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Gubenzhike Recipe Ameliorates Respiratory Mucosal Immunity in Mice with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease through Upregulation of the γδT Lymphocytes and KGF Levels. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:3056797. [PMID: 32280354 PMCID: PMC7128036 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3056797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Gubenzhike recipe, a traditional Chinese herbal compound, was assumed to have a possible beneficial effect on COPD. This study was designed to elucidate the mechanism from the perspective of respiratory mucosal immunity. Methods COPD model was induced by exposure to cigarette smoke and LPS instillation in mice for 12 weeks. Animals were administered solution of Gubenzhike recipe by intragastric gavage daily for 4 weeks. After that, mice were sacrificed for lung function test and histological examination of lung tissues. The levels of IL-6 and IL-13 in serum, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and intestinal mucus were measured by ELISA. The KGF and KGFR in lung tissue were analysed by immunohistochemical staining, ELISA, and western blotting, and the mRNA expressions were assessed by PCR. γδT lymphocytes in the lungs were isolated and analysed by immunohistochemical staining and flow cytometry. Results Gubenzhike recipe improved the structure of airway and damage of lung tissue and also the respiratory status and lung function, reduced the content of IL-6 in serum and BALF and IL-13 in BALF and intestinal mucus, increased the proportion of γδT cells in lung tissue, and promoted the secretion of KGF and KGFR (P < 0.05). Conclusion We for the first time demonstrated an experimental procedure for the isolation of γδT lymphocytes from lung tissue. This study suggested that Gubenzhike recipe could enhance the respiratory mucosal immunity which provided experimental evidence for its effects of reinforcing "wei qi" by means of strengthening vital qi, tonifying spleen and kidney, relieving cough, and reducing phlegm in TCM.
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The Nonmevalonate Pathway of Isoprenoid Biosynthesis Supports Anaerobic Growth of Listeria monocytogenes. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00788-19. [PMID: 31792073 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00788-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoprenoids are an essential and diverse class of molecules, present in all forms of life, that are synthesized from an essential common precursor derived from either the mevalonate pathway or the nonmevalonate pathway. Most bacteria have one pathway or the other, but the Gram-positive, facultative intracellular pathogen Listeria monocytogenes is unusual because it carries all the genes for both pathways. While the mevalonate pathway has previously been reported to be essential, here we demonstrate that the nonmevalonate pathway can support growth of strains 10403S and EGD-e, but only anaerobically. L. monocytogenes lacking the gene hmgR, encoding the rate-limiting enzyme of the mevalonate pathway, had a doubling time of 4 h under anaerobic conditions, in contrast to the 45 min doubling time of the wild type. In contrast, deleting hmgR in two clinical isolates resulted in mutants that grew significantly faster, doubling in approximately 2 h anaerobically, although they still failed to grow under aerobic conditions without mevalonate. The difference in anaerobic growth rate was traced to three amino acid changes in the nonmevalonate pathway enzyme GcpE, and these changes were sufficient to increase the growth rate of 10403S to the rate observed in the clinical isolates. Despite an increased growth rate, virulence was still dependent on the mevalonate pathway in 10403S strains expressing the more active GcpE allele.
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The Control of Intestinal Inflammation: A Major Objective in the Research of Probiotic Strains as Alternatives to Antibiotic Growth Promoters in Poultry. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8020148. [PMID: 31973199 PMCID: PMC7074883 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8020148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The reduction of antimicrobial resistance is a major challenge for the scientific community. In a few decades, infections by resistant bacteria are forecasted to be the main cause of death in the world. The withdrawal of antibiotics as growth promoters and their preventive use in animal production is essential to avoid these resistances, but this may impair productivity and health due to the increase in gut inflammation. This reduction in productivity aggravates the problem of increasing meat demand in developing countries and limits the availability of raw materials. Probiotics are promising products to address this challenge due to their beneficial effects on microbiota composition, mucosal barrier integrity, and immune system to control inflammation. Although many modes of action have been demonstrated, the scientific community is not able to describe the specific effects that a probiotic should induce on the host to maximize both productivity and animal health. First, it may be necessary to define what are the innate immune pathways acting in the gut that optimize productivity and health and to then investigate which probiotic strain is able to induce the specific effect needed. This review describes several gaps in the knowledge of host-microbiota-pathogen interaction and the related mechanisms involved in the inflammatory response not demonstrated yet in poultry.
