101
|
Hayashi T, Kawai T, Ishikawa A, Kawai H, Nakano K, Takei Y, Kuroki K. Histological analysis of induced cartilage on the biodegradable or nonbiodegradable membranes from immature muscular tissue in vitro. J Biomed Mater Res A 2008; 86:1048-54. [PMID: 18067163 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.31711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Successful tissue engineering relies on a combination of cells, cytokines, and appropriate scaffolds. Here, we tried to induce the formation of cartilage in vitro using immature muscular tissue, crude bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) as a source of the cytokine, and biodegradable membranes (BioMend; BM and GC-membrane; GC-M) or a nonbiodegradable membrane (GORE-TEX; GT) as scaffolds. Crude BMP was extracted from bovine cortical bones, dried, and dissolved in 1M urea before it was added to immature muscular tissue from the forelimbs of fetal Sprague Dawley rats at 20 days of pregnancy. The tissue was then cultured for 2 weeks in a carbon dioxide incubator. Complete cartilage was observed only when GT was used as a scaffold. In addition, cartilage-like tissue formation was observed when BM was used, and partial cartilage formation was observed for GC-M. Therefore, these results show that immature muscular tissue differentiated into cartilage and GORE-TEX is the most effective material for use as a scaffold in this model of tissue engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuhide Hayashi
- Department of Dental and Material Science, Aichi-Gakuin University School of Dentistry, 1-100 Kusumoto-cho Chikusa-ku Nagoya 4648650, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
102
|
Khoo ML, Shen B, Tao H, Ma DD. Long-Term Serial Passage and Neuronal Differentiation Capability of Human Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2008; 17:883-96. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2007.0185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa L.M. Khoo
- Department of Haematology and Bone Marrow Stem Cell Transplantation, St. Vincent’s Hospital Sydney and The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Bojiang Shen
- Department of Haematology and Bone Marrow Stem Cell Transplantation, St. Vincent’s Hospital Sydney and The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Helen Tao
- Department of Haematology and Bone Marrow Stem Cell Transplantation, St. Vincent’s Hospital Sydney and The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David D.F. Ma
- Department of Haematology and Bone Marrow Stem Cell Transplantation, St. Vincent’s Hospital Sydney and The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
103
|
Vercelli A, Mereuta OM, Garbossa D, Muraca G, Mareschi K, Rustichelli D, Ferrero I, Mazzini L, Madon E, Fagioli F. Human mesenchymal stem cell transplantation extends survival, improves motor performance and decreases neuroinflammation in mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurobiol Dis 2008; 31:395-405. [PMID: 18586098 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2008.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2007] [Revised: 05/05/2008] [Accepted: 05/22/2008] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a lethal disease affecting motoneurons. In familial ALS, patients bear mutations in the superoxide dismutase gene (SOD1). We transplanted human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) into the lumbar spinal cord of asymptomatic SOD1(G93A) mice, an experimental model of ALS. hMSCs were found in the spinal cord 10 weeks after, sometimes close to motoneurons and were rarely GFAP- or MAP2-positive. In females, where progression is slower than in males, astrogliosis and microglial activation were reduced and motoneuron counts with the optical fractionator were higher following transplantation. Motor tests (Rotarod, Paw Grip Endurance, neurological examination) were significantly improved in transplanted males. Therefore hMSCs are a good candidate for ALS cell therapy: they can survive and migrate after transplantation in the lumbar spinal cord, where they prevent astrogliosis and microglial activation and delay ALS-related decrease in the number of motoneurons, thus resulting in amelioration of the motor performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Vercelli
- Department of Anatomy, Pharmacology and Forensic Medicine, National Institute of Neuroscience, Turin, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
104
|
Somoza R, Conget P, Rubio FJ. Neuropotency of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell Cultures: Clonal Studies Reveal the Contribution of Cell Plasticity and Cell Contamination. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2008; 14:546-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2008.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2007] [Accepted: 02/24/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
105
|
