101
|
Minervina AA, Pogorelyy MV, Kirk AM, Crawford JC, Allen EK, Chou CH, Mettelman RC, Allison KJ, Lin CY, Brice DC, Zhu X, Vegesana K, Wu G, Trivedi S, Kottapalli P, Darnell D, McNeely S, Olsen SR, Schultz-Cherry S, Estepp JH, McGargill MA, Wolf J, Thomas PG. SARS-CoV-2 antigen exposure history shapes phenotypes and specificity of memory CD8 + T cells. Nat Immunol 2022; 23:781-790. [PMID: 35383307 PMCID: PMC9106845 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-022-01184-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although mRNA vaccine efficacy against severe coronavirus disease 2019 remains high, variant emergence has prompted booster immunizations. However, the effects of repeated exposures to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antigens on memory T cells are poorly understood. Here, we utilize major histocompatibility complex multimers with single-cell RNA sequencing to profile SARS-CoV-2-responsive T cells ex vivo from humans with one, two or three antigen exposures, including vaccination, primary infection and breakthrough infection. Exposure order determined the distribution between spike-specific and non-spike-specific responses, with vaccination after infection leading to expansion of spike-specific T cells and differentiation to CCR7-CD45RA+ effectors. In contrast, individuals after breakthrough infection mount vigorous non-spike-specific responses. Analysis of over 4,000 epitope-specific T cell antigen receptor (TCR) sequences demonstrates that all exposures elicit diverse repertoires characterized by shared TCR motifs, confirmed by monoclonal TCR characterization, with no evidence for repertoire narrowing from repeated exposure. Our findings suggest that breakthrough infections diversify the T cell memory repertoire and current vaccination protocols continue to expand and differentiate spike-specific memory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mikhail V Pogorelyy
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Allison M Kirk
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - E Kaitlynn Allen
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ching-Heng Chou
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Robert C Mettelman
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Kim J Allison
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Chun-Yang Lin
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - David C Brice
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Xun Zhu
- Center for Applied Bioinformatics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Kasi Vegesana
- Information Services, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Gang Wu
- Center for Applied Bioinformatics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Sanchit Trivedi
- Hartwell Center for Bioinformatics & Biotechnology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Pratibha Kottapalli
- Hartwell Center for Bioinformatics & Biotechnology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Daniel Darnell
- Hartwell Center for Bioinformatics & Biotechnology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Suzanne McNeely
- Hartwell Center for Bioinformatics & Biotechnology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Scott R Olsen
- Hartwell Center for Bioinformatics & Biotechnology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Stacey Schultz-Cherry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jeremie H Estepp
- Department of Global Pediatric Medicine, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Maureen A McGargill
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Joshua Wolf
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
| | - Paul G Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
102
|
Gruell H, Vanshylla K, Weber T, Barnes CO, Kreer C, Klein F. Antibody-Mediated Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2. Immunity 2022; 55:925-944. [PMID: 35623355 PMCID: PMC9118976 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Neutralizing antibodies can block infection, clear pathogens, and are essential to provide long-term immunity. Since the onset of the pandemic, SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies have been comprehensively investigated and critical information on their development, function, and potential use to prevent and treat COVID-19 have been revealed. With the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 immune escape variants, humoral immunity is being challenged, and a detailed understanding of neutralizing antibodies is essential to guide vaccine design strategies as well as antibody-mediated therapies. In this review, we summarize some of the key findings on SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies, with a focus on their clinical application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henning Gruell
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Kanika Vanshylla
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Timm Weber
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Christopher O Barnes
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Christoph Kreer
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Florian Klein
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
103
|
Astbury S, Reynolds CJ, Butler DK, Muñoz‐Sandoval DC, Lin K, Pieper FP, Otter A, Kouraki A, Cusin L, Nightingale J, Vijay A, Craxford S, Aithal GP, Tighe PJ, Gibbons JM, Pade C, Joy G, Maini M, Chain B, Semper A, Brooks T, Ollivere BJ, McKnight Á, Noursadeghi M, Treibel TA, Manisty C, Moon JC, Valdes AM, Boyton RJ, Altmann DM. HLA-DR polymorphism in SARS-CoV-2 infection and susceptibility to symptomatic COVID-19. Immunology 2022; 166:68-77. [PMID: 35156709 PMCID: PMC9111350 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection results in different outcomes ranging from asymptomatic infection to mild or severe disease and death. Reasons for this diversity of outcome include differences in challenge dose, age, gender, comorbidity and host genomic variation. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) polymorphisms may influence immune response and disease outcome. We investigated the association of HLAII alleles with case definition symptomatic COVID-19, virus-specific antibody and T-cell immunity. A total of 1364 UK healthcare workers (HCWs) were recruited during the first UK SARS-CoV-2 wave and analysed longitudinally, encompassing regular PCR screening for infection, symptom reporting, imputation of HLAII genotype and analysis for antibody and T-cell responses to nucleoprotein (N) and spike (S). Of 272 (20%) HCW who seroconverted, the presence of HLA-DRB1*13:02 was associated with a 6·7-fold increased risk of case definition symptomatic COVID-19. In terms of immune responsiveness, HLA-DRB1*15:02 was associated with lower nucleocapsid T-cell responses. There was no association between DRB1 alleles and anti-spike antibody titres after two COVID vaccine doses. However, HLA DRB1*15:01 was associated with increased spike T-cell responses following both first and second dose vaccination. Trial registration: NCT04318314 and ISRCTN15677965.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Astbury
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research CentreNottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of NottinghamNottinghamUK
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases CentreSchool of MedicineUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | | | - David K. Butler
- Department of Infectious DiseaseImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | | | - Kai‐Min Lin
- Department of Infectious DiseaseImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | | | - Ashley Otter
- National Infection ServicePublic Health EnglandPorton DownUK
| | - Afroditi Kouraki
- Division of Rheumatology, Orthopaedics and DermatologySchool of MedicineUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Lola Cusin
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Jessica Nightingale
- Division of Rheumatology, Orthopaedics and DermatologySchool of MedicineUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Amrita Vijay
- Division of Rheumatology, Orthopaedics and DermatologySchool of MedicineUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Simon Craxford
- Division of Rheumatology, Orthopaedics and DermatologySchool of MedicineUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Guruprasad P. Aithal
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research CentreNottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of NottinghamNottinghamUK
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases CentreSchool of MedicineUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | | | - Joseph M. Gibbons
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and DentistryBlizard InstituteQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Corinna Pade
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and DentistryBlizard InstituteQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - George Joy
- Barts Heart CentreSt. Bartholomew's HospitalLondonUK
| | - Mala Maini
- Division of Infection and ImmunityUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Benny Chain
- Division of Infection and ImmunityUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Amanda Semper
- National Infection ServicePublic Health EnglandPorton DownUK
| | - Timothy Brooks
- National Infection ServicePublic Health EnglandPorton DownUK
| | - Benjamin J. Ollivere
- Division of Rheumatology, Orthopaedics and DermatologySchool of MedicineUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Áine McKnight
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and DentistryBlizard InstituteQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | | | - Thomas A. Treibel
- Barts Heart CentreSt. Bartholomew's HospitalLondonUK
- Institute of Cardiovascular SciencesUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Charlotte Manisty
- Barts Heart CentreSt. Bartholomew's HospitalLondonUK
- Institute of Cardiovascular SciencesUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - James C. Moon
- Barts Heart CentreSt. Bartholomew's HospitalLondonUK
- Institute of Cardiovascular SciencesUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Ana M. Valdes
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research CentreNottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of NottinghamNottinghamUK
- Division of Rheumatology, Orthopaedics and DermatologySchool of MedicineUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Rosemary J. Boyton
- Department of Infectious DiseaseImperial College LondonLondonUK
- Lung DivisionRoyal Brompton and Harefield HospitalsGuy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
| | - Daniel M. Altmann
- Department of Immunology and InflammationImperial College LondonLondonUK
| |
Collapse
|
104
|
Obermair FJ, Renoux F, Heer S, Lee CH, Cereghetti N, Loi M, Maestri G, Haldner Y, Wuigk R, Iosefson O, Patel P, Triebel K, Kopf M, Swain J, Kisielow J. High-resolution profiling of MHC II peptide presentation capacity reveals SARS-CoV-2 CD4 T cell targets and mechanisms of immune escape. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabl5394. [PMID: 35486722 PMCID: PMC9054008 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abl5394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Understanding peptide presentation by specific MHC alleles is fundamental for controlling physiological functions of T cells and harnessing them for therapeutic use. However, commonly used in silico predictions and mass spectroscopy have their limitations in precision, sensitivity, and throughput, particularly for MHC class II. Here, we present MEDi, a novel mammalian epitope display that allows an unbiased, affordable, high-resolution mapping of MHC peptide presentation capacity. Our platform provides a detailed picture by testing every antigen-derived peptide and is scalable to all the MHC II alleles. Given the urgent need to understand immune evasion for formulating effective responses to threats such as SARS-CoV-2, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the presentability of all SARS-CoV-2 peptides in the context of several HLA class II alleles. We show that several mutations arising in viral strains expanding globally resulted in reduced peptide presentability by multiple HLA class II alleles, while some increased it, suggesting alteration of MHC II presentation landscapes as a possible immune escape mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franz-Josef Obermair
- Repertoire Immune Medicines, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Repertoire Immune Medicines, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Chloe H. Lee
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Marisa Loi
- Repertoire Immune Medicines, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Robin Wuigk
- Repertoire Immune Medicines, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | | | - Pooja Patel
- Repertoire Immune Medicines, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Manfred Kopf
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Jan Kisielow
- Repertoire Immune Medicines, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Repertoire Immune Medicines, Schlieren, Switzerland
- Corresponding author.
| |
Collapse
|
105
|
Rodda LB, Morawski PA, Pruner KB, Fahning ML, Howard CA, Franko N, Logue J, Eggenberger J, Stokes C, Golez I, Hale M, Gale M, Chu HY, Campbell DJ, Pepper M. Imprinted SARS-CoV-2-specific memory lymphocytes define hybrid immunity. Cell 2022; 185:1588-1601.e14. [PMID: 35413241 PMCID: PMC8926873 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Immune memory is tailored by cues that lymphocytes perceive during priming. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic created a situation in which nascent memory could be tracked through additional antigen exposures. Both SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination induce multifaceted, functional immune memory, but together, they engender improved protection from disease, termed hybrid immunity. We therefore investigated how vaccine-induced memory is shaped by previous infection. We found that following vaccination, previously infected individuals generated more SARS-CoV-2 RBD-specific memory B cells and variant-neutralizing antibodies and a distinct population of IFN-γ and IL-10-expressing memory SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific CD4+ T cells than previously naive individuals. Although additional vaccination could increase humoral memory in previously naive individuals, it did not recapitulate the distinct CD4+ T cell cytokine profile observed in previously infected subjects. Thus, imprinted features of SARS-CoV-2-specific memory lymphocytes define hybrid immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren B Rodda
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Peter A Morawski
- Center for Fundamental Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Kurt B Pruner
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Mitchell L Fahning
- Center for Fundamental Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Christian A Howard
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Nicholas Franko
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jennifer Logue
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Julie Eggenberger
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Caleb Stokes
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Inah Golez
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Malika Hale
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Michael Gale
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Helen Y Chu
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Daniel J Campbell
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Center for Fundamental Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Marion Pepper
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
106
|
Prevalence of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies and Potential Determinants among the Belgian Adult Population: Baseline Results of a Prospective Cohort Study. Viruses 2022; 14:v14050920. [PMID: 35632663 PMCID: PMC9147735 DOI: 10.3390/v14050920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and potential determinants were assessed in a random sample representative of the Belgian adult population. In total, 14,201 individuals (≥18 years) were invited by mail to provide saliva via an Oracol® swab. Survey weights were applied, and potential determinants were estimated using multivariable logistic regressions. Between March and August 2021, 2767 individuals participated in the first data collection. During this period, which coincided with the onset of the vaccination campaign, the seroprevalence in the population increased from 25.2% in March/April to 78.1% in July. Among the vaccinated there was an increase from 74,2% to 98.8%; among the unvaccinated, the seroprevalence remained stable (around 17%). Among the vaccinated, factors significantly associated with the presence of antibodies were: having at least one chronic disease (ORa 0.22 (95% CI 0.08–0.62)), having received an mRNA-type vaccine (ORa 5.38 (95% CI 1.72–16.80)), and having received an influenza vaccine in 2020–2021 (ORa 3.79 (95% CI 1.30–11.07)). Among the unvaccinated, having a non-O blood type (ORa 2.00 (95% CI 1.09–3.67)) and having one or more positive COVID-19 tests (ORa 11.04 (95% CI 4.69–26.02)) were significantly associated. This study provides a better understanding of vaccine- and/or natural-induced presence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and factors that are associated with this presence.
