51
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Yu X, Buck MJ. Defining TP53 pioneering capabilities with competitive nucleosome binding assays. Genome Res 2018; 29:107-115. [PMID: 30409772 PMCID: PMC6314159 DOI: 10.1101/gr.234104.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Accurate gene expression requires the targeting of transcription factors (TFs) to regulatory sequences often occluded within nucleosomes. The ability to target a TF binding site (TFBS) within a nucleosome has been the defining characteristic for a special class of TFs known as pioneer factors. Recent studies suggest TP53 functions as a pioneer factor that can target its TFBS within nucleosomes, but it remains unclear how TP53 binds to nucleosomal DNA. To comprehensively examine TP53 nucleosome binding, we competitively bound TP53 to multiple in vitro–formed nucleosomes containing a high- or low-affinity TP53 TFBS located at differing translational and rotational positions within the nucleosome. Stable TP53–nucleosome complexes were isolated and quantified using next-generation sequencing. Our results demonstrate TP53 binding is limited to nucleosome edges with significant binding inhibition occurring within 50 bp of the nucleosome dyad. Binding site affinity only affects TP53 binding for TFBSs located at the same nucleosomal positions; otherwise, nucleosome position takes precedence. Furthermore, TP53 has strong nonspecific nucleosome binding facilitating its interaction with chromatin. Our in vitro findings were confirmed by examining TP53-induced binding in a cell line model, showing induced binding at nucleosome edges flanked by a nucleosome-free region. Overall, our results suggest that the pioneering capabilities of TP53 are driven by nonspecific nucleosome binding with specific binding at nucleosome edges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyang Yu
- New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences and Department of Biochemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14203, USA
| | - Michael J Buck
- New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences and Department of Biochemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14203, USA.,Department of Biomedical Informatics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14203, USA
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52
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Funato K, Hayashi T, Echizen K, Negishi L, Shimizu N, Koyama-Nasu R, Nasu-Nishimura Y, Morishita Y, Tabar V, Todo T, Ino Y, Mukasa A, Saito N, Akiyama T. SIRT2-mediated inactivation of p73 is required for glioblastoma tumorigenicity. EMBO Rep 2018; 19:e45587. [PMID: 30213795 PMCID: PMC6216266 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201745587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is one of the most aggressive forms of cancers and has a poor prognosis. Genomewide analyses have revealed that a set of core signaling pathways, the p53, RB, and RTK pathways, are commonly deregulated in glioblastomas. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the tumorigenicity of glioblastoma are not fully understood. Here, we show that the lysine deacetylase SIRT2 is required for the proliferation and tumorigenicity of glioblastoma cells, including glioblastoma stem cells. Furthermore, we demonstrate that SIRT2 regulates p73 transcriptional activity by deacetylation of its C-terminal lysine residues. Our results suggest that SIRT2-mediated inactivation of p73 is critical for the proliferation and tumorigenicity of glioblastoma cells and that SIRT2 may be a promising molecular target for the therapy of glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Funato
- Laboratory of Molecular and Genetic Information, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tomoatsu Hayashi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Genetic Information, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kanae Echizen
- Laboratory of Molecular and Genetic Information, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Lumi Negishi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Genetic Information, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naomi Shimizu
- Laboratory of Molecular and Genetic Information, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryo Koyama-Nasu
- Laboratory of Molecular and Genetic Information, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukiko Nasu-Nishimura
- Laboratory of Molecular and Genetic Information, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Morishita
- Department of Human Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Viviane Tabar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tomoki Todo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Ino
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akitake Mukasa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuhito Saito
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsu Akiyama
- Laboratory of Molecular and Genetic Information, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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53
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Wang Y, Ding Q, Lu YC, Cao SY, Liu QX, Zhang L. Interferon-stimulated gene 15 enters posttranslational modifications of p53. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:5507-5518. [PMID: 30317575 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor protein p53 is a central governor of various cellular signals. It is well accepted that ubiquitination as well as ubiquitin-like (UBL) modifications of p53 protein is critical in the control of its activity. Interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) is a well-known UBL protein with pleiotropic functions, serving both as a free intracellular molecule and as a modifier by conjugating to target proteins. Initially, attentions have historically focused on the antiviral effects of ISG15 pathway. Remarkably, a significant role in the processes of autophagy, DNA repair, and protein translation provided considerable insight into the new functions of ISG15 pathway. Despite the deterministic revelation of the relation between ISG15 and p53, the functional consequence of p53 ISGylation appears somewhat confused. More important, more recent studies have hinted p53 ubiquitination or other UBL modifications that might interconnect with its ISGylation. Here, we aim to summarize the current knowledge of p53 ISGylation and the differences in other significant modifications, which would be beneficial for the development of p53-based cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Disease, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Qi Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Disease, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yu-Chen Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Disease, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Shi-Yang Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Disease, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Qing-Xue Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Disease, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Disease, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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54
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Bourgeois B, Madl T. Regulation of cellular senescence via the FOXO4-p53 axis. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:2083-2097. [PMID: 29683489 PMCID: PMC6033032 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Forkhead box O (FOXO) and p53 proteins are transcription factors that regulate diverse signalling pathways to control cell cycle, apoptosis and metabolism. In the last decade both FOXO and p53 have been identified as key players in aging, and their misregulation is linked to numerous diseases including cancers. However, many of the underlying molecular mechanisms remain mysterious, including regulation of ageing by FOXOs and p53. Several activities appear to be shared between FOXOs and p53, including their central role in the regulation of cellular senescence. In this review, we will focus on the recent advances on the link between FOXOs and p53, with a particular focus on the FOXO4‐p53 axis and the role of FOXO4/p53 in cellular senescence. Moreover, we discuss potential strategies for targeting the FOXO4‐p53 interaction to modulate cellular senescence as a drug target in treatment of aging‐related diseases and morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Bourgeois
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Tobias Madl
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria.,BioTechMed, Graz, Austria
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55
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Parisotto M, Grelet E, El Bizri R, Dai Y, Terzic J, Eckert D, Gargowitsch L, Bornert JM, Metzger D. PTEN deletion in luminal cells of mature prostate induces replication stress and senescence in vivo. J Exp Med 2018; 215:1749-1763. [PMID: 29743291 PMCID: PMC5987915 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20171207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic ablation of the tumor suppressor PTEN in prostatic epithelial cells (PECs) induces cell senescence. However, unlike oncogene-induced senescence, no hyperproliferation phase and no signs of DNA damage response (DDR) were observed in PTEN-deficient PECs; PTEN loss-induced senescence (PICS) was reported to be a novel type of cellular senescence. Our study reveals that PTEN ablation in prostatic luminal epithelial cells of adult mice stimulates PEC proliferation, followed by a progressive growth arrest with characteristics of cell senescence. Importantly, we also show that proliferating PTEN-deficient PECs undergo replication stress and mount a DDR leading to p53 stabilization, which is however delayed by Mdm2-mediated p53 down-regulation. Thus, even though PTEN-deficiency induces cellular senescence that restrains tumor progression, as it involves replication stress, strategies promoting PTEN loss-induced senescence are at risk for cancer prevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Parisotto
- Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7104/Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1258, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Elise Grelet
- Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7104/Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1258, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Rana El Bizri
- Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7104/Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1258, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Yongyuan Dai
- Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7104/Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1258, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Julie Terzic
- Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7104/Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1258, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Doriane Eckert
- Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7104/Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1258, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Laetitia Gargowitsch
- Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7104/Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1258, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Marc Bornert
- Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7104/Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1258, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Daniel Metzger
- Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7104/Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1258, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch Cedex, France
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56
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Simabuco FM, Morale MG, Pavan IC, Morelli AP, Silva FR, Tamura RE. p53 and metabolism: from mechanism to therapeutics. Oncotarget 2018; 9:23780-23823. [PMID: 29805774 PMCID: PMC5955117 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor cell changes itself and its microenvironment to adapt to different situations, including action of drugs and other agents targeting tumor control. Therefore, metabolism plays an important role in the activation of survival mechanisms to keep the cell proliferative potential. The Warburg effect directs the cellular metabolism towards an aerobic glycolytic pathway, despite the fact that it generates less adenosine triphosphate than oxidative phosphorylation; because it creates the building blocks necessary for cell proliferation. The transcription factor p53 is the master tumor suppressor; it binds to more than 4,000 sites in the genome and regulates the expression of more than 500 genes. Among these genes are important regulators of metabolism, affecting glucose, lipids and amino acids metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and growth factors signaling. Wild-type and mutant p53 may have opposing effects in the expression of these metabolic genes. Therefore, depending on the p53 status of the cell, drugs that target metabolism may have different outcomes and metabolism may modulate drug resistance. Conversely, induction of p53 expression may regulate differently the tumor cell metabolism, inducing senescence, autophagy and apoptosis, which are dependent on the regulation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and/or ROS induction. The interplay between p53 and metabolism is essential in the decision of cell fate and for cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando M. Simabuco
- Laboratory of Functional Properties in Foods, School of Applied Sciences (FCA), Universidade de Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mirian G. Morale
- Center for Translational Investigation in Oncology/LIM24, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Radiology and Oncology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isadora C.B. Pavan
- Laboratory of Functional Properties in Foods, School of Applied Sciences (FCA), Universidade de Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana P. Morelli
- Laboratory of Functional Properties in Foods, School of Applied Sciences (FCA), Universidade de Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando R. Silva
- Laboratory of Functional Properties in Foods, School of Applied Sciences (FCA), Universidade de Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo E. Tamura
- Center for Translational Investigation in Oncology/LIM24, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Radiology and Oncology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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57
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Docrat TF, Nagiah S, Krishnan A, Naidoo DB, Chuturgoon AA. Atorvastatin induces MicroRNA-145 expression in HEPG2 cells via regulation of the PI3K/AKT signalling pathway. Chem Biol Interact 2018; 287:32-40. [PMID: 29630879 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The use of statins as a potential cancer drug has been investigated; however the molecular mechanisms involved in their anti-oxidant, anti-proliferative and anti-cancer effects remain elusive. In our study, we investigated the involvement of downstream mevalonate products that mediate the anti-oxidant and anti-proliferative effects of Atorvastatin (Ato), and its effect on microRNA-145 expression in HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cells. An amorphous soluble form of Ato was prepared and found to be cytotoxic in vitro [IC50 (1.2 mM); 48 h]. Atorvastatin induced a dose-dependent increase in cell mortality with a concomitant depletion of intracellular ATP levels (p = 0.005); significantly increased extracellular nitrite levels (p = 0.001) and decreased lipid peroxidation (p = 0.0097) despite a decrease in GSH. The intrinsic apoptotic pathway was activated via increased caspase -9 (p < 0.0001) and -3/7 (p = 0.0003) activities. Increased protein expression of pGSK3-(α/β) (p = 0.0338), p53 (p = 0.0032), Mdm2 (p < 0.0001), with significantly diminished levels of PI3K (p = 0.0013), pAKT (p = 0.0035), and Akt (p = 0.0077), indicated that Ato-mediated cell death occurred via inhibition of the PI3K/Akt pathway. Additionally, the expression of PI3K (p = 0.0001) and c-myc (p = 0.0127) were also downregulated, whilst and miRNA-145 (p = 0.0156) was upregulated. In conclusion our data strongly indicates a plausible mechanism involved in the cytotoxic effects of Ato and is the first study to show that Ato modulates miR-145 expression in hepatocytes. ≤ .