Tondreau T, Dejeneffe M, Meuleman N, Stamatopoulos B, Delforge A, Martiat P, Bron D, Lagneaux L. Gene expression pattern of functional neuronal cells derived from human bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells. BMC Genomics 2008; 9:166. [PMID: 18405367 PMCID: PMC2358905 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-9-166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2007] [Accepted: 04/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuronal tissue has limited potential to self-renew or repair after neurological diseases. Cellular therapies using stem cells are promising approaches for the treatment of neurological diseases. However, the clinical use of embryonic stem cells or foetal tissues is limited by ethical considerations and other scientific problems. Thus, bone marrow mesenchymal stomal cells (BM-MSC) could represent an alternative source of stem cells for cell replacement therapies. Indeed, many studies have demonstrated that MSC can give rise to neuronal cells as well as many tissue-specific cell phenotypes. METHODS BM-MSC were differentiated in neuron-like cells under specific induction (NPBM + cAMP + IBMX + NGF + Insulin). By day ten, differentiated cells presented an expression profile of real neurons. Functionality of these differentiated cells was evaluated by calcium influx through glutamate receptor AMPA3. RESULTS Using microarray analysis, we compared gene expression profile of these different samples, before and after neurogenic differentiation. Among the 1943 genes differentially expressed, genes down-regulated are involved in osteogenesis, chondrogenesis, adipogenesis, myogenesis and extracellular matrix component (tuftelin, AGC1, FADS3, tropomyosin, fibronectin, ECM2, HAPLN1, vimentin). Interestingly, genes implicated in neurogenesis are increased. Most of them are involved in the synaptic transmission and long term potentialisation as cortactin, CASK, SYNCRIP, SYNTL4 and STX1. Other genes are involved in neurite outgrowth, early neuronal cell development, neuropeptide signaling/synthesis and neuronal receptor (FK506, ARHGAP6, CDKRAP2, PMCH, GFPT2, GRIA3, MCT6, BDNF, PENK, amphiregulin, neurofilament 3, Epha4, synaptotagmin). Using real time RT-PCR, we confirmed the expression of selected neuronal genes: NEGR1, GRIA3 (AMPA3), NEF3, PENK and Epha4. Functionality of these neuron-like cells was demonstrated by Ca2+ influx through glutamate receptor channel (AMPA3) in the presence of two agonist glutamate, AMPA or CNQX antagonist. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that BM-MSC have the potential to differentiate in neuronal cells with specific gene expression and functional properties. BM-MSC are thus promising candidates for cell-based therapy of neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Tondreau
- Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, 121, Bd de Waterloo, 1000 Brussels, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
106
|
Marcoli M, Candiani S, Tonachini L, Monticone M, Mastrogiacomo M, Ottonello A, Cervetto C, Paluzzi P, Maura G, Pestarino M, Cancedda R, Castagnola P. In vitro modulation of gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) receptor expression by bone marrow stromal cells. Pharmacol Res 2008; 57:374-82. [PMID: 18467116 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2008.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2007] [Revised: 03/26/2008] [Accepted: 03/27/2008] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) have the capability to undergo a change of morphology, reminiscent of neuronal cells, after exposure to an inductive medium. These induced BMSC-derived neuron-like (BDNL) cells express several neuronal markers, including Microtubule-Associated Protein Tau, Neurofilament M, and Nestin as revealed by immunocytochemistry analysis. To assess whether the induction process has possible functional relevance, we have focused our attention on the expression of neurotransmitter receptors. In particular, we show that the expression of GABA(A) subunits alpha1, beta2/3, epsilon and GABA(B1) mRNAs is greatly enhanced in BMSC by the induction treatment. Similar results were obtained from rat skin fibroblasts subjected to the same induction protocol, with the exception for the GABA(B2) transcript that was expressed only by BMSC and BDNL. The presence of both GABA(B1) and GABA(B2) subunits in BDNL cells suggests that functional GABA(B) receptors might be assembled: we indeed found that a functional GABA(B) receptor, negatively linked to cyclic AMP production, is expressed in BDNL. Therefore, we suggest that BMSC can be converted into cells equipped with appropriate receptors coupled to transduction mechanisms, potentially responding to a specific neurotransmitter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Marcoli
- Dip. Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Farmacologia e Tossicologia, Università degli Studi di, Genova, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
107
|
Rossini A, Zacheo A, Mocini D, Totta P, Facchiano A, Castoldi R, Sordini P, Pompilio G, Abeni D, Capogrossi MC, Germani A. HMGB1-stimulated human primary cardiac fibroblasts exert a paracrine action on human and murine cardiac stem cells. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2008; 44:683-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2008.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2007] [Revised: 01/15/2008] [Accepted: 01/21/2008] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
108
|
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease that destroys myelin-forming oligodendrocytes of the CNS. While the damage can be partially controlled using anti-inflammatory cytokines and steroids, endogenous repair is insufficient to replace lost cells. Until now cell replenishment (transplant therapy) has been viewed as unlikely to succeed due to allograft rejection in this sensitized immune environment. However, advances in stem cell biology give new hope for deriving patient-specific, autologous oligodendrocytes which may tip the balance to favor repair. The challenge will be to engineer these cells to respond to cues that can target their migration into lesions for brain and spinal cord repair.
