101
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Maldonado V, Hernandez-Ramírez C, Oliva-Pérez EA, Sánchez-Martínez CO, Pimentel-González JF, Molina-Sánchez JR, Jiménez-Villalba YZ, Chávez-Alderete J, Loza-Mejía MA. Pentoxifylline decreases serum LDH levels and increases lymphocyte count in COVID-19 patients: Results from an external pilot study. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 90:107209. [PMID: 33278747 PMCID: PMC7690298 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Pentoxifylline could be beneficial for the treatment of COVID-19. Serum lactate dehydrogenase and lymphocyte count are accessible biomarkers that correlate with the severity of COVID-19. Pentoxifylline treatment was associated with an increase in the lymphocyte count and decreased LDH levels.
We have previously hypothesized that pentoxifylline could be beneficial for the treatment of COVID-19 given its potential to restore the immune response equilibrium, reduce the impact of the disease on the endothelium and alveolar epithelial cells, and improve the circulatory function. Serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and lymphocyte count are accessible biomarkers that correlate with the severity of COVID-19, the need for hospitalization, and mortality, reflecting the host immune response’s contribution to the seriousness of SARS-CoV-2 infection. We carried out this external pilot study on 38 patients with moderate and severe COVID-19 to test the effect pentoxifylline on parameters such as LDH, lymphocyte count, days of hospitalization, mortality, and proportion of patients requiring intubation. Twenty-six patients were randomized to receive 400 mg of pentoxifylline t.i.d. plus standard therapy (pentoxifylline group), while the rest received the standard treatment (control group). Linear regression models were built for statistically significant parameters. Pentoxifylline treatment was associated with a 64.25% increase (CI95% 11.83, 116.68) in lymphocyte count and a 29.61% decrease (CI95% 15.11, 44.10) in serum LDH. Although a trend towards reduced days of hospitalization, mortality, and proportion of patients requiring intubation was observed, no statistically significant difference was found for these parameters. Our findings open the possibility of pentoxifylline being repositioned as a drug for COVID-19 treatment with the advantages of a proven safety profile, availability, and no risk of immunosuppression; however, this evidence needs to be confirmed in a pragmatic randomized controlled trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valente Maldonado
- Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Universidad La Salle-México, Cuauhtémoc, Mexico City 06140, Mexico; Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Internal Medicine, General Hospital of Zone 27 Mexican Institute of Social Security, Lerdo 311, Nonoalco Tlatelolco, Cuauhtémoc, Mexico City 6390, Mexico.
| | - Claudia Hernandez-Ramírez
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Internal Medicine, General Hospital of Zone 27 Mexican Institute of Social Security, Lerdo 311, Nonoalco Tlatelolco, Cuauhtémoc, Mexico City 6390, Mexico
| | - Eniel Alonso Oliva-Pérez
- Department of Internal Medicine, General Hospital of Zone 27 Mexican Institute of Social Security, Nonoalco Tlatelolco, Cuauhtémoc, Mexico City 6390, Mexico
| | - César Omar Sánchez-Martínez
- Department of Internal Medicine, General Hospital of Zone 27 Mexican Institute of Social Security, Nonoalco Tlatelolco, Cuauhtémoc, Mexico City 6390, Mexico
| | - Jorge Fabián Pimentel-González
- Department of Internal Medicine, General Hospital of Zone 27 Mexican Institute of Social Security, Nonoalco Tlatelolco, Cuauhtémoc, Mexico City 6390, Mexico
| | - José Raúl Molina-Sánchez
- Department of Internal Medicine, General Hospital of Zone 27 Mexican Institute of Social Security, Nonoalco Tlatelolco, Cuauhtémoc, Mexico City 6390, Mexico
| | - Yeimmy Zuyenn Jiménez-Villalba
- Department of Internal Medicine, General Hospital of Zone 27 Mexican Institute of Social Security, Nonoalco Tlatelolco, Cuauhtémoc, Mexico City 6390, Mexico
| | - Jaime Chávez-Alderete
- Department of Bronchial Hyperreactivity, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases Ismael Cosío Villegas, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Marco A Loza-Mejía
- Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Universidad La Salle-México, Cuauhtémoc, Mexico City 06140, Mexico
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102
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Sk MF, Jonniya NA, Roy R, Poddar S, Kar P. Computational Investigation of Structural Dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 Methyltransferase-Stimulatory Factor Heterodimer nsp16/nsp10 Bound to the Cofactor SAM. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:590165. [PMID: 33330626 PMCID: PMC7732651 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.590165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, a highly contagious novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by SARS-CoV-2, has emerged, posing a global threat to public health. Identifying a potential target and developing vaccines or antiviral drugs is an urgent demand in the absence of approved therapeutic agents. The 5'-capping mechanism of eukaryotic mRNA and some viruses such as coronaviruses (CoVs) are essential for maintaining the RNA stability and protein translation in the virus. SARS-CoV-2 encodes S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) dependent methyltransferase (MTase) enzyme characterized by nsp16 (2'-O-MTase) for generating the capped structure. The present study highlights the binding mechanism of nsp16 and nsp10 to identify the role of nsp10 in MTase activity. Furthermore, we investigated the conformational dynamics and energetics behind the binding of SAM to nsp16 and nsp16/nsp10 heterodimer by employing molecular dynamics simulations in conjunction with the Molecular Mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann Surface Area (MM/PBSA) method. We observed from our simulations that the presence of nsp10 increases the favorable van der Waals and electrostatic interactions between SAM and nsp16. Thus, nsp10 acts as a stimulator for the strong binding of SAM to nsp16. The hydrophobic interactions were predominately identified for the nsp16-nsp10 interactions. Also, the stable hydrogen bonds between Ala83 (nsp16) and Tyr96 (nsp10), and between Gln87 (nsp16) and Leu45 (nsp10) play a vital role in the dimerization of nsp16 and nsp10. Besides, Computational Alanine Scanning (CAS) mutagenesis was performed, which revealed hotspot mutants, namely I40A, V104A, and R86A for the dimer association. Hence, the dimer interface of nsp16/nsp10 could also be a potential target in retarding the 2'-O-MTase activity in SARS-CoV-2. Overall, our study provides a comprehensive understanding of the dynamic and thermodynamic process of binding nsp16 and nsp10 that will contribute to the novel design of peptide inhibitors based on nsp16.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Parimal Kar
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Khandwa, India
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103
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Modelling the test, trace and quarantine strategy to control the COVID-19 epidemic in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Infect Dis Model 2020; 6:46-55. [PMID: 33235942 PMCID: PMC7677040 DOI: 10.1016/j.idm.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Testing for detecting the infection by SARS-CoV-2 is the bridge between the lockdown and the opening of society. In this paper we modelled and simulated a test-trace-and-quarantine strategy to control the COVID-19 outbreak in the State of São Paulo, Brasil. The State of São Paulo failed to adopt an effective social distancing strategy, reaching at most 59% in late March and started to relax the measures in late June, dropping to 41% in 08 August. Therefore, São Paulo relies heavily on a massive testing strategy in the attempt to control the epidemic. Two alternative strategies combined with economic evaluations were simulated. One strategy included indiscriminately testing the entire population of the State, reaching more than 40 million people at a maximum cost of 2.25 billion USD, that would reduce the total number of cases by the end of 2020 by 90%. The second strategy investigated testing only symptomatic cases and their immediate contacts – this strategy reached a maximum cost of 150 million USD but also reduced the number of cases by 90%. The conclusion is that if the State of São Paulo had decided to adopt the simulated strategy on April the 1st, it would have been possible to reduce the total number of cases by 90% at a cost of 2.25 billion US dollars for the indiscriminate strategy but at a much smaller cost of 125 million US dollars for the selective testing of symptomatic cases and their contacts.
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104
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Akki R, Fath N, Mohti H. COVID-19: Oxidative Preconditioning as a Potential Therapeutic Approach. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:3732-3740. [PMID: 33147964 PMCID: PMC7670822 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This Article summarizes the likely benefits of central nervous system oxidative preconditioning in the reduction of COVID-19 based on its putative pathogenesis. The current COVID-19 outbreak caused a pandemic with millions of infected patients and death cases worldwide. The clinical features of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) was initially linked with respiratory disorders, but recent studies have reported alterations of neurological and cerebrovascular functions in COVID-19 patients. The main viral infection features are related to cell death, inflammation, and cytokine generation, which can be associated with the dysregulation of redox systems or oxidative stress. However, until now, there is no available and effective therapeutic approach. Thus, it is necessary to search for care and adequate protection against the disease, especially for susceptible and vulnerable groups. Preconditioning, a well-known antioxidative stress and anti-inflammatory approach, is protective against many neurological age-related disorders. COVID-19 severity and morbidity have been observed in elderly patients. The aim of the present study is to elucidate the possible protective role of oxidative preconditioning in aged patients at high risk of developing severe COVID-19 complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachid Akki
- Department
of Plant Protection, National School of
Agriculture-Meknes/ENA, BP S/40, Meknès 50001, Morocco
| | - Nada Fath
- Compared
Anatomy Unit, School of Veterinary Medicine, Hassan II Institute of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, Rabat 10000, Morocco
- Physiology
and Pathophysiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of
Sciences, Mohamed V University, Rabat BP 8007.NU, Morocco
| | - Hicham Mohti
- Management
and Valorization of Natural Resources, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismail University of Meknes, Meknes BP 11201, Morocco
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105
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Adiga A, Chen J, Marathe M, Mortveit H, Venkatramanan S, Vullikanti A. Data-Driven Modeling for Different Stages of Pandemic Response. J Indian Inst Sci 2020; 100:901-915. [PMID: 33223629 PMCID: PMC7667282 DOI: 10.1007/s41745-020-00206-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Some of the key questions of interest during the COVID-19 pandemic (and all outbreaks) include: where did the disease start, how is it spreading, who are at risk, and how to control the spread. There are a large number of complex factors driving the spread of pandemics, and, as a result, multiple modeling techniques play an increasingly important role in shaping public policy and decision-making. As different countries and regions go through phases of the pandemic, the questions and data availability also change. Especially of interest is aligning model development and data collection to support response efforts at each stage of the pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic has been unprecedented in terms of real-time collection and dissemination of a number of diverse datasets, ranging from disease outcomes, to mobility, behaviors, and socio-economic factors. The data sets have been critical from the perspective of disease modeling and analytics to support policymakers in real time. In this overview article, we survey the data landscape around COVID-19, with a focus on how such datasets have aided modeling and response through different stages so far in the pandemic. We also discuss some of the current challenges and the needs that will arise as we plan our way out of the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniruddha Adiga
- Biocomplexity Institute and Initiative, Charlottesville, USA
| | - Jiangzhuo Chen
- Biocomplexity Institute and Initiative, Charlottesville, USA
| | - Madhav Marathe
- Biocomplexity Institute and Initiative, Charlottesville, USA.,Department of Computer Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
| | - Henning Mortveit
- Biocomplexity Institute and Initiative, Charlottesville, USA.,Department of Systems Engineering and Environment, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
| | | | - Anil Vullikanti
- Biocomplexity Institute and Initiative, Charlottesville, USA.,Department of Computer Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
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106
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Guerra G, Ortigosa-Goggins M, Gaynor JJ, Ciancio G. Deceased donor kidney transplant in a 70-year-old Jehovah's Witness patient: to transplant or not to transplant-a case report. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:1249. [PMID: 33178781 PMCID: PMC7607081 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-3593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
While Jehovah's Witness (JW) patients refuse transfusions of blood or blood products, they are willing to accept renal allograft transplantation. We describe here a case of what we believe is the oldest (a 70-year-old) JW candidate to undergo a deceased donor kidney transplant reported in the literature. Prior to transplantation, discussions ensued amongst the multidisciplinary transplant team, weighing the potential benefits vs. risks of performing a kidney transplant on this patient due to her refusal (due to religion) to accept any blood transfusions or blood products combined with her advanced age and having longstanding insulin-dependent, type 2 diabetes mellitus with extensive peripheral vascular disease. Preoperatively, we believed that the odds were in favor of performing the kidney transplant safely without the need for any blood product usage. However, her post-operative course was complicated by severe anemia, which developed by post-transplant day 4. The anemia incapacitated the patient's physical and psychological state, creating medical, social and financial burdens on the patient, family, medical team and hospital. Both family and patient grew concerned about her overall condition. Blood transfusion was offered in order to improve her weakness and shortness of breath that developed due to the severe anemia, but the patient (along with her family) refused such treatment. During the 17 days of hospitalization, it was a continuous struggle between the transplant team, patient, and family for her to continue with the recovery process; at times we had even considered that performing the transplant had been a mistake. While organ transplantation can be performed safely in Jehovah's Witnesses, there are multiple factors seen in this particular case that warrant analyzing: (I) the potential use of stricter transplant exclusionary criteria, given the recipient's advanced age and preexisting co-morbidities, which likely increased her risk of developing severe anemia post-operatively, and (II) the recipient's emotional/psychological post-operative state of high anxiety, which developed while she was experiencing the severe anemia; in hindsight, her anxiety level may have been reduced if we had offered daily post-operative psychological counseling sessions. While the patient's allograft is currently doing well, we probably did not have strict enough criteria for proper selection of a JW candidate for kidney transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giselle Guerra