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Affiliation(s)
- Taskeen Fathima Docrat
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Savania Nagiah
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Anand Krishnan
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Dhaneshree B Naidoo
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Anil A Chuturgoon
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.
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58
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Katz C, Low-Calle AM, Choe JH, Laptenko O, Tong D, Joseph-Chowdhury JSN, Garofalo F, Zhu Y, Friedler A, Prives C. Wild-type and cancer-related p53 proteins are preferentially degraded by MDM2 as dimers rather than tetramers. Genes Dev 2018; 32:430-447. [PMID: 29549180 PMCID: PMC5900715 DOI: 10.1101/gad.304071.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The p53 tumor suppressor protein is the most well studied as a regulator of transcription in the nucleus, where it exists primarily as a tetramer. However, there are other oligomeric states of p53 that are relevant to its regulation and activities. In unstressed cells, p53 is normally held in check by MDM2 that targets p53 for transcriptional repression, proteasomal degradation, and cytoplasmic localization. Here we discovered a hydrophobic region within the MDM2 N-terminal domain that binds exclusively to the dimeric form of the p53 C-terminal domain in vitro. In cell-based assays, MDM2 exhibits superior binding to, hyperdegradation of, and increased nuclear exclusion of dimeric p53 when compared with tetrameric wild-type p53. Correspondingly, impairing the hydrophobicity of the newly identified N-terminal MDM2 region leads to p53 stabilization. Interestingly, we found that dimeric mutant p53 is partially unfolded and is a target for ubiquitin-independent degradation by the 20S proteasome. Finally, forcing certain tumor-derived mutant forms of p53 into dimer configuration results in hyperdegradation of mutant p53 and inhibition of p53-mediated cancer cell migration. Gaining insight into different oligomeric forms of p53 may provide novel approaches to cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Katz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Ana Maria Low-Calle
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Joshua H Choe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Oleg Laptenko
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - David Tong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | | | - Francesca Garofalo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | | | - Assaf Friedler
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Carol Prives
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
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59
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Ali I, Conrad RJ, Verdin E, Ott M. Lysine Acetylation Goes Global: From Epigenetics to Metabolism and Therapeutics. Chem Rev 2018; 118:1216-1252. [PMID: 29405707 PMCID: PMC6609103 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational acetylation of lysine residues has emerged as a key regulatory mechanism in all eukaryotic organisms. Originally discovered in 1963 as a unique modification of histones, acetylation marks are now found on thousands of nonhistone proteins located in virtually every cellular compartment. Here we summarize key findings in the field of protein acetylation over the past 20 years with a focus on recent discoveries in nuclear, cytoplasmic, and mitochondrial compartments. Collectively, these findings have elevated protein acetylation as a major post-translational modification, underscoring its physiological relevance in gene regulation, cell signaling, metabolism, and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibraheem Ali
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Medicine, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Ryan J. Conrad
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Medicine, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Eric Verdin
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California 94945, United States
| | - Melanie Ott
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Medicine, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
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60
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Gupta I, Singh K, Varshney NK, Khan S. Delineating Crosstalk Mechanisms of the Ubiquitin Proteasome System That Regulate Apoptosis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:11. [PMID: 29479529 PMCID: PMC5811474 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory functions of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) are exercised mainly by the ubiquitin ligases and deubiquitinating enzymes. Degradation of apoptotic proteins by UPS is central to the maintenance of cell health, and deregulation of this process is associated with several diseases including tumors, neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes, and inflammation. Therefore, it is the view that interrogating protein turnover in cells can offer a strategy for delineating disease-causing mechanistic perturbations and facilitate identification of drug targets. In this review, we are summarizing an overview to elucidate the updated knowledge on the molecular interplay between the apoptosis and UPS pathways. We have condensed around 100 enzymes of UPS machinery from the literature that ubiquitinates or deubiquitinates the apoptotic proteins and regulates the cell fate. We have also provided a detailed insight into how the UPS proteins are able to fine-tune the intrinsic, extrinsic, and p53-mediated apoptotic pathways to regulate cell survival or cell death. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the potential of UPS players as a drug target for cancer and other human disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishita Gupta
- Structural Immunology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.,Drug Discovery Research Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Kanika Singh
- Drug Discovery Research Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Nishant K Varshney
- Drug Discovery Research Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Sameena Khan
- Drug Discovery Research Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
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61
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Abstract
p53 tumor suppressor responds to various cellular stresses and regulates cell fate. Here, we show that peptidase D (PEPD) binds and suppresses over half of nuclear and cytoplasmic p53 under normal conditions, independent of its enzymatic activity. Eliminating PEPD causes cell death and tumor regression due to p53 activation. PEPD binds to the proline-rich domain in p53, which inhibits phosphorylation of nuclear p53 and MDM2-mediated mitochondrial translocation of nuclear and cytoplasmic p53. However, the PEPD-p53 complex is critical for p53 response to stress, as stress signals doxorubicin and H2O2 each must free p53 from PEPD in order to achieve robust p53 activation, which is mediated by reactive oxygen species. Thus, PEPD stores p53 for the stress response, but this also renders cells dependent on PEPD for survival, as it suppresses p53. This finding provides further understanding of p53 regulation and may have significant implications for the treatment of cancer and other diseases. p53 is a pivotal tumour suppressor that is activated by various cellular stress inducers. Here, the authors show that peptidase D (PEPD) promotes the growth of cancer cells by suppressing p53 and that the complex PEPD-p53 is critical for robust p53 activation in response to stress signals.
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62
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Martin-Perez M, Villén J. Determinants and Regulation of Protein Turnover in Yeast. Cell Syst 2017; 5:283-294.e5. [PMID: 28918244 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Protein turnover maintains the recycling needs of the proteome, and its malfunction has been linked to aging and age-related diseases. However, not all proteins turnover equally, and the factors that contribute to accelerate or slow down turnover are mostly unknown. We measured turnover rates for 3,160 proteins in exponentially growing yeast and analyzed their dependence on physical, functional, and genetic properties. We found that functional characteristics, including protein localization, complex membership, and connectivity, have greater effect on turnover than sequence elements. We also found that protein turnover and mRNA turnover are correlated. Analysis under nutrient perturbation and osmotic stress revealed that protein turnover highly depends on cellular state and is faster when proteins are being actively used. Finally, stress-induced changes in protein and transcript abundance correlated with changes in protein turnover. This study provides a resource of protein turnover rates and principles to understand the recycling needs of the proteome under basal conditions and perturbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Martin-Perez
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Judit Villén
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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63
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Malik MZ, Alam MJ, Ishrat R, Agarwal SM, Singh RKB. Control of apoptosis by SMAR1. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2017; 13:350-362. [PMID: 27934984 DOI: 10.1039/c6mb00525j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear matrix associated protein SMAR1 is sensitive to p53 and acts as a stress inducer as well as a regulator in the p53 regulatory network. Depending on the amount of stress SMAR1 stimulates, it can drive the p53 dynamics in the system to various dynamical states which correspond to various cellular states. The behavior of p53 in these dynamical states is found to be multifractal, due to the mostly long range correlations and large scale fluctuations imparted by stress. This fractal behavior is exhibited in the topological properties of the networks constructed from these dynamical states, and is a signature of self-organization to optimize information flow in the dynamics. The assortativity found in these networks is due to perturbation induced by stress, and indicates that the hubs in the time series play a significant role in stress management. SMAR1 can also regulate apoptosis in the presence of HDAC1, depending on the stress induced by it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Zubbair Malik
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi-110025, India and School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi-110067, India.
| | - Md Jahoor Alam
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Ha'il, Ha'il-2440, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Romana Ishrat
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi-110025, India
| | - Subhash M Agarwal
- Bioinformatics Division, Institute of Cytology and Preventive Oncology, 1-7, Sector - 39, Noida 201301, India
| | - R K Brojen Singh
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi-110067, India.
