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Shu L, Zien K, Gutjahr G, Oberholzer J, Pattou F, Kerr-Conte J, Maedler K. TCF7L2 promotes beta cell regeneration in human and mouse pancreas. Diabetologia 2012; 55:3296-307. [PMID: 22945304 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-012-2693-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Diabetes is characterised by loss and dysfunction of the beta cell. A major goal of diabetes therapy is to promote the formation of new beta cells. Polymorphisms of T cell factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) are associated with type 2 diabetes, negatively regulating beta cell survival and function. Here, we provide evidence for a role of TCF7L2 in beta cell proliferation and regeneration. METHODS Pancreatic sections from three mouse models (high-fat diet, exendin-4 and streptozotocin-treated mice) and from healthy individuals and patients with type 2 diabetes were used to investigate the association of beta cell regeneration and TCF7L2 levels. To analyse a direct effect of TCF7L2 on duct cell to beta cell conversion, TCF7L2 was overexpressed in isolated exocrine cells. RESULTS TCF7L2 levels correlated with beta cell compensation during high-fat diet feeding. TCF7L2 was increased together with pancreatic duct cell proliferation and differentiation. Small islet-like cell clusters (ICCs) that contained TCF7L2 originated in the vicinity of the ductal epithelium. In human isolated exocrine tissue, TCF7L2 overexpression induced proliferation of pancreatic duct cells and ICC formation next to duct cells, an effect dependent on the JAK2/STAT3 pathway. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION The present study demonstrates that TCF7L2 overexpression fosters beta cell regeneration. Our findings imply correlation of TCF7L2 levels and new beta cell formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Shu
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, University of Bremen, Leobener Strasse NW2, Bremen, Germany
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102
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Dobierzewska A, Shi L, Karakashian AA, Nikolova-Karakashian MN. Interleukin 1β regulation of FoxO1 protein content and localization: evidence for a novel ceramide-dependent mechanism. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:44749-60. [PMID: 23105097 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.378836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
FoxO1 transcription factor controls the glucose and lipid metabolism, as well as cell proliferation and stress response. Akt, activated by insulin and other growth factors, phosphorylates FoxO1 causing its nuclear export and activity suppression. In this manuscript, we show that IL-1β, a pro-inflammatory cytokine, has the opposite effects on FoxO1. IL-1β stimulation of primary rat hepatocytes and HEK293 cells overexpressing the IL-1β receptor (293-IL-1RI) results in increased nuclear and cytosolic FoxO1 protein but not mRNA levels. IL-1β stimulation also elevates the levels of a mutant FoxO1 that is resistant to Akt phosphorylation. This suggests that an Akt-independent mechanism is involved. Co-stimulation with insulin does not affect the IL-1β induction of FoxO1. The IL-1β effects on FoxO1 are counteracted, however, by the silencing or inhibition of neutral sphingomyelinase 2 (nSMase-2) using shRNAi, scyphostatin, or GW4869, as well as by the pharmacological inhibition of JNK and ERK. Reversely, the overexpression of nSMase-2 through adenovirus-mediated gene transfer potentiates, in a JNK- and ERK-dependent manner, the IL-1β effects. We also show that transcription of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1 mRNA, which requires active FoxO1, is stimulated by IL-1β and is suppressed by the inhibition of nSMase-2 and JNK. In conclusion, we propose that IL-1β regulates FoxO1 activity through a novel nSMase-2-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Dobierzewska
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA
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103
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Does inflammation determine whether obesity is metabolically healthy or unhealthy? The aging perspective. Mediators Inflamm 2012; 2012:456456. [PMID: 23091306 PMCID: PMC3471463 DOI: 10.1155/2012/456456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Revised: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a major health issue in developed as well as developing countries. While obesity is associated with relatively good health status in some individuals, it may become a health issue for others. Obesity in the context of inflammation has been studied extensively. However, whether obesity in its various forms has the same adverse effects is a matter of debate and requires further research. During its natural history, metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) converts into metabolically unhealthy obesity (MUHO). What causes this transition to occur and what is the role of obesity-related mediators of inflammation during this transition is discussed in this paper.
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Wang Y, Zhu Y, Gao L, Yin H, Xie Z, Wang D, Zhu Z, Han X. Formononetin attenuates IL-1β-induced apoptosis and NF-κB activation in INS-1 cells. Molecules 2012; 17:10052-64. [PMID: 22922276 PMCID: PMC6268495 DOI: 10.3390/molecules170910052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies suggest that the inflammation plays a role in the pathogenesis of some glucose disorders in adults. Exposure of pancreatic β-cells to cytokines, such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), is thought to contribute to β-cell apoptosis. One important event triggered by IL-1β is induction of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), an enzyme that catalyzes intracellular generation of the cytotoxic free radical NO. Recent work have suggested that formononetin, as an O-methylated isoflavone found in a number of plants and herbs like Astragalus membranaceus, inhibited some pro-inflammatory cytokine production in macrophages. However, the roles of formononetin in pancreatic beta cells have not been fully established. The aim of the present study was to assess possible in vitro effects of formononetin on cell apoptosis induced by IL-1β in the rat insulinoma cell line, INS-1. Our results demonstrate that formononetin significantly prevents IL-1β-increased INS-1 cell death and blocks cytokine-induced apoptotic signaling (the reduction of Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and caspase-3 activity). Formononetin also inhibited the activation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB), which is a significant transcription factor for iNOS, so as to decease nitric oxide (NO) formation in a dose dependent manner in vitro. Our observations indicated that formononetin could protect against pancreatic β-cell apoptosis caused by IL-1β and therefore could be used in the future as a new drug improving diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Clinical Diabetes Centre of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, Southeast University, No.87 Dingjiaqiao Road, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yunxia Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Clinical Diabetes Centre of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lu Gao
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Clinical Diabetes Centre of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Han Yin
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, Southeast University, No.87 Dingjiaqiao Road, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zuoling Xie
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, Southeast University, No.87 Dingjiaqiao Road, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, Southeast University, No.87 Dingjiaqiao Road, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhengqiu Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, Southeast University, No.87 Dingjiaqiao Road, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao Han
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Clinical Diabetes Centre of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +86-25-8686-2733; Fax: +86-25-8686-2731
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Kawano Y, Nakae J, Watanabe N, Fujisaka S, Iskandar K, Sekioka R, Hayashi Y, Tobe K, Kasuga M, Noda T, Yoshimura A, Onodera M, Itoh H. Loss of Pdk1-Foxo1 signaling in myeloid cells predisposes to adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance. Diabetes 2012; 61:1935-48. [PMID: 22586579 PMCID: PMC3402298 DOI: 10.2337/db11-0770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation in adipose tissue contributes to obesity-related insulin resistance. The 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 (Pdk1)/forkhead transcription factor (Foxo1) pathway is important in regulating glucose and energy homeostasis, but little is known about this pathway in adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs). To investigate this, we generated transgenic mice that carried macrophage/granulocyte-specific mutations, including a Pdk1 knockout (LysMPdk1(-/-)), a Pdk1 knockout with transactivation-defective Foxo1 (Δ256LysMPdk1(-/-)), a constitutively active nuclear (CN) Foxo1 (CNFoxo1(LysM)), or a transactivation-defective Foxo1 (Δ256Foxo1(LysM)). We analyzed glucose metabolism and gene expression in ATM populations isolated with fluorescence-activated cell sorting. The LysMPdk1(-/-) mice exhibited elevated M1 macrophages in adipose tissue and insulin resistance. Overexpression of transactivation-defective Foxo1 rescued these phenotypes. CNFoxo1(LysM) promoted transcription of the C-C motif chemokine receptor 2 (Ccr2) in ATMs and increased M1 macrophages in adipose tissue. On a high-fat diet, CNFoxo1(LysM) mice exhibited insulin resistance. Pdk1 deletion or Foxo1 activation in bone marrow-derived macrophages abolished insulin and interleukin-4 induction of genes involved in alternative macrophage activation. Thus, Pdk1 regulated macrophage infiltration by inhibiting Foxo1-induced Ccr2 expression. This shows that the macrophage Pdk1/Foxo1 pathway is important in regulating insulin sensitivity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinaga Kawano
- Frontier Medicine on Metabolic Syndrome, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Nakae
- Frontier Medicine on Metabolic Syndrome, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Corresponding author: Jun Nakae,
| | - Nobuyuki Watanabe
- Department of Human Genetics, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shiho Fujisaka
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Kristy Iskandar
- Pediatric Research Office, Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sardjito Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Risa Sekioka
- Frontier Medicine on Metabolic Syndrome, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshitake Hayashi
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Medical Genetics, International Center for Medical Research and Treatment, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Tobe
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Masato Kasuga
- Research Institute, International Medical Center of Japan, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Noda
- Department of Cell Biology, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Cancer Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiko Yoshimura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masafumi Onodera
- Department of Human Genetics, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Itoh
- Frontier Medicine on Metabolic Syndrome, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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106
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Morine MJ, Toomey S, McGillicuddy FC, Reynolds CM, Power KA, Browne JA, Loscher C, Mills KHG, Roche HM. Network analysis of adipose tissue gene expression highlights altered metabolic and regulatory transcriptomic activity in high-fat-diet-fed IL-1RI knockout mice. J Nutr Biochem 2012; 24:788-95. [PMID: 22841542 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2012.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 04/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A subacute inflammatory phenotype is implicated in the pathology of insulin resistance (IR) and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Interleukin (IL)-1α and IL-1β are produced by innate immune cells, including macrophages, and mediate their inflammatory response through the IL-1 type I receptor (IL-IRI). This study sought to understand the transcriptomic signature of adipose tissue in obese IL-1RI(-/-) mice. Following dietary intervention, markers of insulin sensitivity and inflammation in adipose tissue were determined, and gene expression was assessed with microarrays. IL-1RI(-/-) mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) had significantly lower plasma inflammatory cytokine concentrations than wild-type mice. Metabolic network analysis of transcriptomic effects identified up-regulation and co-expression of genes involved in lipolysis, lipogenesis and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Further assessment of gene expression in a network of protein interactions related to innate immunity highlighted Stat3 as a potential transcriptional regulator of IL-1 signalling. The complex, downstream effects of IL-1 signalling through the IL-1RI receptor remain poorly defined. Using network-based analyses of transcriptomic signatures in IL-1RI(-/-) mice, we have identified expression changes in genes involved in lipid cycling and TCA cycle, which may be more broadly indicative of a restoration of mitochondrial function in the context of HFD. Our results also highlight a potential role for Stat3 in linking IL-1 signalling to adipogenesis and IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J Morine