Collapse
|
107
|
Lechmere T, Snell LB, Graham C, Seow J, Shalim ZA, Charalampous T, Alcolea-Medina A, Batra R, Nebbia G, Edgeworth JD, Malim MH, Doores KJ. Broad Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 Variants, Including Omicron, following Breakthrough Infection with Delta in COVID-19-Vaccinated Individuals. mBio 2022; 13:e0379821. [PMID: 35297676 PMCID: PMC9040729 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03798-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have shown that a prior SARS-CoV-2 infection can greatly enhance the antibody response to COVID-19 vaccination, with this so called "hybrid immunity" leading to greater neutralization breadth against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. However, little is known about how breakthrough infection (BTI) in COVID-19-vaccinated individuals will impact the magnitude and breadth of the neutralizing antibody response. Here, we compared neutralizing antibody responses between unvaccinated and COVID-19-double-vaccinated individuals (including both AZD1222 and BNT162b2 vaccinees) who have been infected with the Delta (B.1.617.2) variant. Rapid production of spike-reactive IgG was observed in the vaccinated group, providing evidence of effective vaccine priming. Overall, potent cross-neutralizing activity against current SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern was observed in the BTI group compared to the infection group, including neutralization of the Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant. This study provides important insights into population immunity where transmission levels remain high and in the context of new or emerging variants of concern. IMPORTANCE COVID-19 vaccines have been vital in controlling SARS-CoV-2 infections and reducing hospitalizations. However, breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infections (BTI) occur in some vaccinated individuals. Here, we study how BTI impacts on the potency and the breadth of the neutralizing antibody response. We show that a Delta infection in COVID-19-vaccinated individuals provides potent neutralization against the current SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern, including the Omicron variant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lechmere
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Luke B. Snell
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carl Graham
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey Seow
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Zayed A. Shalim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Themoula Charalampous
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adela Alcolea-Medina
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rahul Batra
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gaia Nebbia
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan D. Edgeworth
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael H. Malim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katie J. Doores
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
108
|
The impact of COVID-19 vaccines on the Case Fatality Rate: The importance of monitoring breakthrough infections. Int J Infect Dis 2022; 119:178-183. [PMID: 35398301 PMCID: PMC8983479 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aimed to test the behavior of the case fatality rate (CFR) in a mixed population of vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals by illustrating the role of both the effectiveness of vaccines in preventing deaths and the detection of infections among both the vaccinated (breakthrough infections) and unvaccinated individuals. Methods We simulated three hypothetical CFR scenarios that resulted from a different combination of vaccine effectiveness in preventing deaths and the efforts in detecting infections among both the vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals. Results In the presence of vaccines, the CFR depends not only on the effectiveness of vaccines in preventing deaths but also on the detection of breakthrough infections. As a result, a decline in the CFR may not imply that vaccines are effective in reducing deaths. Likewise, a constant CFR can still mean that vaccines are effective in reducing deaths. Conclusions Unless vaccinated people are also tested for COVID-19 infection, the CFR loses its meaning in tracking the pandemic. This shows that unless efforts are directed at detecting breakthrough infections, it is hard to disentangle the effect of vaccines in reducing deaths from the probability of detecting infections on the CFR.
Collapse
|
109
|
Leung K, Jit M, Leung GM, Wu JT. The allocation of COVID-19 vaccines and antivirals against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern in East Asia and Pacific region: A modelling study. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. WESTERN PACIFIC 2022; 21:100389. [PMID: 35132397 PMCID: PMC8810205 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2022.100389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In view of emerging variants of concern (VOCs), we aimed to evaluate the impact of various allocation strategies of COVID-19 vaccines and antiviral such that the pandemic exit strategy could be tailored to risks and preferences of jurisdictions in the East Asia and Pacific region (EAP) to improve its efficiency and effectiveness. METHODS Vaccine efficacies were estimated from the titre distributions of 50% plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT50), assuming that PRNT50 titres of primary vaccination decreased by 2-10 folds due to antibody waning and emergence of VOCs, and an additional dose of vaccine would increase PRNT50 titres by 3- or 9-fold. We then used an existing SARS-CoV-2 transmission model to assess the outcomes of vaccine allocation strategies with and without the use of antivirals for symptomatic patients in Japan, Hong Kong, and Vietnam. FINDINGS Increasing primary vaccination coverage was the most important contributing factor in reducing the total and peak number of COVID-19 hospitalisations, especially when population vaccine coverage or vaccine uptake among older adults was low. Providing antivirals to 50% of symptomatic infections only further reduced total and peak hospitalisations by 10-13%. The effectiveness of an additional dose of vaccine was highly dependent on the immune escape potential of VOCs and antibody waning, but less dependent on the boosting efficacy of the additional dose. INTERPRETATION Increasing primary vaccination coverage should be prioritised in the design of allocation strategies of COVID-19 vaccines and antivirals against emerging VOCs, such as Omicron, in the EAP region. Heterologous vaccination with any available vaccine as the additional dose could be considered when planning pandemic exit strategies tailored to the circumstances of EAP jurisdictions. FUNDING Health and Medical Research Fund, General Research Fund, AIR@InnoHK.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathy Leung
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health Limited (D4H), Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Mark Jit
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health Limited (D4H), Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Gabriel M Leung
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health Limited (D4H), Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Joseph T Wu
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health Limited (D4H), Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China
| |
Collapse
|
110
|
Hüls A, Feany PT, Zisman SI, Costa ACS, Dierssen M, Balogh R, Bargagna S, Baumer NT, Brandão AC, Carfi A, Chicoine BA, Ghosh S, Lakhanpaul M, Levin J, Lunsky Y, Manso C, Okun E, Real de Asua D, Rebillat AS, Rohrer TR, Sgandurra G, Valentini D, Sherman SL, Strydom A. COVID-19 Vaccination of Individuals with Down Syndrome-Data from the Trisomy 21 Research Society Survey on Safety, Efficacy, and Factors Associated with the Decision to Be Vaccinated. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:530. [PMID: 35455279 PMCID: PMC9030605 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10040530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) are among the groups with the highest risk for severe COVID-19. Better understanding of the efficacy and risks of COVID-19 vaccines for individuals with DS may help improve uptake of vaccination. The T21RS COVID-19 Initiative launched an international survey to obtain information on safety and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines for individuals with DS. De-identified survey data collected between March and December 2021 were analyzed. Of 2172 individuals with DS, 1973 (91%) had received at least one vaccine dose (57% BNT162b2), 107 (5%) were unvaccinated by choice, and 92 (4%) were unvaccinated for other reasons. Most participants had either no side effects (54%) or mild ones such as pain at the injection site (29%), fatigue (12%), and fever (7%). Severe side effects occurred in <0.5% of participants. About 1% of the vaccinated individuals with DS contracted COVID-19 after vaccination, and all recovered. Individuals with DS who were unvaccinated by choice were more likely to be younger, previously recovered from COVID-19, and also unvaccinated against other recommended vaccines. COVID-19 vaccines have been shown to be safe for individuals with DS and effective in terms of resulting in minimal breakthrough infections and milder disease outcomes among fully vaccinated individuals with DS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anke Hüls
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Patrick T. Feany
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
| | | | - Alberto C. S. Costa
- Department of Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Mara Dierssen
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08016 Barcelona, Spain;
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08016 Barcelona, Spain
- Centrode Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 08016 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Robert Balogh
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, ON L1G 0C5, Canada;
| | - Stefania Bargagna
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, 56128 Calambrone, Italy; (S.B.); (G.S.)
| | - Nicole T. Baumer
- Department of Neurology, Division of Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | | | - Angelo Carfi
- Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00100 Rome, Italy;
| | | | - Sujay Ghosh
- Cytogenetics and Genomics Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700073, India;
| | - Monica Lakhanpaul
- Department of Population Policy and Practice, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College, London WC1N 1EH, UK;
- Community Paediatrics, Whittington Health NHS, London N19 5NF, UK
| | - Johannes Levin
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539 Munich, Germany;
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Site Munich, 53127 Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Yona Lunsky
- Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, CAMH, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada;
| | | | - Eitan Okun
- The Paul Feder Laboratory on Alzheimer’s Disease Research, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel;
- The Gonda Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Diego Real de Asua
- Department of Internal Medicine and Instituto de Investigación Biomédica-La Princesa, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, 28001 Madrid, Spain;
| | | | - Tilman R. Rohrer
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Saarland University Medical Center, 66424 Homburg, Germany;
| | - Giuseppina Sgandurra
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, 56128 Calambrone, Italy; (S.B.); (G.S.)
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Diletta Valentini
- Pediatric Unit, Pediatric Emergency Department, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy;
| | - Stephanie L. Sherman
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
| | - Andre Strydom
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London SE5 8AZ, UK; (S.I.Z.); (A.S.)
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AB, UK
- The London Down Syndrome (LonDownS) Consortium, London SE5 8AB, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
111
|
Chibwana MG, Moyo-Gwete T, Kwatra G, Mandolo J, Hermanaus T, Motlou T, Mzindle N, Ayres F, Chaponda M, Tembo G, Mwenechanya P, Mitole N, Jassi C, Kamng'ona R, Afran L, Mzinza D, Mwandumba HC, Gordon SB, Jere K, Madhi S, Moore PL, Heyderman RS, Jambo KC. AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine induces robust broadly cross-reactive antibody responses in Malawian adults previously infected with SARS-CoV-2. BMC Med 2022; 20:128. [PMID: 35346184 PMCID: PMC8958481 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-022-02342-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Binding and neutralising anti-Spike antibodies play a key role in immune defence against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Since it is known that antibodies wane with time and new immune-evasive variants are emerging, we aimed to assess the dynamics of anti-Spike antibodies in an African adult population with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection and to determine the effect of subsequent COVID-19 vaccination. METHODS Using a prospective cohort design, we recruited adults with prior laboratory-confirmed mild/moderate COVID-19 in Blantyre, Malawi, and followed them up for 270 days (n = 52). A subset of whom subsequently received a single dose of the AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine (ChAdOx nCov-19) (n = 12). We measured the serum concentrations of anti-Spike and receptor-binding domain (RBD) IgG antibodies using a Luminex-based assay. Anti-RBD antibody cross-reactivity across SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOC) was measured using a haemagglutination test. A pseudovirus neutralisation assay was used to measure neutralisation titres across VOCs. Ordinary or repeated measures one-way ANOVA was used to compare log10 transformed data, with p value adjusted for multiple comparison using Šídák's or Holm-Šídák's test. RESULTS We show that neutralising antibodies wane within 6 months post mild/moderate SARS-CoV-2 infection (30-60 days vs. 210-270 days; Log ID50 6.8 vs. 5.3, p = 0.0093). High levels of binding anti-Spike or anti-RBD antibodies in convalescent serum were associated with potent neutralisation activity against the homologous infecting strain (p < 0.0001). A single dose of the AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine following mild/moderate SARS-CoV-2 infection induced a 2 to 3-fold increase in anti-Spike and -RBD IgG levels 30 days post-vaccination (both, p < 0.0001). The anti-RBD IgG antibodies from these vaccinated individuals were broadly cross-reactive against multiple VOCs and had neutralisation potency against original D614G, beta, and delta variants. CONCLUSIONS These findings show that the AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine is an effective booster for waning cross-variant antibody immunity after initial priming with SARS-CoV-2 infection. The potency of hybrid immunity and its potential to maximise the benefits of COVID-19 vaccines needs to be taken into consideration when formulating vaccination policies in sub-Saharan Africa, where there is still limited access to vaccine doses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marah G Chibwana
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research programme (MLW), Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Thandeka Moyo-Gwete
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
- MRC Antibody Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Gaurav Kwatra
- Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Science/ National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases, University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Health Science, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Jonathan Mandolo
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research programme (MLW), Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Tandile Hermanaus
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
- MRC Antibody Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Thopisang Motlou
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
- MRC Antibody Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nonkululeko Mzindle
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
- MRC Antibody Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Frances Ayres
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
- MRC Antibody Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Mphatso Chaponda
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research programme (MLW), Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Godwin Tembo
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research programme (MLW), Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Percy Mwenechanya
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research programme (MLW), Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Ndaona Mitole
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research programme (MLW), Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Chisomo Jassi
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research programme (MLW), Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Raphael Kamng'ona
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research programme (MLW), Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Louise Afran
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research programme (MLW), Blantyre, Malawi
| | - David Mzinza
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research programme (MLW), Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Henry C Mwandumba
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research programme (MLW), Blantyre, Malawi
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Stephen B Gordon
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research programme (MLW), Blantyre, Malawi
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Khuzwayo Jere
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research programme (MLW), Blantyre, Malawi
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Shabir Madhi
- Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Science/ National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases, University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Health Science, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Penny L Moore
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
- MRC Antibody Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Robert S Heyderman
- NIHR Global Health Research Unit on Mucosal Pathogens, Research Department of Infection, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kondwani C Jambo
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research programme (MLW), Blantyre, Malawi.