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Tisato V, Voltan R, Gonelli A, Secchiero P, Zauli G. MDM2/X inhibitors under clinical evaluation: perspectives for the management of hematological malignancies and pediatric cancer. J Hematol Oncol 2017; 10:133. [PMID: 28673313 PMCID: PMC5496368 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-017-0500-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The two murine double minute (MDM) family members MDM2 and MDMX are at the center of an intense clinical assessment as molecular target for the management of cancer. Indeed, the two proteins act as regulators of P53, a well-known key controller of the cell cycle regulation and cell proliferation that, when altered, plays a direct role on cancer development and progression. Several evidence demonstrated that functional aberrations of P53 in tumors are in most cases the consequence of alterations on the MDM2 and MDMX regulatory proteins, in particular in patients with hematological malignancies where TP53 shows a relatively low frequency of mutation while MDM2 and MDMX are frequently found amplified/overexpressed. The pharmacological targeting of these two P53-regulators in order to restore or increase P53 expression and activity represents therefore a strategy for cancer therapy. From the discovery of the Nutlins in 2004, several compounds have been developed and reported with the ability of targeting the P53-MDM2/X axis by inhibiting MDM2 and/or MDMX. From natural compounds up to small molecules and stapled peptides, these MDM2/X pharmacological inhibitors have been extensively studied, revealing different biological features and different rate of efficacy when tested in in vitro and in vivo experimental tumor models. The data/evidence coming from the preclinical experimentation have allowed the identification of the most promising molecules and the setting of clinical studies for their evaluation as monotherapy or in therapeutic combination with conventional chemotherapy or with innovative therapeutic protocols in different tumor settings. Preliminary results have been recently published reporting data about safety, tolerability, potential side effects, and efficacy of such therapeutic approaches. In this light, the aim of this review is to give an updated overview about the state of the art of the clinical evaluation of MDM2/X inhibitor compounds with a special attention to hematological malignancies and to the potential for the management of pediatric cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Tisato
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 66, 44121, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Rebecca Voltan
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 66, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Arianna Gonelli
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 66, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paola Secchiero
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 66, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giorgio Zauli
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 66, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
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TRIM45 functions as a tumor suppressor in the brain via its E3 ligase activity by stabilizing p53 through K63-linked ubiquitination. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2831. [PMID: 28542145 PMCID: PMC5520693 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tripartite motif-containing protein 45 (TRIM45) belongs to a large family of RING-finger-containing E3 ligases, which are highly expressed in the brain. However, little is known regarding the role of TRIM45 in cancer biology, especially in human glioma. Here, we report that TRIM45 expression is significantly reduced in glioma tissue samples. Overexpression of TRIM45 suppresses proliferation and tumorigenicity in glioblastoma cells in vitro and in vivo. In addition, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of TRIM45 promotes proliferation and inhibits apoptosis in glioblastoma cells. Further mechanistic analyses show that TRIM45 interacts with and stabilizes p53. TRIM45 conjugates K63-linked polyubiquitin chain to the C-terminal six lysine residues of p53, thereby inhibiting the availability of these residues to the K48-linked polyubiquitination that targets p53 for degradation. These findings suggest that TRIM45 is a novel tumor suppressor that stabilizes and activates p53 in glioma.
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66
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Ghazi T, Nagiah S, Tiloke C, Sheik Abdul N, Chuturgoon AA. Fusaric Acid Induces DNA Damage and Post-Translational Modifications of p53 in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HepG 2 ) Cells. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:3866-3874. [PMID: 28387973 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Fusaric acid (FA), a common fungal contaminant of maize, is known to mediate toxicity in plants and animals; however, its mechanism of action is unclear. p53 is a tumor suppressor protein that is activated in response to cellular stress. The function of p53 is regulated by post-translational modifications-ubiquitination, phosphorylation, and acetylation. This study investigated a possible mechanism of FA induced toxicity in the human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2 ) cell line. The effect of FA on DNA integrity and post-translational modifications of p53 were investigated. Methods included: (a) culture and treatment of HepG2 cells with FA (IC50 : 580.32 μM, 24 h); (b) comet assay (DNA damage); (c) Western blots (protein expression of p53, MDM2, p-Ser-15-p53, a-K382-p53, a-CBP (K1535)/p300 (K1499), HDAC1 and p-Ser-47-Sirt1); and (d) Hoechst 33342 assay (apoptosis analysis). FA caused DNA damage in HepG2 cells relative to the control (P < 0.0001). FA decreased the protein expression of p53 (0.24-fold, P = 0.0004) and increased the expression of p-Ser-15-p53 (12.74-fold, P = 0.0126) and a-K382-p53 (2.24-fold, P = 0.0096). This occurred despite the significant decrease in the histone acetyltransferase, a-CBP (K1535)/p300 (K1499) (0.42-fold, P = 0.0023) and increase in the histone deacetylase, p-Ser-47-Sirt1 (1.22-fold, P = 0.0020). The expression of MDM2, a negative regulator of p53, was elevated in the FA treatment compared to the control (1.83-fold, P < 0.0001). FA also inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells as evidenced by the Hoechst assay. Together, these results indicate that FA is genotoxic and post-translationally modified p53 leading to HepG2 cell death. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 3866-3874, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terisha Ghazi
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry and Chemical Pathology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, College of Health Sciences, University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, Congella, Durban, 4013, South Africa
| | - Savania Nagiah
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry and Chemical Pathology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, College of Health Sciences, University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, Congella, Durban, 4013, South Africa
| | - Charlette Tiloke
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry and Chemical Pathology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, College of Health Sciences, University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, Congella, Durban, 4013, South Africa
| | - Naeem Sheik Abdul
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry and Chemical Pathology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, College of Health Sciences, University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, Congella, Durban, 4013, South Africa
| | - Anil A Chuturgoon
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry and Chemical Pathology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, College of Health Sciences, University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, Congella, Durban, 4013, South Africa
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67
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Nihira NT, Ogura K, Shimizu K, North BJ, Zhang J, Gao D, Inuzuka H, Wei W. Acetylation-dependent regulation of MDM2 E3 ligase activity dictates its oncogenic function. Sci Signal 2017; 10:10/466/eaai8026. [PMID: 28196907 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aai8026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal activation of the oncogenic E3 ubiquitin ligase murine double minute 2 (MDM2) is frequently observed in human cancers. By ubiquitinating the tumor suppressor p53 protein, which leads to its proteasome-mediated destruction, MDM2 limits the tumor-suppressing activity of p53. On the other hand, by ubiquitinating itself, MDM2 targets itself for destruction and promotes the p53 tumor suppressor pathway, a process that can be antagonized by the deubiquitinase herpesvirus-associated ubiquitin-specific protease (HAUSP). We investigated the regulation of MDM2 substrate specificity and found that acetyltransferase p300-mediated acetylation and stabilization of MDM2 are molecular switches that block self-ubiquitination, thereby shifting its E3 ligase activity toward p53. In vitro and in cancer cell lines, p300-mediated acetylation of MDM2 on Lys182 and Lys185 enabled HAUSP to bind, presumably deubiquitinate, and stabilize MDM2. This acetylation within the nuclear localization signal domain decreased its interaction with the acidic domain, subsequently increased the interaction between the acidic domain and RING domain in MDM2, enabled the binding of HAUSP to the acidic domain in MDM2, and shifted MDM2 activity from autoubiquitination to p53 ubiquitination. However, upon genotoxic stress through exposure to etoposide, the deacetylase sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) deacetylated MDM2 at Lys182 and Lys185, thereby promoting self-ubiquitination and less ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of p53, thus increasing p53-dependent apoptosis. Therefore, this study indicates that dynamic acetylation is a molecular switch in the regulation of MDM2 substrate specificity, revealing further insight into the posttranslational regulation of the MDM2/p53 cell survival axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoe T Nihira
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kohei Ogura
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Infectious Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Kouhei Shimizu
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Center for Advanced Stem Cell and Regenerative Research, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Brian J North
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jinfang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Daming Gao
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Hiroyuki Inuzuka
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. .,Center for Advanced Stem Cell and Regenerative Research, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Wenyi Wei
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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68
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Raj N, Attardi LD. The Transactivation Domains of the p53 Protein. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2017; 7:cshperspect.a026047. [PMID: 27864306 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a026047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The p53 tumor suppressor is a transcriptional activator, with discrete domains that participate in sequence-specific DNA binding, tetramerization, and transcriptional activation. Mutagenesis and reporter studies have delineated two distinct activation domains (TADs) and specific hydrophobic residues within these TADs that are critical for their function. Knockin mice expressing p53 mutants with alterations in either or both of the two TADs have revealed that TAD1 is critical for responses to acute DNA damage, whereas both TAD1 and TAD2 participate in tumor suppression. Biochemical and structural studies have identified factors that bind either or both TADs, including general transcription factors (GTFs), chromatin modifiers, and negative regulators, helping to elaborate a model through which p53 activates transcription. Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of the p53 TADs through phosphorylation also regulate TAD activity. Together, these studies on p53 TADs provide great insight into how p53 serves as a tumor suppressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Raj
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Laura D Attardi
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305.,Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
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69
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Neault M, Couteau F, Bonneau É, De Guire V, Mallette FA. Molecular Regulation of Cellular Senescence by MicroRNAs: Implications in Cancer and Age-Related Diseases. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 334:27-98. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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70
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Carr MI, Jones SN. Regulation of the Mdm2-p53 signaling axis in the DNA damage response and tumorigenesis. Transl Cancer Res 2016; 5:707-724. [PMID: 28690977 PMCID: PMC5501481 DOI: 10.21037/tcr.2016.11.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The p53 tumor suppressor acts as a guardian of the genome in mammalian cells undergoing DNA double strand breaks induced by a various forms of cell stress, including inappropriate growth signals or ionizing radiation. Following damage, p53 protein levels become greatly elevated in cells and p53 functions primarily as a transcription factor to regulate the expression a wide variety of genes that coordinate this DNA damage response. In cells undergoing high amounts of DNA damage, p53 can promote apoptosis, whereas in cells undergoing less damage, p53 promotes senescence or transient cell growth arrest and the expression of genes involved in DNA repair, depending upon the cell type and level of damage. Failure of the damaged cell to undergo growth arrest or apoptosis, or to respond to the DNA damage by other p53-coordinated mechanisms, can lead to inappropriate cell growth and tumorigenesis. In cells that have successfully responded to genetic damage, the amount of p53 present in the cell must return to basal levels in order for the cell to resume normal growth and function. Although regulation of p53 levels and function is coordinated by many proteins, it is now widely accepted that the master regulator of p53 is Mdm2. In this review, we discuss the role(s) of p53 in the DNA damage response and in tumor suppression, and how post-translational modification of Mdm2 regulates the Mdm2-p53 signaling axis to govern p53 activities in the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael I Carr
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Stephen N Jones
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
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71
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UBE4B targets phosphorylated p53 at serines 15 and 392 for degradation. Oncotarget 2016; 7:2823-36. [PMID: 26673821 PMCID: PMC4823074 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation of p53 is a key mechanism responsible for the activation of its tumor suppressor functions in response to various stresses. In unstressed cells, p53 is rapidly turned over and is maintained at a low basal level. After DNA damage or other forms of cellular stress, the p53 level increases, and the protein becomes metabolically stable. However, the mechanism of phosphorylated p53 regulation is unclear. In this study, we studied the kinetics of UBE4B, Hdm2, Pirh2, Cop1 and CHIP induction in response to p53 activation. We show that UBE4B coimmunoprecipitates with phosphorylated p53 at serines 15 and 392. Notably, the affinity between UBE4B and Hdm2 is greatly decreased after DNA damage. Furthermore, we observe that UBE4B promotes endogenous phospho-p53(S15) and phospho-p53(S392) degradation in response to IR. We demonstrate that UBE4B and Hdm2 repress p53S15A, p53S392A, and p53-2A(S15A, S392A) functions, including p53-dependent transactivation and growth inhibition. Overall, our results reveal that UBE4B plays an important role in regulating phosphorylated p53 following DNA damage.