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, FL, USA.,Miami Transplant Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Mariella Ortigosa-Goggins
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, FL, USA.,Miami Transplant Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Gaynor
- Miami Transplant Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Gaetano Ciancio
- Miami Transplant Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Urology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, FL, USA
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107
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Cortez ACL, Pitanga FJG, Almeida-Santos MA, Nunes RAM, Botero-Rosas DA, Dantas EHM. Centers of physical activities and health promotion during the COVID-19 pandemic. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 66:1328-1334. [PMID: 33174921 DOI: 10.1590/1806-9282.66.10.1328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antônio Carlos Leal Cortez
- Centro Universitário Santo Agostinho - UNIFSA, Teresina, PI, Brasil.,Programa de Pós-graduação Stricto Sensu em Enfermagem e Biociências da Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - UNIRIO - Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | | | - Marcos Antonio Almeida-Santos
- Programa de Pós-graduação Stricto Sensu em Saúde e Ambiente - PSA da Universidade Tiradentes - UNIT Aracaju, SE, Brasil
| | - Rodolfo Alkmim Moreira Nunes
- Programa de Pós-graduação Stricto Sensu em Ciências do Exercício e do Esporte da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - UERJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | | | - Estélio Henrique Martin Dantas
- Programa de Pós-graduação Stricto Sensu em Enfermagem e Biociências da Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - UNIRIO - Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.,Programa de Pós-graduação Stricto Sensu em Saúde e Ambiente - PSA da Universidade Tiradentes - UNIT Aracaju, SE, Brasil
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108
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Al-Malkey MK, Al-Sammak MA. Incidence of the COVID-19 in Iraq - Implications for travellers. Travel Med Infect Dis 2020; 38:101739. [PMID: 32405265 PMCID: PMC7219363 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Maitham Ahmed Al-Sammak
- Tropical Biological Research Unit, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
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109
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Jin L, Zhao Y, Zhou J, Tao M, Yang Y, Wang X, Ye P, Shan S, Yuan H. Distributions of time, place, and population of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) from January 20 to February 10, 2020, in China. Rev Clin Esp 2020. [PMID: 32292205 PMCID: PMC7280112 DOI: 10.1016/j.rceng.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background and objective Since December 2019, increasing cases of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are being detected worldwide. The purpose of this paper is to provide a scientific reference for the global prevention and control of COVID-19. Methods General demographic characteristics, epidemiological history, and clinical symptoms of COVID-19 were collected that had been reported on the websites of multiple Municipal Health Commissions in China. We herein describe distributions in time, place, and population of COVID-19. Results As of midnight on February 10, 2020, the number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 in China was 42,638, and the province with the largest number of confirmed cases was Hubei (31,728), followed by Guangdong (1177), Zhejiang (1117), and Henan (1105) province. The number of cases and the speed of confirmed cases in provinces other than Hubei were more moderate than those of the Hubei province. The median (interquartile range) age of 1740 patients with COVID-19 was 44 (33, 54) years, with a range of 10 months to 89 years. Conclusions The COVID-19 epidemic should be considered a global threat and the steps for control include early diagnosis and treatment, as well as isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Jin
- Office of Educational Administration, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Y Zhao
- School of Public Health, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - J Zhou
- School of Public Health, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - M Tao
- School of Public Health, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Y Yang
- School of Humanities and Management, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - X Wang
- School of Humanities and Management, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - P Ye
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - S Shan
- School of Computer Science, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunication, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - H Yuan
- School of Public Health, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China.
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110
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Zhang P, Qu Y, Tu J, Cao W, Hai N, Li S, Qu P, Lv C, Guo R. Applicability of bedside ultrasonography for the diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis in patients with COVID-19 and treatment with low molecular weight heparin. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ULTRASOUND : JCU 2020; 48:522-526. [PMID: 32757278 PMCID: PMC7436732 DOI: 10.1002/jcu.22898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to evaluate the applicability of bedside ultrasonography for the diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in patients infected with corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with and without treatment with low molecular weight heparin (LMWH). METHODS We retrospectively analyzed the records of deceased and surviving patients in whom ultrasonography detected or not a DVT, and in whom LMWH was or not prescribed. RESULTS The incidence of DVT is higher in the deceased (33/35) than in the surviving (22/46) patients. LMWH was administered in a larger proportion of surviving (18/22) than of deceased (18/33) patients. D-dimer concentrations decreased in patients who received LMWH in both groups. CONCLUSIONS There was a high incidence of DVT in patients who succumbed to COVID-19. Bedside ultrasonography can detect the presence of DVT as early as possible and help assessing the risk of venous thromboembolism, allowing early and reasonable use of LMWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Zhang
- Department of UltrasoundBeijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yali Qu
- Department of UltrasoundWuhan Jinyintan HospitalWuhanChina
| | - Jie Tu
- Department of UltrasoundWuhan Jinyintan HospitalWuhanChina
| | - Wen Cao
- Department of UltrasoundBeijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Ning Hai
- Department of UltrasoundBeijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Shuo Li
- Department of UltrasoundBeijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Peng Qu
- Department of UltrasoundBeijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Chaoyang Lv
- Department of UltrasoundBeijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Ruijun Guo
- Department of UltrasoundBeijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
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111
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Sokadjo YM, Atchadé MN. The influence of passenger air traffic on the spread of COVID-19 in the world. TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH INTERDISCIPLINARY PERSPECTIVES 2020; 8:100213. [PMID: 34173471 PMCID: PMC7833922 DOI: 10.1016/j.trip.2020.100213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Countries in the world are suffering from COVID-19 and would like to control it. Thus, some authorities voted for new policies and even stopped passenger air traffic. Those decisions were not uniform, and this study focuses on how passenger air traffic might influence the spread of COVID-19 in the world. We used data sets of cases from the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University and air transport (passengers carried) from the World Bank. Besides, we computed Poisson, QuasiPoisson, Negative binomial, zero-inflated Poisson, and zero-inflated negative binomial models with cross-validation to make sure that our findings are robust. Actually, when passenger air traffic increases by one unit, the number of cases increases by one new infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Morel Sokadjo
- Université d'Abomey-Calavi/International Chair in Mathematical Physics and Applications (ICMPA: UNESCO-Chair), 072 BP 50 Cotonou, Benin
| | - Mintodê Nicodème Atchadé
- National Higher School of Mathematics Genius and Modelization, National University of Sciences, Technologies, Engineering and Mathematics, Abomey, Benin
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112
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Jin L, Zhao Y, Zhou J, Tao M, Yang Y, Wang X, Ye P, Shan S, Yuan H. [Distributions of time, place, and population of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) from January 20 to February 10, 2020, in China]. Rev Clin Esp 2020; 220:495-500. [PMID: 38620192 PMCID: PMC7151366 DOI: 10.1016/j.rce.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Background and objective Since December 2019, increasing cases of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are being detected worldwide. The purpose of this paper is to provide a scientific reference for the global prevention and control of COVID-19. Methods General demographic characteristics, epidemiological history, and clinical symptoms of COVID-19 were collected that had been reported on the websites of multiple Municipal Health Commissions in China. We herein describe distributions in time, place, and population of COVID-19. Results As of midnight on February 10, 2020, the number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 in China was 42,638, and the province with the largest number of confirmed cases was Hubei (31728), followed by Guangdong (1177), Zhejiang (1117), and Henan (1105) province. The number of cases and the speed of confirmed cases in provinces other than Hubei were more moderate than those of the Hubei province. The median (interquartile range) age of patients with COVID-19 was 44 (33, 54) years, with a range of 10 months to 89 years. Conclusions The COVID-19 epidemic should be considered a global threat and the steps for control include early diagnosis and treatment, as well as isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Jin
- Office of Educational Administration, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Y Zhao
- School of Public Health, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - J Zhou
- School of Public Health, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - M Tao
- School of Public Health, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Y Yang
- School of Humanities and Management, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - X Wang
- School of Humanities and Management, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - P Ye
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - S Shan
- School of Computer Science, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunication, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - H Yuan
- School of Public Health, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
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113
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Feng S, Luan X, Wang Y, Wang H, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Tian Z, Liu M, Xiao Y, Zhao Y, Zhou R, Zhang S. Eltrombopag is a potential target for drug intervention in SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020; 85:104419. [PMID: 32540428 PMCID: PMC7290210 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a current global threat for which there is an urgent need to search for an effective therapy. The transmembrane spike (S) glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 directly binds to the host angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and mediates viral entrance, which is therefore considered as a promising drug target. Considering that new drug development is a time-consuming process, drug repositioning may facilitate rapid drug discovery dealing with sudden infectious diseases. Here, we compared the differences between the virtual structural proteins of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV, and selected a pocket mainly localizing in the fusion cores of S2 domain for drug screening. A virtual drug design algorithm screened the Food and Drug Administration-approved drug library of 1234 compounds, and 13 top scored compounds were obtained through manual screening. Through in vitro molecular interaction experiments, eltrombopag was further verified to possess a high binding affinity to S protein plus human ACE2 and could potentially affect the stability of the ACE2-S protein complex. Hence, it is worth further exploring eltrombopag as a potential drug for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqin Feng
- Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodong Luan
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing, China,Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yifei Wang
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyu Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yiyang Wang
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuang Tian
- Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meixi Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Xiao
- Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Zhao
- Beijing Beike Deyuan Bio-Pharm Technology Co. Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Ruilin Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuyang Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing, China; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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114
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Manghisi VM, Fiorentino M, Boccaccio A, Gattullo M, Cascella GL, Toschi N, Pietroiusti A, Uva AE. A Body Tracking-Based Low-Cost Solution for Monitoring Workers' Hygiene Best Practices during Pandemics. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E6149. [PMID: 33138092 PMCID: PMC7663493 DOI: 10.3390/s20216149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Since its beginning at the end of 2019, the pandemic spread of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (Sars-CoV-2) caused more than one million deaths in only nine months. The threat of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases exists as an imminent threat to human health. It is essential to implement adequate hygiene best practices to break the contagion chain and enhance society preparedness for such critical scenarios and understand the relevance of each disease transmission route. As the unconscious hand-face contact gesture constitutes a potential pathway of contagion, in this paper, the authors present a prototype system based on low-cost depth sensors able to monitor in real-time the attitude towards such a habit. The system records people's behavior to enhance their awareness by providing real-time warnings, providing for statistical reports for designing proper hygiene solutions, and better understanding the role of such route of contagion. A preliminary validation study measured an overall accuracy of 91%. A Cohen's Kappa equal to 0.876 supports rejecting the hypothesis that such accuracy is accidental. Low-cost body tracking technologies can effectively support monitoring compliance with hygiene best practices and training people in real-time. By collecting data and analyzing them with respect to people categories and contagion statistics, it could be possible to understand the importance of this contagion pathway and identify for which people category such a behavioral attitude constitutes a significant risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito M. Manghisi
- Department of Mechanics, Mathematics, and Management, Polytechnic University of Bari, via Oraboba 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (M.F.); (A.B.); (M.G.); (A.E.U.)