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
112
|
GeurtsvanKessel CH, Geers D, Schmitz KS, Mykytyn AZ, Lamers MM, Bogers S, Scherbeijn S, Gommers L, Sablerolles RS, Nieuwkoop NN, Rijsbergen LC, van Dijk LL, de Wilde J, Alblas K, Breugem TI, Rijnders BJ, de Jager H, Weiskopf D, van der Kuy PHM, Sette A, Koopmans MP, Grifoni A, Haagmans BL, de Vries RD. Divergent SARS-CoV-2 Omicron-reactive T and B cell responses in COVID-19 vaccine recipients. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabo2202. [PMID: 35113647 PMCID: PMC8939771 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abo2202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 134.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory distress syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron variant is spreading rapidly, even in vaccinated individuals, raising concerns about immune escape. Here, we studied neutralizing antibodies and T cell responses targeting SARS-CoV-2 D614G [wild type (WT)] and the Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants of concern in a cohort of 60 health care workers after immunization with ChAdOx-1 S, Ad26.COV2.S, mRNA-1273, or BNT162b2. High binding antibody levels against WT SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) were detected 28 days after vaccination with both mRNA vaccines (mRNA-1273 or BNT162b2), which substantially decreased after 6 months. In contrast, antibody levels were lower after Ad26.COV2.S vaccination but did not wane. Neutralization assays showed consistent cross-neutralization of the Beta and Delta variants, but neutralization of Omicron was significantly lower or absent. BNT162b2 booster vaccination after either two mRNA-1273 immunizations or Ad26.COV2 priming partially restored neutralization of the Omicron variant, but responses were still up to 17-fold decreased compared with WT. SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells were detected up to 6 months after all vaccination regimens, with more consistent detection of specific CD4+ than CD8+ T cells. No significant differences were detected between WT- and variant-specific CD4+ or CD8+ T cell responses, including Omicron, indicating minimal escape at the T cell level. This study shows that vaccinated individuals retain T cell immunity to the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant, potentially balancing the lack of neutralizing antibodies in preventing or limiting severe COVID-19. Booster vaccinations are needed to further restore Omicron cross-neutralization by antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daryl Geers
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Anna Z. Mykytyn
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mart M Lamers
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Susanne Bogers
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Lennert Gommers
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Janet de Wilde
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kimberley Alblas
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tim I. Breugem
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bart J.A. Rijnders
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Herbert de Jager
- Department of Occupational Health Services, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Alba Grifoni
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Bart L. Haagmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rory D. de Vries
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
113
|
Oyaert M, De Scheerder MA, Van Herrewege S, Laureys G, Van Assche S, Cambron M, Naesens L, Hoste L, Claes K, Haerynck F, Kerre T, Van Laecke S, Van Biesen W, Jacques P, Verhasselt B, Padalko E. Evaluation of Humoral and Cellular Responses in SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccinated Immunocompromised Patients. Front Immunol 2022; 13:858399. [PMID: 35401575 PMCID: PMC8988283 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.858399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immunocompromised patients are at increased risk of severe COVID-19 and impaired vaccine response. In this observational prospective study, we evaluated immunogenicity of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine in cohorts of primary or secondary immunocompromised patients. Methods Five clinical groups of immunocompromised patients [primary immunodeficiency (PID) (n=57), people living with HIV (PLWH) (n=27), secondary immunocompromised patients with a broad variety of underlying rheumatologic (n=23) and homogeneous (multiple sclerosis) neurologic (n=53) conditions and chronic kidney disease (CKD) (n=39)] as well as a healthy control group (n=54) were included. Systemic humoral and cellular immune responses were evaluated by determination of anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike antibodies using a TrimericS IgG assay (Diasorin) and through quantification of interferon gamma release in response to SARS-CoV-2 antigen with QuantiFERON SARS-CoV-2 assay (Qiagen), respectively. Responses were measured at pre-defined time-points after complete vaccination. Results All healthy controls, PLWH and CKD-patients had detectable antibodies 10 to 14 days (T2) and 3 months (T3) after administration of the second vaccination. In contrast, only 94.5% of the PID, 50.0% of the rheumatologic and 48.0% of neurologic patients developed antibodies at T2 and only 89.1% of the PID, 52.4% of the rheumatologic and 50.0% of neurologic patients developed antibodies at T3. At T3 no significant differences in cellular response between the healthy control group and the PLWH and CKD groups were found, while proportions of reactive subjects were lower in PID and rheumatologic patients and higher in neurologic patients. Humoral and cellular immune responses significantly correlated in the healthy control, PID, PLWH groups for all 3 antigens. Conclusion Patients with acquired or inherited immune disorders may show variable immune responses to vaccination with the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. Whether humoral, cellular or both immune responses are delayed depends on the patient group, therapy and individual risk factors. These data may guide the counselling of patients with immune disorders regarding vaccination of SARS-CoV-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthijs Oyaert
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Sophie Van Herrewege
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Guy Laureys
- Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sofie Van Assche
- Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Melissa Cambron
- Department of Neurology, Algemeen Ziekenhuis (AZ) Sint-Jan Brugge Oostende, Bruges, Belgium
| | - Leslie Naesens
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Primary Immunodeficiency Research Lab, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Levi Hoste
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Primary Immunodeficiency Research Lab, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karlien Claes
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Primary Immunodeficiency Research Lab, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Filomeen Haerynck
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Primary Immunodeficiency Research Lab, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tessa Kerre
- Department of Haematology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Wim Van Biesen
- Department of Nephrology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peggy Jacques
- Department of Rheumatology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bruno Verhasselt
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Elizaveta Padalko
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
114
|
Hassan SS, Kodakandla V, Redwan EM, Lundstrom K, Pal Choudhury P, Abd El-Aziz TM, Takayama K, Kandimalla R, Lal A, Serrano-Aroca Á, Azad GK, Aljabali AA, Palù G, Chauhan G, Adadi P, Tambuwala M, Brufsky AM, Baetas-da-Cruz W, Barh D, Azevedo V, Bazan NG, Andrade BS, Santana Silva RJ, Uversky VN. An issue of concern: unique truncated ORF8 protein variants of SARS-CoV-2. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13136. [PMID: 35341060 PMCID: PMC8944340 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Open reading frame 8 (ORF8) shows one of the highest levels of variability among accessory proteins in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). It was previously reported that the ORF8 protein inhibits the presentation of viral antigens by the major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I), which interacts with host factors involved in pulmonary inflammation. The ORF8 protein assists SARS-CoV-2 in evading immunity and plays a role in SARS-CoV-2 replication. Among many contributing mutations, Q27STOP, a mutation in the ORF8 protein, defines the B.1.1.7 lineage of SARS-CoV-2, engendering the second wave of COVID-19. In the present study, 47 unique truncated ORF8 proteins (T-ORF8) with the Q27STOP mutations were identified among 49,055 available B.1.1.7 SARS-CoV-2 sequences. The results show that only one of the 47 T-ORF8 variants spread to over 57 geo-locations in North America, and other continents, which include Africa, Asia, Europe and South America. Based on various quantitative features, such as amino acid homology, polar/non-polar sequence homology, Shannon entropy conservation, and other physicochemical properties of all specific 47 T-ORF8 protein variants, nine possible T-ORF8 unique variants were defined. The question as to whether T-ORF8 variants function similarly to the wild type ORF8 is yet to be investigated. A positive response to the question could exacerbate future COVID-19 waves, necessitating severe containment measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sk. Sarif Hassan
- Department of Mathematics, Pingla Thana Mahavidyalaya, Maligram, India
| | - Vaishnavi Kodakandla
- Department of Life sciences, Sophia College For Women, University of Mumbai, Mumbai, India
| | - Elrashdy M. Redwan
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biological Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Tarek Mohamed Abd El-Aziz
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Kazuo Takayama
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ramesh Kandimalla
- Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Amos Lal
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Ángel Serrano-Aroca
- Biomaterials and Bioengineering Lab, Centro de Investigacion Traslacional San Alberto Magno, Universidad Catolica de Valencia San Vicente Martir, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Alaa A.A. Aljabali
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Giorgio Palù
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Gaurav Chauhan
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Parise Adadi
- Department of Food Science, University of Otago, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Murtaza Tambuwala
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
| | - Adam M. Brufsky
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Wagner Baetas-da-Cruz
- Translational Laboratory in Molecular Physiology, Centre for Experimental Surgery, College of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Debmalya Barh
- Centre for Genomics and Applied Gene Technology, Institute of Integrative Omics and 46 Applied Biotechnology (IIOAB), Nonakuri, India
| | - Vasco Azevedo
- Departamento de Genetica, Ecologia e Evolucao, Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Nikolas G. Bazan
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, LSU Health New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Bruno Silva Andrade
- Laboratório de Bioinformática e Química Computacional, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Jequié, Brazil
| | - Raner José Santana Silva
- Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas (DCB), Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Genetica e Biologia Molecular (PPGGBM), Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilheus, Brazil
| | - Vladimir N. Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
115
|
Lin S, Kennedy NA, Saifuddin A, Sandoval DM, Reynolds CJ, Seoane RC, Kottoor SH, Pieper FP, Lin KM, Butler DK, Chanchlani N, Nice R, Chee D, Bewshea C, Janjua M, McDonald TJ, Sebastian S, Alexander JL, Constable L, Lee JC, Murray CD, Hart AL, Irving PM, Jones GR, Kok KB, Lamb CA, Lees CW, Altmann DM, Boyton RJ, Goodhand JR, Powell N, Ahmad T. Antibody decay, T cell immunity and breakthrough infections following two SARS-CoV-2 vaccine doses in inflammatory bowel disease patients treated with infliximab and vedolizumab. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1379. [PMID: 35296643 PMCID: PMC8927425 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28517-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti tumour necrosis factor (anti-TNF) drugs increase the risk of serious respiratory infection and impair protective immunity following pneumococcal and influenza vaccination. Here we report SARS-CoV-2 vaccine-induced immune responses and breakthrough infections in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, who are treated either with the anti-TNF antibody, infliximab, or with vedolizumab targeting a gut-specific anti-integrin that does not impair systemic immunity. Geometric mean [SD] anti-S RBD antibody concentrations are lower and half-lives shorter in patients treated with infliximab than vedolizumab, following two doses of BNT162b2 (566.7 U/mL [6.2] vs 4555.3 U/mL [5.4], p <0.0001; 26.8 days [95% CI 26.2 - 27.5] vs 47.6 days [45.5 - 49.8], p <0.0001); similar results are also observed with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination (184.7 U/mL [5.0] vs 784.0 U/mL [3.5], p <0.0001; 35.9 days [34.9 - 36.8] vs 58.0 days [55.0 - 61.3], p value < 0.0001). One fifth of patients fail to mount a T cell response in both treatment groups. Breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infections are more frequent (5.8% (201/3441) vs 3.9% (66/1682), p = 0.0039) in patients treated with infliximab than vedolizumab, and the risk of breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection is predicted by peak anti-S RBD antibody concentration after two vaccine doses. Irrespective of the treatments, higher, more sustained antibody levels are observed in patients with a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection prior to vaccination. Our results thus suggest that adapted vaccination schedules may be required to induce immunity in at-risk, anti-TNF-treated patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simeng Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
- Exeter Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Pharmacogenetics Research Group, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Nicholas A Kennedy
- Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
- Exeter Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Pharmacogenetics Research Group, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Aamir Saifuddin
- Department of Gastroenterology, St Marks Hospital and Academic Institute, London, UK
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Rocio Castro Seoane
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sherine H Kottoor
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Kai-Min Lin
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - David K Butler
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Neil Chanchlani
- Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
- Exeter Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Pharmacogenetics Research Group, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Rachel Nice
- Exeter Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Pharmacogenetics Research Group, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, Exeter Clinical Laboratory International, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Desmond Chee
- Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
- Exeter Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Pharmacogenetics Research Group, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Claire Bewshea
- Exeter Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Pharmacogenetics Research Group, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Malik Janjua
- Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
- Exeter Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Pharmacogenetics Research Group, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Timothy J McDonald
- Department of Biochemistry, Exeter Clinical Laboratory International, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Shaji Sebastian
- IBD Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, Hull University Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Hull, UK
- Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - James L Alexander
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Gastroenterology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Laura Constable
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - James C Lee
- Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Genetic Mechanisms of Disease Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Charles D Murray
- Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Ailsa L Hart
- Department of Gastroenterology, St Marks Hospital and Academic Institute, London, UK
| | - Peter M Irving
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Gareth-Rhys Jones
- Department of Gastroenterology, Western General Hospital, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Klaartje B Kok
- Department of Gastroenterology, Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Christopher A Lamb
- Department of Gastroenterology, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Translational & Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Charlie W Lees
- Department of Gastroenterology, Western General Hospital, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK
- Institute of Genetic and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Daniel M Altmann
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rosemary J Boyton
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Lung Division, Royal Brompton Hospital and Harefield Hospitals, London, UK
| | - James R Goodhand
- Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
- Exeter Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Pharmacogenetics Research Group, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Nick Powell
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Gastroenterology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Tariq Ahmad
- Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK.
- Exeter Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Pharmacogenetics Research Group, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
116
|
Abstract
A study by Kitchin, Richardson et al. finds that breakthrough infection with the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant in Ad26.COV2.S-vaccinated individuals induces strong neutralizing antibody responses against multiple variants, including the Omicron variant.