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73
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Zhu J, Zhuang T, Yang H, Li X, Liu H, Wang H. Atypical ubiquitin ligase RNF31: the nuclear factor modulator in breast cancer progression. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:538. [PMID: 27460922 PMCID: PMC4962416 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2575-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer causes the No.1 women cancer prevalence and the No.2 women cancer mortality worldwide. Nuclear receptor/transcriptional factor signaling is aberrant and plays important roles in breast cancer pathogenesis and evolution, such as estrogen receptor α (ERα/ESR1), tumor protein p53 (p53/TP53) and Nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB). About 60–70 % of breast tumors are ERα positive, while approximate 70 % of breast tumors are P53 wild type. Recent studies indicate that nuclear receptors/transcriptional factors could be tightly controlled through protein post-translational modification. The nuclear receptors/transcriptional factors could endure several types of modifications, including phosphorylation, acetylation and ubiquitination. Compared with the other two types of modifications, ubiquitination was mostly linked to protein degradation process, while few researches focused on the functional changes of the target proteins. Until recent years, ubiquitination process is no longer regarded as merely a protein degradation process, but aslo treated as one kind of modification signal. As an atypical E3 ubiquitin ligase, RNF31 was previously found to facilitate NFκB signaling transduction through linear ubiquitination on IKKγ(IκB kinase γ). Our previous studies showed important regulatory functions of RNF31 in controlling important oncogenic pathways in breast cancer, such as ERα and p53. This review highlights recent discoveries on RNF31 functions in nuclear factor modifications, breast cancer progression and possible therapeutic inhibitors targeting RNF31.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhu
- Research Center for Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan Province, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
| | - Ting Zhuang
- Research Center for Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Huijie Yang
- Research Center for Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Li
- Research Center for Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Huandi Liu
- Research Center for Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Wang
- Research Center for Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan Province, People's Republic of China.
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74
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The E3 Ubiquitin Ligase TRIM9 Is a Filopodia Off Switch Required for Netrin-Dependent Axon Guidance. Dev Cell 2016; 35:698-712. [PMID: 26702829 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal growth cone filopodia contain guidance receptors and contribute to axon guidance; however, the mechanism by which the guidance cue netrin increases filopodia density is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that TRIM9, an E3 ubiquitin ligase that localizes to filopodia tips and binds the netrin receptor DCC, interacts with and ubiquitinates the barbed-end polymerase VASP to modulate filopodial stability during netrin-dependent axon guidance. Studies with murine Trim9(+/+) and Trim9(-/-) cortical neurons, along with a non-ubiquitinatable VASP mutant, demonstrate that TRIM9-mediated ubiquitination of VASP reduces VASP filopodial tip localization, VASP dynamics at tips, and filopodial stability. Upon netrin treatment, VASP is deubiquitinated, which promotes VASP tip localization and filopodial stability. Trim9 deletion induces axon guidance defects in vitro and in vivo, whereas a gradient of deubiquitinase inhibition promotes axon turning in vitro. We conclude that a gradient of TRIM9-mediated ubiquitination of VASP creates a filopodial stability gradient during axon turning.
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Jean-Charles PY, Freedman NJ, Shenoy SK. Chapter Nine - Cellular Roles of Beta-Arrestins as Substrates and Adaptors of Ubiquitination and Deubiquitination. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2016; 141:339-69. [PMID: 27378762 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
β-Arrestin1 and β-arrestin2 are homologous adaptor proteins that are ubiquitously expressed in mammalian cells. They belong to a four-member family of arrestins that regulate the vast family of seven-transmembrane receptors that couple to heterotrimeric G proteins (7TMRs or GPCRs), and that modulate 7TMR signal transduction. β-Arrestins were originally identified in the context of signal inhibition via the 7TMRs because they competed with and thereby blocked G protein coupling to 7TMRs. Currently, in addition to their role as desensitizers of signaling, β-arrestins are appreciated as multifunctional adaptors that mediate trafficking and signal transduction of not only 7TMRs, but a growing list of additional receptors, ion channels, and nonreceptor proteins. β-Arrestins' interactions with their multifarious partners are based on their dynamic conformational states rather than particular domain-domain interactions. β-Arrestins adopt activated conformations upon 7TMR association. In addition, β-arrestins undergo various posttranslational modifications that are choreographed by activated 7TMRs, including phosphorylation, ubiquitination, acetylation, nitrosylation, and SUMOylation. Ubiquitination of β-arrestins is critical for their high-affinity interaction with 7TMRs as well as with endocytic adaptor proteins and signaling kinases. β-Arrestins also function as critical adaptors for ubiquitination and deubiquitination of various cellular proteins, and thereby affect the longevity of signal transducers and the intensity of signal transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- P-Y Jean-Charles
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - N J Freedman
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States; Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - S K Shenoy
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States; Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States.