| | - Michele Fiorentino
- Department of Mechanics, Mathematics, and Management, Polytechnic University of Bari, via Oraboba 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (M.F.); (A.B.); (M.G.); (A.E.U.)
| | - Antonio Boccaccio
- Department of Mechanics, Mathematics, and Management, Polytechnic University of Bari, via Oraboba 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (M.F.); (A.B.); (M.G.); (A.E.U.)
| | - Michele Gattullo
- Department of Mechanics, Mathematics, and Management, Polytechnic University of Bari, via Oraboba 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (M.F.); (A.B.); (M.G.); (A.E.U.)
| | - Giuseppe L. Cascella
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Polytechnic University of Bari, via Oraboba 4, 70125 Bari, Italy;
| | - Nicola Toschi
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’ Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia Viale Montpellier, 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (N.T.); (A.P.)
| | - Antonio Pietroiusti
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’ Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia Viale Montpellier, 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (N.T.); (A.P.)
| | - Antonio E. Uva
- Department of Mechanics, Mathematics, and Management, Polytechnic University of Bari, via Oraboba 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (M.F.); (A.B.); (M.G.); (A.E.U.)
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115
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Actis GC, Ribaldone DG, Fagoonee S, Pellicano R. COVID-19: a user's guide, status of the art and an original proposal to terminate viral recurrence. Minerva Med 2020; 112:144-152. [PMID: 33104300 DOI: 10.23736/s0026-4806.20.07054-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The world is now entering its 9th month of combat against a pandemic of deadly pneumonia. Started out from China in December 2019, the disease has been declared as caused by infection with a so far unknown RNA Coronavirus of the respiratory family, then named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. In the absence of a vaccine, and with scientists still struggling for an effective therapy, COVID-19 (the SARS-dependent syndrome) carries up to now, a death toll of more than 590,000 (July 18,2020) undermining jobs and finance of contemporary society in all continents. Social distancing, the only measure hitherto shown to restrain virus spread, has been progressively loosened from May 2020 in some countries, leaving us in the fear of repeat attacks from the unchecked virus. We discuss the problem and propose to tentatively boost the antivirus cell machinery by using lab-made viral mimics to engage cell receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sharmila Fagoonee
- Institute for Biostructure and Bioimaging, National Research Council, Molecular Biotechnology Center, Turin, Italy
| | - Rinaldo Pellicano
- Unit of Gastroenterology, Molinette Hospital, Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy
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116
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Franch-Pardo I, Napoletano BM, Rosete-Verges F, Billa L. Spatial analysis and GIS in the study of COVID-19. A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 739:140033. [PMID: 32534320 PMCID: PMC7832930 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
This study entailed a review of 63 scientific articles on geospatial and spatial-statistical analysis of the geographical dimension of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. The diversity of themes identified in this paper can be grouped into the following categories of disease mapping: spatiotemporal analysis, health and social geography, environmental variables, data mining, and web-based mapping. Understanding the spatiotemporal dynamics of COVID-19 is essential for its mitigation, as it helps to clarify the extent and impact of the pandemic and can aid decision making, planning and community action. Health geography highlights the interaction of public health officials, affected actors and first responders to improve estimations of disease propagation and likelihoods of new outbreaks. Attempts at interdisciplinary correlation examine health policy interventions for the siting of health/sanitary services and controls, mapping/tracking of human movement, formulation of appropriate scientific and political responses and projection of spatial diffusion and temporal trends. This review concludes that, to fight COVID-19, it is important to face the challenges from an interdisciplinary perspective, with proactive planning, international solidarity and a global perspective. This review provides useful information and insight that can support future bibliographic queries, and also serves as a resource for understanding the evolution of tools used in the management of this major global pandemic of the 21 Century. It is hoped that its findings will inspire new reflections on the COVID-19 pandemic by readers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Franch-Pardo
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Morelia 58190, Michoacan, Mexico.
| | - Brian M Napoletano
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Centro de Investigaciones en Geografía Ambiental, Morelia 58190, Michoacan, Mexico.
| | - Fernando Rosete-Verges
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Morelia 58190, Michoacan, Mexico
| | - Lawal Billa
- University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Semenyih 43500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
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117
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Franch-Pardo I, Napoletano BM, Rosete-Verges F, Billa L. Spatial analysis and GIS in the study of COVID-19. A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020. [PMID: 32534320 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.14003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
This study entailed a review of 63 scientific articles on geospatial and spatial-statistical analysis of the geographical dimension of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. The diversity of themes identified in this paper can be grouped into the following categories of disease mapping: spatiotemporal analysis, health and social geography, environmental variables, data mining, and web-based mapping. Understanding the spatiotemporal dynamics of COVID-19 is essential for its mitigation, as it helps to clarify the extent and impact of the pandemic and can aid decision making, planning and community action. Health geography highlights the interaction of public health officials, affected actors and first responders to improve estimations of disease propagation and likelihoods of new outbreaks. Attempts at interdisciplinary correlation examine health policy interventions for the siting of health/sanitary services and controls, mapping/tracking of human movement, formulation of appropriate scientific and political responses and projection of spatial diffusion and temporal trends. This review concludes that, to fight COVID-19, it is important to face the challenges from an interdisciplinary perspective, with proactive planning, international solidarity and a global perspective. This review provides useful information and insight that can support future bibliographic queries, and also serves as a resource for understanding the evolution of tools used in the management of this major global pandemic of the 21 Century. It is hoped that its findings will inspire new reflections on the COVID-19 pandemic by readers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Franch-Pardo
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Morelia 58190, Michoacan, Mexico.
| | - Brian M Napoletano
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Centro de Investigaciones en Geografía Ambiental, Morelia 58190, Michoacan, Mexico.
| | - Fernando Rosete-Verges
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Morelia 58190, Michoacan, Mexico
| | - Lawal Billa
- University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Semenyih 43500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
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118
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Rapid in vitro assays for screening neutralizing antibodies and antivirals against SARS-CoV-2. J Virol Methods 2020; 287:113995. [PMID: 33068703 PMCID: PMC7554492 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2020.113995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a rapid, accurate, and highly reproducible plaque reduction microneutralization (PRMNT) assay for SARS-CoV-2. Our PRMNT assay allows to identify and characterize antibodies with neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2. Likewise, our PRMNT assay can be used to find compounds with antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2. The PRMNT assay can be developed using peroxidase or infrared staining readouts. Our PRMNT assay can be adapted to HTS settings to interrogate complex library of SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors.
Towards the end of 2019, a novel coronavirus (CoV) named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), genetically similar to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), emerged in Wuhan, Hubei province of China, and has been responsible for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in humans. Since its first report, SARS-CoV-2 has resulted in a global pandemic, with over 10 million human infections and over 560,000 deaths reported worldwide at the end of June 2020. Currently, there are no United States (US) Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved vaccines and/or antivirals licensed against SARS-CoV-2. The high economical and health impacts of SARS-CoV-2 has placed global pressure on the scientific community to identify effective prophylactic and therapeutic treatments for SARS-CoV-2 infection and associated COVID-19 disease. While some compounds have been already reported to reduce SARS-CoV-2 infection and a handful of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been described that neutralize SARS-CoV-2, there is an urgent need for the development and standardization of assays which can be used in high through-put screening (HTS) settings to identify new antivirals and/or neutralizing mAbs against SARS-CoV-2. Here, we described a rapid, accurate, and highly reproducible plaque reduction microneutralization (PRMNT) assay that can be quickly adapted for the identification and characterization of both neutralizing mAbs and antivirals against SARS-CoV-2. Importantly, our MNA is compatible with HTS settings to interrogate large and/or complex libraries of mAbs and/or antivirals to identify those with neutralizing and/or antiviral activity, respectively, against SARS-CoV-2.
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119
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Chen B, Li QX, Zhang H, Zhu JY, Yang X, Wu YH, Xiong J, Li F, Wang H, Chen ZT. The psychological impact of COVID-19 outbreak on medical staff and the general public. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 41:5631-5639. [PMID: 33046955 PMCID: PMC7539749 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-020-01109-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
To assess the psychological effects of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) on medical staff and the general public. During the outbreak of COVID-19, an internet-based questionnaire included The Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), and Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) was used to assess the impact of the pandemic situation on the mental health of medical staff and general population in Wuhan and its surrounding areas. Among the 1493 questionnaires completed, 827 (55.39%) of these were men, and 422 (28.27%) of these were medical personnel. The results suggest that the outbreak of COVID-19 has affected individuals significantly, the degree of which is related to age, sex, occupation and mental illness. There was a significant difference in PSS-10 and IES-R scores between the medical staff and the general population. The medical staff showed higher PSS-10 scores (16.813 ± 4.87) and IES-R scores (22.40 ± 12.12) compared to members of the general population PSS-10 (14.80 ± 5.60) and IES-R scores (17.89 ± 13.08). However, there was no statistically significant difference between the SDS scores of medical staff (44.52 ± 12.36) and the general public (43.08 ± 11.42). In terms of the need for psychological assistance, 50.97% of interviewees responded that they needed psychological counseling, of which medical staff accounted for 65.87% and non-medical staff accounted for 45.10%. During the ongoing COVID-19 outbreak, great attention should be paid to the mental health of the population, especially medical staff, and measures such as psychological intervention should be actively carried out for reducing the psychosocial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071 China
| | - Qing-Xian Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071 China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430014 China
| | - Jia-Yong Zhu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071 China
| | - Xu Yang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071 China
| | - Yu-Hang Wu
- Applied Statistics, School of mathematics and statistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072 China
| | - Jie Xiong
- The Mental Health Center of Wuhan, Wuhan, 430022 China
| | - Fu Li
- The Mental Health Center of Wuhan, Wuhan, 430022 China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071 China
| | - Zhi-Tao Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430014 China
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120
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Uddin MB, Hasan M, Harun-Al-Rashid A, Ahsan MI, Imran MAS, Ahmed SSU. Ancestral origin, antigenic resemblance and epidemiological insights of novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): Global burden and Bangladesh perspective. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020; 84:104440. [PMID: 32622082 PMCID: PMC7327474 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, a new coronavirus strain responsible for COVID-19, has emerged in Wuhan City, China, and continuing its global pandemic nature. The availability of the complete gene sequences of the virus helps to know about the origin and molecular characteristics of this virus. In the present study, we performed bioinformatic analysis of the available gene sequence data of SARS-CoV-2 for the understanding of evolution and molecular characteristics and immunogenic resemblance of the circulating viruses. Phylogenetic analysis was performed for four types of representative viral proteins (spike, membrane, envelope and nucleoprotein) of SARS-CoV-2, HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, SARS-CoV, HCoV-NL63, HKU1, MERS-CoV, HKU4, HKU5 and BufCoV-HKU26. The findings demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 exhibited convergent evolutionary relation with previously reported SARS-CoV. It was also depicted that SARS-CoV-2 proteins were highly similar and identical to SARS-CoV proteins, though proteins from other coronaviruses showed a lower level of resemblance. The cross-checked conservancy analysis of SARS-CoV-2 antigenic epitopes showed significant conservancy with antigenic epitopes derived from SARS-CoV. Descriptive epidemiological analysis on several epidemiological indices was performed on available epidemiological outbreak information from several open databases on COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2). Satellite-derived imaging data have been employed to understand the role of temperature in the environmental persistence of the virus. Findings of the descriptive analysis were used to describe the global impact of newly emerged SARS-CoV-2, and the risk of an epidemic in Bangladesh.