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
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107
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Abstract
The fields of immunology and metabolism are rapidly converging on adipose tissue. During obesity, many immune cells infiltrate or populate in adipose tissue and promote a low-grade chronic inflammation. Studies to date have suggested that perturbation of inflammation is critically linked to nutrient metabolic pathways and to obesity-associated complications such as insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Despite these advances, however, many open questions remain including how inflammatory responses are initiated and maintained, how nutrients impact the function of various immune populations, and how inflammatory responses affect systemic insulin sensitivity. Here we review recent studies on the roles of various immune cells at different phases of obesity and discuss molecular mechanisms underlying obesity-associated inflammation. Better understanding of the events occurring in adipose tissue will provide insights into the pathophysiological role of inflammation in obesity and shed light on the pathogenesis of obesity-associated metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyi Sun
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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108
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Osborn O, Olefsky JM. The cellular and signaling networks linking the immune system and metabolism in disease. Nat Med 2012; 18:363-74. [PMID: 22395709 DOI: 10.1038/nm.2627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1108] [Impact Index Per Article: 92.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
It is now recognized that obesity is driving the type 2 diabetes epidemic in Western countries. Obesity-associated chronic tissue inflammation is a key contributing factor to type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, and a number of studies have clearly demonstrated that the immune system and metabolism are highly integrated. Recent advances in deciphering the various cellular and signaling networks that participate in linking the immune and metabolic systems together have contributed to understanding of the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases and may also inform new therapeutic strategies based on immunomodulation. Here we discuss how these various networks underlie the etiology of the inflammatory component of insulin resistance, with a particular focus on the central roles of macrophages in adipose tissue and liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Osborn
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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109
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Boutant M, Ramos OHP, Tourrel-Cuzin C, Movassat J, Ilias A, Vallois D, Planchais J, Pégorier JP, Schuit F, Petit PX, Bossard P, Maedler K, Grapin-Botton A, Vasseur-Cognet M. COUP-TFII controls mouse pancreatic β-cell mass through GLP-1-β-catenin signaling pathways. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30847. [PMID: 22292058 PMCID: PMC3265526 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The control of the functional pancreatic β-cell mass serves the key homeostatic function of releasing the right amount of insulin to keep blood sugar in the normal range. It is not fully understood though how β-cell mass is determined. Methodology/Principal Findings Conditional chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter transcription factor II (COUP-TFII)-deficient mice were generated and crossed with mice expressing Cre under the control of pancreatic duodenal homeobox 1 (pdx1) gene promoter. Ablation of COUP-TFII in pancreas resulted in glucose intolerance. Beta-cell number was reduced at 1 day and 3 weeks postnatal. Together with a reduced number of insulin-containing cells in the ductal epithelium and normal β-cell proliferation and apoptosis, this suggests decreased β-cell differentiation in the neonatal period. By testing islets isolated from these mice and cultured β-cells with loss and gain of COUP-TFII function, we found that COUP-TFII induces the expression of the β-catenin gene and its target genes such as cyclin D1 and axin 2. Moreover, induction of these genes by glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) via β-catenin was impaired in absence of COUP-TFII. The expression of two other target genes of GLP-1 signaling, GLP-1R and PDX-1 was significantly lower in mutant islets compared to control islets, possibly contributing to reduced β-cell mass. Finally, we demonstrated that COUP-TFII expression was activated by the Wnt signaling-associated transcription factor TCF7L2 (T-cell factor 7-like 2) in human islets and rat β-cells providing a feedback loop. Conclusions/Significance Our findings show that COUP-TFII is a novel component of the GLP-1 signaling cascade that increases β-cell number during the neonatal period. COUP-TFII is required for GLP-1 activation of the β-catenin-dependent pathway and its expression is under the control of TCF7L2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Boutant
- Institute national del santé et de la recherché medicale(INSERM), Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Cancer, Cochin Institute, Paris-France
- Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - Oscar Henrique Pereira Ramos
- Institute national del santé et de la recherché medicale(INSERM), Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Cancer, Cochin Institute, Paris-France
- Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - Cécile Tourrel-Cuzin
- Institute national del santé et de la recherché medicale(INSERM), Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Cancer, Cochin Institute, Paris-France
- Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - Jamileh Movassat
- Unit of Functional and Adaptative Biology, Laboratory of Biology and Pathology of the Endocrine Pancreas, Paris Diderot University, Paris, France
| | - Anissa Ilias
- Unit of Functional and Adaptative Biology, Laboratory of Biology and Pathology of the Endocrine Pancreas, Paris Diderot University, Paris, France
| | - David Vallois
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Julien Planchais
- Institute national del santé et de la recherché medicale(INSERM), Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Cancer, Cochin Institute, Paris-France
- Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - Jean-Paul Pégorier
- Institute national del santé et de la recherché medicale(INSERM), Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Cancer, Cochin Institute, Paris-France
- Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - Frans Schuit
- Department of Molecular Cellular Biology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrice X. Petit
- Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Cochin Institute, Paris, France
| | - Pascale Bossard
- Institute national del santé et de la recherché medicale(INSERM), Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Cancer, Cochin Institute, Paris-France
- Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - Kathrin Maedler
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, University of Bremen, Germany
| | | | - Mireille Vasseur-Cognet
- Institute national del santé et de la recherché medicale(INSERM), Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Cancer, Cochin Institute, Paris-France
- Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
- * E-mail:
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110
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Akash MSH, Shen Q, Rehman K, Chen S. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist: a new therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:1647-58. [PMID: 22271340 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2011] [Revised: 12/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Various complex mechanisms and their multifactorial pathways decisively provoke low-grade local and systemic inflammation in β-cells of pancreatic islets and peripheral tissues to induce β-cells' dysfunction and apoptosis, insulin resistance, and ultimately, overt type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Conventional antidiabetic agents are being less popular, as they have some potential adverse effects. Currently, many anti-inflammatory therapeutic modalities are being investigated to abate the infuriating effects of inducers of T2DM and among them, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) is the only one that has been approved by US Food and Drug Administration. We have compared IL-1Ra with other anti-inflammatory agents and conventional antidiabetic agents. Although, IL-1Ra has broad-spectrum anti-inflammatory activities, it also has some limitations due to its short half-life. To overcome the problem of short half-life of IL-1Ra, recently, we fused IL-1Ra in recombinant human serum albumin and expressed it in Pichia pastoris. Its bioactivity was also checked by IL-1-induced A375.S2 apoptotic cells. Furthermore, we have also formulated IL-1Ra with Pluronic F-127-based thermosensitive gel and investigated its in vitro characteristics to prolong its therapeutic effects. Further studies are required to investigate its therapeutic effects against diabetes and diabetes-associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Sajid Hamid Akash
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemical Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, China
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111
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Y Donath
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland.
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112
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Ramadan JW, Steiner SR, O'Neill CM, Nunemaker CS. The central role of calcium in the effects of cytokines on beta-cell function: implications for type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Cell Calcium 2011; 50:481-90. [PMID: 21944825 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2011.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Revised: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The appropriate regulation of intracellular calcium is a requirement for proper cell function and survival. This review focuses on the effects of proinflammatory cytokines on calcium regulation in the insulin-producing pancreatic beta-cell and how normal stimulus-secretion coupling, organelle function, and overall beta-cell viability are impacted. Proinflammatory cytokines are increasingly thought to contribute to beta-cell dysfunction not only in type 1 diabetes (T1D), but also in the progression of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Cytokine-induced disruptions in calcium handling result in reduced insulin release in response to glucose stimulation. Cytokines can alter intracellular calcium levels by depleting calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and by increasing calcium influx from the extracellular space. Depleting ER calcium leads to protein misfolding and activation of the ER stress response. Disrupting intracellular calcium may also affect organelles, including the mitochondria and the nucleus. As a chronic condition, cytokine-induced calcium disruptions may lead to beta-cell death in T1D and T2D, although possible protective effects are also discussed. Calcium is thus central to both normal and pathological cell processes. Because the tight regulation of intracellular calcium is crucial to homeostasis, measuring the dynamics of calcium may serve as a good indicator of overall beta-cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Ramadan
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States
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113
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Biologic therapies in non-rheumatic diseases: lessons for rheumatologists? Nat Rev Rheumatol 2011; 7:507-16. [PMID: 21808288 DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2011.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Biologic therapies have been licensed to treat rheumatic diseases for more than a decade. In parallel, they have gained acceptance in a variety of non-rheumatic diseases, where their impact has been no less revolutionary. In this Review, we examine the application of biologics in a number of non-rheumatic autoimmune and inflammatory disorders-psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease, uveitis, asthma, diabetes, congestive cardiac failure and multiple sclerosis. In particular, we have sought information, or lessons, that could influence their application in rheumatic diseases. For example, we highlight the potential to stratify asthma into groups that might require different targeted approaches, and focus on some of the less common adverse events associated with biologic therapies in multiple sclerosis. Similarly, we examine type 1 diabetes mellitus in the context of potential therapeutic induction of immune tolerance. Working collaboratively, across specialties, there is significant synergy to be gained in regard to understanding how biologic therapies work, how best to use them, and the adverse effects we should be conscious of.