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van der Heiden M, Björkander S, Rahman Qazi K, Bittmann J, Hell L, Jenmalm MC, Marchini G, Vermijlen D, Abrahamsson T, Nilsson C, Sverremark‐Ekström E. Characterization of the γδ T-cell compartment during infancy reveals clear differences between the early neonatal period and 2 years of age. Immunol Cell Biol 2020; 98:79-87. [PMID: 31680329 PMCID: PMC7003854 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
γδ T cells are unconventional T cells that function on the border of innate and adaptive immunity. They are suggested to play important roles in neonatal and infant immunity, although their phenotype and function are not fully characterized in early childhood. We aimed to investigate γδ T cells in relation to age, prematurity and cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. Therefore, we used flow cytometry to characterize the γδ T-cell compartment in cord blood and peripheral blood cells from 14-day-, 2-year- and 5-year-old children, as well as in peripheral blood samples collected at several time points during the first months of life from extremely premature neonates. γδ T cells were phenotypically similar at 2 and 5 years of age, whereas cord blood was divergent and showed close proximity to γδ T cells from 14-day-old neonates. Interestingly, 2-year-old children and adults showed comparable Vδ2+ γδ T-cell functionality toward both microbial and polyclonal stimulations. Importantly, extreme preterm birth compromised the frequencies of Vδ1+ cells and affected the functionality of Vδ2+ γδ T cells shortly after birth. In addition, CMV infection was associated with terminal differentiation of the Vδ1+ compartment at 2 years of age. Our results show an adult-like functionality of the γδ T-cell compartment already at 2 years of age. In addition, we demonstrate an altered γδ T-cell phenotype early after birth in extremely premature neonates, something which could possible contribute to the enhanced risk for infections in this vulnerable group of children.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aging/genetics
- Aging/immunology
- Child Development
- Child, Preschool
- Female
- Humans
- Infant, Newborn
- Infant, Premature/growth & development
- Infant, Premature/immunology
- Male
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke van der Heiden
- Department of Molecular BiosciencesThe Wenner‐Gren InstituteStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Sophia Björkander
- Department of Molecular BiosciencesThe Wenner‐Gren InstituteStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Khaleda Rahman Qazi
- Department of Molecular BiosciencesThe Wenner‐Gren InstituteStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Julia Bittmann
- Department of Molecular BiosciencesThe Wenner‐Gren InstituteStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Lena Hell
- Department of Molecular BiosciencesThe Wenner‐Gren InstituteStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Maria C Jenmalm
- Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineLinköping UniversityLinköpingSweden
| | - Giovanna Marchini
- Department of Women's and Children's HealthKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - David Vermijlen
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutics and Institute for Medical ImmunologyUniversité Libre de BruxellesBruxellesBelgium
| | - Thomas Abrahamsson
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Department of PaediatricsLinköping UniversityLinköpingSweden
| | - Caroline Nilsson
- Sachs’ Children and Youth HospitalSödersjukhusetStockholmSweden
- Department of Clinical Science and EducationSödersjukhusetKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Eva Sverremark‐Ekström
- Department of Molecular BiosciencesThe Wenner‐Gren InstituteStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
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55
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Nguyen CT, Maverakis E, Eberl M, Adamopoulos IE. γδ T cells in rheumatic diseases: from fundamental mechanisms to autoimmunity. Semin Immunopathol 2019; 41:595-605. [PMID: 31506867 PMCID: PMC6815259 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-019-00752-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The innate and adaptive arms of the immune system tightly regulate immune responses in order to maintain homeostasis and host defense. The interaction between those two systems is critical in the activation and suppression of immune responses which if unchecked may lead to chronic inflammation and autoimmunity. γδ T cells are non-conventional lymphocytes, which express T cell receptor (TCR) γδ chains on their surface and straddle between innate and adaptive immunity. Recent advances in of γδ T cell biology have allowed us to expand our understanding of γδ T cell in the dysregulation of immune responses and the development of autoimmune diseases. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on γδ T cells and their roles in skin and joint inflammation as commonly observed in rheumatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuong Thach Nguyen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- NTT Hi-Tech Institute, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Emanual Maverakis
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Matthias Eberl
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Iannis E Adamopoulos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California, Sacramento, CA, USA.
