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Jastrzebska-Perfect P, Spyropoulos GD, Cea C, Zhao Z, Rauhala OJ, Viswanathan A, Sheth SA, Gelinas JN, Khodagholy D. Mixed-conducting particulate composites for soft electronics. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz6767. [PMID: 32494646 PMCID: PMC7182411 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz6767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Bioelectronic devices should optimally merge a soft, biocompatible tissue interface with capacity for local, advanced signal processing. Here, we introduce an organic mixed-conducting particulate composite material (MCP) that can form functional electronic components by varying particle size and density. We created MCP-based high-performance anisotropic films, independently addressable transistors, resistors, and diodes that are pattern free, scalable, and biocompatible. MCP enabled facile and effective electronic bonding between soft and rigid electronics, permitting recording of neurophysiological data at the resolution of individual neurons from freely moving rodents and from the surface of the human brain through a small opening in the skull. We also noninvasively acquired high-spatiotemporal resolution electrophysiological signals by directly interfacing MCP with human skin. MCP provides a single-material solution to facilitate development of bioelectronic devices that can safely acquire, transmit, and process complex biological signals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Claudia Cea
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Zifang Zhao
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Onni J. Rauhala
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Ashwin Viswanathan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sameer A. Sheth
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jennifer N. Gelinas
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Dion Khodagholy
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
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52
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Ji B, Ge C, Guo Z, Wang L, Wang M, Xie Z, Xu Y, Li H, Yang B, Wang X, Li C, Liu J. Flexible and stretchable opto-electric neural interface for low-noise electrocorticogram recordings and neuromodulation in vivo. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 153:112009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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53
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Hermiz J, Hossain L, Arneodo EM, Ganji M, Rogers N, Vahidi N, Halgren E, Gentner TQ, Dayeh SA, Gilja V. Stimulus Driven Single Unit Activity From Micro-Electrocorticography. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:55. [PMID: 32180695 PMCID: PMC7059620 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
High-fidelity measurements of neural activity can enable advancements in our understanding of the neural basis of complex behaviors such as speech, audition, and language, and are critical for developing neural prostheses that address impairments to these abilities due to disease or injury. We develop a novel high resolution, thin-film micro-electrocorticography (micro-ECoG) array that enables high-fidelity surface measurements of neural activity from songbirds, a well-established animal model for studying speech behavior. With this device, we provide the first demonstration of sensory-evoked modulation of surface-recorded single unit responses. We establish that single unit activity is consistently sensed from micro-ECoG electrodes over the surface of sensorimotor nucleus HVC (used as a proper name) in anesthetized European starlings, and validate responses with correlated firing in single units recorded simultaneously at surface and depth. The results establish a platform for high-fidelity recording from the surface of subcortical structures that will accelerate neurophysiological studies, and development of novel electrode arrays and neural prostheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Hermiz
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Lorraine Hossain
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Ezequiel M Arneodo
- Biocircuits Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Mehran Ganji
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Nicholas Rogers
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Nasim Vahidi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Eric Halgren
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Timothy Q Gentner
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Neurobiology Section, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Shadi A Dayeh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Vikash Gilja
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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54
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Tatum WO, McKay JH, ReFaey K, Feyissa AM, Ryan D, Ritaccio A, Middlebrooks E, Yelvington K, Roth G, Acton E, Grewal S, Chaichana K, Quinones-Hinojosa A. Detection of after-discharges during intraoperative functional brain mapping in awake brain tumor surgery using a novel high-density circular grid. Clin Neurophysiol 2020; 131:828-835. [PMID: 32066101 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2019.12.416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate intraoperative use of a novel high-density circular grid in detecting after-discharges (AD) on electrocorticography (ECoG) during functional brain mapping (FBM). METHODS FBM during glioma surgery (10/2016 to 5/2019) recorded ADs using a 22-channel circular grid compared to conventional strip electrodes. ADs were analyzed for detection, duration, amplitude, morphology, histology, direction, and clinical signs. RESULTS Thirty-two patients (mean age 54.2 years; r = 30-75) with glioma (WHO grade II-IV; 20 grade IV) had surgery. ADs during FBM were more likely in patients with wild-type as opposed to IDH-1 mutants (p < 0.0001) using more contacts compared with linear strip electrodes (p = 0.0001). More sensors tended to be involved in ADs detected by the circular grid vs strips (6.61 vs 3.43; p = 0.16) at lower stimulus intensity (3.14 mA vs 4.13 mA; p = 0.09). No difference in the number of cortical stimulations before resection was present (38.9 mA vs 47.9 mA; p = 0.26). ADs longer than 10 seconds were 32.5 seconds (circular grid) vs 58.4 (strips) (p = 0.12). CONCLUSIONS High-density circular grids detect ADs in 360 degrees during FBM for glioma resection. Provocation of ADs was more likely in patients with wild-type than IDH-1 mutation. SIGNIFICANCE Circular grids offer high-resolution ECoG during intraoperative FBM for detection of ADs.