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76
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Laptenko O, Shiff I, Freed-Pastor W, Zupnick A, Mattia M, Freulich E, Shamir I, Kadouri N, Kahan T, Manfredi J, Simon I, Prives C. The p53 C terminus controls site-specific DNA binding and promotes structural changes within the central DNA binding domain. Mol Cell 2016; 57:1034-1046. [PMID: 25794615 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2015.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
DNA binding by numerous transcription factors including the p53 tumor suppressor protein constitutes a vital early step in transcriptional activation. While the role of the central core DNA binding domain (DBD) of p53 in site-specific DNA binding has been established, the contribution of the sequence-independent C-terminal domain (CTD) is still not well understood. We investigated the DNA-binding properties of a series of p53 CTD variants using a combination of in vitro biochemical analyses and in vivo binding experiments. Our results provide several unanticipated and interconnected findings. First, the CTD enables DNA binding in a sequence-dependent manner that is drastically altered by either its modification or deletion. Second, dependence on the CTD correlates with the extent to which the p53 binding site deviates from the canonical consensus sequence. Third, the CTD enables stable formation of p53-DNA complexes to divergent binding sites via DNA-induced conformational changes within the DBD itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Laptenko
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Idit Shiff
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Hebrew University Medical School, IMRIC, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Will Freed-Pastor
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Andrew Zupnick
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Melissa Mattia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Ella Freulich
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Inbal Shamir
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Hebrew University Medical School, IMRIC, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Noam Kadouri
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Hebrew University Medical School, IMRIC, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Tamar Kahan
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Hebrew University Medical School, IMRIC, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - James Manfredi
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Itamar Simon
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Hebrew University Medical School, IMRIC, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
| | - Carol Prives
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
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77
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Mathew S, Abdel-Hafiz H, Raza A, Fatima K, Qadri I. Host nucleotide polymorphism in hepatitis B virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Hepatol 2016; 8:485-498. [PMID: 27057306 PMCID: PMC4820640 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v8.i10.485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is etiologically linked with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and is the leading cause of death amongst 80% of HBV patients. Among HBV affected patients, genetic factors are also involved in modifying the risk factors of HCC. However, the genetic factors that regulate progression to HCC still remain to be determined. In this review, we discuss several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) which were reportedly associated with increased or reduced risk of HCC occurrence in patients with chronic HBV infection such as cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression specifically at COX-2 -1195G/A in Chinese, Turkish and Egyptian populations, tumor necrosis factor α and the three most commonly studied SNPs: PAT-/+, Lys939Gln (A33512C, rs2228001) and Ala499Val (C21151T, rs2228000). In genome-wide association studies, strong associations have also been found at loci 1p36.22, 11q22.3, 6p21 (rs1419881, rs3997872, rs7453920 and rs7768538), 8p12 (rs2275959 and rs37821974) and 22q11.21. The genes implicated in these studies include HLA-DQB2, HLA-DQA1, TCF19, HLA-C, UBE2L3, LTL, FDX1, MICA, UBE4B and PG. The SNPs found to be associated with the above-mentioned genes still require validation in association studies in order to be considered good prognostic candidates for HCC. Screening of these polymorphisms is very beneficial in clinical experiments to stratify the higher or lower risk for HCC and may help in designing effective and efficient HCC surveillance programs for chronic HBV-infected patients if further genetic vulnerabilities are detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilu Mathew
- Shilu Mathew, Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hany Abdel-Hafiz
- Shilu Mathew, Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abbas Raza
- Shilu Mathew, Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kaneez Fatima
- Shilu Mathew, Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ishtiaq Qadri
- Shilu Mathew, Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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78
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Kang JH, Lee JS, Hong D, Lee SH, Kim N, Lee WK, Sung TW, Gong YD, Kim SY. Renal cell carcinoma escapes death by p53 depletion through transglutaminase 2-chaperoned autophagy. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2163. [PMID: 27031960 PMCID: PMC4823929 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In renal cell carcinoma, transglutaminase 2 (TGase 2) crosslinks p53 in autophagosomes, resulting in p53 depletion and the tumor's evasion of apoptosis. Inhibition of TGase 2 stabilizes p53 and induces tumor cells to enter apoptosis. This study explored the mechanism of TGase 2-dependent p53 degradation. We found that TGase 2 competes with human double minute 2 homolog (HDM2) for binding to p53; promotes autophagy-dependent p53 degradation in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cell lines under starvation; and binds to p53 and p62 simultaneously without ubiquitin-dependent recognition of p62. The bound complex does not have crosslinking activity. A binding assay using a series of deletion mutants of p62, p53 and TGase 2 revealed that the PB1 (Phox and Bem1p-1) domain of p62 (residues 85-110) directly interacts with the β-barrel domains of TGase 2 (residues 592-687), whereas the HDM2-binding domain (transactivation domain, residues 15-26) of p53 interacts with the N terminus of TGase 2 (residues 1-139). In addition to the increase in p53 stability due to TGase 2 inhibition, the administration of a DNA-damaging anti-cancer drug such as doxorubicin-induced apoptosis in RCC cell lines and synergistically reduced tumor volume in a xenograft model. Combination therapy with a TGase 2 inhibitor and a DNA-damaging agent may represent an effective therapeutic approach for treating RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Kang
- Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - J-S Lee
- Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - D Hong
- Cancer Immunology Branch, Division of Cancer Biology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - S-H Lee
- Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - N Kim
- Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea.,Center for Innovative Drug Library Research, Dongguk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - W-K Lee
- Institute of Life Science and Natural Resources, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - T-W Sung
- Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Y-D Gong
- Center for Innovative Drug Library Research, Dongguk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - S-Y Kim
- Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
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79
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Dart AE, Box GM, Court W, Gale ME, Brown JP, Pinder SE, Eccles SA, Wells CM. PAK4 promotes kinase-independent stabilization of RhoU to modulate cell adhesion. J Cell Biol 2016; 211:863-79. [PMID: 26598620 PMCID: PMC4657161 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201501072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
PAK4, via a novel kinase-independent mechanism, protects RhoU from a Rab40A/Cullin 5 ubiquitin ligase complex–driven K48 ubiquitination to regulate breast cancer cell adhesion. P21-activated kinase 4 (PAK4) is a Cdc42 effector protein thought to regulate cell adhesion disassembly in a kinase-dependent manner. We found that PAK4 expression is significantly higher in high-grade human breast cancer patient samples, whereas depletion of PAK4 modifies cell adhesion dynamics of breast cancer cells. Surprisingly, systematic analysis of PAK4 functionality revealed that PAK4-driven adhesion turnover is neither dependent on Cdc42 binding nor kinase activity. Rather, reduced expression of PAK4 leads to a concomitant loss of RhoU expression. We report that RhoU is targeted for ubiquitination by the Rab40A–Cullin 5 complex and demonstrate that PAK4 protects RhoU from ubiquitination in a kinase-independent manner. Overexpression of RhoU rescues the PAK4 depletion phenotype, whereas loss of RhoU expression reduces cell adhesion turnover and migration. These data support a new kinase-independent mechanism for PAK4 function, where an important role of PAK4 in cellular adhesions is to stabilize RhoU protein levels. Thus, PAK4 and RhoU cooperate to drive adhesion turnover and promote cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E Dart
- Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, England, UK
| | - Gary M Box
- Tumour Biology and Metastasis, Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, England, UK
| | - William Court
- Tumour Biology and Metastasis, Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, England, UK
| | - Madeline E Gale
- Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, England, UK
| | - John P Brown
- Breast Research Pathology, Department of Research Oncology, Division of Cancer Studies, School of Medicine, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, England, UK
| | - Sarah E Pinder
- Breast Research Pathology, Department of Research Oncology, Division of Cancer Studies, School of Medicine, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, England, UK
| | - Suzanne A Eccles
- Tumour Biology and Metastasis, Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, England, UK
| | - Claire M Wells
- Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, England, UK
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80
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Shafiee SM, Rasti M, Seghatoleslam A, Azimi T, Owji AA. UBE2Q1 in a Human Breast Carcinoma Cell Line: Overexpression and Interaction with p53. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2016; 16:3723-7. [PMID: 25987028 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.9.3723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The p53 tumor suppressor protein is a principal mediator of growth arrest, senescence, and apoptosis in response to a broad array of cellular damage. p53 is a substrate for the ubiquitin-proteasome system, however, the ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s) involved in p53 ubiquitination have not been well studied. UBE2Q1 is a novel E2 ubiquitin conjugating enzyme gene. Here, we investigated the effect of UBE2Q1 overexpression on the level of p53 in the MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cell line as well as the interaction between UBE2Q1 and p53. By using a lipofection method, the p53 mutated breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB-468, was transfected with the vector pCMV6-AN-GFP, containing UBE2Q1 ORF. Western blot analysis was employed to verify the overexpression of UBE2Q1 in MDA-MB-468 cells and to evaluate the expression level of p53 before and after cell transfection. Immunoprecipitation and GST pull-down protocols were used to investigate the binding of UBE2Q1 to p53. We established MDA-MB-468 cells that transiently expressed a GFP fusion proteins containing UBE2Q1 (GFP-UBE2Q1). Western blot analysis revealed that levels of p53 were markedly lower in UBE2Q1 transfected MDA-MB-468 cells as compared with control MDA-MB-468 cells. Both in vivo and in vitro data showed that UBE2Q1 co-precipitated with p53 protein. Our data for the first time showed that overexpression of UBE2Q1can lead to the repression of p53 in MDA-MB-468 cells. This repression of p53 may be due to its UBE2Q1 mediated ubiquitination and subsequent proteasome degradation, a process that may involve direct interaction of UBE2Q1with p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayed Mohammad Shafiee
- Departments of Biochemistry- Recombinant Protein Laboratory, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran E-mail :
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81
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Johmura Y, Sun J, Kitagawa K, Nakanishi K, Kuno T, Naiki-Ito A, Sawada Y, Miyamoto T, Okabe A, Aburatani H, Li S, Miyoshi I, Takahashi S, Kitagawa M, Nakanishi M. SCF(Fbxo22)-KDM4A targets methylated p53 for degradation and regulates senescence. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10574. [PMID: 26868148 PMCID: PMC4754341 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence has revealed that senescence induction requires fine-tuned activation of p53, however, mechanisms underlying the regulation of p53 activity during senescence have not as yet been clearly established. We demonstrate here that SCFFbxo22-KDM4A is a senescence-associated E3 ligase targeting methylated p53 for degradation. We find that Fbxo22 is highly expressed in senescent cells in a p53-dependent manner, and that SCFFbxo22 ubiquitylated p53 and formed a complex with a lysine demethylase, KDM4A. Ectopic expression of a catalytic mutant of KDM4A stabilizes p53 and enhances p53 interaction with PHF20 in the presence of Fbxo22. SCFFbxo22-KDM4A is required for the induction of p16 and senescence-associated secretory phenotypes during the late phase of senescence. Fbxo22−/− mice are almost half the size of Fbxo22+/− mice owing to the accumulation of p53. These results indicate that SCFFbxo22-KDM4A is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that targets methylated p53 and regulates key senescent processes. Cellular senescence—the permanent cessation of cell proliferation—is a process that can be deregulated in cancer and other aging-related diseases. Here the authors demonstrate that the SCFFbxo22-KDM4A complex plays an essential role during senescence as an E3 ligase that targets methylated p53 for degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Johmura
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, 467-8601 Nagoya, Japan
| | - Jia Sun
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, 467-8601 Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kyoko Kitagawa
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Higashi-ku, 431-3192 Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Keiko Nakanishi
- Department of Perinatology, Aichi Human Service Center, Institute for Developmental Research, 713-8 Kamiya-cho, Kasugai, Aichi 489-0392, Japan
| | - Toshiya Kuno
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, 467-8601 Nagoya, Japan
| | - Aya Naiki-Ito
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, 467-8601 Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yumi Sawada
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, 467-8601 Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tomomi Miyamoto
- Department of Comparative and Experimental Medicine and Center for Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, 467-8601 Nagoya, Japan
| | - Atsushi Okabe
- Genome Science Division, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, 153-8904 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Aburatani
- Genome Science Division, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, 153-8904 Tokyo, Japan
| | - ShengFan Li
- Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, 6 Jiefang St, Zhongshan District, 116001 Dalian, China
| | - Ichiro Miyoshi
- Department of Comparative and Experimental Medicine and Center for Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, 467-8601 Nagoya, Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, 467-8601 Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Kitagawa
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Higashi-ku, 431-3192 Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Makoto Nakanishi
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, 467-8601 Nagoya, Japan
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82
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Monson MS, Cardona CJ, Coulombe RA, Reed KM. Hepatic Transcriptome Responses of Domesticated and Wild Turkey Embryos to Aflatoxin B₁. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8010016. [PMID: 26751476 PMCID: PMC4728538 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mycotoxin, aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) is a hepatotoxic, immunotoxic, and mutagenic contaminant of food and animal feeds. In poultry, AFB₁ can be maternally transferred to embryonated eggs, affecting development, viability and performance after hatch. Domesticated turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) are especially sensitive to aflatoxicosis, while Eastern wild turkeys (M. g. silvestris) are likely more resistant. In ovo exposure provided a controlled AFB₁ challenge and comparison of domesticated and wild turkeys. Gene expression responses to AFB₁ in the embryonic hepatic transcriptome were examined using RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq). Eggs were injected with AFB₁ (1 μg) or sham control and dissected for liver tissue after 1 day or 5 days of exposure. Libraries from domesticated turkey (n = 24) and wild turkey (n = 15) produced 89.2 Gb of sequence. Approximately 670 M reads were mapped to a turkey gene set. Differential expression analysis identified 1535 significant genes with |log₂ fold change| ≥ 1.0 in at least one pair-wise comparison. AFB₁ effects were dependent on exposure time and turkey type, occurred more rapidly in domesticated turkeys, and led to notable up-regulation in cell cycle regulators, NRF2-mediated response genes and coagulation factors. Further investigation of NRF2-response genes may identify targets to improve poultry resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa S Monson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
| | - Carol J Cardona
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
| | - Roger A Coulombe
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA.