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56
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Sebestyen Z, Prinz I, Déchanet-Merville J, Silva-Santos B, Kuball J. Translating gammadelta (γδ) T cells and their receptors into cancer cell therapies. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2019; 19:169-184. [PMID: 31492944 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-019-0038-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Clinical responses to checkpoint inhibitors used for cancer immunotherapy seemingly require the presence of αβT cells that recognize tumour neoantigens, and are therefore primarily restricted to tumours with high mutational load. Approaches that could address this limitation by engineering αβT cells, such as chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR T) cells, are being investigated intensively, but these approaches have other issues, such as a scarcity of appropriate targets for CAR T cells in solid tumours. Consequently, there is renewed interest among translational researchers and commercial partners in the therapeutic use of γδT cells and their receptors. Overall, γδT cells display potent cytotoxicity, which usually does not depend on tumour-associated (neo)antigens, towards a large array of haematological and solid tumours, while preserving normal tissues. However, the precise mechanisms of tumour-specific γδT cells, as well as the mechanisms for self-recognition, remain poorly understood. In this Review, we discuss the challenges and opportunities for the clinical implementation of cancer immunotherapies based on γδT cells and their receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Sebestyen
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Immo Prinz
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Centre for Individualized Infection Medicine (CiiM), Hannover, Germany
| | - Julie Déchanet-Merville
- ImmunoConcept, CNRS UMR 5164, Equipe Labelisee Ligue Contre le Cancer, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Bruno Silva-Santos
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Jurgen Kuball
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands. .,Department of Haematology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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57
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Dantzler KW, de la Parte L, Jagannathan P. Emerging role of γδ T cells in vaccine-mediated protection from infectious diseases. Clin Transl Immunology 2019; 8:e1072. [PMID: 31485329 PMCID: PMC6712516 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells are fascinating cells that bridge the innate and adaptive immune systems. They have long been known to proliferate rapidly following infection; however, the identity of the specific γδ T cell subsets proliferating and the role of this expansion in protection from disease have only been explored more recently. Several recent studies have investigated γδ T‐cell responses to vaccines targeting infections such as Mycobacterium, Plasmodium and influenza, and studies in animal models have provided further insight into the association of these responses with improved clinical outcomes. In this review, we examine the evidence for a role for γδ T cells in vaccine‐induced protection against various bacterial, protozoan and viral infections. We further discuss results suggesting potential mechanisms for protection, including cytokine‐mediated direct and indirect killing of infected cells, and highlight remaining open questions in the field. Finally, building on current efforts to integrate strategies targeting γδ T cells into immunotherapies for cancer, we discuss potential approaches to improve vaccines for infectious diseases by inducing γδ T‐cell activation and cytotoxicity.
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58
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Chen H, Eling N, Martinez‐Jimenez CP, O'Brien LM, Carbonaro V, Marioni JC, Odom DT, de la Roche M. IL-7-dependent compositional changes within the γδ T cell pool in lymph nodes during ageing lead to an unbalanced anti-tumour response. EMBO Rep 2019; 20:e47379. [PMID: 31283095 PMCID: PMC6680116 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201847379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
How the age-associated decline of immune function leads to increased cancer incidence is poorly understood. Here, we have characterised the cellular composition of the γδ T-cell pool in peripheral lymph nodes (pLNs) upon ageing. We find that ageing has minimal cell-intrinsic effects on function and global gene expression of γδ T cells, and γδTCR diversity remains stable. However, ageing alters TCRδ chain usage and clonal structure of γδ T-cell subsets. Importantly, IL-17-producing γδ17 T cells dominate the γδ T-cell pool of aged mice-mainly due to the selective expansion of Vγ6+ γδ17 T cells and augmented γδ17 polarisation of Vγ4+ T cells. Expansion of the γδ17 T-cell compartment is mediated by increased IL-7 expression in the T-cell zone of old mice. In a Lewis lung cancer model, pro-tumourigenic Vγ6+ γδ17 T cells are exclusively activated in the tumour-draining LN and their infiltration into the tumour correlates with increased tumour size in aged mice. Thus, upon ageing, substantial compositional changes in γδ T-cell pool in the pLN lead to an unbalanced γδ T-cell response in the tumour that is associated with accelerated tumour growth.