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Affiliation(s)
- William O Tatum
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
| | - Jake H McKay
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Karim ReFaey
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | - Dan Ryan
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | | | - Kirsten Yelvington
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | - Emily Acton
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sanjeet Grewal
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
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55
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Yang W, Gong Y, Li W. A Review: Electrode and Packaging Materials for Neurophysiology Recording Implants. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:622923. [PMID: 33585422 PMCID: PMC7873964 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.622923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, a wide variety of neural tissue implants have been developed for neurophysiology recording from living tissues. An ideal neural implant should minimize the damage to the tissue and perform reliably and accurately for long periods of time. Therefore, the materials utilized to fabricate the neural recording implants become a critical factor. The materials of these devices could be classified into two broad categories: electrode materials as well as packaging and substrate materials. In this review, inorganic (metals and semiconductors), organic (conducting polymers), and carbon-based (graphene and carbon nanostructures) electrode materials are reviewed individually in terms of various neural recording devices that are reported in recent years. Properties of these materials, including electrical properties, mechanical properties, stability, biodegradability/bioresorbability, biocompatibility, and optical properties, and their critical importance to neural recording quality and device capabilities, are discussed. For the packaging and substrate materials, different material properties are desired for the chronic implantation of devices in the complex environment of the body, such as biocompatibility and moisture and gas hermeticity. This review summarizes common solid and soft packaging materials used in a variety of neural interface electrode designs, as well as their packaging performances. Besides, several biopolymers typically applied over the electrode package to reinforce the mechanical rigidity of devices during insertion, or to reduce the immune response and inflammation at the device-tissue interfaces are highlighted. Finally, a benchmark analysis of the discussed materials and an outlook of the future research trends are concluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyang Yang
- Microtechnology Lab, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Yan Gong
- Microtechnology Lab, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Wen Li
- Microtechnology Lab, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
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56
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Boran E, Ramantani G, Krayenbühl N, Schreiber M, König K, Fedele T, Sarnthein J. High-density ECoG improves the detection of high frequency oscillations that predict seizure outcome. Clin Neurophysiol 2019; 130:1882-1888. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2019.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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57
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WANG JF, TIAN HH, FANG Y. Implantable and Flexible Electronics for In vivo Brain Activity Recordings. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(19)61192-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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58
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Yamamoto H, Grob L, Sumi T, Oiwa K, Hirano-Iwata A, Wolfrum B. Ultrasoft Silicone Gel as a Biomimetic Passivation Layer in Inkjet-Printed 3D MEA Devices. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 3:e1900130. [PMID: 32648655 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201900130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Multielectrode arrays (MEAs) are versatile tools that are used for chronic recording and stimulation of neural cells and tissues. Driven by the recent progress in understanding of how neuronal growth and function respond to scaffold stiffness, development of MEAs with a soft cell-to-device interface has gained importance not only for in vivo but also for in vitro applications. However, the passivation layer, which constitutes the majority of the cell-device interface, is typically prepared with stiff materials. Herein, a fabrication of an MEA device with an ultrasoft passivation layer is described, which takes advantage of inkjet printing and a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) gel with a stiffness comparable to that of the brain. The major challenge in using the PDMS gel is that it cannot be patterned to expose the sensing area of the electrode. This issue is resolved by printing 3D micropillars at the electrode tip. Primary cortical neurons are grown on the fabricated device, and effective stimulation of the culture confirms functional cell-device coupling. The 3D MEA device with an ultrasoft interface provides a novel platform for investigating evoked activity and drug responses of living neuronal networks cultured in a biomimetic environment for both fundamental research and pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Yamamoto
- WPI-Advanced Institute for Materials Research (WPI-AIMR), Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan.,Institute for Advanced Study, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 2a, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Leroy Grob
- Munich School of BioengineeringDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technische Universität München, Boltzmannstraße 11, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Takuma Sumi
- Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Oiwa
- Advanced ICT Research Institute, National Institute of Information and Communication Technology, 588-2 Iwaoka, Iwaoka-cho, Nishi-ku, Kobe, 651-2492, Japan
| | - Ayumi Hirano-Iwata
- WPI-Advanced Institute for Materials Research (WPI-AIMR), Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan.,Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Bernhard Wolfrum
- Munich School of BioengineeringDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technische Universität München, Boltzmannstraße 11, 85748, Garching, Germany
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59
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Bai L, Elósegui CG, Li W, Yu P, Fei J, Mao L. Biological Applications of Organic Electrochemical Transistors: Electrochemical Biosensors and Electrophysiology Recording. Front Chem 2019; 7:313. [PMID: 31134185 PMCID: PMC6514146 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are recently developed high-efficient transducers not only for electrochemical biosensor but also for cell electrophysiological recording due to the separation of gate electrode from the transistor device. The efficient integration of OECTs with electrochemical gate electrode makes the as-prepared sensors with improved performance, such as sensitivity, limit of detection, and selectivity. We herein reviewed the recent progress of OECTs-based biosensors and cell electrophysiology recording, mainly focusing on the principle and chemical design of gate electrode and the channel. First, the configuration, work principle, semiconductor of OECT are briefly introduced. Then different kinds of sensing modes are reviewed, especially for the biosensing and electrophysiological recording. Finally, the challenges and opportunities of this research field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Bai
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cristina García Elósegui
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weiqi Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junjie Fei
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, China
| | - Lanqun Mao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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60
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Berggren M, Crispin X, Fabiano S, Jonsson MP, Simon DT, Stavrinidou E, Tybrandt K, Zozoulenko I. Ion Electron-Coupled Functionality in Materials and Devices Based on Conjugated Polymers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1805813. [PMID: 30620417 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201805813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The coupling between charge accumulation in a conjugated polymer and the ionic charge compensation, provided from an electrolyte, defines the mode of operation in a vast array of different organic electrochemical devices. The most explored mixed organic ion-electron conductor, serving as the active electrode in these devices, is poly(3,4-ethyelenedioxythiophene) doped with polystyrelensulfonate (PEDOT:PSS). In this progress report, scientists of the Laboratory of Organic Electronics at Linköping University review some of the achievements derived over the last two decades in the field of organic electrochemical devices, in particular including PEDOT:PSS as the active material. The recently established understanding of the volumetric capacitance and the mixed ion-electron charge transport properties of PEDOT are described along with examples of various devices and phenomena utilizing this ion-electron coupling, such as the organic electrochemical transistor, ionic-electronic thermodiffusion, electrochromic devices, surface switches, and more. One of the pioneers in this exciting research field is Prof. Olle Inganäs and the authors of this progress report wish to celebrate and acknowledge all the fantastic achievements and inspiration accomplished by Prof. Inganäs all since 1981.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Xavier Crispin