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MESH Headings
- Alphacoronavirus/classification
- Alphacoronavirus/genetics
- Alphacoronavirus/metabolism
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral/chemistry
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/metabolism
- Bangladesh/epidemiology
- Base Sequence
- Betacoronavirus/classification
- Betacoronavirus/genetics
- Betacoronavirus/metabolism
- Binding Sites
- COVID-19
- Chiroptera/virology
- Computational Biology
- Coronavirus 229E, Human/classification
- Coronavirus 229E, Human/genetics
- Coronavirus 229E, Human/metabolism
- Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology
- Coronavirus Infections/virology
- Coronavirus NL63, Human/classification
- Coronavirus NL63, Human/genetics
- Coronavirus NL63, Human/metabolism
- Coronavirus OC43, Human/classification
- Coronavirus OC43, Human/genetics
- Coronavirus OC43, Human/metabolism
- Genome, Viral
- Humans
- Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus/classification
- Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus/genetics
- Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus/metabolism
- Models, Molecular
- Mutation
- Nucleoproteins/chemistry
- Nucleoproteins/genetics
- Nucleoproteins/metabolism
- Pandemics
- Phylogeny
- Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology
- Pneumonia, Viral/virology
- Protein Binding
- Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs
- Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus/classification
- Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus/genetics
- Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus/metabolism
- SARS-CoV-2
- Sequence Alignment
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/metabolism
- Viral Envelope Proteins/chemistry
- Viral Envelope Proteins/genetics
- Viral Envelope Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Bashir Uddin
- Department of Medicine, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet-3100, Bangladesh.
| | - Mahmudul Hasan
- Department of Pharmaceuticals and Industrial Biotechnology, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet-3100, Bangladesh
| | - Ahmed Harun-Al-Rashid
- Department of Aquatic Resource Management, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet-3100, Bangladesh
| | - Md Irtija Ahsan
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet-3100, Bangladesh
| | - Md Abdus Shukur Imran
- Department of Pharmaceuticals and Industrial Biotechnology, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet-3100, Bangladesh
| | - Syed Sayeem Uddin Ahmed
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet-3100, Bangladesh.
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121
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Sjödin H, Johansson AF, Brännström Å, Farooq Z, Kriit HK, Wilder-Smith A, Åström C, Thunberg J, Söderquist M, Rocklöv J. COVID-19 healthcare demand and mortality in Sweden in response to non-pharmaceutical mitigation and suppression scenarios. Int J Epidemiol 2020. [PMID: 32954400 DOI: 10.1101/2020.0320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While the COVID-19 outbreak in China now appears suppressed, Europe and the USA have become the epicentres, both reporting many more deaths than China. Responding to the pandemic, Sweden has taken a different approach aiming to mitigate, not suppress, community transmission, by using physical distancing without lockdowns. Here we contrast the consequences of different responses to COVID-19 within Sweden, the resulting demand for care, intensive care, the death tolls and the associated direct healthcare related costs. METHODS We used an age-stratified health-care demand extended SEIR (susceptible, exposed, infectious, recovered) compartmental model for all municipalities in Sweden, and a radiation model for describing inter-municipality mobility. The model was calibrated against data from municipalities in the Stockholm healthcare region. RESULTS Our scenario with moderate to strong physical distancing describes well the observed health demand and deaths in Sweden up to the end of May 2020. In this scenario, the intensive care unit (ICU) demand reaches the pre-pandemic maximum capacity just above 500 beds. In the counterfactual scenario, the ICU demand is estimated to reach ∼20 times higher than the pre-pandemic ICU capacity. The different scenarios show quite different death tolls up to 1 September, ranging from 5000 to 41 000, excluding deaths potentially caused by ICU shortage. Additionally, our statistical analysis of all causes excess mortality indicates that the number of deaths attributable to COVID-19 could be increased by 40% (95% confidence interval: 0.24, 0.57). CONCLUSION The results of this study highlight the impact of different combinations of non-pharmaceutical interventions, especially moderate physical distancing in combination with more effective isolation of infectious individuals, on reducing deaths, health demands and lowering healthcare costs. In less effective mitigation scenarios, the demand on ICU beds would rapidly exceed capacity, showing the tight interconnection between the healthcare demand and physical distancing in the society. These findings have relevance for Swedish policy and response to the COVID-19 pandemic and illustrate the importance of maintaining the level of physical distancing for a longer period beyond the study period to suppress or mitigate the impacts from the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Sjödin
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section of Sustainable Health, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anders F Johansson
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and the Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Åke Brännström
- Department of Mathematics and Mathematical Statistics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Evolution and Ecology Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Zia Farooq
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section of Sustainable Health, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Hedi Katre Kriit
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section of Sustainable Health, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Annelies Wilder-Smith
- Department of Epidemiology and Global Health, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christofer Åström
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section of Sustainable Health, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Johan Thunberg
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå Sweden
| | - Mårten Söderquist
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section of Sustainable Health, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Joacim Rocklöv
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section of Sustainable Health, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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122
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Zhang W, Zhang Z, Ye Y, Luo Y, Pan S, Qi H, Yu Z, Qu J. Lymphocyte percentage and hemoglobin as a joint parameter for the prediction of severe and nonsevere COVID-19: a preliminary study. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:1231. [PMID: 33178763 PMCID: PMC7607120 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-6001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread rapidly around the world since December, 2019. This study aimed to identify parameters in routine blood tests that could be used to evaluate the severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and, thus, assist with the clinical prediction of the extent of progression. Methods This retrospective study analyzed the epidemiological, clinical symptom, and laboratory examination data of 159 patients diagnosed with COVID-19. The percentage of lymphocytes (Lym%) and hemoglobin (HGB) were integrated into a joint parameter, Lym% & HGB, through binary logistic regression. Results Individually, Lym% and HGB decreased gradually with disease progression whereas the joint parameter Lym% & HGB increased gradually with disease progression. When Lym%, HGB, and Lym% & HGB were used to predict the severity of COVID-19, the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) was 0.89, 0.79, and 0.92, respectively. The dynamic change curves showed that Lym% and HGB continued to decline while Lym% & HGB continued to increase with disease progression in patients with severe COVID. The change in Lym% & HGB was more prominent than those in Lym% and HBG. Conclusions The joint parameter Lym% & HGB could serve as an effective tool for differentiating severe and nonsevere COVID-19, and its sensitivity and specificity are higher than those of Lym% or HGB alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenping Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Southern University of Science and Technology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhongming Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Southern University of Science and Technology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yi Ye
- Hematology Application and Research Department, Shenzhen Mindray Bio-Medical Electronic Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Yanting Luo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Southern University of Science and Technology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shiyao Pan
- Hematology Application and Research Department, Shenzhen Mindray Bio-Medical Electronic Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Huan Qi
- Hematology Application and Research Department, Shenzhen Mindray Bio-Medical Electronic Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhiyong Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Southern University of Science and Technology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiuxin Qu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Southern University of Science and Technology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen, China
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Telehealth tinnitus therapy during the COVID-19 outbreak in the UK: uptake and related factors. Int J Audiol 2020; 60:322-327. [PMID: 33000663 DOI: 10.1080/14992027.2020.1822553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Audiology Department at the Royal Surrey County Hospital usually offers face-to-face audiologist-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) for tinnitus rehabilitation. During COVID-19 lockdown, patients were offered telehealth CBT via video using a web-based platform. This study evaluated the proportion of patients who took up the offer of telehealth sessions and factors related to this. DESIGN Retrospective service evaluation. STUDY SAMPLE 113 consecutive patients whose care was interrupted by the lockdown. RESULTS 80% of patients accepted telehealth. The main reasons for declining were not having access to a suitable device and the belief that telehealth appointments would not be useful. Compared to having no hearing loss in the better ear, having a mild or moderate hearing loss increased the chance of declining telehealth by factors of 3.5 (p = 0.04) and 14.9 (p = 0.038), respectively. High tinnitus annoyance as measured via the visual analogue scale increased the chance of declining telehealth appointments by a factor of 1.4 (p = 0.019). CONCLUSIONS Although CBT via telehealth was acceptable to most patients, alternatives may be necessary for the 20% who declined. These tended to have worse hearing in their better ear and more annoying tinnitus.