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114
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McGillicuddy FC, Harford KA, Reynolds CM, Oliver E, Claessens M, Mills KH, Roche HM. Lack of interleukin-1 receptor I (IL-1RI) protects mice from high-fat diet-induced adipose tissue inflammation coincident with improved glucose homeostasis. Diabetes 2011; 60:1688-98. [PMID: 21515850 PMCID: PMC3114387 DOI: 10.2337/db10-1278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE High-fat diet (HFD)-induced adipose tissue inflammation is a critical feature of diet-induced insulin resistance (IR); however, the contribution of interleukin-1 receptor I (IL-1RI)-mediated signals to this phenotype has not been defined. We hypothesized that lack of IL-1RI may ameliorate HFD-induced IR by attenuating adipose tissue inflammation. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Glucose homeostasis was monitored in chow- and HFD-fed wild-type (WT) and IL-1RI(-/-) mice by glucose tolerance and insulin tolerance tests. Macrophage recruitment and cytokine signature of adipose tissue macrophages was evaluated. Insulin sensitivity and cytokine secretion from adipose explants was quantified. Cytokine secretion and adipocyte insulin sensitivity was measured in cocultures of WT or IL-1RI(-/-) macrophages with 3T3L1 adipocytes. Synergistic effects of IL-1β with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α on inflammation was monitored in WT and IL-1RI(-/-) bone-marrow macrophages and adipose explants. RESULTS Lean and obese IL-1RI(-/-) animals exhibited enhanced glucose homeostasis by glucose tolerance test and insulin tolerance test. M1/M2 macrophage number in adipose tissue was comparable between genotypes; however, TNF-α and IL-6 secretion was lower from IL-1RI(-/-) adipose tissue macrophages. IL-1RI(-/-) adipose exhibited enhanced insulin sensitivity, elevated pAKT, lower cytokine secretion, and attenuated induction of phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 and suppressor of cytokine signaling molecule 3 after HFD. Coculture of WT, but not IL-1RI(-/-) macrophages, with 3T3L1 adipocytes enhanced IL-6 and TNF-α secretion, reduced adiponectin secretion, and impaired adipocyte insulin sensitivity. TNF-α and IL-1β potently synergized to enhance inflammation in WT macrophages and adipose, an effect lost in the absence of IL-1RI. CONCLUSIONS Lack of IL-1RI protects against HFD-induced IR coincident with reduced local adipose tissue inflammation, despite equivalent immune cell recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona C. McGillicuddy
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, University College Dublin Conway Institute, School of Public Health & Population Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Karen A. Harford
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, University College Dublin Conway Institute, School of Public Health & Population Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Clare M. Reynolds
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, University College Dublin Conway Institute, School of Public Health & Population Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Elizabeth Oliver
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, University College Dublin Conway Institute, School of Public Health & Population Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mandy Claessens
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, University College Dublin Conway Institute, School of Public Health & Population Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kingston H.G. Mills
- Immune Regulation Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Helen M. Roche
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, University College Dublin Conway Institute, School of Public Health & Population Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Corresponding author: Helen M. Roche,
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115
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Masters SL, Latz E, O'Neill LAJ. The Inflammasome in Atherosclerosis and Type 2 Diabetes. Sci Transl Med 2011; 3:81ps17. [DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3001902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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116
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Masters SL, O’Neill LA. Disease-associated amyloid and misfolded protein aggregates activate the inflammasome. Trends Mol Med 2011; 17:276-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2011.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Revised: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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117
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Abstract
'Gut health' is a term increasingly used in the medical literature and by the food industry. It covers multiple positive aspects of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, such as the effective digestion and absorption of food, the absence of GI illness, normal and stable intestinal microbiota, effective immune status and a state of well-being. From a scientific point of view, however, it is still extremely unclear exactly what gut health is, how it can be defined and how it can be measured. The GI barrier adjacent to the GI microbiota appears to be the key to understanding the complex mechanisms that maintain gut health. Any impairment of the GI barrier can increase the risk of developing infectious, inflammatory and functional GI diseases, as well as extraintestinal diseases such as immune-mediated and metabolic disorders. Less clear, however, is whether GI discomfort in general can also be related to GI barrier functions. In any case, methods of assessing, improving and maintaining gut health-related GI functions are of major interest in preventive medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan C Bischoff
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstr 12, Stuttgart D 70599, Germany.
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118
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Abstract
Lymphocytes and myeloid cells (monocyte/macrophages) have important roles in multiple types of diseases characterized by unresolved inflammation. The relatively recent appreciation of obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes (T2D) as chronic inflammatory diseases has stimulated interest in understanding the role of immune cells in metabolic imbalance. Myeloid cells regulate inflammation through cytokine production and the adipose tissue remodeling that accompanies hyper-nutrition, thus are critical players in metabolic homeostasis. More recently, multiple studies have indicated a role for T cells in obesity-associated inflammation and insulin resistance in model organisms, with parallel work indicating that pro-inflammatory changes in T cells also associate with human T2D. Furthermore, the expansion of T cells with similar antigen-binding sites in obesity and T2D indicates these diseases share characteristics previously attributed to inflammatory autoimmune disorders. Parallel pro-inflammatory changes in the B-cell compartment of T2D patients have also been identified. Taken together, these studies indicate that in addition to accepted pro-inflammatory roles of myeloid cells in T2D, pro-inflammatory skewing of both major lymphocyte subsets has an important role in T2D disease pathogenesis. Basic immunological principles suggest that alterations in lymphocyte function in obesity and T2D patients are an integral part of a feed-forward pro-inflammatory loop involving additional cell types. Importantly, the pro-inflammatory loop almost inevitably includes adipocytes, known to respond to pro-inflammatory, pro-diabetogenic cytokines originating from the myeloid and lymphoid compartments. We propose a model for inflammation in T2D that functionally links lymphocyte, myeloid and adipocyte contributions, and importantly proposes that tools for B-cell ablation or regulation of T-cell subset balance may have a place in the endocrinologist's limited arsenal.
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119
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Ardestani A, Sauter NS, Paroni F, Dharmadhikari G, Cho JH, Lupi R, Marchetti P, Oberholzer J, Conte JK, Maedler K. Neutralizing interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) induces beta-cell survival by maintaining PDX1 protein nuclear localization. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:17144-55. [PMID: 21393239 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.210526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor PDX1 plays a critical role during β-cell development and in glucose-induced insulin gene transcription in adult β-cells. Acute glucose exposure leads to translocalization of PDX1 to the nucleoplasm, whereas under conditions of oxidative stress, PDX1 shuttles from the nucleus to the cytosol. Here we show that cytosolic PDX1 expression correlated with β-cell failure in diabetes. In isolated islets from patients with type 2 diabetes and from diabetic mice, we found opposite regulation of insulin and PDX1 mRNA; insulin was decreased in diabetes, but PDX1 was increased. This suggests that elevated PDX1 mRNA levels may be insufficient to regulate insulin. In diabetic islets, PDX1 protein was localized in the cytosol, whereas in non-diabetic controls, PDX1 was in the nucleus. In contrast, overexpression of either IL-1 receptor antagonist or shuttling-deficient PDX1 restored β-cell survival and function and PDX1 nuclear localization. Our results show that nuclear localization of PDX1 is essential for a functional β-cell and provides a novel mechanism of the protective effect of IL-1 receptor antagonist on β-cell survival and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Ardestani
- Islet Biology Laboratory, Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen 28355, University of Bremen, Leobener Strasse NW2, Rm. B2080, 28359 Bremen, Germany
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120
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Giacca A, Xiao C, Oprescu AI, Carpentier AC, Lewis GF. Lipid-induced pancreatic β-cell dysfunction: focus on in vivo studies. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2011; 300:E255-62. [PMID: 21119027 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00416.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The phenomenon of lipid-induced pancreatic β-cell dysfunction ("lipotoxicity") has been very well documented in numerous in vitro experimental systems and has become widely accepted. In vivo demonstration of β-cell lipotoxicity, on the other hand, has not been consistently demonstrated, and there remains a lack of consensus regarding the in vivo effects of chronically elevated free fatty acids (FFA) on β-cell function. Much of the disagreement relates to how insulin secretion is quantified in vivo and in particular whether insulin secretion is assessed in relation to whole body insulin sensitivity, which is clearly reduced by elevated FFA. By correcting for changes in in vivo insulin sensitivity, we and others have shown that prolonged elevation of FFA impairs β-cell secretory function. Prediabetic animal models and humans with a positive family history of type 2 diabetes are more susceptible to this impairment, whereas those with severe impairment of β-cell function (such as individuals with type 2 diabetes) demonstrate no additional impairment of β-cell function when FFA are experimentally raised. Glucolipotoxicity (i.e., the combined β-cell toxicity of elevated glucose and FFA) has been amply demonstrated in vitro and in some animal studies but not in humans, perhaps because there are limitations in experimentally raising plasma glucose to sufficiently high levels for prolonged periods of time. We and others have shown that therapies directed toward diminishing oxidative stress and ER stress have the potential to reduce lipid-induced β-cell dysfunction in animals and humans. In conclusion, lipid-induced pancreatic β-cell dysfunction is likely to be one contributor to the complex array of genetic and metabolic insults that result in the relentless decline in pancreatic β-cell function in those destined to develop type 2 diabetes, and mechanisms involved in this lipotoxicity are promising therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adria Giacca
- Dept. of Physiology, Univ. of Toronto, ON, Canada.