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Magnus P Jonsson
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Daniel T Simon
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Eleni Stavrinidou
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Klas Tybrandt
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Igor Zozoulenko
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
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61
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Stolk A, Griffin S, van der Meij R, Dewar C, Saez I, Lin JJ, Piantoni G, Schoffelen JM, Knight RT, Oostenveld R. Integrated analysis of anatomical and electrophysiological human intracranial data. Nat Protoc 2019; 13:1699-1723. [PMID: 29988107 PMCID: PMC6548463 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-018-0009-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Human intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) recordings provide data with much greater spatiotemporal precision than is possible from data obtained using scalp EEG, magnetoencephalography (MEG), or functional MRI. Until recently, the fusion of anatomical data (MRI and computed tomography (CT) images) with electrophysiological data and their subsequent analysis have required the use of technologically and conceptually challenging combinations of software. Here, we describe a comprehensive protocol that enables complex raw human iEEG data to be converted into more readily comprehensible illustrative representations. The protocol uses an open-source toolbox for electrophysiological data analysis (FieldTrip). This allows iEEG researchers to build on a continuously growing body of scriptable and reproducible analysis methods that, over the past decade, have been developed and used by a large research community. In this protocol, we describe how to analyze complex iEEG datasets by providing an intuitive and rapid approach that can handle both neuroanatomical information and large electrophysiological datasets. We provide a worked example using an example dataset. We also explain how to automate the protocol and adjust the settings to enable analysis of iEEG datasets with other characteristics. The protocol can be implemented by a graduate student or postdoctoral fellow with minimal MATLAB experience and takes approximately an hour to execute, excluding the automated cortical surface extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjen Stolk
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA. .,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Sandon Griffin
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Roemer van der Meij
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Callum Dewar
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.,College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ignacio Saez
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jack J Lin
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Giovanni Piantoni
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jan-Mathijs Schoffelen
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert T Knight
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Robert Oostenveld
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,NatMEG, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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62
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Stieglitz T. Why Neurotechnologies? About the Purposes, Opportunities and Limitations of Neurotechnologies in Clinical Applications. NEUROETHICS-NETH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12152-019-09406-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
AbstractNeurotechnologies describe a field of science and engineering in which the nervous system is interfaced with technical devices. Fundamental research is conducted to explore functions of the brain, decipher the neural code and get a better understanding of diseases and disorders. Risk benefit assessment has been well established in all medical disciplines to treat patients best possible while minimizing jeopardizing their lives by the interventions. Is this set of assessment rules sufficient when the brain will be interfaced with a technical system and is this assessment enough? How will these new technologies change personality and society? This article will shortly review different stakeholders’ opinions and their expectation in the field, assembles information the state-of-the art in medical applications of neurotechnological implants and describes and assesses the fundamental technologies that are used to build up these implants starting with essential requirements of technical materials in contact with living tissue. The different paragraphs guide the reader through the main aspects of neurotechnologies and lay a foundation of knowledge to be able to contribute to the discussion in which cases implants will be beneficial and in which cases we should express serious concerns.
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63
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Jakešová M, Silverå Ejneby M, Đerek V, Schmidt T, Gryszel M, Brask J, Schindl R, Simon DT, Berggren M, Elinder F, Głowacki ED. Optoelectronic control of single cells using organic photocapacitors. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaav5265. [PMID: 30972364 PMCID: PMC6450690 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aav5265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Optical control of the electrophysiology of single cells can be a powerful tool for biomedical research and technology. Here, we report organic electrolytic photocapacitors (OEPCs), devices that function as extracellular capacitive electrodes for stimulating cells. OEPCs consist of transparent conductor layers covered with a donor-acceptor bilayer of organic photoconductors. This device produces an open-circuit voltage in a physiological solution of 330 mV upon illumination using light in a tissue transparency window of 630 to 660 nm. We have performed electrophysiological recordings on Xenopus laevis oocytes, finding rapid (time constants, 50 μs to 5 ms) photoinduced transient changes in the range of 20 to 110 mV. We measure photoinduced opening of potassium channels, conclusively proving that the OEPC effectively depolarizes the cell membrane. Our results demonstrate that the OEPC can be a versatile nongenetic technique for optical manipulation of electrophysiology and currently represents one of the simplest and most stable and efficient optical stimulation solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Jakešová
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, ITN Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, SE-60221 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Malin Silverå Ejneby
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, SE-58185 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Vedran Đerek
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, ITN Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, SE-60221 Norrköping, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Linköping University, SE-58185 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Tony Schmidt
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Maciej Gryszel
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, ITN Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, SE-60221 Norrköping, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Linköping University, SE-58185 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Johan Brask
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, SE-58185 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Rainer Schindl
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Daniel T. Simon
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, ITN Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, SE-60221 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, ITN Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, SE-60221 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Elinder
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, SE-58185 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Eric Daniel Głowacki
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, ITN Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, SE-60221 Norrköping, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Linköping University, SE-58185 Linköping, Sweden
- Corresponding author.