Collapse
|
117
|
Abstract
A diverse array of successful, first-generation SARS-CoV-2 vaccines have played a huge role in efforts to bring the COVID-19 pandemic under control, even though inequitable distribution still leaves many vulnerable. Additional challenges loom for the next phase. These include optimizing the immunological rationale for boosting-how often and with what-and the best approaches for building a future-proofed, durable immune repertoire to protect against oncoming viral variants, including in children. The landscape of vaccine producers and technologies is likely to become even more heterogeneous. There is a need now for appraisal of future approaches: While some favor frequent boosting with the first-generation, ancestral spike vaccines, others propose frequent readjustment using current variant sequences, polyvalent vaccines, or pan-coronavirus strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Altmann
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Rosemary J Boyton
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Lung Division, Royal Brompton & Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
118
|
Torres-Estrella CU, Reyes-Montes MDR, Duarte-Escalante E, Sierra Martínez M, Frías-De-León MG, Acosta-Altamirano G. Vaccines Against COVID-19: A Review. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10030414. [PMID: 35335046 PMCID: PMC8953736 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10030414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, various joint efforts have been made to support the creation of vaccines. Different projects have been under development, of which some are in the clinical evaluation stage and others in are in phase III with positive results. The aim of this paper was to describe the current situation of the development and production of vaccines available to the population to facilitate future research and continue developing and proposing ideas for the benefit of the population. So, we carried out a systematic review using databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, SciELO, and MEDLINE, including keywords such as “vaccines,” “COVID-19,” and “SARS-CoV-2”. We reviewed the development and production of the anti-COVID vaccine and its different platforms, the background leading to the massive development of these substances, and the most basic immune aspects for a better understanding of their physiological activity and the immune response in those who receive the vaccine. We also analyzed immunization effects in populations with any medical or physiological conditions (such as immunosuppression, people with comorbidities, and pregnancy), as well as the response to immunization with heterologous vaccines and the hybrid immunity (the combination of natural immunity to SARS-CoV-2 with immunity generated by the vaccine). Likewise, we address the current situation in Mexico and its role in managing the vaccination process against SARS-CoV-2 at the national and international levels. There are still many clinical and molecular aspects to be described, such as the duration of active immunity and the development of immunological memory, to mention some of the most important ones. However, due to the short time since the global vaccination roll-out and that it has been progressive (not counting children and people with medical conditions), it is premature to say whether a second vaccination schedule will be necessary for the near future. Thus, it is essential to continue with health measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos U. Torres-Estrella
- Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Ixtapaluca, Ciudad de México PC 56530, Mexico; (C.U.T.-E.); (M.S.M.); (M.G.F.-D.-L.)
- Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Ciudad de México PC 07340, Mexico
| | - María del Rocío Reyes-Montes
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México PC 04510, Mexico; (M.d.R.R.-M.); (E.D.-E.)
| | - Esperanza Duarte-Escalante
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México PC 04510, Mexico; (M.d.R.R.-M.); (E.D.-E.)
| | - Mónica Sierra Martínez
- Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Ixtapaluca, Ciudad de México PC 56530, Mexico; (C.U.T.-E.); (M.S.M.); (M.G.F.-D.-L.)
| | - María Guadalupe Frías-De-León
- Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Ixtapaluca, Ciudad de México PC 56530, Mexico; (C.U.T.-E.); (M.S.M.); (M.G.F.-D.-L.)
| | - Gustavo Acosta-Altamirano
- Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Ixtapaluca, Ciudad de México PC 56530, Mexico; (C.U.T.-E.); (M.S.M.); (M.G.F.-D.-L.)
- Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Ciudad de México PC 11340, Mexico
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
119
|
Zhang Y, Zhang H, Zhang W. SARS-CoV-2 variants, immune escape, and countermeasures. Front Med 2022; 16:196-207. [PMID: 35253097 PMCID: PMC8898658 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-021-0906-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a global pandemic disease. SARS-CoV-2 variants have aroused great concern and are expected to continue spreading. Although many countries have promoted roll-out vaccination, the immune barrier has not yet been fully established, indicating that populations remain susceptible to infection. In this review, we summarize the literature on variants of concern and focus on the changes in their transmissibility, pathogenicity, and resistance to the immunity constructed by current vaccines. Furthermore, we analyzed relationships between variants and breakthrough infections, as well as the paradigm of new variants in countries with high vaccination rates. Terminating transmission, continuing to strengthen variant surveillance, and combining nonpharmaceutical intervention measures and vaccines are necessary to control these variants.
Collapse
|
120
|
Noori M, Nejadghaderi SA, Arshi S, Carson‐Chahhoud K, Ansarin K, Kolahi A, Safiri S. Potency of BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 vaccine-induced neutralizing antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome-CoV-2 variants of concern: A systematic review of in vitro studies. Rev Med Virol 2022; 32:e2277. [PMID: 34286893 PMCID: PMC8420542 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 are two types of mRNA-based vaccine platforms that have received emergency use authorization. The emergence of novel severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2) variants has raised concerns of reduced sensitivity to neutralization by their elicited antibodies. We aimed to systematically review the most recent in vitro studies evaluating the effectiveness of BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 induced neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. We searched PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science in addition to bioRxiv and medRxiv with terms including 'SARS-CoV-2', 'BNT162b2', 'mRNA-1273', and 'neutralizing antibody' up to June 29, 2021. A modified version of the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) checklist was used for assessing included study quality. A total 36 in vitro studies meeting the eligibility criteria were included in this systematic review. B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.351 (Beta), P.1 (Gamma), and B.1.617.2 (Delta) are four SARS-CoV-2 variants that have recently been identified as variants of concern. Included studies implemented different methods regarding pseudovirus or live virus neutralization assays for measuring neutralization titres against utilized viruses. After two dose vaccination by BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273, the B.1.351 variant had the least sensitivity to neutralizing antibodies, while B.1.1.7 variant had the most sensitivity; that is, it was better neutralized relative to the comparator strain. P.1 and B.1.617.2 variants had an intermediate level of impaired naturalization activity of antibodies elicited by prior vaccination. Our review suggests that immune sera derived from vaccinated individuals might show reduced protection of individuals immunized with mRNA vaccines against more recent SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Noori
- Student Research CommitteeSchool of MedicineIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi
- School of MedicineShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
- Systematic Review and Meta‐analysis Expert Group (SRMEG)Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN)TehranIran
| | - Shahnam Arshi
- Social Determinants of Health Research CenterShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Kristin Carson‐Chahhoud
- Australian Centre for Precision HealthAllied Health and Human PerformanceUniversity of South AustraliaSouth AustraliaAustralia
- School of MedicineThe University of AdelaideAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Khalil Ansarin
- Rahat Breath and Sleep Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Ali‐Asghar Kolahi
- Social Determinants of Health Research CenterShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Saeid Safiri
- Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Department of Community MedicineFaculty of MedicineTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| |
Collapse
|
121
|
Pontarotti P, Paganini J. COVID-19 Pandemic: Escape of Pathogenic Variants and MHC Evolution. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052665. [PMID: 35269808 PMCID: PMC8910380 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We propose a new hypothesis that explains the maintenance and evolution of MHC polymorphism. It is based on two phenomena: the constitution of the repertoire of naive T lymphocytes and the evolution of the pathogen and its impact on the immune memory of T lymphocytes. Concerning the latter, pathogen evolution will have a different impact on reinfection depending on the MHC allomorph. If a mutation occurs in a given region, in the case of MHC allotypes, which do not recognize the peptide in this region, the mutation will have no impact on the memory repertoire. In the case where the MHC allomorph binds to the ancestral peptides and not to the mutated peptide, that individual will have a higher chance of being reinfected. This difference in fitness will lead to a variation of the allele frequency in the next generation. Data from the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic already support a significant part of this hypothesis and following up on these data may enable it to be confirmed. This hypothesis could explain why some individuals after vaccination respond less well than others to variants and leads to predict the probability of reinfection after a first infection depending upon the variant and the HLA allomorph.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Pontarotti
- Evolutionary Biology Team, MEPHI, Aix Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, IHU MI, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
- SNC 5039 CNRS, 13005 Marseille, France
- Xegen, 15 Rue Dominique Piazza, 13420 Gemenos, France
- Correspondence: (P.P.); (J.P.)
| | - Julien Paganini
- Xegen, 15 Rue Dominique Piazza, 13420 Gemenos, France
- Correspondence: (P.P.); (J.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
122
|
Zhuang C, Liu X, Chen Q, Sun Y, Su Y, Huang S, Wu T, Xia N. Protection Duration of COVID-19 Vaccines: Waning Effectiveness and Future Perspective. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:828806. [PMID: 35273584 PMCID: PMC8902038 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.828806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines have very successfully decreased the disease risk as we know; some key information remains unknown due to the short development history and the lack of long-term follow-up studies in vaccinated populations. One of the unanswered issues is the protection duration conferred after COVID-19 vaccination, which appears to play a pivotal role in the future impact of pathogens and is critical to inform the public health response and policy decisions. Here, we review current information on the long-term effectiveness of different COVID-19 vaccines, persistence of immunogenicity, and gaps in knowledge. Meanwhile, we also discuss the influencing factors and future study prospects on this topic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunlan Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Qi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yuxin Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingying Su
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Shoujie Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ting Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
123
|
Developing an Effective Peptide-Based Vaccine for COVID-19: Preliminary Studies in Mice Models. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030449. [PMID: 35336856 PMCID: PMC8954996 DOI: 10.3390/v14030449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused massive health and economic disasters worldwide. Although several vaccines have effectively slowed the spread of the virus, their long-term protection and effectiveness against viral variants are still uncertain. To address these potential shortcomings, this study proposes a peptide-based vaccine to prevent COVID-19. A total of 15 B cell epitopes of the wild-type severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike (S) protein were selected, and their HLA affinities predicted in silico. Peptides were divided into two groups and tested in C57BL/6 mice with either QS21 or Al(OH)3 as the adjuvant. Our results demonstrated that the peptide-based vaccine stimulated high and durable antibody responses in mice, with the T and B cell responses differing based on the type of adjuvant employed. Using epitope mapping, we showed that our peptide-based vaccine produced antibody patterns similar to those in COVID-19 convalescent individuals. Moreover, plasma from vaccinated mice and recovered COVID-19 humans had the same neutralizing activity when tested with a pseudo particle assay. Our data indicate that this adjuvant peptide-based vaccine can generate sustainable and effective B and T cell responses. Thus, we believe that our peptide-based vaccine can be a safe and effective vaccine against COVID-19, particularly because of the flexibility of including new peptides to prevent emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants and avoiding unwanted autoimmune responses.
Collapse
|
124
|
Wu M, Wall EC, Carr EJ, Harvey R, Townsley H, Mears HV, Adams L, Kjaer S, Kelly G, Warchal S, Sawyer C, Kavanagh C, Queval CJ, Ngai Y, Hatipoglu E, Ambrose K, Hindmarsh S, Beale R, Gamblin S, Howell M, Kassiotis G, Libri V, Williams B, Gandhi S, Swanton C, Bauer DL. Three-dose vaccination elicits neutralising antibodies against omicron. Lancet 2022; 399:715-717. [PMID: 35065005 PMCID: PMC8769665 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(22)00092-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Wu
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Emma C Wall
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) University College London Hospitals (UCLH) Biomedical Research Centre and NIHR UCLH Clinical Research Facility, London, UK
| | | | - Ruth Harvey
- Worldwide Influenza Centre, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Hermaleigh Townsley
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) University College London Hospitals (UCLH) Biomedical Research Centre and NIHR UCLH Clinical Research Facility, London, UK
| | | | - Lorin Adams
- Worldwide Influenza Centre, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Svend Kjaer
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Gavin Kelly
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rupert Beale
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK; University College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - George Kassiotis
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK; Department of Infectious Disease, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Vincenzo Libri
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) University College London Hospitals (UCLH) Biomedical Research Centre and NIHR UCLH Clinical Research Facility, London, UK; University College London, London, UK
| | - Bryan Williams
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) University College London Hospitals (UCLH) Biomedical Research Centre and NIHR UCLH Clinical Research Facility, London, UK; University College London, London, UK
| | - Sonia Gandhi
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK; University College London, London, UK
| | - Charles Swanton
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK; University College London, London, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
125
|
Abstract
The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus is continuously evolving, and this poses a major threat to antibody therapies and currently authorized Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines. It is therefore of utmost importance to investigate and predict the putative mutations on the spike protein that confer immune evasion. Antibodies are key components of the human immune system’s response to SARS-CoV-2, and the spike protein is a prime target of neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) as it plays critical roles in host cell recognition, fusion, and virus entry. The potency of therapeutic antibodies and vaccines partly depends on how readily the virus can escape neutralization. Recent structural and functional studies have mapped the epitope landscape of nAbs on the spike protein, which illustrates the footprints of several nAbs and the site of escape mutations. In this review, we discuss (1) the emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants; (2) the structural basis for antibody-mediated neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 and nAb classification; and (3) identification of the RBD escape mutations for several antibodies that resist antibody binding and neutralization. These escape maps are a valuable tool to predict SARS-CoV-2 fitness, and in conjunction with the structures of the spike-nAb complex, they can be utilized to facilitate the rational design of escape-resistant antibody therapeutics and vaccines.