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Hu B, Huang S, Yin L. The cytokine storm and COVID-19. J Med Virol 2020; 93:250-256. [PMID: 32592501 PMCID: PMC7361342 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 818] [Impact Index Per Article: 204.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), which began in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, has caused a large global pandemic and poses a serious threat to public health. More than 4 million cases of COVID‐19, which is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), have been confirmed as of 11 May 2020. SARS‐CoV‐2 is a highly pathogenic and transmissible coronavirus that primarily spreads through respiratory droplets and close contact. A growing body of clinical data suggests that a cytokine storm is associated with COVID‐19 severity and is also a crucial cause of death from COVID‐19. In the absence of antivirals and vaccines for COVID‐19, there is an urgent need to understand the cytokine storm in COVID‐19. Here, we have reviewed the current understanding of the features of SARS‐CoV‐2 and the pathological features, pathophysiological mechanisms, and treatments of the cytokine storm induced by COVID‐19. In addition, we suggest that the identification and treatment of the cytokine storm are important components for rescuing patients with severe COVID‐19. SARS‐CoV‐2 is a highly pathogenic and transmissible coronavirus that primarily spreads through respiratory droplets and close contact. A cytokine storm is associated with COVID‐19 severity and is also a crucial cause of death from COVID‐19. Impaired acquired immune responses and uncontrolled inflammatory innate responses may be associated with the mechanism of the cytokine storm in COVID‐19. Early control of the cytokine storm through therapies, such as immunomodulators and cytokine antagonists, is essential to improve the survival rate of patients with COVID‐19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biying Hu
- The First Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaoying Huang
- Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lianghong Yin
- The First Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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125
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Holder K, Reddy PH. The COVID-19 Effect on the Immune System and Mitochondrial Dynamics in Diabetes, Obesity, and Dementia. Neuroscientist 2020; 27:331-339. [PMID: 32981462 DOI: 10.1177/1073858420960443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a pandemic disease, originated in Wuhan City, China. It is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its biology is still poorly understood. Currently, there are no vaccines and drugs/or agents that can reduce severity of this new disease. Recent data suggest that patients with age-related comorbidities, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, obesity, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, and dementia are highly susceptible to severe respiratory illness due to coronavirus infection. Recent research also revealed that aged individuals with elevated baseline inflammation cause defects in T and B cells, leading to decreased body's immune response to viral infection. In the current article, we discuss the effects of SARS-CoV-2 on age-related chronic diseases, such as diabetes, obesity, and Alzheimer's disease. Our article also highlights the interaction between coronavirus and immune cells, and how COVID-19 alters mitochondrial activities in host cells. Based on new and compelling evidence, we propose that mitochondrial fission is inhibited while fusion is promoted, causing mitochondrial elongation and providing a receptive intracellular environment for viral replication in infected cells. Further research is still needed to understand the cross talk between viral replication in mitochondria and disease progression in patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Holder
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - P Hemachandra Reddy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Neuroscience & Pharmacology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Neurology, Departments of School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Public Health Department of Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, School Health Professions, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
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Adiga A, Chen J, Marathe M, Mortveit H, Venkatramanan S, Vullikanti A. Data-driven modeling for different stages of pandemic response. ARXIV 2020:arXiv:2009.10018v1. [PMID: 32995364 PMCID: PMC7523119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Some of the key questions of interest during the COVID-19 pandemic (and all outbreaks) include: where did the disease start, how is it spreading, who is at risk, and how to control the spread. There are a large number of complex factors driving the spread of pandemics, and, as a result, multiple modeling techniques play an increasingly important role in shaping public policy and decision making. As different countries and regions go through phases of the pandemic, the questions and data availability also changes. Especially of interest is aligning model development and data collection to support response efforts at each stage of the pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic has been unprecedented in terms of real-time collection and dissemination of a number of diverse datasets, ranging from disease outcomes, to mobility, behaviors, and socio-economic factors. The data sets have been critical from the perspective of disease modeling and analytics to support policymakers in real-time. In this overview article, we survey the data landscape around COVID-19, with a focus on how such datasets have aided modeling and response through different stages so far in the pandemic. We also discuss some of the current challenges and the needs that will arise as we plan our way out of the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Madhav Marathe
- Biocomplexity Institute and Inititiative
- Department of Computer Science, University of Virginia
| | - Henning Mortveit
- Biocomplexity Institute and Inititiative
- Department of Systems Engineering and Environment
| | | | - Anil Vullikanti
- Biocomplexity Institute and Inititiative
- Department of Computer Science, University of Virginia
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127
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Hypoxemia Index Associated with Prehospital Intubation in COVID-19 Patients. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9093025. [PMID: 32962227 PMCID: PMC7563105 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9093025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There exists a need for prognostic tools for the early identification of COVID-19 patients requiring prehospital intubation. Here we investigated the association between a prehospital Hypoxemia Index (HI) and the need for intubation among COVID-19 patients in the prehospital setting. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed COVID-19 patients initially cared for by a Paris Fire Brigade advanced life support (ALS) team in the prehospital setting between 8th March and 18th April of 2020. We assessed the association between HI and prehospital intubation using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis and logistic regression model analysis after propensity score matching. Results are expressed as odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS We analyzed 300 consecutive COVID-19 patients (166 males (55%); mean age, 64 ± 18 years). Among these patients, 45 (15%) were deceased on the scene, 34 (11%) had an active care restriction, and 18 (6%) were intubated in the prehospital setting. The mean HI value was 3.4 ± 1.9. HI was significantly associated with prehospital intubation (OR, 0.24; 95% CI: 0.12-0.41, p < 10-3) with a corresponding area under curve (AUC) of 0.91 (95% CI: 0.85-0.98). HI significantly differed between patients with and without prehospital intubation (1.0 ± 1.0 vs. 3.6 ± 1.8, respectively; p < 10-3). ROC curve analysis defined the optimal HI threshold as 1.3. Bivariate analysis revealed that HI <1.3 was significantly, positively associated with prehospital intubation (OR, 38.38; 95% CI: 11.57-146.54; p < 10-3). Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that prehospital intubation was significantly associated with HI (adjusted odds ratio (ORa), 0.20; 95% CI: 0.06-0.45; p < 10-3) and HI <3 (ORa, 51.08; 95% CI: 7.83-645.06; p < 10-3). After adjustment for confounders, the ORa between HI <1.3 and prehospital intubation was 3.6 (95% CI: 1.95-5.08; p < 10-3). CONCLUSION An HI of <1.3 was associated with a 3-fold increase in prehospital intubation among COVID-19 patients. HI may be a useful tool to facilitate decision-making regarding prehospital intubation of COVID-19 patients initially cared for by a Paris Fire Brigade ALS team. Further prospective studies are needed to confirm these preliminary results.
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Dhama K, Khan S, Tiwari R, Sircar S, Bhat S, Malik YS, Singh KP, Chaicumpa W, Bonilla-Aldana DK, Rodriguez-Morales AJ. Coronavirus Disease 2019-COVID-19. Clin Microbiol Rev 2020. [PMID: 32580969 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00028-20/asset/32473ce7-130a–42a6-b589-0dd2f00518eb/assets/graphic/cmr.00028-20-f0007.jpeg] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYIn recent decades, several new diseases have emerged in different geographical areas, with pathogens including Ebola virus, Zika virus, Nipah virus, and coronaviruses (CoVs). Recently, a new type of viral infection emerged in Wuhan City, China, and initial genomic sequencing data of this virus do not match with previously sequenced CoVs, suggesting a novel CoV strain (2019-nCoV), which has now been termed severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Although coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is suspected to originate from an animal host (zoonotic origin) followed by human-to-human transmission, the possibility of other routes should not be ruled out. Compared to diseases caused by previously known human CoVs, COVID-19 shows less severe pathogenesis but higher transmission competence, as is evident from the continuously increasing number of confirmed cases globally. Compared to other emerging viruses, such as Ebola virus, avian H7N9, SARS-CoV, and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), SARS-CoV-2 has shown relatively low pathogenicity and moderate transmissibility. Codon usage studies suggest that this novel virus has been transferred from an animal source, such as bats. Early diagnosis by real-time PCR and next-generation sequencing has facilitated the identification of the pathogen at an early stage. Since no antiviral drug or vaccine exists to treat or prevent SARS-CoV-2, potential therapeutic strategies that are currently being evaluated predominantly stem from previous experience with treating SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and other emerging viral diseases. In this review, we address epidemiological, diagnostic, clinical, and therapeutic aspects, including perspectives of vaccines and preventive measures that have already been globally recommended to counter this pandemic virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sharun Khan
- Division of Surgery, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, India
| | - Shubhankar Sircar
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sudipta Bhat
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Yashpal Singh Malik
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Karam Pal Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - D Katterine Bonilla-Aldana
- Semillero de Zoonosis, Grupo de Investigación BIOECOS, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Sede Pereira, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
- Public Health and Infection Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnologica de Pereira, Pereira, Colombia
- Latin American Network of Coronavirus Disease 2019-COVID-19 Research (LANCOVID-19), Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
| | - Alfonso J Rodriguez-Morales
- Public Health and Infection Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnologica de Pereira, Pereira, Colombia
- Latin American Network of Coronavirus Disease 2019-COVID-19 Research (LANCOVID-19), Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
- Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Americas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
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129
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Dhama K, Khan S, Tiwari R, Sircar S, Bhat S, Malik YS, Singh KP, Chaicumpa W, Bonilla-Aldana DK, Rodriguez-Morales AJ. Coronavirus Disease 2019-COVID-19. Clin Microbiol Rev 2020. [PMID: 32580969 DOI: 10.20944/preprints202003.0001.v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYIn recent decades, several new diseases have emerged in different geographical areas, with pathogens including Ebola virus, Zika virus, Nipah virus, and coronaviruses (CoVs). Recently, a new type of viral infection emerged in Wuhan City, China, and initial genomic sequencing data of this virus do not match with previously sequenced CoVs, suggesting a novel CoV strain (2019-nCoV), which has now been termed severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Although coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is suspected to originate from an animal host (zoonotic origin) followed by human-to-human transmission, the possibility of other routes should not be ruled out. Compared to diseases caused by previously known human CoVs, COVID-19 shows less severe pathogenesis but higher transmission competence, as is evident from the continuously increasing number of confirmed cases globally. Compared to other emerging viruses, such as Ebola virus, avian H7N9, SARS-CoV, and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), SARS-CoV-2 has shown relatively low pathogenicity and moderate transmissibility. Codon usage studies suggest that this novel virus has been transferred from an animal source, such as bats. Early diagnosis by real-time PCR and next-generation sequencing has facilitated the identification of the pathogen at an early stage. Since no antiviral drug or vaccine exists to treat or prevent SARS-CoV-2, potential therapeutic strategies that are currently being evaluated predominantly stem from previous experience with treating SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and other emerging viral diseases. In this review, we address epidemiological, diagnostic, clinical, and therapeutic aspects, including perspectives of vaccines and preventive measures that have already been globally recommended to counter this pandemic virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sharun Khan
- Division of Surgery, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, India
| | - Shubhankar Sircar
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sudipta Bhat
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Yashpal Singh Malik
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Karam Pal Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - D Katterine Bonilla-Aldana
- Semillero de Zoonosis, Grupo de Investigación BIOECOS, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Sede Pereira, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
- Public Health and Infection Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnologica de Pereira, Pereira, Colombia
- Latin American Network of Coronavirus Disease 2019-COVID-19 Research (LANCOVID-19), Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
| | - Alfonso J Rodriguez-Morales
- Public Health and Infection Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnologica de Pereira, Pereira, Colombia
- Latin American Network of Coronavirus Disease 2019-COVID-19 Research (LANCOVID-19), Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
- Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Americas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
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Dhama K, Khan S, Tiwari R, Sircar S, Bhat S, Malik YS, Singh KP, Chaicumpa W, Bonilla-Aldana DK, Rodriguez-Morales AJ. Coronavirus Disease 2019-COVID-19. Clin Microbiol Rev 2020; 33:e00028-20. [PMID: 32580969 PMCID: PMC7405836 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00028-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 525] [Impact Index Per Article: 131.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYIn recent decades, several new diseases have emerged in different geographical areas, with pathogens including Ebola virus, Zika virus, Nipah virus, and coronaviruses (CoVs). Recently, a new type of viral infection emerged in Wuhan City, China, and initial genomic sequencing data of this virus do not match with previously sequenced CoVs, suggesting a novel CoV strain (2019-nCoV), which has now been termed severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Although coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is suspected to originate from an animal host (zoonotic origin) followed by human-to-human transmission, the possibility of other routes should not be ruled out. Compared to diseases caused by previously known human CoVs, COVID-19 shows less severe pathogenesis but higher transmission competence, as is evident from the continuously increasing number of confirmed cases globally. Compared to other emerging viruses, such as Ebola virus, avian H7N9, SARS-CoV, and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), SARS-CoV-2 has shown relatively low pathogenicity and moderate transmissibility. Codon usage studies suggest that this novel virus has been transferred from an animal source, such as bats. Early diagnosis by real-time PCR and next-generation sequencing has facilitated the identification of the pathogen at an early stage. Since no antiviral drug or vaccine exists to treat or prevent SARS-CoV-2, potential therapeutic strategies that are currently being evaluated predominantly stem from previous experience with treating SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and other emerging viral diseases. In this review, we address epidemiological, diagnostic, clinical, and therapeutic aspects, including perspectives of vaccines and preventive measures that have already been globally recommended to counter this pandemic virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sharun Khan
- Division of Surgery, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, India
| | - Shubhankar Sircar
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sudipta Bhat
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Yashpal Singh Malik
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Karam Pal Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - D Katterine Bonilla-Aldana
- Semillero de Zoonosis, Grupo de Investigación BIOECOS, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Sede Pereira, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
- Public Health and Infection Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnologica de Pereira, Pereira, Colombia
- Latin American Network of Coronavirus Disease 2019-COVID-19 Research (LANCOVID-19), Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
| | - Alfonso J Rodriguez-Morales
- Public Health and Infection Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnologica de Pereira, Pereira, Colombia
- Latin American Network of Coronavirus Disease 2019-COVID-19 Research (LANCOVID-19), Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
- Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Americas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
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Jouffroy R, Lemoine S, Derkenne C, Kedzierewicz R, Scannavino M, Bertho K, Frattini B, Lemoine F, Jost D, Prunet B. Prehospital management of acute respiratory distress in suspected COVID-19 patients. Am J Emerg Med 2020; 45:410-414. [PMID: 33036861 PMCID: PMC7489263 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2020.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In December 2019, coronavirus disease (COVID-19) emerged in China and became a world-wide pandemic in March 2020. Emergency services and intensive care units (ICUs) were faced with a novel disease with unknown clinical characteristics and presentations. Acute respiratory distress (ARD) was often the chief complaint for an EMS call. This retrospective study evaluated prehospital ARD management and identified factors associated with the need of prehospital mechanical ventilation (PMV) for suspected COVID-19 patients. METHODS We included 256 consecutive patients with suspected COVID-19-related ARD that received prehospital care from a Paris Fire Brigade BLS or ALS team, from March 08 to April 18, 2020. We performed multivariate regression to identify factors predisposing to PMV. RESULTS Of 256 patients (mean age 60 ± 18 years; 82 (32%) males), 77 (30%) had previous hypertension, 31 (12%) were obese, and 49 (19%) had diabetes mellitus. Nineteen patients (7%) required PMV. Logistic regression observed that a low initial pulse oximetry was associated with prehospital PMV (ORa = 0.86, 95%CI: 0.73-0.92; p = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS This study showed that pulse oximetry might be a valuable marker for rapidly determining suspected COVID-19-patients requiring prehospital mechanical ventilation. Nevertheless, the impact of prehospital mechanical ventilation on COVID-19 patients outcome require further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Jouffroy
- Emergency Medicine dpt, Paris Fire Brigade, 1 place Jules Renard, 75017 Paris, France.