| | - Kent M Reed
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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83
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K.M. Ip C, 1 Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA;, Yin J, K.S. Ng P, Lin SY, B. Mills G. Genomic-Glycosylation Aberrations in Tumor Initiation, Progression and Management. AIMS MEDICAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.3934/medsci.2016.4.386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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84
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Beaudette P, Popp O, Dittmar G. Proteomic techniques to probe the ubiquitin landscape. Proteomics 2015; 16:273-87. [PMID: 26460060 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein ubiquitination is a powerful modulator of cellular functions. Classically linked to the degradation of proteins, it also plays a role in intracellular localization, DNA damage response, vesicle fusion events, and the immune and transcriptional responses. Ubiquitin is versatile and can code for several distinct signals, either by adding a single ubiquitin or forming a chain of ubiquitins on the target protein. The enzymatic cascade associated with the cellular process determines the nature of the modification. Numerous efforts have been made for the identification of ubiquitin acceptor sites in the target proteins using genetic, biochemical or MS-based proteomic methods, such as affinity-based enrichment of ubiquitinated proteins, and antibody-based enrichment of modified peptides. Modern instrumentation enables quantitative MS strategies to identify and characterize hundreds of ubiquitin substrates in a single analysis making it the dominant method for ubiquitin site detection. Characterization of the interubiquitin connectivity in ubiquitin polymers has also moved into focus, with the field of targeted proteomics techniques proving invaluable for identifying and quantifying linkage types found in such polyubiquitin chains. This review seeks to provide an overview of the many MS-based proteomics techniques available for exploring this dynamic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Beaudette
- Department of Mass Spectrometry, Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Popp
- Department of Mass Spectrometry, Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gunnar Dittmar
- Department of Mass Spectrometry, Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
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85
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Takasugi T, Minegishi S, Asada A, Saito T, Kawahara H, Hisanaga SI. Two Degradation Pathways of the p35 Cdk5 (Cyclin-dependent Kinase) Activation Subunit, Dependent and Independent of Ubiquitination. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:4649-57. [PMID: 26631721 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.692871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cdk5 is a versatile protein kinase that is involved in various neuronal activities, such as the migration of newborn neurons, neurite outgrowth, synaptic regulation, and neurodegenerative diseases. Cdk5 requires the p35 regulatory subunit for activation. Because Cdk5 is more abundantly expressed in neurons compared with p35, the p35 protein levels determine the kinase activity of Cdk5. p35 is a protein with a short half-life that is degraded by proteasomes. Although ubiquitination of p35 has been previously reported, the degradation mechanism of p35 is not yet known. Here, we intended to identify the ubiquitination site(s) in p35. Because p35 is myristoylated at the N-terminal glycine, the possible ubiquitination sites are the lysine residues in p35. We mutated all 23 Lys residues to Arg (p35 23R), but p35 23R was still rapidly degraded by proteasomes at a rate similar to wild-type p35. The degradation of p35 23R in primary neurons and the Cdk5 activation ability of p35 23R suggested the occurrence of ubiquitin-independent degradation of p35 in physiological conditions. We found that p35 has the amino acid sequence similar to the ubiquitin-independent degron in the NKX3.1 homeodomain transcription factor. An Ala mutation at Pro-247 in the degron-like sequence made p35 stable. These results suggest that p35 can be degraded by two degradation pathways: ubiquitin-dependent and ubiquitin-independent. The rapid degradation of p35 by two different methods would be a mechanism to suppress the production of p25, which overactivates Cdk5 to induce neuronal cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Akiko Asada
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and
| | - Taro Saito
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and
| | - Hiroyuki Kawahara
- Laboratory of Cellular Biochemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, and Graduate School of Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Mianami-osawa, Hachioji,Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
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86
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Ai G, Dachineni R, Kumar DR, Marimuthu S, Alfonso LF, Bhat GJ. Aspirin acetylates wild type and mutant p53 in colon cancer cells: identification of aspirin acetylated sites on recombinant p53. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:6007-16. [PMID: 26596838 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4438-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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87
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Mattiroli F, Uckelmann M, Sahtoe DD, van Dijk WJ, Sixma TK. The nucleosome acidic patch plays a critical role in RNF168-dependent ubiquitination of histone H2A. Nat Commun 2015; 5:3291. [PMID: 24518117 PMCID: PMC3929782 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
During DNA damage response, the RING E3 ligase RNF168 ubiquitinates nucleosomal H2A at K13–15. Here we show that the ubiquitination reaction is regulated by its substrate. We define a region on the RING domain important for target recognition and identify the H2A/H2B dimer as the minimal substrate to confer lysine specificity to the RNF168 reaction. Importantly, we find an active role for the substrate in the reaction. H2A/H2B dimers and nucleosomes enhance the E3-mediated discharge of ubiquitin from the E2 and redirect the reaction towards the relevant target, in a process that depends on an intact acidic patch. This active contribution of a region distal from the target lysine provides regulation of the specific K13–15 ubiquitination reaction during the complex signalling process at DNA damage sites. The E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF168 ubiquitinates specific lysines on histone H2A as part of the DNA damage response. Here, the authors show that the acidic patch on the histone H2A/H2B dimer catalyses RNF168-dependent ubiquitination of histone 2A by redirecting ubiquitination activity towards the relevant target lysines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Mattiroli
- 1] Division of Biochemistry and Center for Biomedical Genetics, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands [2] [3]
| | - Michael Uckelmann
- 1] Division of Biochemistry and Center for Biomedical Genetics, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands [2]
| | - Danny D Sahtoe
- Division of Biochemistry and Center for Biomedical Genetics, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Willem J van Dijk
- Division of Biochemistry and Center for Biomedical Genetics, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Titia K Sixma
- Division of Biochemistry and Center for Biomedical Genetics, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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88
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Abstract
p53 has been studied intensively as a major tumour suppressor that detects oncogenic events in cancer cells and eliminates them through senescence (a permanent non-proliferative state) or apoptosis. Consistent with this role, p53 activity is compromised in a high proportion of all cancer types, either through mutation of the TP53 gene (encoding p53) or changes in the status of p53 modulators. p53 has additional roles, which may overlap with its tumour-suppressive capacity, in processes including the DNA damage response, metabolism, aging, stem cell differentiation and fertility. Moreover, many mutant p53 proteins, termed 'gain-of-function' (GOF), acquire new activities that help drive cancer aggression. p53 is regulated mainly through protein turnover and operates within a negative-feedback loop with its transcriptional target, MDM2 (murine double minute 2), an E3 ubiquitin ligase which mediates the ubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation of p53. Induction of p53 is achieved largely through uncoupling the p53-MDM2 interaction, leading to elevated p53 levels. Various stress stimuli acting on p53 (such as hyperproliferation and DNA damage) use different, but overlapping, mechanisms to achieve this. Additionally, p53 activity is regulated through critical context-specific or fine-tuning events, mediated primarily through post-translational mechanisms, particularly multi-site phosphorylation and acetylation. In the present review, I broadly examine these events, highlighting their regulatory contributions, their ability to integrate signals from cellular events towards providing most appropriate response to stress conditions and their importance for tumour suppression. These are fascinating aspects of molecular oncology that hold the key to understanding the molecular pathology of cancer and the routes by which it may be tackled therapeutically.