Collapse
|
126
|
Humoral and Cellular Responses to COVID-19 Vaccines in SARS-CoV-2 Infection-Naïve and -Recovered Korean Individuals. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10020332. [PMID: 35214791 PMCID: PMC8878120 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10020332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the face of a global COVID-19 vaccine shortage, an efficient vaccination strategy is required. Therefore, the immunogenicity of single or double COVID-19 vaccination doses (ChAdOX1, BNT162b2, or mRNA-1273) of SARS-CoV-2-recovered individuals was compared to that of unvaccinated individuals with SARS-CoV-2 infection at least one year post-convalescence. Moreover, the immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2-naïve individuals vaccinated with a complete schedule of Ad26.CoV2.S, ChAdOX1, BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, or ChAdOX1/BNT162b2 vaccines was evaluated. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 S1 IgG antibody (S1-IgG), pseudotyped virus-neutralizing antibody titer (pVNT50), and IFN-γ ELISpot counts were measured. Humoral immune responses were significantly higher in vaccinated than in unvaccinated recovered individuals, with a 43-fold increase in the mean pVNT50 values. However, there was no significant difference in the pVNT50 and IFN-γ ELISpot values between the single- and double-dose regimens. In SARS-CoV-2-naïve individuals, antibody responses varied according to the vaccine type: BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 induced similar levels of S1-IgG to those observed in vaccinated, convalescent individuals; in contrast, pVNT50 was much lower in SARS-CoV-2-naïve vaccinees than in vaccinated recovered individuals. Therefore, a single dose of ChAdOX1, BNT162b2, or mRNA-1273 vaccines would be a good alternative for recovered individuals instead of a double-dose regimen.
Collapse
|
127
|
Performance comparison of a flow cytometry immunoassay for intracellular cytokine staining and the QuantiFERON® SARS-CoV-2 test for detection and quantification of SARS-CoV-2-Spike-reactive-IFN-γ-producing T cells after COVID-19 vaccination. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2022; 41:657-662. [PMID: 35165804 PMCID: PMC8853233 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-022-04422-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Purpose We compared the performance of an in-house-developed flow cytometry assay for intracellular cytokine staining (FC-ICS) and a commercially-available cytokine release assay (the QuantiFERON® SARS-CoV-2 Test [QF]) for detection and quantification of SARS-CoV-2-Spike (S)-reactive-IFN-γ-producing T cells after COVID-19 vaccination. Patients and methods The sample included 141 individuals (all male; median age, 42 years; 20–72) who had been fully vaccinated with the Comirnaty® COVID-19 vaccine (at a median of 114 days; 34–145). Prior to vaccination, 91 were categorized as being SARS-CoV-2-naïve and 50 as SARS-CoV-2-experienced. A whole blood-based FC-ICS using 15-mer overlapping peptides encompassing the entire SARS-CoV-2 S protein was used for enumeration of virus-specific IFN-γ-producing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. The QF test (Ag1 for CD4+ T cells and Ag2 for CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in combination) was carried out following the manufacturer’s instructions. Results The FC-ICS and the QF assays returned significantly discordant qualitative results in both the entire cohort (P<0.001 with QF Ag1 and QF Ag2) and in SARS-CoV-2-naïve participants alone (P=0.005 and P=0.01, respectively). Discrepant results mostly involved FC-ICS positive/QF negative specimens. Overall, no correlation was found either between SARS-CoV-2 IFN-γ- CD4+ T-cell frequencies and IFN-γ levels measured in the QF Ag1 tube (P=0.78) or between the sum of SARS-CoV-2 IFN-γ CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell frequencies and IFN-γ levels quantified in the QF Ag2 tube. Conclusion The data suggest a greater sensitivity for the FC-ICS assay than the QF test, and urge caution when comparing SARS-CoV-2 T-cell immune responses assessed using different analytical platforms. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10096-022-04422-7.
Collapse
|
128
|
Usai C, Gibbons JM, Pade C, Li W, Jacobs SRM, McKnight Á, Kennedy PTF, Gill US. The β-NGF/TrkA Signalling Pathway Is Associated With the Production of Anti-Nucleoprotein IgG in Convalescent COVID-19. Front Immunol 2022; 12:813300. [PMID: 35095908 PMCID: PMC8795736 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.813300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The presentation of SARS-CoV-2 infection varies from asymptomatic to severe COVID-19. Similarly, high variability in the presence, titre and duration of specific antibodies has been reported. While some host factors determining these differences, such as age and ethnicity have been identified, the underlying molecular mechanisms underpinning these differences remain poorly defined. Methods We analysed serum and PBMC from 17 subjects with a previous PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and 10 unexposed volunteers following the first wave of the pandemic, in the UK. Anti-NP IgG and neutralising antibodies were measured, as well as a panel of infection and inflammation related cytokines. The virus-specific T cell response was determined by IFN-γ ELISPOT and flow cytometry after overnight incubation of PBMCs with pools of selected SARS-CoV-2 specific peptides. Results Seven of 17 convalescent subjects had undetectable levels of anti-NP IgG, and a positive correlation was shown between anti-NP IgG levels and the titre of neutralising antibodies (IC50). In contrast, a discrepancy was noted between antibody levels and T cell IFN-γ production by ELISpot following stimulation with specific peptides. Among the analysed cytokines, β-NGF and IL-1α levels were significantly different between anti-NP positive and negative subjects, and only β-NGF significantly correlated with anti-NP positivity. Interestingly, CD4+ T cells of anti-NP negative subjects expressed lower amounts of the β-NGF-specific receptor TrkA. Conclusions Our results suggest that the β-NGF/TrkA signalling pathway is associated with the production of anti-NP specific antibody in mild SARS-CoV-2 infection and the mechanistic regulation of this pathway in COVID-19 requires further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carla Usai
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph M Gibbons
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Corinna Pade
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wenhao Li
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.,Barts Health National Health Service (NHS) Trust, The Royal London Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sabina R M Jacobs
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Áine McKnight
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick T F Kennedy
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.,Barts Health National Health Service (NHS) Trust, The Royal London Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Upkar S Gill
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.,Barts Health National Health Service (NHS) Trust, The Royal London Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
129
|
Bednarski E, Del Rio Estrada PM, DaSilva J, Boukadida C, Zhang F, Luna-Villalobos YA, Rodríguez-Rangel X, Pitén-Isidro E, Luna-García E, Rivera DD, López-Sánchez DM, Tapia-Trejo D, Soto-Nava M, Astorga-Castañeda M, Martínez-Moreno JO, Urbina-Granados GS, Jiménez-Jacinto JA, Serna Alvarado FJ, Enriquez-López YE, López-Arellano O, Reyes-Teran G, Bieniasz PD, Avila-Rios S, Hatziioannou T. Antibody and memory B-cell immunity in a heterogeneously SARS-CoV-2 infected and vaccinated population. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2022. [PMID: 35169812 PMCID: PMC8845433 DOI: 10.1101/2022.02.07.22270626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Global population immunity to SARS-CoV-2 is accumulating through heterogenous combinations of infection and vaccination. Vaccine distribution in low- and middle-income countries has been variable and reliant on diverse vaccine platforms. We studied B-cell immunity in Mexico, a middle-income country where five different vaccines have been deployed to populations with high SARS-CoV-2 incidence. Levels of antibodies that bound a stabilized prefusion spike trimer, neutralizing antibody titers and memory B-cell expansion correlated with each other across vaccine platforms. Nevertheless, the vaccines elicited variable levels of B-cell immunity, and the majority of recipients had undetectable neutralizing activity against the recently emergent omicron variant. SARS-CoV-2 infection, experienced prior to or after vaccination potentiated B-cell immune responses and enabled the generation of neutralizing activity against omicron and SARS-CoV for all vaccines in nearly all individuals. These findings suggest that broad population immunity to SARS-CoV-2 will eventually be achieved, but by heterogenous paths
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Bednarski
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Perla M Del Rio Estrada
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Justin DaSilva
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Celia Boukadida
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Fengwen Zhang
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yara A Luna-Villalobos
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Ximena Rodríguez-Rangel
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Elvira Pitén-Isidro
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Edgar Luna-García
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Dafne Díaz Rivera
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Dulce M López-Sánchez
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Daniela Tapia-Trejo
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Maribel Soto-Nava
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | | | - José O Martínez-Moreno
- Jurisdicción Sanitaria Coyoacán, Servicios de Salud Pública de la Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | | | - José A Jiménez-Jacinto
- Jurisdicción Sanitaria Magdalena Contreras, Servicios de Salud Pública de la Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | | | | | | | - Gustavo Reyes-Teran
- Institutos Nacionales de Salud y Hospitales de Alta Especialidad, Secretaría de Salud de México, Mexico
| | - Paul D Bieniasz
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | - Santiago Avila-Rios
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | | |
Collapse
|
130
|
He WT, Musharrafieh R, Song G, Dueker K, Tse LV, Martinez DR, Schäfer A, Callaghan S, Yong P, Beutler N, Torres JL, Volk RM, Zhou P, Yuan M, Liu H, Anzanello F, Capozzola T, Parren M, Garcia E, Rawlings SA, Smith DM, Wilson IA, Safonova Y, Ward AB, Rogers TF, Baric RS, Gralinski LE, Burton DR, Andrabi R. Targeted isolation of panels of diverse human protective broadly neutralizing antibodies against SARS-like viruses. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2022:2021.09.08.459480. [PMID: 35169804 PMCID: PMC8845431 DOI: 10.1101/2021.09.08.459480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of current SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) and potential future spillovers of SARS-like coronaviruses into humans pose a major threat to human health and the global economy 1-7 . Development of broadly effective coronavirus vaccines that can mitigate these threats is needed 8, 9 . Notably, several recent studies have revealed that vaccination of recovered COVID-19 donors results in enhanced nAb responses compared to SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination alone 10-13 . Here, we utilized a targeted donor selection strategy to isolate a large panel of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) to sarbecoviruses from two such donors. Many of the bnAbs are remarkably effective in neutralization against sarbecoviruses that use ACE2 for viral entry and a substantial fraction also show notable binding to non-ACE2-using sarbecoviruses. The bnAbs are equally effective against most SARS-CoV-2 VOCs and many neutralize the Omicron variant. Neutralization breadth is achieved by bnAb binding to epitopes on a relatively conserved face of the receptor binding domain (RBD) as opposed to strain-specific nAbs to the receptor binding site that are commonly elicited in SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination 14-18 . Consistent with targeting of conserved sites, select RBD bnAbs exhibited in vivo protective efficacy against diverse SARS-like coronaviruses in a prophylaxis challenge model. The generation of a large panel of potent bnAbs provides new opportunities and choices for next-generation antibody prophylactic and therapeutic applications and, importantly, provides a molecular basis for effective design of pan-sarbecovirus vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wan-ting He
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Rami Musharrafieh
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ge Song
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Katharina Dueker
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Longping V. Tse
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - David R. Martinez
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Alexandra Schäfer
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Sean Callaghan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Peter Yong
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nathan Beutler
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jonathan L. Torres
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Reid M. Volk
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Panpan Zhou
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Meng Yuan
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Hejun Liu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Fabio Anzanello
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tazio Capozzola
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Mara Parren
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Elijah Garcia
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Stephen A. Rawlings
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Davey M. Smith
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ian A. Wilson
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 9203
| | - Yana Safonova
- Department of Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Andrew B. Ward
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Thomas F. Rogers
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ralph S. Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Lisa E. Gralinski
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Dennis R. Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Raiees Andrabi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| |
Collapse
|
131
|
Incidence and severity of COVID-19 infection post-vaccination: a survey among Indian doctors. Infection 2022; 50:889-895. [PMID: 35129788 PMCID: PMC8819206 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-022-01758-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The rollout of COVID-19 vaccines began in India in January 2021, with healthcare professionals being the first to receive vaccination. The purpose of this research was to study the incidence and severity of COVID-19 infections among Indian doctors, following vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 or BBV152. Methods We conducted an online voluntary survey among Indian doctors who received one or two doses of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 or BBV152. Questions pertaining to the incidence and severity of COVID-19 infection following vaccination were asked. Data thus obtained were analysed. Results 9146 doctors were included in this study. 8301 of these received ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, while 845 received BBV152. 2842 (31.07%) respondents reported having a COVID-19 infection following vaccination. Presence of pre-existing medical comorbidities was associated with a higher incidence, while prior COVID-19 infection and two doses of either vaccine were associated with a lower incidence of COVID-19 infection post-vaccination. Exposure to COVID-19 patients on a daily basis did not increase the incidence of COVID-19 infection among doctors who were vaccinated. Increasing age, male gender, presence of pre-existing medical comorbidities, and daily exposure to COVID-19 patients were associated with increased severity of COVID-19 infection after vaccination. Two doses of either vaccine resulted in less severity of disease compared to one dose. Conclusion ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and BBV152 confer immunity against severe forms of COVID-19 infections. COVID-19 infections prior to vaccination result in a lower incidence of breakthrough infection. Presence of pre-existing medical comorbidities is associated with increased incidence and severity of breakthrough infections.