| | - Sabine Lemoine
- Emergency Medicine dpt, Paris Fire Brigade, 1 place Jules Renard, 75017 Paris, France
| | - Clément Derkenne
- Emergency Medicine dpt, Paris Fire Brigade, 1 place Jules Renard, 75017 Paris, France
| | - Romain Kedzierewicz
- Emergency Medicine dpt, Paris Fire Brigade, 1 place Jules Renard, 75017 Paris, France
| | - Marine Scannavino
- Emergency Medicine dpt, Paris Fire Brigade, 1 place Jules Renard, 75017 Paris, France
| | - Kilian Bertho
- Emergency Medicine dpt, Paris Fire Brigade, 1 place Jules Renard, 75017 Paris, France
| | - Benoit Frattini
- Emergency Medicine dpt, Paris Fire Brigade, 1 place Jules Renard, 75017 Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Lemoine
- Emergency Medicine dpt, Paris Fire Brigade, 1 place Jules Renard, 75017 Paris, France
| | - Daniel Jost
- Emergency Medicine dpt, Paris Fire Brigade, 1 place Jules Renard, 75017 Paris, France
| | - Bertrand Prunet
- Emergency Medicine dpt, Paris Fire Brigade, 1 place Jules Renard, 75017 Paris, France
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132
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Haider N, Yavlinsky A, Chang YM, Hasan MN, Benfield C, Osman AY, Uddin MJ, Dar O, Ntoumi F, Zumla A, Kock R. The Global Health Security index and Joint External Evaluation score for health preparedness are not correlated with countries' COVID-19 detection response time and mortality outcome. Epidemiol Infect 2020; 148:e210. [PMID: 32892793 PMCID: PMC7506172 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268820002046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Global Health Security Index (GHSI) and Joint External Evaluation (JEE) are two well-known health security and related capability indices. We hypothesised that countries with higher GHSI or JEE scores would have detected their first COVID-19 case earlier, and would experience lower mortality outcome compared to countries with lower scores. We evaluated the effectiveness of GHSI and JEE in predicting countries' COVID-19 detection response times and mortality outcome (deaths/million). We used two different outcomes for the evaluation: (i) detection response time, the duration of time to the first confirmed case detection (from 31st December 2019 to 20th February 2020 when every country's first case was linked to travel from China) and (ii) mortality outcome (deaths/million) until 11th March and 1st July 2020, respectively. We interpreted the detection response time alongside previously published relative risk of the importation of COVID-19 cases from China. We performed multiple linear regression and negative binomial regression analysis to evaluate how these indices predicted the actual outcome. The two indices, GHSI and JEE were strongly correlated (r = 0.82), indicating a good agreement between them. However, both GHSI (r = 0.31) and JEE (r = 0.37) had a poor correlation with countries' COVID-19-related mortality outcome. Higher risk of importation of COVID-19 from China for a given country was negatively correlated with the time taken to detect the first case in that country (adjusted R2 = 0.63-0.66), while the GHSI and JEE had minimal predictive value. In the negative binomial regression model, countries' mortality outcome was strongly predicted by the percentage of the population aged 65 and above (incidence rate ratio (IRR): 1.10 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01-1.21) while overall GHSI score (IRR: 1.01 (95% CI: 0.98-1.01)) and JEE (IRR: 0.99 (95% CI: 0.96-1.02)) were not significant predictors. GHSI and JEE had lower predictive value for detection response time and mortality outcome due to COVID-19. We suggest introduction of a population healthiness parameter, to address demographic and comorbidity vulnerabilities, and reappraisal of the ranking system and methods used to obtain the index based on experience gained from this pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najmul Haider
- The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Alexei Yavlinsky
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK
| | - Yu-Mei Chang
- The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Mohammad Nayeem Hasan
- Department of Statistics, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet3114, Bangladesh
| | - Camilla Benfield
- The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Abdinasir Yusuf Osman
- The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Md. Jamal Uddin
- Department of Statistics, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet3114, Bangladesh
| | - Osman Dar
- Chatham House Centre on Global Health Security, Royal Institute of International Affairs, London, UK
| | - Francine Ntoumi
- Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche Médicale (FCRM), Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
- Institute for Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alimuddin Zumla
- Department of Infection, Division of Infection and Immunity, UCL Centre for Clinical Microbiology, Royal Free Campus, London, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Richard Kock
- The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
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133
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Zhang H, Jiang XJ, Liu XH, Ma H, Zhang YH, Rao Y, Li L, Xu HY, Lyu FJ. Chest computed tomography (CT) findings and semiquantitative scoring of 60 patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A retrospective imaging analysis combining anatomy and pathology. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238760. [PMID: 32886711 PMCID: PMC7473568 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we ascertained the chest CT data of 60 patients admitted to 3 hospitals in Chongqing with confirmed COVID-19. We conducted anatomical and pathological analyses to elucidate the possible reasons for the distribution, morphology, and characteristics of COVID-19 in chest CT. We also shared a semiquantitative scoring of affected lung segments, which was recommended by our local medical association. This scoring system was applied to quantify the severity of the disease. The most frequent imaging findings of COVID-19 were subpleural ground glass opacities and consolidation; there was a significant difference in semiquantitative scores between the early, progressive, and severe stages of the disease. We conclude that the chest CT findings of COVID-19 showed certain characteristics because of the anatomical features of the human body and pathological changes caused by the virus. Therefore, chest CT is a valuable tool for facilitating the diagnosis of COVID-19 and semiquantitative scoring of affected lung segments may further elucidate diagnosis and assessment of disease severity. This will assist healthcare workers in diagnosing COVID-19 and assessing disease severity, facilitate the selection of appropriate treatment options, which is important for reducing the spread of the virus, saving lives, and controlling the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Dianjiang People’s Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Xu-jing Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, Dianjiang People’s Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao-hua Liu
- Department of Radiology, Dianjiang People’s Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Ma
- Department of Oncology, Dianjiang People’s Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Ya-hong Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Changshou People’s Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Yue Rao
- Department of Radiology, Zhongxian People’s Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Dianjiang People’s Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Hai-yan Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dianjiang People’s Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail: (HX); (FL)
| | - Fa-jin Lyu
- Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail: (HX); (FL)
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134
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COVID-19 in Children: Clinical Characteristics and Follow-Up Study. SN COMPREHENSIVE CLINICAL MEDICINE 2020; 2:1713-1716. [PMID: 32895639 PMCID: PMC7467756 DOI: 10.1007/s42399-020-00502-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Since December 2019, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread globally. But the clinical symptoms and detailed follow-up of children with COVID-19 infection are lacking. Here, we conducted a retrospective study including children with confirmed COVID-19. We recorded patients’ epidemiological, clinical features, and follow-up data after discharging in order to improve the awareness and treatment of children with COVID-19.
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135
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Assessment of Epidemiological Determinants of COVID-19 Pandemic Related to Social and Economic Factors Globally. JOURNAL OF RISK AND FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/jrfm13090194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has manifested more than a health crisis and has severely impacted on social, economic, and development crises in the world. The relationship of COVID-19 with countries’ economic and other demographic statuses is an important criterion with which to assess the impact of this current outbreak. Based on available data from the online platform, we tested the hypotheses of a country’s economic status, population density, the median age of the population, and urbanization pattern influence on the test, attack, case fatality, and recovery rates of COVID-19. We performed correlation and multivariate multinomial regression analysis with relative risk ratio (RRR) to test the hypotheses. The correlation analysis showed that population density and test rate had a significantly negative association (r = −0.2384, p = 0.00). In contrast, the median age had a significant positive correlation with recovery rate (r = 0.4654, p = 0.00) and case fatality rate (r = 0.2847, p = 0.00). The urban population rate had a positive significant correlation with recovery rate (r = 0.1610, p = 0.04). Lower-middle-income countries had a negative significant correlation with case fatality rate (r= −0.3310, p = 0.04). The multivariate multinomial logistic regression analysis revealed that low-income countries are more likely to have an increased risk of case fatality rate (RRR = 0.986, 95% Confidence Interval; CI = 0.97−1.00, p < 0.05) and recovery rate (RRR = 0.967, 95% CI = 0.95–0.98, p = 0.00). The lower-income countries are more likely to have a higher risk in case of attack rate (RRR = 0.981, 95% CI = 0.97–0.99, p = 0.00) and recovery rate (RRR = 0.971, 95% CI = 0.96–0.98, p = 0.00). Similarly, upper middle-income countries are more likely to have higher risk in case of attack rate (RRR = 0.988, 95% CI = 0.98–1.0, p = 0.01) and recovery rate (RRR = 0.978, 95% CI = 0.97–0.99, p = 0.00). The low- and lower-middle-income countries should invest more in health care services and implement adequate COVID-19 preventive measures to reduce the risk burden. We recommend a participatory, whole-of-government and whole-of-society approach for responding to the socio-economic challenges of COVID-19 and ensuring more resilient and robust health systems to safeguard against preventable deaths and poverty by improving public health outcomes.