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121
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Christensen DP, Dahllöf M, Lundh M, Rasmussen DN, Nielsen MD, Billestrup N, Grunnet LG, Mandrup-Poulsen T. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition as a novel treatment for diabetes mellitus. Mol Med 2011; 17:378-90. [PMID: 21274504 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2011.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Both common forms of diabetes have an inflammatory pathogenesis in which immune and metabolic factors converge on interleukin-1β as a key mediator of insulin resistance and β-cell failure. In addition to improving insulin resistance and preventing β-cell inflammatory damage, there is evidence of genetic association between diabetes and histone deacetylases (HDACs); and HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) promote β-cell development, proliferation, differentiation and function and positively affect late diabetic microvascular complications. Here we review this evidence and propose that there is a strong rationale for preclinical studies and clinical trials with the aim of testing the utility of HDACi as a novel therapy for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan P Christensen
- Center for Medical Research Methodology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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122
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Baker RG, Hayden MS, Ghosh S. NF-κB, inflammation, and metabolic disease. Cell Metab 2011; 13:11-22. [PMID: 21195345 PMCID: PMC3040418 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2010.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1400] [Impact Index Per Article: 107.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Revised: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic disorders including obesity, type 2 diabetes, and atherosclerosis have been viewed historically as lipid storage disorders brought about by overnutrition. It is now widely appreciated that chronic low-grade inflammation plays a key role in the initiation, propagation, and development of metabolic diseases. Consistent with its central role in coordinating inflammatory responses, numerous recent studies have implicated the transcription factor NF-κB in the development of such diseases, thereby further establishing inflammation as a critical factor in their etiology and offering hope for the development of new therapeutic approaches for their treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca G. Baker
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Matthew S. Hayden
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Sankar Ghosh
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
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123
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Abstract
Interleukin-1β Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is a key regulator of the body's inflammatory response and is produced after infection, injury, and an antigenic challenge. Cloned in 1984, the single polypeptide IL-1β has been shown to exert numerous biological effects. It plays a role in various diseases, including autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel diseases, and Type 1 diabetes, as well as in diseases associated with metabolic syndrome such as atherosclerosis, chronic heart failure, and Type 2 diabetes. The macrophage is the primary source of IL-1β, but epidermal, epithelial, lymphoid, and vascular tissues also synthesize IL-1. Recently, IL-1β production and secretion have also been reported from pancreatic islets. Insulin-producing β-cells β-cells within the pancreatic islets are specifically prone to IL-β-induced destruction and loss of function. Macrophage-derived IL-1β production in insulin-sensitive organs leads to the progression of inflammation inflammation and induction of insulin resistance in obesity. This chapter explains the mechanisms involved in the inflammatory response during diabetes progression with specific attention to the IL-1β signal effects influencing insulin action and insulin secretion insulin secretion . We highlight recent clinical studies, rodent and in vitro experiments with isolated islets using IL-1β as a potential target for the therapy of Type 2 diabetes.
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124
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Abstract
Obesity is a major problem worldwide that increases risk for a wide range of diseases, including diabetes and heart disease. As such, it is increasingly important to understand how excess adiposity can perturb normal metabolic functions. It is now clear that this disruption involves not only pathways controlling lipid and glucose homeostasis but also integration of metabolic and immune response pathways. Under conditions of nutritional excess, this integration can result in a metabolically driven, low-grade, chronic inflammatory state, referred to as "metaflammation," that targets metabolically critical organs and tissues to adversely affect systemic homeostasis. Endoplasmic reticulum dysfunction is another important feature of chronic metabolic disease that is also linked to both metabolic and immune regulation. A thorough understanding of how these pathways intersect to maintain metabolic homeostasis, as well as how this integration is altered under conditions of nutrient excess, is important to fully understand, and subsequently treat, chronic metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Hummasti
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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125
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Volarevic V, Al-Qahtani A, Arsenijevic N, Pajovic S, Lukic ML. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) and IL-1Ra producing mesenchymal stem cells as modulators of diabetogenesis. Autoimmunity 2010; 43:255-63. [PMID: 19845478 DOI: 10.3109/08916930903305641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress leads to beta-cell damage and promotes beta-cells apoptosis, in types I and II of diabetes mellitus. Therefore, blocking of pro-inflammatory cytokines should be an effective way for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. When IL-1 occupies its receptor, various pro-inflammatory events are initiated including the synthesis and releases of chemokines and these chemokines attract neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes that cause tissue inflammation. IL-1Ra is a naturally occurring cytokine and is the inhibitor of IL-1. When IL-1Ra binds to the IL-1 receptor, binding of IL-1 is blocked by IL-1Ra and pro-inflammatory signal from IL-1 receptor is stopped. There are mounting evidences to suggest that anti-inflammatory IL-1Ra reduces the inflammatory effects of IL-1 and preserves cell function in both types of diabetes. Therefore, IL-1Ra maybe a new therapeutic agent for diabetes mellitus types I and II. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are self-renewable multipotent stromal cells that have immunomodulatory capacity. Recently, well characterized subpopulations of MSCs which express IL-1Ra have been described. IL-1Ra expressed by these MSCs effectively binds to IL-1 receptor and protects tissues from inflammation-induced injuries. It has been previously shown that bone marrow-derived MSC therapy could be considered for the treatment of diabetes mellitus type 1 and complications of diabetes mellitus. This review presents understanding of potential use of IL-1Ra and MSCs as modulators of diabetogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav Volarevic
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
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126
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Dula SB, Jecmenica M, Wu R, Jahanshahi P, Verrilli GM, Carter JD, Brayman KL, Nunemaker CS. Evidence that low-grade systemic inflammation can induce islet dysfunction as measured by impaired calcium handling. Cell Calcium 2010; 48:133-42. [PMID: 20800281 PMCID: PMC2948622 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2010.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Revised: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/24/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In obesity and the early stages of type 2 diabetes (T2D), proinflammatory cytokines are mildly elevated in the systemic circulation. This low-grade systemic inflammation exposes pancreatic islets to these circulating cytokines at much lower levels than seen within the islet during insulitis. These low-dose effects have not been well described. We examined mouse islets treated overnight with a low-dose cytokine combination commonly associated with inflammation (TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta, and IFN-gamma). We then examined islet function primarily using intracellular calcium ([Ca(2+)](i)), a key component of insulin secretion and cytokine signaling. Cytokine-treated islets demonstrated several features that suggested dysfunction including excess [Ca(2+)](i) in low physiological glucose (3mM), reduced responses to glucose stimulation, and disrupted [Ca(2+)](i) oscillations. Interestingly, islets taken from young db/db mice showed similar disruptions in [Ca(2+)](i) dynamics as cytokine-treated islets. Additional studies of control islets showed that the cytokine-induced elevation in basal [Ca(2+)](i) was due to both greater calcium influx through L-type-calcium-channels and reduced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) calcium storage. Many of these cytokine-induced disruptions could be reproduced by SERCA blockade. Our data suggest that chronic low-grade inflammation produces circulating cytokine levels that are sufficient to induce beta-cell dysfunction and may play a contributing role in beta-cell failure in early T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey B. Dula
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Mladen Jecmenica
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Runpei Wu
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Pooya Jahanshahi
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
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127
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Igoillo-Esteve M, Marselli L, Cunha DA, Ladrière L, Ortis F, Grieco FA, Dotta F, Weir GC, Marchetti P, Eizirik DL, Cnop M. Palmitate induces a pro-inflammatory response in human pancreatic islets that mimics CCL2 expression by beta cells in type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2010; 53:1395-405. [PMID: 20369226 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-010-1707-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2009] [Accepted: 01/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Beta cell failure is a crucial component in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. One of the proposed mechanisms of beta cell failure is local inflammation, but the presence of pancreatic islet inflammation in type 2 diabetes and the mechanisms involved remain under debate. METHODS Chemokine and cytokine expression was studied by microarray analysis of laser-capture microdissected islets from pancreases obtained from ten non-diabetic and ten type 2 diabetic donors, and by real-time PCR of human islets exposed to oleate or palmitate at 6 or 28 mmol/l glucose. The cellular source of the chemokines was analysed by immunofluorescence of pancreatic sections from individuals without diabetes and with type 2 diabetes. RESULTS Microarray analysis of laser-capture microdissected beta cells showed increased chemokine and cytokine expression in type 2 diabetes compared with non-diabetic controls. The inflammatory response in type 2 diabetes was mimicked by exposure of non-diabetic human islets to palmitate, but not to oleate or high glucose, leading to the induction of IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-8, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2). Interference with IL-1beta signalling abolished palmitate-induced cytokine and chemokine expression but failed to prevent lipotoxic human islet cell death. Palmitate activated nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) in human pancreatic beta and non-beta cells, and chemically induced endoplasmic reticulum stress caused cytokine expression and NF-kappaB activation similar to that occurring with palmitate. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Saturated-fatty-acid-induced NF-kappaB activation and endoplasmic reticulum stress may contribute to IL-1beta production and mild islet inflammation in type 2 diabetes. This inflammatory process does not contribute to lipotoxicity ex vivo, but may lead to local chemokine release.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Igoillo-Esteve