Collapse
|
132
|
Di Germanio C, Simmons G, Thorbrogger C, Martinelli R, Stone M, Gniadek T, Busch MP. Vaccination of COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma Donors Increases Binding and Neutralizing Antibodies Against SARS-CoV-2 Variants. Transfusion 2022; 62:563-569. [PMID: 35129839 PMCID: PMC9115457 DOI: 10.1111/trf.16823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background COVID‐19 convalescent plasma (CCP) was widely used as passive immunotherapy during the first waves of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in the US. However, based on observational studies and randomized controlled trials, the beneficial effects of CCP were limited, and its use was virtually discontinued early in 2021, in concurrence with increased vaccination rates and availability of monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutics. Yet, as new variants of the SARS‐CoV‐2 spread, interest in CCP derived from vaccine‐boosted CCP donors is resurging. The effect of vaccination of previously infected CCP donors on antibodies against rapidly spreading variants is still under investigation. Study design/methods In this study, paired‐samples from 11 CCP donors collected before and after vaccination was tested to measure binding antibody levels and neutralization activity against the ancestral Wuhan‐Hu‐1 and SARS‐CoV‐2 variants (Wuhan‐Hu‐1 with D614G, alpha, beta, gamma, delta, epsilon) on the Ortho Vitros Spike Total Ig and IgG assays, the MSD V‐PLEX SARS‐CoV‐2 arrays for IgG binding and ACE2 inhibition, and variant‐specific Spike Reporter Viral Particle Neutralization (RVPN) assays. Results/findings Binding and neutralizing antibodies were significantly boosted by vaccination, with several logs higher neutralization for all the variants tested post‐vaccination compared to the pre‐vaccination samples, with no difference found among the individual variants. Discussion Vaccination of previously infected individuals boosts antibodies including neutralizing activity against all SARS‐CoV‐2 variants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clara Di Germanio
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Graham Simmons
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Mars Stone
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Thomas Gniadek
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL
| | - Michael P Busch
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
133
|
Kudlay D, Kofiadi I, Khaitov M. Peculiarities of the T Cell Immune Response in COVID-19. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:242. [PMID: 35214700 PMCID: PMC8877307 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10020242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the T cell response to SARS-CoV-2 is critical to vaccine development, epidemiological surveillance, and control strategies for this disease. This review provides data from studies of the immune response in coronavirus infections. It describes general mechanisms of immunity, its T cell components, and presents a detailed scheme of the T cell response in SARS-CoV-2 infection, including from the standpoint of determining the most promising targets for assessing its level. In addition, we reviewed studies investigating post-vaccination immunity in the development of vaccines against COVID-19. This review also includes the peculiarities of immunity in different age and gender groups, and in the presence of a number of factors, for example, comorbidity or disease severity. This study summarizes the most informative methods for assessing the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Kudlay
- NRC Institute of Immunology FMBA of Russia, 115522 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Pharmacology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ilya Kofiadi
- NRC Institute of Immunology FMBA of Russia, 115522 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Immunology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Musa Khaitov
- NRC Institute of Immunology FMBA of Russia, 115522 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Immunology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
134
|
Pecetta S, Kratochvil S, Kato Y, Vadivelu K, Rappuoli R. Immunology and Technology of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Vaccines. Pharmacol Rev 2022; 74:313-339. [PMID: 35101964 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have experienced an enormous cohesive effort of the scientific community to understand how the immune system reacts to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and how to elicit protective immunity via vaccination. This effort resulted in the development of vaccines in record time with high levels of safety, efficacy, and real-life effectiveness. However, the rapid diffusion of viral variants that escape protective antibodies prompted new studies to understand SARS-CoV-2 vulnerabilities and strategies to guide follow-up actions to increase, and maintain, the protection offered by vaccines. In this review, we report the main findings on human immunity to SARS-CoV-2 after natural infection and vaccination; we dissect the immunogenicity and efficacy of the different vaccination strategies that resulted in products widely used in the population; and we describe the impact of viral variants on vaccine-elicited immunity, summarizing the main discoveries and challenges to stay ahead of SARS-CoV-2 evolution. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study reviewed findings on human immunity to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), analyzed the immunogenicity and efficacy of the various vaccines currently used in large vaccination campaigns or candidates in advanced clinical development, and discussed the challenging task to ensure high protective efficacy against the rapidly evolving SARS-CoV-2 virus. This manuscript was completed prior to the emergence of the Omicron variant and to global vaccine boosting efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Pecetta
- Research and Development Centre, GSK, Siena, Italy (S.P., K.V., R.R.); Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.K.); IconOVir Bio, San Diego, California (Y.K.); and La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California (Y.K.)
| | - Sven Kratochvil
- Research and Development Centre, GSK, Siena, Italy (S.P., K.V., R.R.); Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.K.); IconOVir Bio, San Diego, California (Y.K.); and La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California (Y.K.)
| | - Yu Kato
- Research and Development Centre, GSK, Siena, Italy (S.P., K.V., R.R.); Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.K.); IconOVir Bio, San Diego, California (Y.K.); and La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California (Y.K.)
| | - Kumaran Vadivelu
- Research and Development Centre, GSK, Siena, Italy (S.P., K.V., R.R.); Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.K.); IconOVir Bio, San Diego, California (Y.K.); and La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California (Y.K.)
| | - Rino Rappuoli
- Research and Development Centre, GSK, Siena, Italy (S.P., K.V., R.R.); Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.K.); IconOVir Bio, San Diego, California (Y.K.); and La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California (Y.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
135
|
Hegde ST, Bhuiyan TR, Akhtar M, Islam T, Hulse JD, Khan ZH, Khan II, Ahmed S, Rashid M, Rashid R, Gurley ES, Shirin T, Khan AI, Azman AS, Qadri F. Predictors of Nonseroconversion after SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Emerg Infect Dis 2022; 28:492-493. [PMID: 35076367 PMCID: PMC8798696 DOI: 10.3201/eid2802.211971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
|
136
|
Bruxvoort KJ, Sy LS, Qian L, Ackerson BK, Luo Y, Lee GS, Tian Y, Florea A, Takhar HS, Tubert JE, Talarico CA, Tseng HF. Real-world effectiveness of the mRNA-1273 vaccine against COVID-19: Interim results from a prospective observational cohort study. LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. AMERICAS 2022; 6:100134. [PMID: 34849505 PMCID: PMC8614600 DOI: 10.1016/j.lana.2021.100134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Phase 3 trials found mRNA-1273 was highly effective in preventing COVID-19. We conducted a prospective cohort study at Kaiser Permanente Southern California (KPSC) to determine the real-world vaccine effectiveness (VE) of mRNA-1273 in preventing COVID-19 infection and severe disease. Methods For this planned interim analysis, individuals aged ≥18 years receiving 2 doses of mRNA-1273 ≥24 days apart (18/12/2020-31/03/2021) were 1:1 matched to randomly selected unvaccinated individuals by age, sex, and race/ethnicity, with follow-up through 30/06/2021. Outcomes were COVID-19 infection (SARS-CoV-2 positive molecular test or COVID-19 diagnosis code) or severe disease (COVID-19 hospitalization and COVID-19 hospital death). Adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) and confidence intervals (CI) for COVID-19 outcomes comparing vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals were estimated by Cox proportional hazards models accounting for multiple comparisons. Adjusted VE was calculated as (1-aHR)x100. Whole genome sequencing was performed on SARS-CoV-2 positive specimens from the KPSC population. Findings This analysis included 352,878 recipients of 2 doses of mRNA-1273 matched to 352,878 unvaccinated individuals. VE (99·3% CI) against COVID-19 infection was 87·4% (84·8–89·6%). VE against COVID-19 hospitalization and hospital death was 95·8% (90·7–98·1%) and 97·9% (66·9-99·9%), respectively. VE was higher against symptomatic (88·3% [98·3% CI: 86·1–90·2%]) than asymptomatic COVID-19 (72·7% [53·4–84·0%]), but was generally similar across age, sex, and racial/ethnic subgroups. VE among individuals with history of COVID-19 ranged from 8·2–33·6%. The most prevalent variants were Alpha (41·6%), Epsilon (17·5%), Delta (11·5%), and Gamma (9·1%), with Delta increasing to 54·0% of variants by June 2021. Interpretation These interim results provide reassuring evidence of the VE of 2 doses of mRNA-1273 across age, sex, and racial/ethnic subgroups, and against asymptomatic and symptomatic COVID-19, and severe COVID-19 outcomes. Among individuals with history of COVID-19, mRNA-1273 vaccination may offer added protection beyond immunity acquired from prior infection. Longer follow-up is needed to fully evaluate VE of mRNA-1273 against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants. Funding Moderna Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katia J Bruxvoort
- Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA, USA.,University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Lina S Sy
- Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Lei Qian
- Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | | | - Yi Luo
- Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Gina S Lee
- Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Yun Tian
- Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Ana Florea
- Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | | | - Julia E Tubert
- Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | | | - Hung Fu Tseng
- Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA, USA.,Kaiser Permanente Bernard J. Tyson School of Medicine, Pasadena, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
137
|
Altmann DM, Boyton RJ. Vaccine efficacy and immune interference: co-administering COVID-19 and influenza vaccines. THE LANCET RESPIRATORY MEDICINE 2022; 10:125-126. [PMID: 34800365 PMCID: PMC8598211 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-2600(21)00438-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
138
|
Minervina AA, Pogorelyy MV, Kirk AM, Crawford JC, Allen EK, Chou CH, Mettelman RC, Allison KJ, Lin CY, Brice DC, Zhu X, Vegesana K, Wu G, Trivedi S, Kottapalli P, Darnell D, McNeely S, Olsen SR, Schultz-Cherry S, Estepp JH, McGargill MA, Wolf J, Thomas PG. SARS-CoV-2 antigen exposure history shapes phenotypes and specificity of memory CD8 T cells. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2022:2021.07.12.21260227. [PMID: 34341799 PMCID: PMC8328067 DOI: 10.1101/2021.07.12.21260227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Although mRNA vaccine efficacy against severe COVID-19 remains high, variant emergence and breakthrough infections have changed vaccine policy to include booster immunizations. However, the effect of diverse and repeated antigen exposures on SARS-CoV-2 memory T cells is poorly understood. Here, we utilize DNA-barcoded MHC-multimers combined with scRNAseq and scTCRseq to capture the ex vivo profile of SARS-CoV-2-responsive T cells within a cohort of individuals with one, two, or three antigen exposures, including vaccination, primary infection, and breakthrough infection. We found that the order of exposure determined the relative distribution between spike- and non-spike-specific responses, with vaccination after infection leading to further expansion of spike-specific T cells and differentiation to a CCR7-CD45RA+ effector phenotype. In contrast, individuals experiencing a breakthrough infection mount vigorous non-spike-specific responses. In-depth analysis of over 4,000 epitope-specific T cell receptor sequences demonstrates that all types of exposures elicit diverse repertoires characterized by shared, dominant TCR motifs, with no evidence for repertoire narrowing from repeated exposure. Our findings suggest that breakthrough infections diversify the T cell memory repertoire and that current vaccination protocols continue to expand and differentiate spike-specific memory responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mikhail V. Pogorelyy
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN USA
| | - Allison M. Kirk
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN USA
| | | | - E. Kaitlynn Allen
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN USA
| | - Ching-Heng Chou
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN USA
| | - Robert C. Mettelman
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN USA
| | - Kim J. Allison
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN USA
| | - Chun-Yang Lin
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN USA
| | - David C. Brice
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN USA
| | - Xun Zhu
- Center for Applied Bioinformatics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN USA
| | - Kasi Vegesana
- Information Services, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN USA
| | - Gang Wu
- Center for Applied Bioinformatics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN USA
| | - Sanchit Trivedi
- Hartwell Center for Bioinformatics & Biotechnology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN USA
| | - Pratibha Kottapalli
- Hartwell Center for Bioinformatics & Biotechnology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN USA
| | - Daniel Darnell
- Hartwell Center for Bioinformatics & Biotechnology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN USA
| | - Suzanne McNeely
- Hartwell Center for Bioinformatics & Biotechnology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN USA
| | - Scott R. Olsen
- Hartwell Center for Bioinformatics & Biotechnology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN USA
| | - Stacey Schultz-Cherry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN USA
| | - Jeremie H. Estepp
- Department of Global Pediatric Medicine, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN USA
| | | | - Maureen A. McGargill
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN USA
| | - Joshua Wolf
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN USA
| | - Paul G. Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN USA
| |
Collapse
|
139
|
Rahman S, Rahman MM, Miah M, Begum MN, Sarmin M, Mahfuz M, Hossain ME, Rahman MZ, Chisti MJ, Ahmed T, Arifeen SE, Rahman M. COVID-19 reinfections among naturally infected and vaccinated individuals. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1438. [PMID: 35082344 PMCID: PMC8792012 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05325-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The protection against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants by pre-existing antibodies elicited due to the current vaccination or natural infection is a global concern. We aimed to investigate the rate of SARS-CoV-2 infection and its clinical features among infection-naïve, infected, vaccinated, and post-infection-vaccinated individuals. A cohort was designed among icddr,b staff registered for COVID-19 testing by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR). Reinfection cases were confirmed by whole-genome sequencing. From 19 March 2020 to 31 March 2021, 1644 (mean age, 38.4 years and 57% male) participants were enrolled; where 1080 (65.7%) were tested negative and added to the negative cohort. The positive cohort included 750 positive patients (564 from baseline and 186 from negative cohort follow-up), of whom 27.6% were hospitalized and 2.5% died. Among hospitalized patients, 45.9% had severe to critical disease and 42.5% required oxygen support. Hypertension and diabetes mellitus were found significantly higher among the hospitalised patients compared to out-patients; risk ratio 1.3 and 1.6 respectively. The risk of infection among positive cohort was 80.2% lower than negative cohort (95% CI 72.6-85.7%; p < 0.001). Genome sequences showed that genetically distinct SARS-CoV-2 strains were responsible for reinfections. Naturally infected populations were less likely to be reinfected by SARS-CoV-2 than the infection-naïve and vaccinated individuals. Although, reinfected individuals did not suffer severe disease, a remarkable proportion of naturally infected or vaccinated individuals were (re)-infected by the emerging variants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sezanur Rahman
- Virology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - M Mahfuzur Rahman
- Virology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Mojnu Miah
- Virology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Mst Noorjahan Begum
- Virology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Monira Sarmin
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, icddr,b: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Mustafa Mahfuz
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, icddr,b: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Enayet Hossain
- Virology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed Ziaur Rahman
- Virology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammod Jobayer Chisti
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, icddr,b: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Tahmeed Ahmed
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, icddr,b: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Shams El Arifeen
- Maternal and Child Health Division, icddr,b: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Mustafizur Rahman
- Virology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh.