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136
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Pawar DS, Yadav AK, Akolekar N, Velaga NR. Impact of physical distancing due to novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) on daily travel for work during transition to lockdown. TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH INTERDISCIPLINARY PERSPECTIVES 2020; 7:100203. [PMID: 34173467 PMCID: PMC7437436 DOI: 10.1016/j.trip.2020.100203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in change in both commute and personal travel patterns. Though, in India, lockdown was implemented from 25th March 2020, due to self-awareness and pandemic risk perception, change in commuter behavior was observed from the beginning of March 2020. The period from 15th to 24th March 2020 is considered as the transition phase of COVID-19 outbreak in India (i.e., between no lockdown and lockdown period). This study attempts to use a decision tree approach to investigate the modal preference of 1542 commuters in association with socio-economic and travel characteristics, and safety perceptions with respect to public and private modes during transition to lockdown due to COVID-19 in India. About 41% of commuters stopped traveling during the transition to lockdown phase, 51.3% were using the same mode of transport and 5.3% of commuters shifted from public to private mode. The study findings reported different interactions of factors influencing the decision to use public or private modes of transport for daily commuting during pandemic situations like COVID-19. Interestingly, safety perceptions (associated with personal health) of commuters did not play a significant role in their mode choice behavior during the transition phase. Though people perceived public transportation as unsafe over personal vehicle use, the actual commute patterns did not validate this due to a possible reason that commuters do not have enough alternative modes. Given the uncertainties in the decision making of the commuters regarding their travel behavior due to physical distancing, the insights from this study are important to policymakers and local transport authorities to understand the change in travel patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Digvijay S Pawar
- Transportation Systems Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy 502285, India
| | - Ankit Kumar Yadav
- Transportation Systems Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India
| | - Ninad Akolekar
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy 502285, India
| | - Nagendra R Velaga
- Transportation Systems Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India
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137
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Malki Z, Atlam ES, Hassanien AE, Dagnew G, Elhosseini MA, Gad I. Association between weather data and COVID-19 pandemic predicting mortality rate: Machine learning approaches. CHAOS, SOLITONS, AND FRACTALS 2020; 138:110137. [PMID: 32834583 PMCID: PMC7367008 DOI: 10.1016/j.chaos.2020.110137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, a significant number of infectious diseases such as human coronavirus disease (COVID-19) are threatening the world by spreading at an alarming rate. Some of the literatures pointed out that the pandemic is exhibiting seasonal patterns in its spread, incidence and nature of the distribution. In connection to the spread and distribution of the infection, scientific analysis that answers the questions whether the next summer can save people from COVID-19 is required. Many researchers have been exclusively asked whether high temperature during summer can slow down the spread of the COVID-19 as it has with other seasonal flues. Since there are a lot of questions that are unanswered right now, and many mysteries aspects about the COVID-19 that is still unknown to us, in-depth study and analysis of associated weather features are required. Moreover, understanding the nature of COVID-19 and forecasting the spread of COVID-19 request more investigation of the real effect of weather variables on the transmission of the COVID-19 among people. In this work, various regressor machine learning models are proposed to extract the relationship between different factors and the spreading rate of COVID-19. The machine learning algorithms employed in this work estimate the impact of weather variables such as temperature and humidity on the transmission of COVID-19 by extracting the relationship between the number of confirmed cases and the weather variables on certain regions. To validate the proposed method, we have collected the required datasets related to weather and census features and necessary prepossessing is carried out. From the experimental results, it is shown that the weather variables are more relevant in predicting the mortality rate when compared to the other census variables such as population, age, and urbanization. Thus, from this result, we can conclude that temperature and humidity are important features for predicting COVID-19 mortality rate. Moreover, it is indicated that the higher the value of temperature the lower number of infection cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohair Malki
- College of Computer Science and Engineering, Taibah University, Yanbu, Saudi Arabia
| | - El-Sayed Atlam
- College of Computer Science and Engineering, Taibah University, Yanbu, Saudi Arabia
- Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Egypt
| | | | - Guesh Dagnew
- Department of Computer Science, Institute of Technology, Dire Dawa University, Ethiopia
| | - Mostafa A Elhosseini
- College of Computer Science and Engineering, Taibah University, Yanbu, Saudi Arabia
- Mansoura University, Computers Engineering and Control Systems Department, Faculty of Engineering, Mansoura, Egypt
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138
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Michalska K, Kim Y, Jedrzejczak R, Maltseva NI, Stols L, Endres M, Joachimiak A. Crystal structures of SARS-CoV-2 ADP-ribose phosphatase: from the apo form to ligand complexes. IUCRJ 2020; 7:814-824. [PMID: 32939273 PMCID: PMC7467174 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252520009653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Among 15 nonstructural proteins (Nsps), the newly emerging Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) encodes a large, multidomain Nsp3. One of its units is the ADP-ribose phosphatase domain (ADRP; also known as the macrodomain, MacroD), which is believed to interfere with the host immune response. Such a function appears to be linked to the ability of the protein to remove ADP-ribose from ADP-ribosylated proteins and RNA, yet the precise role and molecular targets of the enzyme remain unknown. Here, five high-resolution (1.07-2.01 Å) crystal structures corresponding to the apo form of the protein and its complexes with 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid (MES), AMP and ADP-ribose have been determined. The protein is shown to undergo conformational changes to adapt to the ligand in the manner previously observed in close homologues from other viruses. A conserved water molecule is also identified that may participate in hydrolysis. This work builds foundations for future structure-based research on ADRP, including the search for potential antiviral therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Michalska
- Center for Structural Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60667, USA
- Structural Biology Center, X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Youngchang Kim
- Center for Structural Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60667, USA
- Structural Biology Center, X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Robert Jedrzejczak
- Center for Structural Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60667, USA
- Structural Biology Center, X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Natalia I. Maltseva
- Center for Structural Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60667, USA
- Structural Biology Center, X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Lucy Stols
- Center for Structural Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60667, USA
| | - Michael Endres
- Structural Biology Center, X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Andrzej Joachimiak
- Center for Structural Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60667, USA
- Structural Biology Center, X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60367, USA
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139
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Fawaz M, Samaha A. The psychosocial effects of being quarantined following exposure to COVID-19: A qualitative study of Lebanese health care workers. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2020; 66:560-565. [PMID: 32489149 PMCID: PMC7270571 DOI: 10.1177/0020764020932202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the outbreak of the novel Coronavirus (COVID-19), health care professionals in Lebanon have been diligently serving as the frontline of defense. In the light of challenging economic and political circumstances, putting their community wellbeing as a priority, and abiding by quarantine and strict infection control measures, health care professionals risk both their physical and mental wellbeing. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to explore the psychosocial effects of being quarantined following exposure to COVID-19 among Lebanese health care professionals. METHOD An exploratory qualitative research design was employed, where semi-structured interviews were carried out involving a sample of 13 Lebanese health care providers working at various COVID-19 units. RESULTS The qualitative analysis has revealed four themes namely 'Fears of contracting and spreading the virus', 'Conflict between professional duty and family obligation', 'Stigma of being infected', and 'Inadequate or inaccurate information'. CONCLUSION COVID-19 quarantine has been posing intense psychological challenges among Lebanese health care workers which are worsened at times by the economic instability; thus, health care policymakers are urged to take proper action nationwide to alleviate longlisting implications and support the health care providers in fulfilling their mission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirna Fawaz
- Nursing Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ali Samaha
- Nursing Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon.,Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Zahle, Lebanon.,Faculty of Letters and Human Sciences, Lebanese University, Zahle, Lebanon.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
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140
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Nakamura H, Managi S. Airport risk of importation and exportation of the COVID-19 pandemic. TRANSPORT POLICY 2020; 96:40-47. [PMID: 32834679 PMCID: PMC7328638 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranpol.2020.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
On March 11, 2020, the Director-General of the World Health Organization (WHO) characterized the spread of the coronavirus disease, COVID-19, as a pandemic on the basis of "alarming levels of spread and severity, and by the alarming levels of inaction." Hence, it is urgent and imperative to evaluate the risk of COVID-19 for as many global locations as possible. This study calculates the relative risk of the importation and exportation of the COVID-19 virus. The study's most important contribution is the calculation of the overall relative risk of the importation and exportation of COVID-19 from every airport in local municipalities around the world, based on global spatial and mapping information. Three scenarios of air travel restriction are considered, and the change in the risk of importation and exportation of COVID-19 is calculated. The relative risk of importation and exportation of COVID-19 clearly shows that not only China, Europe, Middle East, and East Asia, but also the U.S., Australia, and countries in northeast Asia and Latin America are subject to risk. Further, a larger reduction in air travel through airports in a large part of the cumulative incidence area would lead to a gradual decrease in the risk flow. Importantly, the exportation risk of the disease from some airports in China, Iran, and European countries has a higher global spread than the importation risk during the pandemic stage. Therefore, every airport, or government with airports in their jurisdiction, should implement strict countermeasures. It is also indispensable for these countries to undertake countermeasures for COVID-19, such as home quarantine within each country and restricting infected or suspected individuals from flying on airplanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Nakamura
- Institute of Social Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Corresponding author.
| | - Shunsuke Managi
- Urban Institute & Department of Civil Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
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141
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Wagatsuma K, Phyu WW, Osada H, Tang JW, Saito R. Geographic Correlation between the Number of COVID-19 Cases and the Number of Overseas Travelers in Japan, Jan-Feb, 2020. Jpn J Infect Dis 2020; 74:157-160. [PMID: 32863355 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2020.471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Since the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) emerged in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, it has rapidly spread worldwide, and the number of cases is also increasing in Japan. The number of COVID-19 cases in Japan in the early stages was not uniform, and cases were largely concentrated in several prefectures. There was a strong, positive correlation between the distribution of COVID-19 cases and the number of foreign travelers as well as Chinese travelers, at prefectural level, with coefficients of 0.68 (P < 0.0001) and 0.60 (P < 0.0001), respectively. Moreover, phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that all the registered SARS-CoV-2 detected from January 23 to February 29, 2020, belonged to Chinese lineage, while those detected in March 2020 belonged to American and European lineages. Only 14 (20.3%) were infected outside Japan; however, the majority of the cases (79.7%) were infected domestically. In conclusion, a higher number of COVID-19 cases were identified in prefectures with more Chinese travelers, supporting the importance of enforcing policies that restrict the entry of overseas travelers to control COVID-19 spread. These findings highlight the risk of secondary transmission in the community caused by apparent or silently imported cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Wagatsuma
- Division of International Health (Public Health) , Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Japan
| | - Wint Wint Phyu
- Division of International Health (Public Health) , Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Osada
- Division of International Health (Public Health) , Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Japan.,Infectious Diseases Research Center of Niigata University in Myanmar, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Japan
| | - Julian W Tang
- Clinical Microbiology, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, UK.,Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, UK
| | - Reiko Saito
- Division of International Health (Public Health) , Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Japan
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142
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Lal P, Kumar A, Kumar S, Kumari S, Saikia P, Dayanandan A, Adhikari D, Khan ML. The dark cloud with a silver lining: Assessing the impact of the SARS COVID-19 pandemic on the global environment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 732:139297. [PMID: 32408041 PMCID: PMC7207165 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by a novel coronavirus known as SARS-CoV-2 has caused tremendous suffering and huge economic losses. We hypothesized that extreme measures of partial-to-total shutdown might have influenced the quality of the global environment because of decreased emissions of atmospheric pollutants. We tested this hypothesis using satellite imagery, climatic datasets (temperature, and absolute humidity), and COVID-19 cases available in the public domain. While the majority of the cases were recorded from Western countries, where mortality rates were strongly positively correlated with age, the number of cases in tropical regions was relatively lower than European and North American regions, possibly attributed to faster human-to-human transmission. There was a substantial reduction in the level of nitrogen dioxide (NO2: 0.00002 mol m-2), a low reduction in CO (<0.03 mol m-2), and a low-to-moderate reduction in Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD: ~0.1-0.2) in the major hotspots of COVID-19 outbreak during February-March 2020, which may be attributed to the mass lockdowns. Our study projects an increasing coverage of high COVID-19 hazard at absolute humidity levels ranging from 4 to 9 g m-3 across a large part of the globe during April-July 2020 due to a high prospective meteorological suitability for COVID-19 spread. Our findings suggest that there is ample scope for restoring the global environment from the ill-effects of anthropogenic activities through temporary shutdown measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preet Lal
- Department of Geoinformatics, Central University of Jharkhand, Brambe-835205 Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Geoinformatics, Central University of Jharkhand, Brambe-835205 Ranchi, Jharkhand, India; International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), Commission on Ecosystem Management (CEM), South Asia.
| | - Shubham Kumar
- Department of Geoinformatics, Central University of Jharkhand, Brambe-835205 Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Sheetal Kumari
- Department of Geoinformatics, Central University of Jharkhand, Brambe-835205 Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Purabi Saikia
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Brambe-835205 Ranchi, Jharkhand, India; International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), Commission on Ecosystem Management (CEM), South Asia.
| | - Arun Dayanandan
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, QC H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Dibyendu Adhikari
- Department of Botany, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, Meghalaya, India
| | - M L Khan
- Department of Botany, Dr Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, Madhya Pradesh 470003, India; International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), Commission on Ecosystem Management (CEM), South Asia
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143
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Adiga A, Wang L, Sadilek A, Tendulkar A, Venkatramanan S, Vullikanti A, Aggarwal G, Talekar A, Ben X, Chen J, Lewis B, Swarup S, Tambe M, Marathe M. Interplay of global multi-scale human mobility, social distancing, government interventions, and COVID-19 dynamics. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2020. [PMID: 32577671 DOI: 10.1101/2020.06.05.20123760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This work quantifies mobility changes observed during the different phases of the pandemic world-wide at multiple resolutions -- county, state, country -- using an anonymized aggregate mobility map that captures population flows between geographic cells of size 5 km 2 . As we overlay the global mobility map with epidemic incidence curves and dates of government interventions, we observe that as case counts rose, mobility fell and has since then seen a slow but steady increase in flows. Further, in order to understand mixing within a region, we propose a new metric to quantify the effect of social distancing on the basis of mobility.Taking two very different countries sampled from the global spectrum, We analyze in detail the mobility patterns of the United States (US) and India. We then carry out a counterfactual analysis of delaying the lockdown and show that a one week delay would have doubled the reported number of cases in the US and India. Finally, we quantify the effect of college students returning back to school for the fall semester on COVID-19 dynamics in the surrounding community. We employ the data from a recent university outbreak (reported on August 16, 2020) to infer possible R eff values and mobility flows combined with daily prevalence data and census data to obtain an estimate of new cases that might arrive on a college campus. We find that maintaining social distancing at existing levels would be effective in mitigating the extra seeding of cases. However, potential behavioral change and increased social interaction amongst students (30% increase in R eff ) along with extra seeding can increase the number of cases by 20% over a period of one month in the encompassing county. To our knowledge, this work is the first to model in near real-time, the interplay of human mobility, epidemic dynamics and public policies across multiple spatial resolutions and at a global scale.