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MESH Headings
- Aging/genetics
- Aging/immunology
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/genetics
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/immunology
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/pathology
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Lineage/genetics
- Cell Lineage/immunology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Immunophenotyping
- Interleukin-17/genetics
- Interleukin-17/immunology
- Interleukin-7/genetics
- Interleukin-7/immunology
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Lymph Nodes/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/classification
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Signal Transduction
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/classification
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/pathology
- Tumor Burden/genetics
- Tumor Burden/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung‐Chang Chen
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Nils Eling
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- European Molecular Biology LaboratoryEuropean Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL‐EBI), Wellcome Genome CampusCambridgeUK
| | - Celia Pilar Martinez‐Jimenez
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome CampusCambridgeUK
- Helmholtz Pioneer Campus, Helmholtz Zentrum MünchenNeuherbergGermany
| | | | | | - John C Marioni
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- European Molecular Biology LaboratoryEuropean Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL‐EBI), Wellcome Genome CampusCambridgeUK
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome CampusCambridgeUK
| | - Duncan T Odom
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome CampusCambridgeUK
- Division of Signalling and Functional GenomicsGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
| | - Maike de la Roche
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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59
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Lo Presti E, Di Mitri R, Mocciaro F, Di Stefano AB, Scibetta N, Unti E, Cicero G, Pecoraro G, Conte E, Dieli F, Meraviglia S. Characterization of γδ T Cells in Intestinal Mucosa From Patients With Early-Onset or Long-Standing Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Their Correlation With Clinical Status. J Crohns Colitis 2019; 13:873-883. [PMID: 30689780 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjz015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Inflammatory bowel disease [IBD] is a complex chronic inflammatory disease of the human gut with no clear aetiology. Traditionally, dysregulated adaptive immune responses play an important role even though accumulating evidence suggests a role also for innate immunity. Because of the well-known plasticity of γδ T cells, we investigated their percentage occurrence, phenotypic features and effector functions in the intestinal mucosa of early-onset and long-standing IBD patients, as compared to healthy subjects. METHODS Fresh biopsies from 30 Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis patients were obtained and digested, and cells were analysed by flow cytometry. RESULTS We found a reduced frequency of Vδ1 T cells in tissue from early and late IBD patients (2.24% and 1.95%, respectively, vs 5.44% in healthy tissue) but an increased frequency of Vδ2 T cells in the gut of late IBD patients (3.19% in late patients vs 1.5% in early patients and 1.65% in healthy tissue). The infiltrating Vδ2 T cells had predominant effector memory and terminally differentiated phenotypes and produced elevated levels of tumour necrosis factor-α [TNF-α] and interleukin-17 [IL-17]. The frequency of tissue Vδ2 T cells correlated with the extent of the inflammatory response and the severity of IBD. CONCLUSION Our study shows that tissue Vδ1 T cells are decreased in IBD patients while Vδ2 T cells are increased in the gut of IBD patients and contribute to TNF-α production. Moreover, we identify an as yet unappreciated role of Vδ2 T cells in IL-17 production in the gut of long-standing IBD patients, suggesting that they also participate in the chronic inflammatory process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Lo Presti
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Department of Biopathology and Medical Biotechnologies (DIBIMED), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Roberto Di Mitri
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Arnas Civico Di Cristina Benfratelli Hospital, Palermo, Italy
| | - Filippo Mocciaro
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Arnas Civico Di Cristina Benfratelli Hospital, Palermo, Italy
| | - Anna Barbara Di Stefano
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Nunzia Scibetta
- Anatomo-pathology Unit, Arnas Civico Di Cristina Benfratelli Hospital, Palermo, Italy
| | - Elettra Unti
- Anatomo-pathology Unit, Arnas Civico Di Cristina Benfratelli Hospital, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cicero
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, Section of Medical Oncology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giulia Pecoraro
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Arnas Civico Di Cristina Benfratelli Hospital, Palermo, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Conte