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, CP-618, Route de Lennik 808, 1070, Brussels, Belgium
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128
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Owyang AM, Maedler K, Gross L, Yin J, Esposito L, Shu L, Jadhav J, Domsgen E, Bergemann J, Lee S, Kantak S. XOMA 052, an anti-IL-1{beta} monoclonal antibody, improves glucose control and {beta}-cell function in the diet-induced obesity mouse model. Endocrinology 2010; 151:2515-27. [PMID: 20332197 DOI: 10.1210/en.2009-1124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that IL-1beta-mediated glucotoxicity plays a critical role in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Although previous work has shown that inhibiting IL-1beta can lead to improvements in glucose control and beta-cell function, we hypothesized that more efficient targeting of IL-1beta with a novel monoclonal antibody, XOMA 052, would reveal an effect on additional parameters affecting metabolic disease. In the diet-induced obesity model, XOMA 052 was administered to mice fed either normal or high-fat diet (HFD) for up to 19 wk. XOMA 052 was administered as a prophylactic treatment or as a therapy. Mice were analyzed for glucose tolerance, insulin tolerance, insulin secretion, and lipid profile. In addition, the pancreata were analyzed for beta-cell apoptosis, proliferation, and beta-cell mass. Mice on HFD exhibited elevated glucose and glycated hemoglobin levels, impaired glucose tolerance and insulin secretion, and elevated lipid profile, which were prevented by XOMA 052. XOMA 052 also reduced beta-cell apoptosis and increased beta-cell proliferation. XOMA 052 maintained the HFD-induced compensatory increase in beta-cell mass, while also preventing the loss in beta-cell mass seen with extended HFD feeding. Analysis of fasting insulin and glucose levels suggests that XOMA 052 prevented HFD-induced insulin resistance. These studies provide new evidence that targeting IL-1beta in vivo could improve insulin sensitivity and lead to beta-cell sparing. This is in addition to previously reported benefits on glycemic control. Taken together, the data presented suggest that XOMA 052 could be effective for treating many aspects of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Owyang
- Preclinical Research and Development, XOMA (US) LLC, 2910 Seventh Street, Berkeley, California 94710, USA
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129
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Kruit JK, Brunham LR, Verchere CB, Hayden MR. HDL and LDL cholesterol significantly influence beta-cell function in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Curr Opin Lipidol 2010; 21:178-85. [PMID: 20463468 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0b013e328339387b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) display significant abnormalities in both LDL and HDL particles. Recent data suggest that these changes in lipoprotein particles could contribute to the pathogenesis of T2DM. In this review, we focus on these abnormalities and discuss their possible impact on beta-cell function and beta-cell mass. RECENT FINDINGS Infusion of reconstituted HDL in T2DM patients improves beta-cell function, whereas carriers of loss-of-function mutations in the cholesterol transporter ABCA1, who have decreased HDL levels, have impaired beta-cell function. In addition, recent studies show that HDL protects against stress-induced beta-cell apoptosis in vitro. Finally, increasing evidence points to a role for islet inflammation in the pathogenesis of T2DM. ABCA1 and ABCG1 may also modulate these inflammatory responses, suggesting an additional pathway by which HDL may impact T2DM. SUMMARY Recent findings indicate that HDL protects beta-cells from cholesterol-induced beta-cell dysfunction, stress-induced apoptosis and islet inflammation. As the protective properties of HDL are compromised in patients with metabolic syndrome and T2DM, dysfunctional HDL metabolism could contribute to the pathogenesis of T2DM. Therapeutic normalization of both the quantity and quality of HDL particles may be a novel approach to prevent or treat T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine K Kruit
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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130
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Maier B, Ogihara T, Trace AP, Tersey SA, Robbins RD, Chakrabarti SK, Nunemaker CS, Stull ND, Taylor CA, Thompson JE, Dondero RS, Lewis EC, Dinarello CA, Nadler JL, Mirmira RG. The unique hypusine modification of eIF5A promotes islet beta cell inflammation and dysfunction in mice. J Clin Invest 2010; 120:2156-70. [PMID: 20501948 PMCID: PMC2877928 DOI: 10.1172/jci38924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2009] [Accepted: 03/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, pancreatic islet dysfunction results in part from cytokine-mediated inflammation. The ubiquitous eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF5A), which is the only protein to contain the amino acid hypusine, contributes to the production of proinflammatory cytokines. We therefore investigated whether eIF5A participates in the inflammatory cascade leading to islet dysfunction during the development of diabetes. As described herein, we found that eIF5A regulates iNOS levels and that eIF5A depletion as well as the inhibition of hypusination protects against glucose intolerance in inflammatory mouse models of diabetes. We observed that following knockdown of eIF5A expression, mice were resistant to beta cell loss and the development of hyperglycemia in the low-dose streptozotocin model of diabetes. The depletion of eIF5A led to impaired translation of iNOS-encoding mRNA within the islet. A role for the hypusine residue of eIF5A in islet inflammatory responses was suggested by the observation that inhibition of hypusine synthesis reduced translation of iNOS-encoding mRNA in rodent beta cells and human islets and protected mice against the development of glucose intolerance the low-dose streptozotocin model of diabetes. Further analysis revealed that hypusine is required in part for nuclear export of iNOS-encoding mRNA, a process that involved the export protein exportin1. These observations identify the hypusine modification of eIF5A as a potential therapeutic target for preserving islet function under inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Maier
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and
Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
Department of Medicine and Strelitz Diabetes Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
Senesco Technologies Inc., New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
Department of Medicine and Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Takeshi Ogihara
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and
Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
Department of Medicine and Strelitz Diabetes Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
Senesco Technologies Inc., New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
Department of Medicine and Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Anthony P. Trace
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and
Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
Department of Medicine and Strelitz Diabetes Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
Senesco Technologies Inc., New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
Department of Medicine and Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Sarah A. Tersey
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and
Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
Department of Medicine and Strelitz Diabetes Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
Senesco Technologies Inc., New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
Department of Medicine and Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Reiesha D. Robbins
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and
Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
Department of Medicine and Strelitz Diabetes Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
Senesco Technologies Inc., New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
Department of Medicine and Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Swarup K. Chakrabarti
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and
Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
Department of Medicine and Strelitz Diabetes Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
Senesco Technologies Inc., New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
Department of Medicine and Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Craig S. Nunemaker
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and
Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
Department of Medicine and Strelitz Diabetes Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
Senesco Technologies Inc., New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
Department of Medicine and Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Natalie D. Stull
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and
Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
Department of Medicine and Strelitz Diabetes Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
Senesco Technologies Inc., New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
Department of Medicine and Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Catherine A. Taylor
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and
Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
Department of Medicine and Strelitz Diabetes Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
Senesco Technologies Inc., New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
Department of Medicine and Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - John E. Thompson
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and
Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
Department of Medicine and Strelitz Diabetes Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
Senesco Technologies Inc., New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
Department of Medicine and Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Richard S. Dondero
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and
Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
Department of Medicine and Strelitz Diabetes Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
Senesco Technologies Inc., New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
Department of Medicine and Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Eli C. Lewis
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and
Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
Department of Medicine and Strelitz Diabetes Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
Senesco Technologies Inc., New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
Department of Medicine and Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Charles A. Dinarello
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and
Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
Department of Medicine and Strelitz Diabetes Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
Senesco Technologies Inc., New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
Department of Medicine and Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Jerry L. Nadler
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and
Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
Department of Medicine and Strelitz Diabetes Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
Senesco Technologies Inc., New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
Department of Medicine and Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Raghavendra G. Mirmira
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and
Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
Department of Medicine and Strelitz Diabetes Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
Senesco Technologies Inc., New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
Department of Medicine and Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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131