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144
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Bisanzio D, Kraemer MUG, Brewer T, Brownstein JS, Reithinger R. Geolocated Twitter social media data to describe the geographic spread of SARS-CoV-2. J Travel Med 2020; 27:5875518. [PMID: 32701135 PMCID: PMC7454796 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taaa120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Openly available, geotagged Twitter data from 2013 to 2015 was used to estimate the 2019–2020 human mobility patterns in and outside of China to predict the spatiotemporal spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Countries with the highest number of visiting Twitter users outside of China were the USA, Japan, UK, Germany and Turkey. A high correlation was observed when comparing country-level Twitter user visits and reported cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donal Bisanzio
- RTI International, Washington, DC, USA.,Epidemiology and Public Health Division, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Moritz U G Kraemer
- Department of Paediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.,Computational Epidemiology Lab, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, USA.,Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Thomas Brewer
- Computational Epidemiology Lab, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - John S Brownstein
- Department of Paediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.,Computational Epidemiology Lab, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, USA
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145
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Sahafizadeh E, Sartoli S. Epidemic curve and reproduction number of COVID-19 in Iran. J Travel Med 2020; 27:5838119. [PMID: 32419024 PMCID: PMC7542670 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taaa077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Sahafizadeh
- Department of Information Technology, Payame Noor University, Tehran 19395-4697, Iran
| | - Samaneh Sartoli
- Department of Humanities, Payame Noor University, Tehran 19395-4697, Iran
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146
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Costantino V, Heslop DJ, MacIntyre CR. The effectiveness of full and partial travel bans against COVID-19 spread in Australia for travellers from China during and after the epidemic peak in China. J Travel Med 2020; 27:5842100. [PMID: 32453411 PMCID: PMC7313810 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taaa081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Australia implemented a travel ban on China on 1 February 2020, while COVID-19 was largely localized to China. We modelled three scenarios to test the impact of travel bans on epidemic control. Scenario one was no ban; scenario two and three were the current ban followed by a full or partial lifting (allow over 100 000 university students to enter Australia, but not tourists) from the 8th of March 2020. METHODS We used disease incidence data from China and air travel passenger movements between China and Australia during and after the epidemic peak in China, derived from incoming passenger arrival cards. We used the estimated incidence of disease in China, using data on expected proportion of under-ascertainment of cases and an age-specific deterministic model to model the epidemic in each scenario. RESULTS The modelled epidemic with the full ban fitted the observed incidence of cases well, predicting 57 cases on March 6th in Australia, compared to 66 observed on this date; however, we did not account for imported cases from other countries. The modelled impact without a travel ban results in more than 2000 cases and about 400 deaths, if the epidemic remained localized to China and no importations from other countries occurred. The full travel ban reduced cases by about 86%, while the impact of a partial lifting of the ban is minimal and may be a policy option. CONCLUSIONS Travel restrictions were highly effective for containing the COVID-19 epidemic in Australia during the epidemic peak in China and averted a much larger epidemic at a time when COVID-19 was largely localized to China. This research demonstrates the effectiveness of travel bans applied to countries with high disease incidence. This research can inform decisions on placing or lifting travel bans as a control measure for the COVID-19 epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Costantino
- The Biosecurity Program, The Kirby Institute, UNSW Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - David J Heslop
- The School of Public Health and Community Medicine, UNSW Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - C Raina MacIntyre
- The Biosecurity Program, The Kirby Institute, UNSW Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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147
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Daon Y, Thompson RN, Obolski U. Estimating COVID-19 outbreak risk through air travel. J Travel Med 2020; 27:5851816. [PMID: 32502274 PMCID: PMC7313812 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taaa093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Substantial limitations have been imposed on passenger air travel to reduce transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 between regions and countries. However, as case numbers decrease, air travel will gradually resume. We considered a future scenario in which case numbers are low and air travel returns to normal. Under that scenario, there will be a risk of outbreaks in locations worldwide due to imported cases. We estimated the risk of different locations acting as sources of future coronavirus disease 2019 outbreaks elsewhere. METHODS We use modelled global air travel data and population density estimates from locations worldwide to analyse the risk that 1364 airports are sources of future coronavirus disease 2019 outbreaks. We use a probabilistic, branching-process-based approach that considers the volume of air travelers between airports and the reproduction number at each location, accounting for local population density. RESULTS Under the scenario we model, we identify airports in East Asia as having the highest risk of acting as sources of future outbreaks. Moreover, we investigate the locations most likely to cause outbreaks due to air travel in regions that are large and potentially vulnerable to outbreaks: India, Brazil and Africa. We find that outbreaks in India and Brazil are most likely to be seeded by individuals travelling from within those regions. We find that this is also true for less vulnerable regions, such as the United States, Europe and China. However, outbreaks in Africa due to imported cases are instead most likely to be initiated by passengers travelling from outside the continent. CONCLUSIONS Variation in flight volumes and destination population densities creates a non-uniform distribution of the risk that different airports pose of acting as the source of an outbreak. Accurate quantification of the spatial distribution of outbreak risk can therefore facilitate optimal allocation of resources for effective targeting of public health interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yair Daon
- School of Public Health, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Porter School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Robin N Thompson
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Christ Church, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Uri Obolski
- School of Public Health, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Porter School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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148
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Karimi Z, Fereidouni Z, Behnammoghadam M, Alimohammadi N, Mousavizadeh A, Salehi T, Mirzaee MS, Mirzaee S. The Lived Experience of Nurses Caring for Patients with COVID-19 in Iran: A Phenomenological Study. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2020; 13:1271-1278. [PMID: 32904130 PMCID: PMC7450521 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s258785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to explore the lived experiences of nurses caring for patients with COVID-19 in Iran. METHODS This study was a descriptive phenomenology. Sampling was purposefully performed, and participants were selected in terms of the inclusion criteria. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews using the WhatsApp mobile messaging application. Colaizzi's method was used to analyse the data. The criteria introduced by Lincoln and Guba were used for the study rigour. RESULTS The data were obtained from 12 nurses caring for patients with COVID-19. The mean age of the participants was 29.41 years (SD = 2.72) with a mean work experience of 6.75 years (SD = 2.52). Three main themes and six subthemes were identified: mental condition (subthemes included "anxiety and stress" and "fear"), emotional condition (subthemes included "suffering and affliction" and "waiting for death"), and care context (subthemes included "turmoil" and "lack of support and equipment"). CONCLUSION The results of this study show that nurses working in the wards and care centres designated for patients with COVID-19 are experiencing mental and emotional distress and are working in inadequate professional conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Karimi
- Department of Operating Room, School of Paramedicine, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Zhila Fereidouni
- Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, Nursing School, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Fars, Iran
| | - Mohammad Behnammoghadam
- School of Nursing, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nasrollah Alimohammadi
- Critical Care Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ali Mousavizadeh
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Health, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Tahmine Salehi
- Nursing Care Research Center (NCRC), School of Nursing and Midwifery, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Sobhan Mirzaee
- Student Research Committee, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
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149
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Maychuk DY, Atlas SN, Loshkareva AO. [Ocular manifestations of coronavirus infection COVID-19 (clinical observation)]. Vestn Oftalmol 2020; 136:118-123. [PMID: 32779465 DOI: 10.17116/oftalma2020136041118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes possible clinical ocular manifestations of novel coronavirus infection COVID-19. Two clinical cases of conjunctivitis are examined. Due to the lack of ophthalmological approaches to the treatment of such patients, different management tactics are given based on the severity of local and systemic disease manifestations. Our research and practical management of these conditions showed the toxic and allergic nature of ocular surface manifestations in patients with COVID-19. Such cases are proposed to be treated similar to the conjunctivitis of "unclear origin" with components from antiviral and anti-allergic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Yu Maychuk
- S.N. Fyodorov National Medical Research Center «Eye Microsurgery», Moscow, Russia
| | - S N Atlas
- Saint Petersburg State Policlinic No. 4, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - A O Loshkareva
- S.N. Fyodorov National Medical Research Center «Eye Microsurgery», Moscow, Russia
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150
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Wang Y, Hu M, Ye G, Zhao Y, Yin Q, Pi P, Luo D. Clinical characteristics of patients with uremia undergoing maintenance hemodialysis complicated with COVID-19. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e21547. [PMID: 32769892 PMCID: PMC7593003 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000021547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the onset characteristics of patients with uremia undergoing maintenance hemodialysis complicated with COVID-19, so as to improve the understanding, diagnosis, and treatment.26 cases were confirmed cases of COVID-19. Confirmed patients with COVID-19 undergoing maintenance hemodialysis in the blood purification center were recruited. The general data of patients, including age, sex, duration of dialysis, and basic diseases, were analyzed. The clinical features included fever, respiratory symptoms, and gastrointestinal symptoms. The items for laboratory tests included blood routine examination, liver function, C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, creatine kinase, creatine kinase-MB, markers of myocardial injury, B-type natriuretic peptide, D-dimer, and so forth. The imaging examinations referred mainly to computed tomography imaging findings of the lungs.Twenty-one cases were complicated with chronic basic diseases, such as hypertension or diabetes. In terms of clinical manifestations, 13 cases had fever, which was close to the number of cases without fever (13 cases). The respiratory symptoms included dry cough (19 cases), shortness of breath (9 cases), fatigue (11 cases), and so forth. Further, 15 patients had hypoxemia, indicating more severe patients. Sore throat (2 cases) was not significant, and a few patients reported gastrointestinal symptoms (3 cases). The results of blood routine examination showed decreased absolute lymphocyte count (0.7 ± 0.4 × 10∼9/L), lower hemoglobin level (105.2 ± 20 g/L), and normal absolute neutrophil count 4.2 (3.0, 5.9) × 10∼9/L. Of the inflammatory indexes, procalcitonin was 0.69 (0.24, 2.73) ng/mL; C reactive protein was 17.2 (5.2, 181.6) mg/L, which was higher than normal. Blood biochemistry revealed lower albumin level (38.0 ± 4.0 g/L) and higher troponin 0.11(0.035, 6.658) ng/mL and myoglobin levels (538.5 ± 240.5 ng/mL), suggesting myocardial injury.The patients with uremia and confirmed COVID-19 undergoing maintenance hemodialysis are more common in males. Although the proportion of fever patients is 50%, the proportion of hypoxemia patients is high (58%). With poor cardiac function. They were prone to respiratory failure complicated with heart failure. According to the onset characteristics of this population, early diagnosis and treatment could help reduce the risk of developing a critical illness and control the spread of the COVID-19 epidemic.
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