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64
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Ghanbari L, Rynes ML, Hu J, Schulman DS, Johnson GW, Laroque M, Shull GM, Kodandaramaiah SB. Craniobot: A computer numerical controlled robot for cranial microsurgeries. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1023. [PMID: 30705287 PMCID: PMC6355931 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37073-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last few decades, a plethora of tools has been developed for neuroscientists to interface with the brain. Implementing these tools requires precisely removing sections of the skull to access the brain. These delicate cranial microsurgical procedures need to be performed on the sub-millimeter thick bone without damaging the underlying tissue and therefore, require significant training. Automating some of these procedures would not only enable more precise microsurgical operations, but also facilitate widespread use of advanced neurotechnologies. Here, we introduce the “Craniobot”, a cranial microsurgery platform that combines automated skull surface profiling with a computer numerical controlled (CNC) milling machine to perform a variety of cranial microsurgical procedures on mice. The Craniobot utilizes a low-force contact sensor to profile the skull surface and uses this information to perform precise milling operations within minutes. We have used the Craniobot to perform intact skull thinning and open small to large craniotomies over the dorsal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Ghanbari
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minnesota, USA
| | - Mathew L Rynes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jia Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minnesota, USA
| | - Daniel S Schulman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minnesota, USA
| | - Gregory W Johnson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minnesota, USA
| | - Michael Laroque
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minnesota, USA
| | - Gabriella M Shull
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minnesota, USA
| | - Suhasa B Kodandaramaiah
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minnesota, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minnesota, USA.
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65
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Seo KJ, Artoni P, Qiang Y, Zhong Y, Han X, Shi Z, Yao W, Fagiolini M, Fang H. Transparent, Flexible, Penetrating Microelectrode Arrays with Capabilities of Single-Unit Electrophysiology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 3:e1800276. [PMID: 32627399 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201800276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Accurately mapping neuronal activity across brain networks is critical to understand behaviors, yet it is very challenging due to the need of tools with both high spatial and temporal resolutions. Here, penetrating arrays of flexible microelectrodes made of low-impedance nanomeshes are presented, which are capable of recording single-unit electrophysiological neuronal activity and at the same time, transparent, allowing to bridge electrical and optical brain mapping modalities. These 32 transparent penetrating electrodes with site area, 225 µm2 , have a low impedance of ≈149 kΩ at 1 kHz, an adequate charge injection limit of ≈0.76 mC cm-2 , and up to 100% yield. Mechanical bending tests reveal that the array is robust up to 1000 bending cycles, and its high transmittance of 67% at 550 nm makes it suitable for combining with various optical methods. A temporary stiffening using polyethylene glycol allows the penetrating nanomesh arrays to be inserted into the brain minimally invasively, with in vivo validation of recordings of spontaneous and evoked single-unit activity of neurons across layers of the mouse visual cortex. Together, these results establish a novel neurotechnology-transparent, flexible, penetrating microelectrode arrays-which possesses great potential for brain research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Jin Seo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Pietro Artoni
- Center for Life Science, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Yi Qiang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Yiding Zhong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Xun Han
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Zhan Shi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Wenhao Yao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Michela Fagiolini
- Center for Life Science, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Hui Fang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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66
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Amdursky N, Głowacki ED, Meredith P. Macroscale Biomolecular Electronics and Ionics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1802221. [PMID: 30334284 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201802221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The conduction of ions and electrons over multiple length scales is central to the processes that drive the biological world. The multidisciplinary attempts to elucidate the physics and chemistry of electron, proton, and ion transfer in biological charge transfer have focused primarily on the nano- and microscales. However, recently significant progress has been made on biomolecular materials that can support ion and electron currents over millimeters if not centimeters. Likewise, similar transport phenomena in organic semiconductors and ionics have led to new innovations in a wide variety of applications from energy generation and storage to displays and bioelectronics. Here, the underlying principles of conduction on the macroscale in biomolecular materials are discussed, highlighting recent examples, and particularly the establishment of accurate structure-property relationships to guide rationale material and device design. The technological viability of biomolecular electronics and ionics is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadav Amdursky
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Eric Daniel Głowacki
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Bredgatan 33, SE-60174, Norrköping, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Linköping University, 58183, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Paul Meredith
- Department of Physics, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
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67
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Woods V, Trumpis M, Bent B, Palopoli-Trojani K, Chiang CH, Wang C, Yu C, Insanally MN, Froemke RC, Viventi J. Long-term recording reliability of liquid crystal polymer µECoG arrays. J Neural Eng 2018; 15:066024. [PMID: 30246690 PMCID: PMC6342453 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/aae39d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The clinical use of microsignals recorded over broad cortical regions is largely limited by the chronic reliability of the implanted interfaces. APPROACH We evaluated the chronic reliability of novel 61-channel micro-electrocorticographic (µECoG) arrays in rats chronically implanted for over one year and using accelerated aging. Devices were encapsulated with polyimide (PI) or liquid crystal polymer (LCP), and fabricated using commercial manufacturing processes. In vitro failure modes and predicted lifetimes were determined from accelerated soak testing. Successful designs were implanted epidurally over the rodent auditory cortex. Trends in baseline signal level, evoked responses and decoding performance were reported for over one year of implantation. MAIN RESULTS Devices fabricated with LCP consistently had longer in vitro lifetimes than PI encapsulation. Our accelerated aging results predicted device integrity beyond 3.4 years. Five implanted arrays showed stable performance over the entire implantation period (247-435 d). Our regression analysis showed that impedance predicted signal quality and information content only in the first 31 d of recordings and had little predictive value in the chronic phase (>31 d). In the chronic phase, site impedances slightly decreased yet decoding performance became statistically uncorrelated with impedance. We also employed an improved statistical model of spatial variation to measure sensitivity to locally varying fields, which is typically concealed in standard signal power calculations. SIGNIFICANCE These findings show that µECoG arrays can reliably perform in chronic applications in vivo for over one year, which facilitates the development of a high-density, clinically viable interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Woods
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
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68