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Carstensen M, Herder C, Kivimäki M, Jokela M, Roden M, Shipley MJ, Witte DR, Brunner EJ, Tabák AG. Accelerated increase in serum interleukin-1 receptor antagonist starts 6 years before diagnosis of type 2 diabetes: Whitehall II prospective cohort study. Diabetes 2010; 59:1222-7. [PMID: 20185814 PMCID: PMC2857902 DOI: 10.2337/db09-1199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) treatment is associated with improved beta-cell function and glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes, its role in the development of type 2 diabetes remains unclear. We used repeated measurements to characterize IL-1Ra trajectories in individuals who developed type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This case-cohort study, nested within the Whitehall II cohort, was based on 335 incident type 2 diabetes cases and 2,475 noncases. We measured serum IL-1Ra levels at up to three time points per individual and estimated retrospective trajectories of IL-1Ra before diabetes diagnosis (case subjects) or end of follow-up (control subjects) using multilevel analysis. Models were adjusted for age, sex, and ethnicity. RESULTS IL-1Ra levels were already higher in the case than control subjects 13 years before diabetes diagnosis/end of follow-up (mean [95% CI] 302 [290-314] vs. 244 [238-249] pg/ml). In control subjects, IL-1Ra levels showed a modest linear increase throughout the study period. In case subjects, IL-1Ra trajectories were parallel to those in control subjects until 6 years (95% CI 7.5-4.5) before diagnosis and then rose steeply to 399 (379-420) pg/ml at the time of diagnosis (P < 0.0001 for slope difference). Adjustment for BMI and waist circumference as time-varying covariates had little impact on these trajectories. CONCLUSIONS We show elevated IL-1Ra levels for 13 years and an accelerated increase during the last 6 years before type 2 diabetes diagnosis, indicating the presence of an anti-inflammatory response that may act to counterbalance the metabolic and immunologic disturbances that precede type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Carstensen
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christian Herder
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Corresponding author: Christian Herder,
| | - Mika Kivimäki
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, U.K
| | - Markus Jokela
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, U.K
| | - Michael Roden
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Martin J. Shipley
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, U.K
| | - Daniel R. Witte
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, U.K
- Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Eric J. Brunner
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, U.K
| | - Adam G. Tabák
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, U.K
- Semmelweis University Faculty of Medicine, 1st Department of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
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132
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Solinas G, Karin M. JNK1 and IKKbeta: molecular links between obesity and metabolic dysfunction. FASEB J 2010; 24:2596-611. [PMID: 20371626 DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-151340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is thought to underlie the pathogenesis of many chronic diseases. It is now established that obesity results in a state of chronic low-grade inflammation thought to contribute to several metabolic disorders, including insulin resistance and pancreatic islet dysfunction. The protein kinases JNK1 and IKKbeta have been found to serve as critical molecular links between obesity, metabolic inflammation, and disorders of glucose homeostasis. The precise mechanisms of these linkages are still being investigated. However, as we discuss here, JNK1 and IKKbeta are activated by almost all forms of metabolic stress that have been implicated in insulin resistance or islet dysfunction. Furthermore, both JNK1 and IKKbeta are critically involved in the promotion of diet-induced obesity, metabolic inflammation, insulin resistance, and beta-cell dysfunction. Understanding the molecular mechanisms by which JNK1 and IKKbeta mediate obesity-induced metabolic stress is likely to be of importance for the development of new treatments for a variety of obesity-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Solinas
- Laboratory of Metabolic Stress Biology, Department of Medicine, Physiology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
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133
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Basseri S, Lhoták S, Sharma AM, Austin RC. The chemical chaperone 4-phenylbutyrate inhibits adipogenesis by modulating the unfolded protein response. J Lipid Res 2010; 50:2486-501. [PMID: 19461119 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m900216-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown a link between obesity and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Perturbations in ER homeostasis cause ER stress and activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR). Adipocyte differentiation contributes to weight gain, and we have shown that markers of ER stress/UPR activation, including GRP78, phospho-eIF2, and spliced XBP1, are upregulated during adipogenesis. Given these findings, the objective of this study was to determine whether attenuation of UPR activation by the chemical chaperone 4-phenylbutyrate (4-PBA) inhibits adipogenesis. Exposure of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes to 4-PBA in the presence of differentiation media decreased expression of ER stress markers. Concomitant with the suppression of UPR activation, 4-PBA resulted in attenuation of adipogenesis as measured by lipid accumulation and adiponectin secretion. Consistent with these in vitro findings, female C57BL/6 mice fed a high-fat diet supplemented with 4-PBA showed a significant reduction in weight gain and had reduced fat pad mass, as compared with the high-fat diet alone group. Furthermore, 4-PBA supplementation decreased GRP78 expression in the adipose tissue and lowered plasma triglyceride, glucose, leptin, and adiponectin levels without altering food intake. Taken together, these results suggest that UPR activation contributes to adipogenesis and that blocking its activation with 4-PBA prevents adipocyte differentiation and weight gain in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Basseri
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton and the Henderson Research Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, L8N 4A6, Canada
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134
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Li Y, Xu X, Liang Y, Liu S, Xiao H, Li F, Cheng H, Fu Z. miR-375 enhances palmitate-induced lipoapoptosis in insulin-secreting NIT-1 cells by repressing myotrophin (V1) protein expression. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2010; 3:254-264. [PMID: 20224724 PMCID: PMC2836503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2009] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Lipoapoptosis of pancreatic beta cells caused by elevated circulating free fatty acids (FFAs) has now been recognized to be a pivotal factor contributing to beta cellular dysfunction and beta-mass lose in type 2 diabetes. Although recent studies suggested an important role for the ceramide pathway in the late destructive phase of lipid overload in the pancreatic beta cells, the overall underlying mechanisms leading to lipoapoptosis, however, remained poorly understood. mir-375 was recently characterized to be a pancreatic islet-specific miRNA implicated in the regulation of insulin secretion and beta-mass turnover. In the present study we further examined its effect on palmitate-induced lipoapoptosis in NIT-1 cells, a NOD-derived beta-cell line. It was found that NIT-1 cells with ectopic mir-375 expression were much more susceptible to palmitate-induced lipoapoptosis. In contrast, knockdown of endogenous pri-mir-375 expression by a modified antisense oligo, 2'-O-me-375, almost completely protected NIT-1 cells from palmitate-induced lipoapoptosis. We further demonstrated that mir-375 could target V1 mRNA and repress its translation. Consistent with this assumption, NIT-1 cells transfected with 2'-O-me-375 showed significant higher levels of V1 protein after palmitate induction. Together, our data suggest that mir-375 could be a potential therapeutic target for prevention and intervention of beta-cell dysfunction and beta-mass lose in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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135
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Schroder K, Zhou R, Tschopp J. The NLRP3 Inflammasome: A Sensor for Metabolic Danger? Science 2010; 327:296-300. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1184003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 818] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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136
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Wang C, Guan Y, Yang J. Cytokines in the Progression of Pancreatic β-Cell Dysfunction. Int J Endocrinol 2010; 2010:515136. [PMID: 21113299 PMCID: PMC2989452 DOI: 10.1155/2010/515136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Revised: 08/05/2010] [Accepted: 10/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The dysfunction of pancreatic β-cell and the reduction in β-cell mass are the decisive events in the progression of type 2 diabetes. There is increasing evidence that cytokines play important roles in the procedure of β-cell failure. Cytokines, such as IL-1β, IFN-γ, TNF-α, leptin, resistin, adiponectin, and visfatin, have been shown to diversely regulate pancreatic β-cell function. Recently, islet-derived cytokine PANcreatic DERived factor (PANDER or FAM3B) has also been demonstrated to be a regulator of islet β-cell function. The change in cytokine profile in islet and plasma is associated with pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and apoptosis. In this paper, we summarize and discuss the recent studies on the effects of certain important cytokines on pancreatic β-cell function. The imbalance in deleterious and protective cytokines plays pivotal roles in the development and progression of pancreatic β-cell dysfunction under insulin-resistant conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunjiong Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Diabetes Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Youfei Guan
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Diabetes Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jichun Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Diabetes Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
- *Jichun Yang:
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137
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Böni-Schnetzler M, Boller S, Debray S, Bouzakri K, Meier DT, Prazak R, Kerr-Conte J, Pattou F, Ehses JA, Schuit FC, Donath MY. Free fatty acids induce a proinflammatory response in islets via the abundantly expressed interleukin-1 receptor I. Endocrinology 2009; 150:5218-29. [PMID: 19819943 DOI: 10.1210/en.2009-0543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Islets of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) display features of an inflammatory process including elevated levels of the cytokine IL-1beta, various chemokines, and macrophages. IL-1beta is a master regulator of inflammation, and IL-1 receptor type I (IL-1RI) blockage improves glycemia and insulin secretion in humans with T2DM and in high-fat-fed mice pointing to a pivotal role of IL-1RI activity in intra-islet inflammation. Given the association of dyslipidemia and T2DM, we tested whether free fatty acids (FFA) promote the expression of proinflammatory factors in human and mouse islets and investigated a role for the IL-1RI in this response. A comparison of 22 mouse tissues revealed the highest IL-1RI expression levels in islets and MIN6 beta-cells. FFA induced IL-1beta, IL-6, and IL-8 in human islets and IL-1beta and KC in mouse islets. Elevated glucose concentrations enhanced FFA-induced proinflammatory factors in human islets. Blocking the IL-1RI with the IL-1R antagonist (IL-1Ra) strongly inhibited FFA-mediated expression of proinflammatory factors in human and mouse islets. Antibody inhibition of IL-1beta revealed that FFA stimulated IL-1RI activity via the induction of the receptor ligand. FFA-induced IL-1beta and KC expression in mouse islets was completely dependent on the IL-1R/Toll-like receptor (TLR) docking protein Myd88 and partly dependent on TLR2 and -4. Activation of TLR2 in purified human beta-cells and islets stimulated the expression of proinflammatory factors, and IL-1RI activity increased the TLR2 response in human islets. We conclude that FFA and TLR stimulation induce proinflammatory factors in islets and that IL-1RI engagement results in signal amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Böni-Schnetzler
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University Hospital, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland. marianne.