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89
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Endsley MP, Moyle-Heyrman G, Karthikeyan S, Lantvit DD, Davis DA, Wei JJ, Burdette JE. Spontaneous Transformation of Murine Oviductal Epithelial Cells: A Model System to Investigate the Onset of Fallopian-Derived Tumors. Front Oncol 2015; 5:154. [PMID: 26236688 PMCID: PMC4505108 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
High-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) is the most lethal ovarian cancer histotype. The fallopian tube secretory epithelial cells (FTSECs) are a proposed progenitor cell type. Genetically altered FTSECs form tumors in mice; however, a spontaneous HGSC model has not been described. Apart from a subpopulation of genetically predisposed women, most women develop ovarian cancer spontaneously, which is associated with aging and lifetime ovulations. A murine oviductal cell line (MOE(LOW)) was developed and continuously passaged in culture to mimic cellular aging (MOE(HIGH)). The MOE(HIGH) cellular model exhibited a loss of acetylated tubulin consistent with an outgrowth of secretory epithelial cells in culture. MOE(HIGH) cells proliferated significantly faster than MOE(LOW), and the MOE(HIGH) cells produced more 2D foci and 3D soft agar colonies as compared to MOE(LOW) MOE(HIGH) were xenografted into athymic female nude mice both in the subcutaneous and the intraperitoneal compartments. Only the subcutaneous grafts formed tumors that were negative for cytokeratin, but positive for oviductal markers, such as oviductal glycoprotein 1 and Pax8. These tumors were considered to be poorly differentiated carcinoma. The differential molecular profiles between MOE(HIGH) and MOE(LOW) were determined using RNA-Seq and confirmed by protein expression to uncover pathways important in transformation, like the p53 pathway, the FOXM1 pathway, WNT signaling, and splicing. MOE(HIGH) had enhanced protein expression of c-myc, Cyclin E, p53, and FOXM1 with reduced expression of p21. MOE(HIGH) were also less sensitive to cisplatin and DMBA, which induce lesions typically repaired by base-excision repair. A model of spontaneous tumorogenesis was generated starting with normal oviductal cells. Their transition to cancer involved alterations in pathways associated with high-grade serous cancer in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Endsley
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, IL , USA
| | - Georgette Moyle-Heyrman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, IL , USA
| | - Subbulakshmi Karthikeyan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, IL , USA
| | - Daniel D Lantvit
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, IL , USA
| | - David A Davis
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, IL , USA
| | - Jian-Jun Wei
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University , Chicago, IL , USA
| | - Joanna E Burdette
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, IL , USA
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90
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Sun XJ, Man N, Tan Y, Nimer SD, Wang L. The Role of Histone Acetyltransferases in Normal and Malignant Hematopoiesis. Front Oncol 2015; 5:108. [PMID: 26075180 PMCID: PMC4443728 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone, and non-histone, protein acetylation plays an important role in a variety of cellular events, including the normal and abnormal development of blood cells, by changing the epigenetic status of chromatin and regulating non-histone protein function. Histone acetyltransferases (HATs), which are the enzymes responsible for histone and non-histone protein acetylation, contain p300/CBP, MYST, and GNAT family members. HATs are not only protein modifiers and epigenetic factors but also critical regulators of cell development and carcinogenesis. Here, we will review the function of HATs such as p300/CBP, Tip60, MOZ/MORF, and GCN5/PCAF in normal hematopoiesis and the pathogenesis of hematological malignancies. The inhibitors that have been developed to target HATs will also be reviewed here. Understanding the roles of HATs in normal/malignant hematopoiesis will provide the potential therapeutic targets for the hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jian Sun
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami, FL , USA ; Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami, FL , USA
| | - Na Man
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami, FL , USA ; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami, FL , USA
| | - Yurong Tan
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami, FL , USA ; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami, FL , USA
| | - Stephen D Nimer
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami, FL , USA ; Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami, FL , USA
| | - Lan Wang
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami, FL , USA ; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami, FL , USA
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91
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Aubry S, Shin W, Crary JF, Lefort R, Qureshi YH, Lefebvre C, Califano A, Shelanski ML. Assembly and interrogation of Alzheimer's disease genetic networks reveal novel regulators of progression. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120352. [PMID: 25781952 PMCID: PMC4363671 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex multifactorial disorder with poorly characterized pathogenesis. Our understanding of this disease would thus benefit from an approach that addresses this complexity by elucidating the regulatory networks that are dysregulated in the neural compartment of AD patients, across distinct brain regions. Here, we use a Systems Biology (SB) approach, which has been highly successful in the dissection of cancer related phenotypes, to reverse engineer the transcriptional regulation layer of human neuronal cells and interrogate it to infer candidate Master Regulators (MRs) responsible for disease progression. Analysis of gene expression profiles from laser-captured neurons from AD and controls subjects, using the Algorithm for the Reconstruction of Accurate Cellular Networks (ARACNe), yielded an interactome consisting of 488,353 transcription-factor/target interactions. Interrogation of this interactome, using the Master Regulator INference algorithm (MARINa), identified an unbiased set of candidate MRs causally responsible for regulating the transcriptional signature of AD progression. Experimental assays in autopsy-derived human brain tissue showed that three of the top candidate MRs (YY1, p300 and ZMYM3) are indeed biochemically and histopathologically dysregulated in AD brains compared to controls. Our results additionally implicate p53 and loss of acetylation homeostasis in the neurodegenerative process. This study suggests that an integrative, SB approach can be applied to AD and other neurodegenerative diseases, and provide significant novel insight on the disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soline Aubry
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease & the Aging Brain and the Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, United States of America
| | - William Shin
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, United States of America
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, United States of America
| | - John F. Crary
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease & the Aging Brain and the Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, United States of America
| | - Roger Lefort
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease & the Aging Brain and the Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, United States of America
| | - Yasir H. Qureshi
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease & the Aging Brain and the Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, United States of America
| | - Celine Lefebvre
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, United States of America
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, United States of America
- Inserm Unit U981, Institut Gustave Roussy, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Andrea Califano
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, United States of America
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, United States of America
| | - Michael L. Shelanski
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease & the Aging Brain and the Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, United States of America
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92
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Mechanisms of p53 degradation. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 438:139-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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93
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Reed SM, Quelle DE. p53 Acetylation: Regulation and Consequences. Cancers (Basel) 2014; 7:30-69. [PMID: 25545885 PMCID: PMC4381250 DOI: 10.3390/cancers7010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications of p53 are critical in modulating its tumor suppressive functions. Ubiquitylation, for example, plays a major role in dictating p53 stability, subcellular localization and transcriptional vs. non-transcriptional activities. Less is known about p53 acetylation. It has been shown to govern p53 transcriptional activity, selection of growth inhibitory vs. apoptotic gene targets, and biological outcomes in response to diverse cellular insults. Yet recent in vivo evidence from mouse models questions the importance of p53 acetylation (at least at certain sites) as well as canonical p53 functions (cell cycle arrest, senescence and apoptosis) to tumor suppression. This review discusses the cumulative findings regarding p53 acetylation, with a focus on the acetyltransferases that modify p53 and the mechanisms regulating their activity. We also evaluate what is known regarding the influence of other post-translational modifications of p53 on its acetylation, and conclude with the current outlook on how p53 acetylation affects tumor suppression. Due to redundancies in p53 control and growing understanding that individual modifications largely fine-tune p53 activity rather than switch it on or off, many questions still remain about the physiological importance of p53 acetylation to its role in preventing cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Reed
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Dawn E Quelle
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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94
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Kumari R, Kohli S, Das S. p53 regulation upon genotoxic stress: intricacies and complexities. Mol Cell Oncol 2014; 1:e969653. [PMID: 27308356 DOI: 10.4161/23723548.2014.969653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
p53, the revered savior of genomic integrity, receives signals from diverse stress sensors and strategizes to maintain cellular homeostasis. However, the predominance of p53 overshadows the fact that this herculean task is no one-man show; rather, there is a huge army of regulators that reign over p53 at various levels to avoid an unnecessary surge in its levels and sculpt it dynamically to favor one cellular outcome over another. This governance starts right at the time of p53 translation, which is gated by proteins that bind to p53 mRNA and keep a stringent check on p53 protein levels. The same effect is also achieved by ubiquitylases and deubiquitylases that fine-tune p53 turnover and miRNAs that modulate p53 levels, adding precision to this entire scheme. In addition, extensive covalent modifications and differential protein interactions allow p53 to trigger a tailor-made response for a given circumstance. To magnify the marvel, these various tiers of regulation operate simultaneously and in various combinations. In this review, we have tried to provide a glimpse into this bewildering labyrinth. We believe that further studies will result in a better understanding of p53 regulation and that new insights will help unravel many aspects of cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajni Kumari
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory; National Institute of Immunology ; New Delhi, India
| | - Saishruti Kohli
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory; National Institute of Immunology ; New Delhi, India
| | - Sanjeev Das
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory; National Institute of Immunology ; New Delhi, India
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95