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Zeglio E, Inganäs O. Active Materials for Organic Electrochemical Transistors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1800941. [PMID: 30022545 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201800941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) is a device capable of simultaneously controlling the flow of electronic and ionic currents. This unique feature renders the OECT the perfect technology to interface man-made electronics, where signals are conveyed by electrons, with the world of the living, where information exchange relies on chemical signals. The function of the OECT is controlled by the properties of its core component, an organic conductor. Its chemical structure and interactions with electrolyte molecules at the nanoscale play a key role in regulating OECT operation and performance. Herein, the latest research progress in the design of active materials for OECTs is reviewed. Particular focus is given on the conducting polymers whose properties lead to advances in understanding the OECT working mechanism and improving the interface with biological systems for bioelectronics. The methods and device models that are developed to elucidate key relations between the structure of conducting polymer films and OECT function are discussed. Finally, the requirements of OECT design for in vivo applications are briefly outlined. The outcomes represent an important step toward the integration of organic electronic components with biological systems to record and modulate their functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Zeglio
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, AIIM Facility, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Olle Inganäs
- Department of Physics Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, SE-58183, Linköping, Sweden
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69
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Angotzi GN, Boi F, Lecomte A, Miele E, Malerba M, Zucca S, Casile A, Berdondini L. SiNAPS: An implantable active pixel sensor CMOS-probe for simultaneous large-scale neural recordings. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 126:355-364. [PMID: 30466053 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Large-scale neural recordings with high spatial and temporal accuracy are instrumental to understand how the brain works. To this end, it is of key importance to develop probes that can be conveniently scaled up to a high number of recording channels. Despite recent achievements in complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) multi-electrode arrays probes, in current circuit architectures an increase in the number of simultaneously recording channels would significantly increase the total chip area. A promising approach for overcoming this scaling issue consists in the use of the modular Active Pixel Sensor (APS) concept, in which a small front-end circuit is located beneath each electrode. However, this approach imposes challenging constraints on the area of the in-pixel circuit, power consumption and noise. Here, we present an APS CMOS-probe technology for Simultaneous Neural recording that successfully addresses all these issues for whole-array read-outs at 25 kHz/channel from up to 1024 electrode-pixels. To assess the circuit performances, we realized in a 0.18 μm CMOS technology an implantable single-shaft probe with a regular array of 512 electrode-pixels with a pitch of 28 μm. Extensive bench tests showed an in-pixel gain of 45.4 ± 0.4 dB (low pass, F-3 dB = 4 kHz), an input referred noise of 7.5 ± 0.67 μVRMS (300 Hz to 7.5 kHz) and a power consumption <6 μW/pixel. In vivo acute recordings demonstrate that our SiNAPS CMOS-probe can sample full-band bioelectrical signals from each electrode, with the ability to resolve and discriminate activity from several packed neurons both at the spatial and temporal scale. These results pave the way to new generations of compact and scalable active single/multi-shaft brain recording systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabio Boi
- Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), NetS3 Lab, Genova, Italy
| | - Aziliz Lecomte
- Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), NetS3 Lab, Genova, Italy
| | - Ermanno Miele
- Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), NetS3 Lab, Genova, Italy
| | - Mario Malerba
- Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), NetS3 Lab, Genova, Italy
| | - Stefano Zucca
- Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Optical Approaches to Brain Function, Lab, Genova, Italy
| | - Antonino Casile
- Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), CTNSC-UniFe, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Luca Berdondini
- Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), NetS3 Lab, Genova, Italy
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Lee W, Kobayashi S, Nagase M, Jimbo Y, Saito I, Inoue Y, Yambe T, Sekino M, Malliaras GG, Yokota T, Tanaka M, Someya T. Nonthrombogenic, stretchable, active multielectrode array for electroanatomical mapping. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaau2426. [PMID: 30345362 PMCID: PMC6195340 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aau2426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
High-precision monitoring of electrophysiological signals with high spatial and temporal resolutions is one of the most important subjects for elucidating physiology functions. Recently, ultraflexible multielectrode arrays (MEAs) have been fabricated to establish conformal contacts with the surface of organs and to measure propagation of electrophysiological signals with high spatial-temporal resolution; however, plastic substrates have high Young's modulus, causing difficulties in creating appropriate stretchability and blood compatibility for applying them on the dynamically moving and surgical bleeding surface of the heart. Here, we have successfully fabricated an active MEA that simultaneously achieves nonthrombogenicity, stretchability, and stability, which allows long-term electrocardiographic (ECG) monitoring of the dynamically moving hearts of rats even with capillary bleeding. Because of the active data readout, the measured ECG signals exhibit a high signal-to-noise ratio of 52 dB. The novel stretchable MEA is carefully designed using state-of-the-art engineering techniques by combining extraordinarily high gain organic electrochemical transistors processed on microgrid substrates and a coating of poly(3-methoxypropyl acrylate), which exhibits significant antithrombotic properties while maintaining excellent ionic conductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonryung Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Shingo Kobayashi
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, CE41 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masase Nagase
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- iMed Japan Inc., 6-11-24, Higashi-Narashino, Narashino-shi, Chiba 275-0001, Japan
| | - Yasutoshi Jimbo
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Itsuro Saito
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- iMed Japan Inc., 6-11-24, Higashi-Narashino, Narashino-shi, Chiba 275-0001, Japan
| | - Yusuke Inoue
- Department of Medical Engineering and Cardiology, Institute of Development Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Yambe
- Department of Medical Engineering and Cardiology, Institute of Development Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Masaki Sekino
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | | | - Tomoyuki Yokota
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Masaru Tanaka
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, CE41 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Takao Someya
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Thin-Film Device Laboratory & Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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71
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Mitrasinovic S, Brown AP, Schaefer AT, Chang SD, Appelboom G. Silicon Valley new focus on brain computer interface: hype or hope for new applications? F1000Res 2018; 7:1327. [PMID: 30705750 PMCID: PMC6343225 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.15726.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last year there has been increasing interest and investment into developing devices to interact with the central nervous system, in particular developing a robust brain-computer interface (BCI). In this article, we review the most recent research advances and the current host of engineering and neurological challenges that must be overcome for clinical application. In particular, space limitations, isolation of targeted structures, replacement of probes following failure, delivery of nanomaterials and processing and understanding recorded data. Neural engineering has developed greatly over the past half-century, which has allowed for the development of better neural recording techniques and clinical translation of neural interfaces. Implementation of general purpose BCIs face a number of constraints arising from engineering, computational, ethical and neuroscientific factors that still have to be addressed. Electronics have become orders of magnitude smaller and computationally faster than neurons, however there is much work to be done in decoding the neural circuits. New interest and funding from the non-medical community may be a welcome catalyst for focused research and development; playing an important role in future advancements in the neuroscience community.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andreas T. Schaefer