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138
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High Fat and Highly Thermolyzed Fat Diets Promote Insulin Resistance and Increase DNA Damage in Rats. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2009; 234:1296-304. [DOI: 10.3181/0904-rm-126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have demonstrated that DNA damage may be associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its complications. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of the potential relationship between fat (thermolyzed) intake, glucose dyshomeostasis and DNA injury in rats. Biochemical parameters related to glucose metabolism (i.e., blood glucose levels, insulin tolerance tests, glucose tolerance tests and fat cell glucose oxidation) and general health parameters (i.e., body weight, retroperitoneal and epididymal adipose tissue) were evaluated in rats after a 12-month treatment with either a high fat or a high thermolyzed fat diet. The high fat diet (HFD) and high fat thermolyzed diet (HFTD) showed increased body weight and impaired insulin sensitivity at the studied time-points in insulin tolerance test (ITT) and glucose tolerance test (GTT). Interestingly, only animals subjected to the HFTD diet showed decreased epididymal fat cell glucose oxidation. We show which high fat diets have the capacity to reduce glycogen synthesis by direct and indirect pathways. HFTD promoted an increase in lipid peroxidation in the liver, demonstrating significant damage in lipids in relation to other groups. Blood and hippocampus DNA damage was significantly higher in animals subjected to HFDs, and the highest damage was observed in animals from the HFTD group. Striatum DNA damage was significantly higher in animals subjected to HFDs, compared with the control group. These results show a positive correlation between high fat diet, glucose dyshomeostasis, oxidative stress and DNA damage.
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139
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Jansen J, Karges W, Rink L. Zinc and diabetes--clinical links and molecular mechanisms. J Nutr Biochem 2009; 20:399-417. [PMID: 19442898 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2009.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2008] [Revised: 01/12/2009] [Accepted: 01/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Zinc is an essential trace element crucial for the function of more than 300 enzymes and it is important for cellular processes like cell division and apoptosis. Hence, the concentration of zinc in the human body is tightly regulated and disturbances of zinc homeostasis have been associated with several diseases including diabetes mellitus, a disease characterized by high blood glucose concentrations as a consequence of decreased secretion or action of insulin. Zinc supplementation of animals and humans has been shown to ameliorate glycemic control in type 1 and 2 diabetes, the two major forms of diabetes mellitus, but the underlying molecular mechanisms have only slowly been elucidated. Zinc seems to exert insulin-like effects by supporting the signal transduction of insulin and by reducing the production of cytokines, which lead to beta-cell death during the inflammatory process in the pancreas in the course of the disease. Furthermore, zinc might play a role in the development of diabetes, since genetic polymorphisms in the gene of zinc transporter 8 and in metallothionein (MT)-encoding genes could be demonstrated to be associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The fact that antibodies against this zinc transporter have been detected in type 1 diabetic patients offers new diagnostic possibilities. This article reviews the influence of zinc on the diabetic state including the molecular mechanisms, the role of the zinc transporter 8 and MT for diabetes development and the resulting diagnostic and therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Jansen
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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140
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Ehses JA, Ellingsgaard H, Böni-Schnetzler M, Donath MY. Pancreatic islet inflammation in type 2 diabetes: from alpha and beta cell compensation to dysfunction. Arch Physiol Biochem 2009; 115:240-7. [PMID: 19645635 DOI: 10.1080/13813450903025879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Evidence in support of the concept of local pancreatic islet inflammation as a mechanism of beta cell failure in type 2 diabetes is accumulating. Observations in human islets from type 2 diabetic patients and rodent models of the disease indicate the increased presence of IL-1 driven cytokines and chemokines in pancreatic islets, concomitant with immune cell infiltration. Inflammation is the body's protective response to harmful stimuli and tissue damage. However, under chronic stress (e.g. metabolic stress in obesity and type 2 diabetes) the body's own defensive response may become deleterious to tissue function. Here, we summarize the current evidence that islet inflammation is a feature of type 2 diabetes, and discuss its role with respect to alpha and beta cell compensation and eventual beta cell failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan A Ehses
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Center for Integrated Human Physiology, University Hospital of Zürich, 8091 Zürich, Switzerland.
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141
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Lacraz G, Giroix MH, Kassis N, Coulaud J, Galinier A, Noll C, Cornut M, Schmidlin F, Paul JL, Janel N, Irminger JC, Kergoat M, Portha B, Donath MY, Ehses JA, Homo-Delarche F. Islet endothelial activation and oxidative stress gene expression is reduced by IL-1Ra treatment in the type 2 diabetic GK rat. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6963. [PMID: 19742300 PMCID: PMC2737103 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammation followed by fibrosis is a component of islet dysfunction in both rodent and human type 2 diabetes. Because islet inflammation may originate from endothelial cells, we assessed the expression of selected genes involved in endothelial cell activation in islets from a spontaneous model of type 2 diabetes, the Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rat. We also examined islet endotheliuml/oxidative stress (OS)/inflammation-related gene expression, islet vascularization and fibrosis after treatment with the interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra). Methodology/Principal Findings Gene expression was analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR on islets isolated from 10-week-old diabetic GK and control Wistar rats. Furthermore, GK rats were treated s.c twice daily with IL-1Ra (Kineret, Amgen, 100 mg/kg/day) or saline, from 4 weeks of age onwards (onset of diabetes). Four weeks later, islet gene analysis and pancreas immunochemistry were performed. Thirty-two genes were selected encoding molecules involved in endothelial cell activation, particularly fibrinolysis, vascular tone, OS, angiogenesis and also inflammation. All genes except those encoding angiotensinogen and epoxide hydrolase (that were decreased), and 12-lipoxygenase and vascular endothelial growth factor (that showed no change), were significantly up-regulated in GK islets. After IL-1Ra treatment of GK rats in vivo, most selected genes implied in endothelium/OS/immune cells/fibrosis were significantly down-regulated. IL-1Ra also improved islet vascularization, reduced fibrosis and ameliorated glycemia. Conclusions/Significance GK rat islets have increased mRNA expression of markers of early islet endothelial cell activation, possibly triggered by several metabolic factors, and also some defense mechanisms. The beneficial effect of IL-1Ra on most islet endothelial/OS/immune cells/fibrosis parameters analyzed highlights a major endothelial-related role for IL-1 in GK islet alterations. Thus, metabolically-altered islet endothelium might affect the β-cell microenvironment and contribute to progressive type 2 diabetic β-cell dysfunction in GK rats. Counteracting islet endothelial cell inflammation might be one way to ameliorate/prevent β-cell dysfunction in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Lacraz
- Laboratory of Biology & Pathology of Endocrine Pancreas, Functional and Adaptive Biology Unit-CNRS EA 7059, University Paris-Diderot, Paris, France
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142
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Koppe SWP, Elias M, Moseley RH, Green RM. Trans fat feeding results in higher serum alanine aminotransferase and increased insulin resistance compared with a standard murine high-fat diet. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2009; 297:G378-84. [PMID: 19541924 PMCID: PMC2724085 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.90543.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Diets high in trans fats are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and components of the metabolic syndrome. The influence of these toxic fatty acids on the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease has not been significantly examined. Therefore, we sought to compare the effect of a murine diet high in trans fat to a standard high-fat diet that is devoid of trans fats but high in saturated fats. Male AKR/J mice were fed a calorically identical trans fat diet or standard high-fat diet for 10 days, 4 wk, and 8 wk. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lipid, insulin, and leptin levels were determined and the quantitative insulin-sensitivity check index (QUICKI) was calculated as a measure of insulin resistance. Additionally, hepatic triglyceride content and gene expression of several proinflammatory genes were assessed. By 8 wk, trans fat-fed mice exhibited higher ALT values than standard high-fat-fed mice (126 +/- 16 vs. 71 +/- 7 U/l, P < 0.02) despite similar hepatic triglyceride content at each time point. Trans fat-fed mice also had increased insulin resistance compared with high-fat-fed mice at 4 and 8 wk with significantly higher insulin levels and lower QUICKI values. Additionally, hepatic interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) gene expression was 3.6-fold higher at 4 wk (P < 0.05) and 5-fold higher at 8 wk (P < 0.05) in trans fat-fed mice compared with standard high-fat-fed mice. Trans fat feeding results in higher ALT values, increased insulin resistance, and elevated IL-1beta levels compared with standard high-fat feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean W. P. Koppe
- Division of Hepatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; and Medical Service, Ann Arbor Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Marc Elias
- Division of Hepatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; and Medical Service, Ann Arbor Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Richard H. Moseley
- Division of Hepatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; and Medical Service, Ann Arbor Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Richard M. Green
- Division of Hepatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; and Medical Service, Ann Arbor Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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143
