TC, Wu KL, Ikegami M, Miyasaka T. Efficient perovskite solar cells fabricated using an aqueous lead nitrate precursor. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc05298j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel, aqueous precursor system (Pb(NO3)2 + water) is developed to replace conventional (PbI2 + DMF) for fabricating methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) perovskite solar cells (PSCs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Yu Hsieh
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Tsing-Hua University
- Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Chien Wei
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Tsing-Hua University
- Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Lin Wu
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Toin University of Yokohama
- Japan
| | - Masashi Ikegami
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Toin University of Yokohama
- Japan
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95
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Chen S, Briscoe J, Shi Y, Chen K, Wilson RM, Dunn S, Binions R. A simple, low-cost CVD route to high-quality CH3NH3PbI3perovskite thin films. CrystEngComm 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ce01496d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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