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Steven D. Chang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Brighton, USA
| | - Geoff Appelboom
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Brighton, USA
- Byers Center for Biodesign, Stanford University School of Medicine, Brighton, USA
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72
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Won SM, Song E, Zhao J, Li J, Rivnay J, Rogers JA. Recent Advances in Materials, Devices, and Systems for Neural Interfaces. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1800534. [PMID: 29855089 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201800534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Technologies capable of establishing intimate, long-lived optical/electrical interfaces to neural systems will play critical roles in neuroscience research and in the development of nonpharmacological treatments for neurological disorders. The development of high-density interfaces to 3D populations of neurons across entire tissue systems in living animals, including human subjects, represents a grand challenge for the field, where advanced biocompatible materials and engineered structures for electrodes and light emitters will be essential. This review summarizes recent progress in these directions, with an emphasis on the most promising demonstrated concepts, materials, devices, and systems. The article begins with an overview of electrode materials with enhanced electrical and/or mechanical performance, in forms ranging from planar films, to micro/nanostructured surfaces, to 3D porous frameworks and soft composites. Subsequent sections highlight integration with active materials and components for multiplexed addressing, local amplification, wireless data transmission, and power harvesting, with multimodal operation in soft, shape-conformal systems. These advances establish the foundations for scalable architectures in optical/electrical neural interfaces of the future, where a blurring of the lines between biotic and abiotic systems will catalyze profound progress in neuroscience research and in human health/well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Min Won
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Enming Song
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Jianing Zhao
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Jinghua Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Jonathan Rivnay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Simpson Querrey Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - John A Rogers
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Chemistry, Mechanical Engineering, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, and Neurological Surgery, Simpson Querrey Institute for Nano/biotechnology, McCormick School of Engineering and Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
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73
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Tybrandt K, Khodagholy D, Dielacher B, Stauffer F, Renz AF, Buzsáki G, Vörös J. High-Density Stretchable Electrode Grids for Chronic Neural Recording. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1706520. [PMID: 29488263 PMCID: PMC5948103 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201706520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Electrical interfacing with neural tissue is key to advancing diagnosis and therapies for neurological disorders, as well as providing detailed information about neural signals. A challenge for creating long-term stable interfaces between electronics and neural tissue is the huge mechanical mismatch between the systems. So far, materials and fabrication processes have restricted the development of soft electrode grids able to combine high performance, long-term stability, and high electrode density, aspects all essential for neural interfacing. Here, this challenge is addressed by developing a soft, high-density, stretchable electrode grid based on an inert, high-performance composite material comprising gold-coated titanium dioxide nanowires embedded in a silicone matrix. The developed grid can resolve high spatiotemporal neural signals from the surface of the cortex in freely moving rats with stable neural recording quality and preserved electrode signal coherence during 3 months of implantation. Due to its flexible and stretchable nature, it is possible to minimize the size of the craniotomy required for placement, further reducing the level of invasiveness. The material and device technology presented herein have potential for a wide range of emerging biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klas Tybrandt
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Dion Khodagholy
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
- NYU Neuroscience Institute, School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Bernd Dielacher
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Flurin Stauffer
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Aline F. Renz
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - György Buzsáki
- NYU Neuroscience Institute, School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - János Vörös
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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74
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Thukral A, Ershad F, Enan N, Rao Z, Yu C. Soft Ultrathin Silicon Electronics for Soft Neural Interfaces: A Review of Recent Advances of Soft Neural Interfaces Based on Ultrathin Silicon. IEEE NANOTECHNOLOGY MAGAZINE 2018. [DOI: 10.1109/mnano.2017.2781290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anish Thukral
- Mechanical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas United States
| | - Faheem Ershad
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas United States
| | - Nada Enan
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas United States
| | - Zhoulyu Rao
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas United States
| | - Cunjiang Yu
- Mechanical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas United States
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75
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Rudmann L, Alt MT, Ashouri Vajari D, Stieglitz T. Integrated optoelectronic microprobes. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2018; 50:72-82. [PMID: 29414738 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Optogenetics opened not only new exciting opportunities to interrogate the nervous system but also requires adequate probes to facilitate these wishes. Therefore, a multidisciplinary effort is essential to match these technical opportunities with biological needs in order to establish a stable and functional material-tissue interface. This in turn can address an optical intervention of the genetically modified, light sensitive cells in the nervous system and recording of electrical signals from single cells and neuronal networks that result in behavioral changes. In this review, we present the state of the art of optoelectronic probes and assess advantages and challenges of the different design approaches. At first, we discuss mechanisms and processes at the material-tissue interface that influence the performance of optoelectronic probes in acute and chronic implantations. We classify optoelectronic probes by their property of delivering light to the tissue: by waveguides or by integrated light sources at the sites of intervention. Both approaches are discussed with respect to size, spatial resolution, opportunity to integrate electrodes for electrical recording and potential interactions with the target tissue. At last, we assess translational aspects of the state of the art. Long-term stability of probes and the opportunity to integrate them into fully implantable, wireless systems are a prerequisite for chronic applications and a transfer from fundamental neuroscientific studies into treatment options for diseases and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Rudmann
- Laboratory for Biomedical Microsystems, Department of Microsystems Engineering - IMTEK & BrainLinks-BrainTools Center, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 102, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - M T Alt
- Laboratory for Biomedical Microsystems, Department of Microsystems Engineering - IMTEK & BrainLinks-BrainTools Center, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 102, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - D Ashouri Vajari
- Laboratory for Biomedical Microsystems, Department of Microsystems Engineering - IMTEK & BrainLinks-BrainTools Center, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 102, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - T Stieglitz
- Laboratory for Biomedical Microsystems, Department of Microsystems Engineering - IMTEK & BrainLinks-BrainTools Center, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 102, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.