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Arnas Civico Di Cristina Benfratelli Hospital, Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Dieli
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Department of Biopathology and Medical Biotechnologies (DIBIMED), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Serena Meraviglia
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Department of Biopathology and Medical Biotechnologies (DIBIMED), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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60
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O’Brien EC, McLoughlin RM. Considering the ‘Alternatives’ for Next-Generation Anti-Staphylococcus aureus Vaccine Development. Trends Mol Med 2019; 25:171-184. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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61
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Changes of γδT cell subtypes during pregnancy and their influences in spontaneous abortion. J Reprod Immunol 2019; 131:57-62. [PMID: 30710888 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A successful pregnancy is a complicated process that involves the precisely timed regulation of endocrine as well as immune system. Despite increasing knowledge about immunology in gestation, the studies of immune cells in endometrium and decidua are still fragmented. Dynamic data is lacking on the transition of pre-pregnancy endometrial lymphocytes to initial pregnancy states as well as to second/third-trimester status. Here, we determined the composition of Gamma delta (γδ) T cells in endometrium and decidua from women with normal pregnancy and unexplained spontaneous abortion. We found that the frequency of γδT cells is fluctuating over the course of pregnancy, and these changes were regulated by progesterone. Different from peripheral blood, Vδ1+ γδT cells accounted for the majority in endometrium and early-pregnancy decidua of healthy women, and endometrial stromal cells (ESCs) may involve in Vδ1/ Vδ2 shift directly. Moreover, an increase in the percentage of γδT cells with Vδ2 subset predominant in early-pregnancy decidua was associated with unexplained spontaneous abortion. Our results unraveled the precise timing of γδT cells occurring during pregnancy and the close relationship among endocrine, immune cells and pregnancy, which can further help understand and solve the problem of infertility and unexplained spontaneous abortion.
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62
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Hsiao CHC, Wiemer AJ. A power law function describes the time- and dose-dependency of Vγ9Vδ2 T cell activation by phosphoantigens. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 158:298-304. [PMID: 30391478 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoantigens stimulate Vγ9Vδ2 T cells after binding to BTN3A1 in target cells and cell-cell contact. We evaluated phosphoantigens including diphosphates, bisphosphonates, and prodrugs for ability to induce leukemia cells to stimulate Vγ9Vδ2 T cell interferon-γ secretion. Most compounds displayed time-dependent activity at exposure times between 15 and 240 min. Potency (EC50 values) ranged between 8.4 nM and >100 µM. The diphosphate C-HMBPP displayed a shallow dose-response slope (Hill slope = 0.71), while the bisphosphonate slopes were steep (Hill slopes > 2), and the prodrugs intermediate. The bis-acyloxyalkyl POM2-C-HMBP showed low nanomolar potency even at an exposure time of 1 min. Mixed aryl-POM prodrugs also retained excellent potency at 15 min, while aryl-amidates were time dependent below 240 min. The sum of the dose and time logarithms is often constant, while a power law function fits most compounds. Collectively, these findings illustrate the exquisite activity of prodrugs relative to diphosphates and bisphosphonates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew J Wiemer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
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63
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Dantzler KW, Jagannathan P. γδ T Cells in Antimalarial Immunity: New Insights Into Their Diverse Functions in Protection and Tolerance. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2445. [PMID: 30405634 PMCID: PMC6206268 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Uniquely expressing diverse innate-like and adaptive-like functions, γδ T cells exist as specialized subsets, but are also able to adapt in response to environmental cues. These cells have long been known to rapidly proliferate following primary malaria infection in humans and mice, but exciting new work is shedding light into their diverse functions in protection and following repeated malaria infection. In this review, we examine the current knowledge of functional specialization of γδ T cells in malaria, and the mechanisms dictating recognition of malaria parasites and resulting proliferation. We discuss γδ T cell plasticity, including changing interactions with other immune cells during recurrent infection and potential for immunological memory in response to repeated stimulation. Building on recent insights from human and murine experimental studies and vaccine trials, we propose areas for future research, as well as applications for therapeutic development.
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