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Hanoun N, Fritsch S, Gayet O, Gigoux V, Cordelier P, Dusetti N, Torrisani J, Dufresne M. The E3 ubiquitin ligase thyroid hormone receptor-interacting protein 12 targets pancreas transcription factor 1a for proteasomal degradation. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:35593-604. [PMID: 25355311 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.620104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreas transcription factor 1a (PTF1a) plays a crucial role in the early development of the pancreas and in the maintenance of the acinar cell phenotype. Several transcriptional mechanisms regulating expression of PTF1a have been identified. However, regulation of PTF1a protein stability and degradation is still unexplored. Here, we report that inhibition of proteasome leads to elevated levels of PTF1a and to the existence of polyubiquitinated forms of PTF1a. We used the Sos recruitment system, an alternative two-hybrid system method to detect protein-protein interactions in the cytoplasm and to map the interactome of PTF1a. We identified TRIP12 (thyroid hormone receptor-interacting protein 12), an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase as a new partner of PTF1a. We confirmed PTF1a/TRIP12 interaction in acinar cell lines and in co-transfected HEK-293T cells. The protein stability of PTF1a is significantly increased upon decreased expression of TRIP12. It is reduced upon overexpression of TRIP12 but not a catalytically inactive TRIP12-C1959A mutant. We identified a region of TRIP12 required for interaction and identified lysine 312 of PTF1a as essential for proteasomal degradation. We also demonstrate that TRIP12 down-regulates PTF1a transcriptional and antiproliferative activities. Our data suggest that an increase in TRIP12 expression can play a part in PTF1a down-regulation and indicate that PTF1a/TRIP12 functional interaction may regulate pancreatic epithelial cell homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naïma Hanoun
- From the INSERM UMR1037, Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), University of Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 31037 Toulouse, France
| | - Samuel Fritsch
- From the INSERM UMR1037, Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), University of Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 31037 Toulouse, France
| | - Odile Gayet
- the Cancer Research Center of Marseille, INSERM UMR1068, Paoli-Calmettes Institute, University of Aix-Marseille, CNRS UMR7258, 13273 Marseille, France
| | - Véronique Gigoux
- EA 4552, University of Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 31432 Toulouse, France, and
| | - Pierre Cordelier
- From the INSERM UMR1037, Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), University of Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 31037 Toulouse, France
| | - Nelson Dusetti
- the Cancer Research Center of Marseille, INSERM UMR1068, Paoli-Calmettes Institute, University of Aix-Marseille, CNRS UMR7258, 13273 Marseille, France
| | - Jérôme Torrisani
- From the INSERM UMR1037, Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), University of Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 31037 Toulouse, France
| | - Marlène Dufresne
- From the INSERM UMR1037, Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), University of Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 31037 Toulouse, France,
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96
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Pflaum J, Schlosser S, Müller M. p53 Family and Cellular Stress Responses in Cancer. Front Oncol 2014; 4:285. [PMID: 25374842 PMCID: PMC4204435 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
p53 is an important tumor suppressor gene, which is stimulated by cellular stress like ionizing radiation, hypoxia, carcinogens, and oxidative stress. Upon activation, p53 leads to cell-cycle arrest and promotes DNA repair or induces apoptosis via several pathways. p63 and p73 are structural homologs of p53 that can act similarly to the protein and also hold functions distinct from p53. Today more than 40 different isoforms of the p53 family members are known. They result from transcription via different promoters and alternative splicing. Some isoforms have carcinogenic properties and mediate resistance to chemotherapy. Therefore, expression patterns of the p53 family genes can offer prognostic information in several malignant tumors. Furthermore, the p53 family constitutes a potential target for cancer therapy. Small molecules (e.g., Nutlins, RITA, PRIMA-1, and MIRA-1 among others) have been objects of intense research interest in recent years. They restore pro-apoptotic wild-type p53 function and were shown to break chemotherapeutic resistance. Due to p53 family interactions small molecules also influence p63 and p73 activity. Thus, the members of the p53 family are key players in the cellular stress response in cancer and are expected to grow in importance as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Pflaum
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | - Sophie Schlosser
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | - Martina Müller
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
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97
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Abstract
The ubiquitin proteasome pathway is critical in restraining the activities of the p53 tumor suppressor. This review by Pant and Lozano focuses on ubiquitination as a mechanism for regulating p53 stability and function and reviews current findings from in vivo models that evaluate the importance of the ubiquitin proteasome system in regulating p53. The ubiquitin proteasome pathway is critical in restraining the activities of the p53 tumor suppressor. Numerous E3 and E4 ligases regulate p53 levels. Additionally, deubquitinating enzymes that modify p53 directly or indirectly also impact p53 function. When alterations of these proteins result in increased p53 activity, cells arrest in the cell cycle, senesce, or apoptose. On the other hand, alterations that result in decreased p53 levels yield tumor-prone phenotypes. This review focuses on the physiological relevance of these important regulators of p53 and their therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Pant
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Guillermina Lozano
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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98
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Rodríguez JA. Interplay between nuclear transport and ubiquitin/SUMO modifications in the regulation of cancer-related proteins. Semin Cancer Biol 2014; 27:11-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 03/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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99
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Mattiroli F, Sixma TK. Lysine-targeting specificity in ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like modification pathways. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2014; 21:308-16. [PMID: 24699079 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.2792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like modifications are central to virtually all cellular signaling pathways. They occur primarily on lysine residues of target proteins and stimulate a large number of downstream signals. The diversity of these signals depends on the type, location and dynamics of the modification, but the role of the exact site of modification and the selectivity for specific lysines are poorly understood. Here we review the current literature on lysine specificity in these modifications, and we highlight the known signaling mechanisms and the open questions that pose future challenges to ubiquitin research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Mattiroli
- 1] Division of Biochemistry, Cancer Genomics Center, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. [2]
| | - Titia K Sixma
- Division of Biochemistry, Cancer Genomics Center, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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100
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Haaland I, Opsahl JA, Berven FS, Reikvam H, Fredly HK, Haugse R, Thiede B, McCormack E, Lain S, Bruserud Ø, Gjertsen BT. Molecular mechanisms of nutlin-3 involve acetylation of p53, histones and heat shock proteins in acute myeloid leukemia. Mol Cancer 2014; 13:116. [PMID: 24885082 PMCID: PMC4032636 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-13-116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The small-molecule MDM2 antagonist nutlin-3 has proved to be an effective p53 activating therapeutic compound in several preclinical cancer models, including acute myeloid leukemia (AML). We and others have previously reported a vigorous acetylation of the p53 protein by nutlin-treatment. In this study we aimed to investigate the functional role of this p53 acetylation in nutlin-sensitivity, and further to explore if nutlin-induced protein acetylation in general could indicate novel targets for the enhancement of nutlin-based therapy. RESULTS Nutlin-3 was found to enhance the acetylation of p53 in the human AML cell line MOLM-13 (wild type TP53) and in TP53 null cells transfected with wild type p53 cDNA. Stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) in combination with immunoprecipitation using an anti-acetyl-lysine antibody and mass spectrometry analysis identified increased levels of acetylated Histone H2B, Hsp27 and Hsp90 in MOLM-13 cells after nutlin-treatment, accompanied by downregulation of total levels of Hsp27 and Hsp90. Intracellular levels of heat shock proteins Hsp27, Hsp40, Hsp60, Hsp70 and Hsp90α were correlated to nutlin-sensitivity for primary AML cells (n = 40), and AML patient samples with low sensitivity to nutlin-3 tended to express higher levels of heat shock proteins than more responsive samples. Combination therapy of nutlin-3 and Hsp90 inhibitor geldanamycin demonstrated synergistic induction of apoptosis in AML cell lines and primary AML cells. Finally, TP53 null cells transfected with a p53 acetylation defective mutant demonstrated decreased heat shock protein acetylation and sensitivity to nutlin-3 compared to wild type p53 expressing cells. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, our results demonstrate that nutlin-3 induces acetylation of p53, histones and heat shock proteins, and indicate that p53 acetylation status and the levels of heat shock proteins may participate in modulation of nutlin-3 sensitivity in AML.
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MESH Headings
- Acetylation
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Benzoquinones/pharmacology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Drug Synergism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
- HSP27 Heat-Shock Proteins/genetics
- HSP27 Heat-Shock Proteins/metabolism
- HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins/genetics
- HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins/metabolism
- Histones/genetics
- Histones/metabolism
- Humans
- Imidazoles/pharmacology
- Lactams, Macrocyclic/pharmacology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- Piperazines/pharmacology
- Primary Cell Culture
- Signal Transduction
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/genetics
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingvild Haaland
- Department of Clinical Science, Hematology Section, University of Bergen, Bergen N-5021, Norway
| | - Jill A Opsahl
- Department of Biomedicine, Proteomics Unit at University of Bergen (PROBE), University of Bergen, Bergen N-5021, Norway
| | - Frode S Berven
- Department of Biomedicine, Proteomics Unit at University of Bergen (PROBE), University of Bergen, Bergen N-5021, Norway
| | - Håkon Reikvam
- Department of Clinical Science, Hematology Section, University of Bergen, Bergen N-5021, Norway
| | - Hanne K Fredly
- Department of Clinical Science, Hematology Section, University of Bergen, Bergen N-5021, Norway
| | - Ragnhild Haugse
- Department of Clinical Science, Hematology Section, University of Bergen, Bergen N-5021, Norway
| | - Bernd Thiede
- The Biotechnology Centre of Oslo, University of Oslo, Oslo N-0317, Norway
| | - Emmet McCormack
- Department of Clinical Science, Hematology Section, University of Bergen, Bergen N-5021, Norway
- Department of Internal Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen N-5021, Norway
| | - Sonia Lain
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm SE-171777, Sweden
| | - Øystein Bruserud
- Department of Clinical Science, Hematology Section, University of Bergen, Bergen N-5021, Norway
- Department of Internal Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen N-5021, Norway
| | - Bjørn Tore Gjertsen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen N-5021, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen N-5021, Norway
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