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76
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Donahue MJ, Williamson A, Strakosas X, Friedlein JT, McLeod RR, Gleskova H, Malliaras GG. High-Performance Vertical Organic Electrochemical Transistors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:1705031. [PMID: 29266473 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201705031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are promising transducers for biointerfacing due to their high transconductance, biocompatibility, and availability in a variety of form factors. Most OECTs reported to date, however, utilize rather large channels, limiting the transistor performance and resulting in a low transistor density. This is typically a consequence of limitations associated with traditional fabrication methods and with 2D substrates. Here, the fabrication and characterization of OECTs with vertically stacked contacts, which overcome these limitations, is reported. The resulting vertical transistors exhibit a reduced footprint, increased intrinsic transconductance of up to 57 mS, and a geometry-normalized transconductance of 814 S m-1 . The fabrication process is straightforward and compatible with sensitive organic materials, and allows exceptional control over the transistor channel length. This novel 3D fabrication method is particularly suited for applications where high density is needed, such as in implantable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary J Donahue
- Department of Bioelectronics, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CMP-EMSE, MOC, 880 route de Mimet, 13541, Gardanne, France
| | | | - Xenofon Strakosas
- Department of Bioelectronics, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CMP-EMSE, MOC, 880 route de Mimet, 13541, Gardanne, France
| | - Jacob T Friedlein
- Department of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309-0425, USA
| | - Robert R McLeod
- Department of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309-0425, USA
| | - Helena Gleskova
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1XW, UK
| | - George G Malliaras
- Department of Bioelectronics, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CMP-EMSE, MOC, 880 route de Mimet, 13541, Gardanne, France
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77
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Khodagholy D, Gelinas JN, Buzsáki G. Learning-enhanced coupling between ripple oscillations in association cortices and hippocampus. Science 2018; 358:369-372. [PMID: 29051381 DOI: 10.1126/science.aan6203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Consolidation of declarative memories requires hippocampal-neocortical communication. Although experimental evidence supports the role of sharp-wave ripples in transferring hippocampal information to the neocortex, the exact cortical destinations and the physiological mechanisms of such transfer are not known. We used a conducting polymer-based conformable microelectrode array (NeuroGrid) to record local field potentials and neural spiking across the dorsal cortical surface of the rat brain, combined with silicon probe recordings in the hippocampus, to identify candidate physiological patterns. Parietal, midline, and prefrontal, but not primary cortical areas, displayed localized ripple (100 to 150 hertz) oscillations during sleep, concurrent with hippocampal ripples. Coupling between hippocampal and neocortical ripples was strengthened during sleep following learning. These findings suggest that ripple-ripple coupling supports hippocampal-association cortical transfer of memory traces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dion Khodagholy
- NYU Neuroscience Institute, School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA.,Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Jennifer N Gelinas
- NYU Neuroscience Institute, School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA.,Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.,Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - György Buzsáki
- NYU Neuroscience Institute, School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA
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78
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Multimodal Characterization of Neural Networks Using Highly Transparent Electrode Arrays. eNeuro 2018; 5:eN-MNT-0187-18. [PMID: 30783610 PMCID: PMC6377407 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0187-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Revised: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Transparent and flexible materials are attractive for a wide range of emerging bioelectronic applications. These include neural interfacing devices for both recording and stimulation, where low electrochemical electrode impedance is valuable. Here the conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) is used to fabricate electrodes that are small enough to allow unencumbered optical access for imaging a large cell population with two-photon (2P) microscopy, yet provide low impedance for simultaneous high quality recordings of neural activity in vivo. To demonstrate this, pathophysiological activity was induced in the mouse cortex using 4-aminopyridine (4AP), and the resulting electrical activity was detected with the PEDOT:PSS-based probe while imaging calcium activity directly below the probe area. The induced calcium activity of the neuronal network as measured by the fluorescence change in the cells correlated well with the electrophysiological recordings from the cortical grid of PEDOT:PSS microelectrodes. Our approach provides a valuable vehicle for complementing classical high temporal resolution electrophysiological analysis with optical imaging.
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79
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Abstract
Pain is a complex neural function involving cognition, sensory, emotion, and memory. Imaging studies have shown that multiple brain regions are actively engaged in the processing of pain. However, roles of each brain regions and their contribution to pain are still largely unknown. Recent studies with electrophysiology especially high-density electroencephalogram (EEG) or multichannel recordings techniques have provided more insights into the dynamics of pain signature. The accumulations of the evidence could facilitate our understanding of pain and provide potential methods for objective pain evaluation and treatment of chronic pain.