| |
Collapse
|
140
|
van Gils MJ, van Willigen HD, Wynberg E, Han AX, van der Straten K, Burger JA, Poniman M, Oomen M, Tejjani K, Bouhuijs JH, Verveen A, Lebbink R, Dijkstra M, Appelman B, Lavell AA, Caniels TG, Bontjer I, van Vught LA, Vlaar AP, Sikkens JJ, Bomers MK, Russell CA, Kootstra NA, Sanders RW, Prins M, de Bree GJ, de Jong MD. A single mRNA vaccine dose in COVID-19 patients boosts neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and variants of concern. Cell Rep Med 2022; 3:100486. [PMID: 35103254 PMCID: PMC8668345 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The urgent need for, but limited availability of, SARS-CoV-2 vaccines worldwide has led to widespread consideration of dose-sparing strategies. Here, we evaluate the SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody responses following BNT162b2 vaccination in 150 previously SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals from a population-based cohort. One week after first vaccine dose, spike protein antibody levels are 27-fold higher and neutralizing antibody titers 12-fold higher, exceeding titers of fully vaccinated SARS-CoV-2-naive controls, with minimal additional boosting after the second dose. Neutralizing antibody titers against four variants of concern increase after vaccination; however, overall neutralization breadth does not improve. Pre-vaccination neutralizing antibody titers and time since infection have the largest positive effect on titers following vaccination. COVID-19 severity and the presence of comorbidities have no discernible impact on vaccine response. In conclusion, a single dose of BNT162b2 vaccine up to 15 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection offers higher neutralizing antibody titers than 2 vaccine doses in SARS-CoV-2-naive individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marit J. van Gils
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hugo D.G. van Willigen
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Elke Wynberg
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service of Amsterdam, GGD, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Alvin X. Han
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Karlijn van der Straten
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Judith A. Burger
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Meliawati Poniman
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Melissa Oomen
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Khadija Tejjani
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joey H. Bouhuijs
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anouk Verveen
- Department of Medical Psychology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam School of Public Health, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Romy Lebbink
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service of Amsterdam, GGD, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maartje Dijkstra
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service of Amsterdam, GGD, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Brent Appelman
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A.H. Ayesha Lavell
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tom G. Caniels
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ilja Bontjer
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lonneke A. van Vught
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Alexander P.J. Vlaar
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jonne J. Sikkens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marije K. Bomers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Colin A. Russell
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Neeltje A. Kootstra
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rogier W. Sanders
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maria Prins
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service of Amsterdam, GGD, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Godelieve J. de Bree
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Menno D. de Jong
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
141
|
Reynolds CJ, Gibbons JM, Pade C, Lin KM, Sandoval DM, Pieper F, Butler DK, Liu S, Otter AD, Joy G, Menacho K, Fontana M, Smit A, Kele B, Cutino-Moguel T, Maini MK, Noursadeghi M, Brooks T, Semper A, Manisty C, Treibel TA, Moon JC, McKnight Á, Altmann DM, Boyton RJ. Heterologous infection and vaccination shapes immunity against SARS-CoV-2 variants. Science 2022; 375:183-192. [PMID: 34855510 PMCID: PMC10186585 DOI: 10.1126/science.abm0811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The impact of the initial severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infecting strain on downstream immunity to heterologous variants of concern (VOCs) is unknown. Studying a longitudinal healthcare worker cohort, we found that after three antigen exposures (infection plus two vaccine doses), S1 antibody, memory B cells, and heterologous neutralization of B.1.351, P.1, and B.1.617.2 plateaued, whereas B.1.1.7 neutralization and spike T cell responses increased. Serology using the Wuhan Hu-1 spike receptor binding domain poorly predicted neutralizing immunity against VOCs. Neutralization potency against VOCs changed with heterologous virus encounter and number of antigen exposures. Neutralization potency fell differentially depending on targeted VOCs over the 5 months from the second vaccine dose. Heterologous combinations of spike encountered during infection and vaccination shape subsequent cross-protection against VOC, with implications for future-proof next-generation vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph M. Gibbons
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Corinna Pade
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Kai-Min Lin
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Franziska Pieper
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - David K. Butler
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Siyi Liu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - George Joy
- St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Katia Menacho
- St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | | | | | - Beatrix Kele
- St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Mala K. Maini
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mahdad Noursadeghi
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - COVIDsortium Immune Correlates Network‡
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, UK
- St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
- Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Lung Division, Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Tim Brooks
- UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, UK
| | | | - Charlotte Manisty
- St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas A. Treibel
- St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - James C. Moon
- St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - COVIDsortium Investigators‡
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, UK
- St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
- Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Lung Division, Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Áine McKnight
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Daniel M. Altmann
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Rosemary J. Boyton
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Lung Division, Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
142
|
Dynamics of spike-and nucleocapsid specific immunity during long-term follow-up and vaccination of SARS-CoV-2 convalescents. Nat Commun 2022; 13:153. [PMID: 35013191 PMCID: PMC8748966 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27649-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-viral immunity continuously declines over time after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Here, we characterize the dynamics of anti-viral immunity during long-term follow-up and after BNT162b2 mRNA-vaccination in convalescents after asymptomatic or mild SARS-CoV-2 infection. Virus-specific and virus-neutralizing antibody titers rapidly declined in convalescents over 9 months after infection, whereas virus-specific cytokine-producing polyfunctional T cells persisted, among which IL-2-producing T cells correlated with virus-neutralizing antibody titers. Among convalescents, 5% of individuals failed to mount long-lasting immunity after infection and showed a delayed response to vaccination compared to 1% of naïve vaccinees, but successfully responded to prime/boost vaccination. During the follow-up period, 8% of convalescents showed a selective increase in virus-neutralizing antibody titers without accompanying increased frequencies of circulating SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells. The same convalescents, however, responded to vaccination with simultaneous increase in antibody and T cell immunity revealing the strength of mRNA-vaccination to increase virus-specific immunity in convalescents. Waning immunity to SARS-CoV-2 is of concern. Here the authors follow spike- and nucleocapsid specific immunity in convalescent individuals for 9 months observing a decline in antibody levels but persisting T cell response. Vaccination approximately 11 months after infection boosts antibody and T cell immunity.
Collapse
|
143
|
Hassan SS, Kodakandla V, Redwan EM, Lundstrom K, Pal Choudhury P, Abd El-Aziz TM, Takayama K, Kandimalla R, Lal A, Serrano-Aroca Á, Azad GK, Aljabali AAA, Palù G, Chauhan G, Adadi P, Tambuwala M, Brufsky AM, Baetas-da-Cruz W, Barh D, Azevedo V, Bazan NG, Andrade BS, Santana Silva RJ, Uversky VN. An issue of concern: unique truncated ORF8 protein variants of SARS-CoV-2. PeerJ 2022. [PMID: 35341060 DOI: 10.1101/2021.05.25.445557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Open reading frame 8 (ORF8) shows one of the highest levels of variability among accessory proteins in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). It was previously reported that the ORF8 protein inhibits the presentation of viral antigens by the major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I), which interacts with host factors involved in pulmonary inflammation. The ORF8 protein assists SARS-CoV-2 in evading immunity and plays a role in SARS-CoV-2 replication. Among many contributing mutations, Q27STOP, a mutation in the ORF8 protein, defines the B.1.1.7 lineage of SARS-CoV-2, engendering the second wave of COVID-19. In the present study, 47 unique truncated ORF8 proteins (T-ORF8) with the Q27STOP mutations were identified among 49,055 available B.1.1.7 SARS-CoV-2 sequences. The results show that only one of the 47 T-ORF8 variants spread to over 57 geo-locations in North America, and other continents, which include Africa, Asia, Europe and South America. Based on various quantitative features, such as amino acid homology, polar/non-polar sequence homology, Shannon entropy conservation, and other physicochemical properties of all specific 47 T-ORF8 protein variants, nine possible T-ORF8 unique variants were defined. The question as to whether T-ORF8 variants function similarly to the wild type ORF8 is yet to be investigated. A positive response to the question could exacerbate future COVID-19 waves, necessitating severe containment measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sk Sarif Hassan
- Department of Mathematics, Pingla Thana Mahavidyalaya, Maligram, India
| | - Vaishnavi Kodakandla
- Department of Life sciences, Sophia College For Women, University of Mumbai, Mumbai, India
| | - Elrashdy M Redwan
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biological Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Tarek Mohamed Abd El-Aziz
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Kazuo Takayama
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ramesh Kandimalla
- Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Amos Lal
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Ángel Serrano-Aroca
- Biomaterials and Bioengineering Lab, Centro de Investigacion Traslacional San Alberto Magno, Universidad Catolica de Valencia San Vicente Martir, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Alaa A A Aljabali
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Giorgio Palù
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Gaurav Chauhan
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Parise Adadi
- Department of Food Science, University of Otago, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Murtaza Tambuwala
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
| | - Adam M Brufsky
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Wagner Baetas-da-Cruz
- Translational Laboratory in Molecular Physiology, Centre for Experimental Surgery, College of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Debmalya Barh
- Centre for Genomics and Applied Gene Technology, Institute of Integrative Omics and 46 Applied Biotechnology (IIOAB), Nonakuri, India
| | - Vasco Azevedo
- Departamento de Genetica, Ecologia e Evolucao, Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Nikolas G Bazan
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, LSU Health New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Bruno Silva Andrade
- Laboratório de Bioinformática e Química Computacional, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Jequié, Brazil
| | - Raner José Santana Silva
- Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas (DCB), Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Genetica e Biologia Molecular (PPGGBM), Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilheus, Brazil
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
144
|
Abstract
The germinal centre (GC) response is critical for the generation of affinity-matured plasma cells and memory B cells capable of mediating long-term protective immunity. Understanding whether severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection or vaccination elicits a GC response has profound implications for the capacity of responding B cells to contribute to protection against infection. However, direct assessment of the GC response in humans remains a major challenge. Here we summarize emerging evidence for the importance of the GC response in the establishment of durable and broad immunity against SARS-CoV-2 and discuss new approaches to modulate the GC response to better protect against newly emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants. We also discuss new findings showing that the GC B cell response persists in the draining lymph nodes for at least 6 months in some individuals following vaccination with SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-based vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Laidlaw
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Ali H Ellebedy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
- The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology & Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
145
|
Miller L, Berber E, Sumbria D, Rouse BT. Controlling the Burden of COVID-19 by Manipulating Host Metabolism. Viral Immunol 2022; 35:24-32. [PMID: 34905407 PMCID: PMC8863913 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2021.0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the coronavirus-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to cause global health problems, but its impact would be minimized if the many effective vaccines that have been developed were available and in widespread use by all societies. This ideal situation is not occurring so other means of controlling COVID-19 are needed. In this short review, we make the case that manipulating host metabolic pathways could be a therapeutic approach worth exploring. The rationale for such an approach comes from the fact that viruses cause metabolic changes in cells they infect, effective host defense mechanisms against viruses requires the activity of one or more metabolic pathways, and that hosts with metabolic defects such as diabetes are more susceptible to severe consequences after COVID-19. We describe the types of approaches that could be used to redirect various aspects of host metabolism and the success that some of these maneuvers have had at controlling other virus infections. Manipulating metabolic activities to control the outcome of COVID-19 has to date received minimal attention. Manipulating host metabolism will never replace vaccines to control COVID-19 but could be used as an adjunct therapy to the extent of ongoing infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Logan Miller
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Engin Berber
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Deepak Sumbria
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Barry T. Rouse
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
- Address correspondence to: Dr. Barry T. Rouse, Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-4539, USA
| |
Collapse
|
146
|
Differential immunogenicity of homologous versus heterologous boost in Ad26.COV2.S vaccine recipients. MED 2022; 3:104-118.e4. [PMID: 35072129 PMCID: PMC8767655 DOI: 10.1016/j.medj.2021.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Background Protection offered by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines wanes over time, requiring an evaluation of different boosting strategies to revert such a trend and enhance the quantity and quality of Spike-specific humoral and cellular immune responses. These immunological parameters in homologous or heterologous vaccination boosts have thus far been studied for mRNA and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccines, but knowledge on individuals who received a single dose of Ad26.COV2.S is lacking. Methods We studied Spike-specific humoral and cellular immunity in Ad26.COV2.S-vaccinated individuals (n = 55) who were either primed with Ad26.COV2.S only (n = 13) or were boosted with a homologous (Ad26.COV2.S, n = 28) or heterologous (BNT162b2, n = 14) second dose. We compared our findings with the results found in individuals vaccinated with a single (n = 16) or double (n = 44) dose of BNT162b2. Findings We observed that a strategy of heterologous vaccination enhanced the quantity and breadth of both Spike-specific humoral and cellular immunity in Ad26.COV2.S-vaccinated individuals. In contrast, the impact of the homologous boost was quantitatively minimal in Ad26.COV2.S-vaccinated individuals, and Spike-specific antibodies and T cells were narrowly focused to the S1 region. Conclusions Despite the small sample size of the study and the lack of well-defined correlates of protection against COVID-19, the immunological features detected support the utilization of a heterologous vaccine boost in individuals who received Ad26.COV2.S vaccination. Funding This study is partially supported by the Singapore Ministry of Health’s National Medical Research Council under its COVID-19 Research Fund (COVID19RF3-0060, COVID19RF-001, and COVID19RF-008), The Medical College St. Bartholomew’s Hospital Trustees – Pump Priming Fund for SMD COVID-19 Research. Protection offered by COVID-19 vaccines wanes over time. We evaluated whether individuals vaccinated with a single dose of Johnson & Johnson’s vaccine Ad26.COV2.S would benefit from a second dose of Ad26.COV2.S (homologous boost) or of the Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA vaccine BNT162b2 (heterologous boost). The study of different vaccination regimens is critical to optimize future vaccine strategies. We analyzed the quantity and quality of antibodies and T cells specific for Spike, demonstrating that Spike-specific antibodies and T cells were augmented preferentially following a boost with BNT162b2. A heterologous boost also expanded the ability of antibodies and T cells to recognize different sections of Spike. These data support the use of a heterologous mix-and-match strategy in individuals vaccinated with a single dose of Ad26.COV2.S.