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Glas R, Sauter NS, Schulthess FT, Shu L, Oberholzer J, Maedler K. Purinergic P2X7 receptors regulate secretion of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist and beta cell function and survival. Diabetologia 2009; 52:1579-88. [PMID: 19396427 PMCID: PMC2709906 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-009-1349-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2009] [Accepted: 03/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS In obesity, beta cells activate compensatory mechanisms to adapt to the higher insulin demand. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) prevents obesity-induced hyperglycaemia and is a potent target for the treatment of diabetes, but the mechanisms of its secretion and regulation in obesity are unknown. In the present study, we hypothesise the regulation of IL-1Ra secretion by purinergic P2X(7) receptors in islets. METHODS Production and regulation of P2X(7) were studied in pancreatic sections from lean and obese diabetic patients, non-diabetic controls and in isolated islets. IL-1Ra, IL-1beta and insulin secretion, glucose tolerance and beta cell mass were studied in P2x7 (also known as P2Rx7)-knockout mice. RESULTS P2X(7) levels were elevated in beta cells of obese patients, but downregulated in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Elevated glucose and non-esterified fatty acids rapidly activated P2X(7) and IL-1Ra secretion in human islets, and this was inhibited by P2X(7) blockade. In line with our results in vitro, P2x7-knockout mice had a lower capacity to secrete IL-1Ra. They exhibited severe and rapid hyperglycaemia, glucose intolerance and impaired beta cell function in response to a high-fat/high-sucrose diet, were unable to compensate by increasing their beta cell mass in response to the diet and showed increased beta cell apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our study shows a tight correlation of P2X(7) activation, IL-1Ra secretion and regulation of beta cell mass and function. The increase in P2X(7) production is one mechanism that may explain how beta cells compensate by adapting to the higher insulin demand. Disturbances within that system may result in the progression of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Glas
- Department of Medicine, Larry L. Hillblom Islet Research Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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IL-1 antagonism reduces hyperglycemia and tissue inflammation in the type 2 diabetic GK rat. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:13998-4003. [PMID: 19666548 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0810087106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggest an inflammatory process, characterized by local cytokine/chemokine production and immune cell infiltration, regulates islet dysfunction and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes. However, the factor initiating this inflammatory response is not known. Here, we characterized tissue inflammation in the type 2 diabetic GK rat with a focus on the pancreatic islet and investigated a role for IL-1. GK rat islets, previously characterized by increased macrophage infiltration, displayed increased expression of several inflammatory markers including IL-1beta. In the periphery, increased expression of IL-1beta was observed primarily in the liver. Specific blockade of IL-1 activity by the IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) reduced the release of inflammatory cytokines/chemokines from GK islets in vitro and from mouse islets exposed to metabolic stress. Islets from mice deficient in IL-1beta or MyD88 challenged with glucose and palmitate in vitro also produced significantly less IL-6 and chemokines. In vivo, treatment of GK rats with IL-1Ra decreased hyperglycemia, reduced the proinsulin/insulin ratio, and improved insulin sensitivity. In addition, islet-derived proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines (IL-1beta, IL-6, TNFalpha, KC, MCP-1, and MIP-1alpha) and islet CD68(+), MHC II(+), and CD53(+) immune cell infiltration were reduced by IL-1Ra treatment. Treated GK rats also exhibited fewer markers of inflammation in the liver. We conclude that elevated islet IL-1beta activity in the GK rat promotes cytokine and chemokine expression, leading to the recruitment of innate immune cells. Rather than being directly cytotoxic, IL-1beta may drive tissue inflammation that impacts on both beta cell functional mass and insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes.
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145
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Maedler K, Dharmadhikari G, Schumann DM, Størling J. Interleukin-1 beta targeted therapy for type 2 diabetes. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2009; 9:1177-88. [PMID: 19604125 DOI: 10.1517/14712590903136688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Shu L, Matveyenko AV, Kerr-Conte J, Cho JH, McIntosh CH, Maedler K. Decreased TCF7L2 protein levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus correlate with downregulation of GIP- and GLP-1 receptors and impaired beta-cell function. Hum Mol Genet 2009; 18:2388-99. [PMID: 19386626 PMCID: PMC2722186 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddp178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2009] [Accepted: 04/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent human genetics studies have revealed that common variants of the TCF7L2 (T-cell factor 7-like 2, formerly known as TCF4) gene are strongly associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We have shown that TCF7L2 expression in the beta-cells is correlated with function and survival of the insulin-producing pancreatic beta-cell. In order to understand how variations in TCF7L2 influence diabetes progression, we investigated its mechanism of action in the beta-cell. We show robust differences in TCF7L2 expression between healthy controls and models of T2DM. While mRNA levels were approximately 2-fold increased in isolated islets from the diabetic db/db mouse, the Vancouver Diabetic Fatty (VDF) Zucker rat and the high fat/high sucrose diet-treated mouse compared with the non-diabetic controls, protein levels were decreased. A similar decrease was observed in pancreatic sections from patients with T2DM. In parallel, expression of the receptors for glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1R) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP-R) was decreased in islets from humans with T2DM as well as in isolated human islets treated with siRNA to TCF7L2 (siTCF7L2). Also, insulin secretion stimulated by glucose, GLP-1 and GIP, but not KCl or cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) was impaired in siTCF7L2-treated isolated human islets. Loss of TCF7L2 resulted in decreased GLP-1 and GIP-stimulated AKT phosphorylation, and AKT-mediated Foxo-1 phosphorylation and nuclear exclusion. Our findings suggest that beta-cell function and survival are regulated through an interplay between TCF7L2 and GLP-1R/GIP-R expression and signaling in T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luan Shu
- Islet Biology Laboratory, Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, University of Bremen, Leobener Straße NW2, Room B2080, PO Box 330440, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- Larry L. Hillblom Islet Research Center, Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Aleksey V. Matveyenko
- Larry L. Hillblom Islet Research Center, Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Julie Kerr-Conte
- Thérapie Cellulaire du Diabète, INSERM/Université de Lille, France
| | - Jae-Hyoung Cho
- Department of Endocrinology, Kangnam St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Christopher H.S. McIntosh
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kathrin Maedler
- Islet Biology Laboratory, Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, University of Bremen, Leobener Straße NW2, Room B2080, PO Box 330440, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- Larry L. Hillblom Islet Research Center, Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Abstract
In the past few years, several interleukins (ILs) attracted considerable attention as potential effectors in the pathology and physiology of insulin resistance associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity. IL-1, a major proinflammatory cytokine, is present at increased levels in patients with diabetes mellitus, and could promote beta-cell destruction and alter insulin sensitivity. The effects of IL-1 are likely to be counteracted by IL-1 receptor antagonist protein (IL-1ra), as suggested by interventional studies in patients with T2DM who were treated with a recombinant form of this protein. However, studies in IL-1ra-deficient mice provided controversial results on the exact effect of the IL-1 signaling pathway on insulin secretion, insulin sensitivity and accumulation of adipose tissue. Likewise, IL-6 has been suggested to be involved in the development of obesity-related and T2DM-related insulin resistance. The action of IL-6 on glucose homeostasis is also complex and integrates central and peripheral mechanisms. Both experimental and clinical studies now converge to show that several ILs contribute to the pathology and physiology of T2DM through their interaction with insulin signaling pathways and beta-cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Fève
- Faculté de Médecine Paris-sud, Université Paris 11, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
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Masters SL, Simon A, Aksentijevich I, Kastner DL. Horror autoinflammaticus: the molecular pathophysiology of autoinflammatory disease (*). Annu Rev Immunol 2009; 27:621-68. [PMID: 19302049 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.25.022106.141627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 750] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The autoinflammatory diseases are characterized by seemingly unprovoked episodes of inflammation, without high-titer autoantibodies or antigen-specific T cells. The concept was proposed ten years ago with the identification of the genes underlying hereditary periodic fever syndromes. This nosology has taken root because of the dramatic advances in our knowledge of the genetic basis of both mendelian and complex autoinflammatory diseases, and with the recognition that these illnesses derive from genetic variants of the innate immune system. Herein we propose an updated classification scheme based on the molecular insights garnered over the past decade, supplanting a clinical classification that has served well but is opaque to the genetic, immunologic, and therapeutic interrelationships now before us. We define six categories of autoinflammatory disease: IL-1beta activation disorders (inflammasomopathies), NF-kappaB activation syndromes, protein misfolding disorders, complement regulatory diseases, disturbances in cytokine signaling, and macrophage activation syndromes. A system based on molecular pathophysiology will bring greater clarity to our discourse while catalyzing new hypotheses both at the bench and at the bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth L Masters
- The National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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DeSouza C, Fonseca V. Therapeutic targets to reduce cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2009; 8:361-7. [DOI: 10.1038/nrd2872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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150
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Herder C, Brunner EJ, Rathmann W, Strassburger K, Tabák AG, Schloot NC, Witte DR. Elevated levels of the anti-inflammatory interleukin-1 receptor antagonist precede the onset of type 2 diabetes: the Whitehall II study. Diabetes Care 2009; 32:421-3. [PMID: 19073760 PMCID: PMC2646020 DOI: 10.2337/dc08-1161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), a natural inhibitor of interleukin-1 beta, has been shown to improve beta-cell function and glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study was to investigate whether baseline systemic levels of IL-1Ra are associated with incident type 2 diabetes during more than 10 years of follow-up. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We measured serum IL-1Ra concentrations in a nested case-control study (181 case and 376 age-, sex-, and BMI-matched normoglycemic control subjects) within the Whitehall II cohort (U.K.). RESULTS IL-1Ra concentrations were higher in case subjects (P = 0.0006) and associated with incident type 2 diabetes (odds ratio for a 1-SD increase of IL-1Ra 1.48 [95% CI 1.21-1.80]). This association remained significant after adjustment for multiple potential confounders but was attenuated by adjusting for 2-h glucose. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that individuals who will develop type 2 diabetes are characterized by a complex immune activation that also includes upregulation of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-1Ra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Herder
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center at Heinrich Heine University, Leibniz Institute for Diabetes Research, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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