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80
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Inal S, Malliaras GG, Rivnay J. Benchmarking organic mixed conductors for transistors. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1767. [PMID: 29176599 PMCID: PMC5701155 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01812-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic mixed conductors have garnered significant attention in applications from bioelectronics to energy storage/generation. Their implementation in organic transistors has led to enhanced biosensing, neuromorphic function, and specialized circuits. While a narrow class of conducting polymers continues to excel in these new applications, materials design efforts have accelerated as researchers target new functionality, processability, and improved performance/stability. Materials for organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) require both efficient electronic transport and facile ion injection in order to sustain high capacity. In this work, we show that the product of the electronic mobility and volumetric charge storage capacity (µC*) is the materials/system figure of merit; we use this framework to benchmark and compare the steady-state OECT performance of ten previously reported materials. This product can be independently verified and decoupled to guide materials design and processing. OECTs can therefore be used as a tool for understanding and designing new organic mixed conductors. Organic materials that support both electronic and ionic transport hold promise for applications in bioelectronics and energy storage. Here, Inal et al. use transistors to quantify the materials performance of organic mixed conductors in terms of the product of charge mobility and volumetric capacitance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahika Inal
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - George G Malliaras
- Department of Bioelectronics, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CMP-EMSE, MOC, 13541, Gardanne, France.,Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Jonathan Rivnay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA. .,Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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81
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Franco-Gonzalez JF, Pavlopoulou E, Stavrinidou E, Gabrielsson R, Simon DT, Berggren M, Zozoulenko IV. Morphology of a self-doped conducting oligomer for green energy applications. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:13717-13724. [PMID: 28884179 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr04617k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A recently synthesized self-doped conducting oligomer, salt of bis[3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene]3thiophene butyric acid, ETE-S, is a novel promising material for green energy applications. Recently, it has been demonstrated that it can polymerize in vivo, in plant systems, leading to a formation of long-range conducting wires, charge storage and supercapacitive behaviour of living plants. Here we investigate the morphology of ETE-S combining the experimental characterisation using Grazing Incidence Wide Angle X-ray Scattering (GIWAXS) and atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The GIWAXS measurements reveal a formation of small crystallites consisting of π-π stacked oligomers (with the staking distance 3.5 Å) that are further organized in h00 lamellae. These experimental results are confirmed by MD calculations, where we calculated the X-ray diffraction pattern and the radial distribution function for the distance between ETE-S chains. Our MD simulations also demonstrate the formation of the percolative paths for charge carriers that extend throughout the whole structure, despite the fact that the oligomers are short (6-9 rings) and crystallites are thin along the π-π stacking direction, consisting of only two or three π-π stacked oligomers. The existence of the percolative paths explains the previously observed high conductivity in in vivo polymerized ETE-S. We also explored the geometrical conformation of ETE-S oligomers and the bending of their aliphatic chains as a function of the oligomer lengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Felipe Franco-Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74 Norrköping, Sweden.
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82
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Slutzky MW, Flint RD. Physiological properties of brain-machine interface input signals. J Neurophysiol 2017; 118:1329-1343. [PMID: 28615329 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00070.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain-machine interfaces (BMIs), also called brain-computer interfaces (BCIs), decode neural signals and use them to control some type of external device. Despite many experimental successes and terrific demonstrations in animals and humans, a high-performance, clinically viable device has not yet been developed for widespread usage. There are many factors that impact clinical viability and BMI performance. Arguably, the first of these is the selection of brain signals used to control BMIs. In this review, we summarize the physiological characteristics and performance-including movement-related information, longevity, and stability-of multiple types of input signals that have been used in invasive BMIs to date. These include intracortical spikes as well as field potentials obtained inside the cortex, at the surface of the cortex (electrocorticography), and at the surface of the dura mater (epidural signals). We also discuss the potential for future enhancements in input signal performance, both by improving hardware and by leveraging the knowledge of the physiological characteristics of these signals to improve decoding and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc W Slutzky
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; .,Department of Physiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; and.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Robert D Flint
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
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83
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Fabiano S, Sani N, Kawahara J, Kergoat L, Nissa J, Engquist I, Crispin X, Berggren M. Ferroelectric polarization induces electronic nonlinearity in ion-doped conducting polymers. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1700345. [PMID: 28695197 PMCID: PMC5493413 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1700345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) is an organic mixed ion-electron conducting polymer. The PEDOT phase transports holes and is redox-active, whereas the PSS phase transports ions. When PEDOT is redox-switched between its semiconducting and conducting state, the electronic and optical properties of its bulk are controlled. Therefore, it is appealing to use this transition in electrochemical devices and to integrate those into large-scale circuits, such as display or memory matrices. Addressability and memory functionality of individual devices, within these matrices, are typically achieved by nonlinear current-voltage characteristics and bistability-functions that can potentially be offered by the semiconductor-conductor transition of redox polymers. However, low conductivity of the semiconducting state and poor bistability, due to self-discharge, make fast operation and memory retention impossible. We report that a ferroelectric polymer layer, coated along the counter electrode, can control the redox state of PEDOT. The polarization switching characteristics of the ferroelectric polymer, which take place as the coercive field is overcome, introduce desired nonlinearity and bistability in devices that maintain PEDOT in its highly conducting and fast-operating regime. Memory functionality and addressability are demonstrated in ferro-electrochromic display pixels and ferro-electrochemical transistors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Negar Sani
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Jun Kawahara
- RISE Acreo, Printed Electronics, Bredgatan 33, Box 787, SE-60117 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Loïg Kergoat
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Josefin Nissa
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Isak Engquist
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Xavier Crispin
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
- Corresponding author.
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84
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Johnson M. Mapping the mind: A new tool reveals uncharted territories in the brain. Nat Med 2017; 23:144-146. [DOI: 10.1038/nm0217-144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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