Collapse
|
147
|
Angyal A, Longet S, Moore SC, Payne RP, Harding A, Tipton T, Rongkard P, Ali M, Hering LM, Meardon N, Austin J, Brown R, Skelly D, Gillson N, Dobson SL, Cross A, Sandhar G, Kilby JA, Tyerman JK, Nicols AR, Spegarova JS, Mehta H, Hornsby H, Whitham R, Conlon CP, Jeffery K, Goulder P, Frater J, Dold C, Pace M, Ogbe A, Brown H, Ansari MA, Adland E, Brown A, Chand M, Shields A, Matthews PC, Hopkins S, Hall V, James W, Rowland-Jones SL, Klenerman P, Dunachie S, Richter A, Duncan CJA, Barnes E, Carroll M, Turtle L, de Silva TI. T-cell and antibody responses to first BNT162b2 vaccine dose in previously infected and SARS-CoV-2-naive UK health-care workers: a multicentre prospective cohort study. THE LANCET. MICROBE 2022; 3:e21-e31. [PMID: 34778853 PMCID: PMC8577846 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(21)00275-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous infection with SARS-CoV-2 affects the immune response to the first dose of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. We aimed to compare SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell and antibody responses in health-care workers with and without previous SARS-CoV-2 infection following a single dose of the BNT162b2 (tozinameran; Pfizer-BioNTech) mRNA vaccine. METHODS We sampled health-care workers enrolled in the PITCH study across four hospital sites in the UK (Oxford, Liverpool, Newcastle, and Sheffield). All health-care workers aged 18 years or older consenting to participate in this prospective cohort study were included, with no exclusion criteria applied. Blood samples were collected where possible before vaccination and 28 (±7) days following one or two doses (given 3-4 weeks apart) of the BNT162b2 vaccine. Previous infection was determined by a documented SARS-CoV-2-positive RT-PCR result or the presence of positive anti-SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid antibodies. We measured spike-specific IgG antibodies and quantified T-cell responses by interferon-γ enzyme-linked immunospot assay in all participants where samples were available at the time of analysis, comparing SARS-CoV-2-naive individuals to those with previous infection. FINDINGS Between Dec 9, 2020, and Feb 9, 2021, 119 SARS-CoV-2-naive and 145 previously infected health-care workers received one dose, and 25 SARS-CoV-2-naive health-care workers received two doses, of the BNT162b2 vaccine. In previously infected health-care workers, the median time from previous infection to vaccination was 268 days (IQR 232-285). At 28 days (IQR 27-33) after a single dose, the spike-specific T-cell response measured in fresh peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was higher in previously infected (n=76) than in infection-naive (n=45) health-care workers (median 284 [IQR 150-461] vs 55 [IQR 24-132] spot-forming units [SFUs] per 106 PBMCs; p<0·0001). With cryopreserved PBMCs, the T-cell response in previously infected individuals (n=52) after one vaccine dose was equivalent to that of infection-naive individuals (n=19) after receiving two vaccine doses (median 152 [IQR 119-275] vs 162 [104-258] SFUs/106 PBMCs; p=1·00). Anti-spike IgG antibody responses following a single dose in 142 previously infected health-care workers (median 270 373 [IQR 203 461-535 188] antibody units [AU] per mL) were higher than in 111 infection-naive health-care workers following one dose (35 001 [17 099-55 341] AU/mL; p<0·0001) and higher than in 25 infection-naive individuals given two doses (180 904 [108 221-242 467] AU/mL; p<0·0001). INTERPRETATION A single dose of the BNT162b2 vaccine is likely to provide greater protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection in individuals with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection, than in SARS-CoV-2-naive individuals, including against variants of concern. Future studies should determine the additional benefit of a second dose on the magnitude and durability of immune responses in individuals vaccinated following infection, alongside evaluation of the impact of extending the interval between vaccine doses. FUNDING UK Department of Health and Social Care, and UK Coronavirus Immunology Consortium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrienn Angyal
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Stephanie Longet
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Shona C Moore
- Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Rebecca P Payne
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Adam Harding
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, Division of Medical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tom Tipton
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Patpong Rongkard
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Centre For Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mohammad Ali
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Centre For Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Luisa M Hering
- Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Naomi Meardon
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - James Austin
- Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Rebecca Brown
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Donal Skelly
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Sue L Dobson
- Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andrew Cross
- Department of Infection and Tropical Medicine, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK
| | - Gurjinder Sandhar
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Jonathan A Kilby
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Jessica K Tyerman
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Alexander R Nicols
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Jarmila S Spegarova
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Hema Mehta
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Hailey Hornsby
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Rachel Whitham
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Katie Jeffery
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Philip Goulder
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - John Frater
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Christina Dold
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Matthew Pace
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ane Ogbe
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Helen Brown
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - M Azim Ansari
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Emily Adland
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Anthony Brown
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Meera Chand
- Public Health England, Colindale, London, UK
| | - Adrian Shields
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Science, College of Medical and Dental Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Philippa C Matthews
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Susan Hopkins
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infection and Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Public Health England, Colindale, London, UK
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Victoria Hall
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infection and Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Public Health England, Colindale, London, UK
| | - William James
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, Division of Medical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah L Rowland-Jones
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Susanna Dunachie
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Centre For Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Alex Richter
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Science, College of Medical and Dental Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Christopher J A Duncan
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
- Department of Infection and Tropical Medicine, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK
| | - Eleanor Barnes
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Miles Carroll
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lance Turtle
- Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Tropical and Infectious Disease Unit, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, member of Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool, UK
| | - Thushan I de Silva
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| |
Collapse
|
148
|
Mahadevaiah A, Doddamadaiah C, K S S, Cholenahalli Nanjappa M. Study of immunogenicity, safety and efficacy of covishield vaccine among health care workers in a tertiary cardiac care centre. Indian J Med Microbiol 2022; 40:200-203. [PMID: 35422343 PMCID: PMC9000002 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmmb.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) might be curtailed by vaccination. We assessed the safety, and immunogenicity of Covishield vaccine among Health care workers (HCWs) in a tertiary cardiac care centre. METHODS It's a prospective analytical study, conducted at Sri Jayadeva Institute of cardiovascular science and research centre, Mysore, between January 2021 to May 2021. Pre and Post vaccination SARS CoV2 IgG antibodies were assessed among 122 HCWs. Interval between two doses in this study were 4 and 6 weeks. Adverse events following immunisation b(AEFI) and efficacy were assessed and followed up for two month post vaccination. RESULTS Post vaccination seropositivity was 69.67% in overall study participants. Seropositivity and P/N ratio median value in uninfected and infected group were 60.43% (n = 55),3.47 (IQR: 2.56-5.22) and 96.77% (n = 30),9.49 (IQR: 7.57-12.30) respectively (P < 0.001). Seropositivity and P/N ratio after 4 and 6 weeks were 48.3% (n = 60), 2.95 (IQR: 1.91-4.24), and 83.8% (n = 31), 4.88, (IQR: 3.39-6.43) respectively (P < 0.001). AEFI after first and second dose was 72.9% and 27.8% (p < 0.05) respectively. The most common symptoms after both doses of vaccination were local pain (73% & 88.2%), followed by fever (38.2% & 26.5%). The average duration of symptoms in both doses was 1.75 days. Of 122 participants only 10 (8.19%) had breakthrough infection after two doses of vaccination with mild severity. CONCLUSION Covishield vaccine has showed seropositivity of 69.67%.It has acceptable level of safety profile. Seropositivity and P/N ratio has increased with increase in interval between two doses. Though it has not prevented breakthrough infection it has certainly reduced the severity of infection.
Collapse
|
149
|
Nguyen THO, Cohen CA, Rowntree LC, Bull MB, Hachim A, Kedzierska K, Valkenburg SA. T Cells Targeting SARS-CoV-2: By Infection, Vaccination, and Against Future Variants. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:793102. [PMID: 35004764 PMCID: PMC8739267 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.793102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell responses are a key cornerstone to viral immunity to drive high-quality antibody responses, establishing memory for recall and for viral clearance. Inefficient recruitment of T cell responses plays a role in the development of severe COVID-19 and is also represented by reduced cellular responses in men, children, and diversity compared with other epitope-specific subsets and available T cell receptor diversity. SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses are elicited by multiple vaccine formats and augmented by prior infection for hybrid immunity. Epitope conservation is relatively well-maintained leading to T cell crossreactivity for variants of concern that have diminished serological responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thi H. O. Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Carolyn A. Cohen
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Louise C. Rowntree
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Maireid B. Bull
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Asmaa Hachim
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sophie A. Valkenburg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| |
Collapse
|
150
|
Murano K, Guo Y, Siomi H. The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants threatens to decrease the efficacy of neutralizing antibodies and vaccines. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:2879-2890. [PMID: 34854887 PMCID: PMC8786300 DOI: 10.1042/bst20210859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the cause of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. As of August 2021, more than 200 million people have been infected with the virus and 4.3 million have lost their lives. Various monoclonal antibodies of human origin that neutralize the SARS-CoV-2 infection have been isolated from convalescent patients for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes. Several vaccines have been developed to restrict the spread of the virus and have been rapidly administered. However, the rollout of vaccines has coincided with the spread of variants of concern. Emerging variants of SARS-CoV-2 present new challenges for therapeutic antibodies and threaten the efficacy of current vaccines. Here, we review the problems faced by neutralizing antibodies and vaccines in the midst of the increasing spread of mutant viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kensaku Murano
- Department of Molecular Biology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Youjia Guo
- Department of Molecular Biology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Siomi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|