Collapse
|
109
|
Inducible expression of chimeric EWS/ETS proteins confers Ewing's family tumor-like phenotypes to human mesenchymal progenitor cells. Mol Cell Biol 2008; 28:2125-37. [PMID: 18212050 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00740-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ewing's family tumor (EFT) is a rare pediatric tumor of unclear origin that occurs in bone and soft tissue. Specific chromosomal translocations found in EFT cause EWS to fuse to a subset of ets transcription factor genes (ETS), generating chimeric EWS/ETS proteins. These proteins are believed to play a crucial role in the onset and progression of EFT. However, the mechanisms responsible for the EWS/ETS-mediated onset remain unclear. Here we report the establishment of a tetracycline-controlled EWS/ETS-inducible system in human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPCs). Ectopic expression of both EWS/FLI1 and EWS/ERG proteins resulted in a dramatic change of morphology, i.e., from a mesenchymal spindle shape to a small round-to-polygonal cell, one of the characteristics of EFT. EWS/ETS also induced immunophenotypic changes in MPCs, including the disappearance of the mesenchyme-positive markers CD10 and CD13 and the up-regulation of the EFT-positive markers CD54, CD99, CD117, and CD271. Furthermore, a prominent shift from the gene expression profile of MPCs to that of EFT was observed in the presence of EWS/ETS. Together with the observation that EWS/ETS enhances the ability of cells to invade Matrigel, these results suggest that EWS/ETS proteins contribute to alterations of cellular features and confer an EFT-like phenotype to human MPCs.
Collapse
|
110
|
Li HY, Zhou XF. Potential conversion of adult clavicle-derived chondrocytes into neural lineage cells in vitro. J Cell Physiol 2008; 214:630-44. [PMID: 17786944 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSC) can be isolated from a variety of adult tissues and become a valuable cell source for the repair of peripheral and central nervous diseases. However, their origin and identity remain controversial because of possible de-differentiation/trans-differentiation or contaminations by hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) or mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). We hypothesize that the commonly used NSC culture medium can induce committed cartilage chondrocytes to de-differentiate and/or trans-differentiate into neural cell lineages. Using a biological isolation and purification method with explants culture, we here show that adult rat clavicle cartilage chondrocytes migrate out from tissue blocks, form sphere-like structures, possess the capability of self-renewal, express nestin and p75NTR, markers for neural crest progenitors, and differentiate into neurons, glia, and smooth muscle cells. Comparing with adult cartilage, the spherical-forming neural crest cell-like cells downregulate the chondrocytic marker genes, including collagen II, collagen X, and sox9, as well as neural-lineage repressors/silencers REST and coREST, but upregulate a set of well-defined genes related to neural crest cells and pro-neural potential. Nerve growth factor (NGF) and glial growth factor (GGF) increase glial and neuronal differentiation, respectively. These results suggest that chondrocytes derived from adult clavicle cartilage can become neural crest stem-like cells and acquire neuronal phenotypes in vitro. The possible de-differentiation/trans-differentiation mechanisms underlying the conversion were discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yun Li
- Department of Human Physiology, School of Medicine, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
111
|
Croft AP, Przyborski SA. Formation of neurons by non-neural adult stem cells: potential mechanism implicates an artifact of growth in culture. Stem Cells 2007; 24:1841-51. [PMID: 16868208 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2005-0609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Trans-differentiation is a mechanism proposed to explain how tissue-specific stem cells could generate cells of other organs, thus supporting the emerging concept of enhanced adult stem cell plasticity. Although spontaneous cell fusion rather than trans-differentiation may explain some unexpected cell fate changes in vivo, such a mechanism does not explain potential trans-differentiation events in vitro, including the generation of neural cell types from cultured bone marrow-derived stem cells. Here we present evidence that shows that cultured bone marrow-derived stem cells express neural proteins and form structures resembling neurons under defined growth conditions. We demonstrate that these changes in cell structure and neural protein expression are not consistent with typical neural development. Furthermore, the ability of bone marrow-derived stem cells to adopt a neural phenotype in vitro may occur as a result of cellular stress in response to removing cells from their niche and their growth in alternative environmental conditions. These findings suggest a potential explanation for the growth behavior of cultured bone marrow-derived stem cells and highlight the need to carefully validate the plasticity of stem cell differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam P Croft
- School of Biological and Biomedical Science, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
112
|
Abstract
Proteomics has evolved, in recent years, into effective tools for basic and applied stem cell research, and has been extensively used to facilitate the identification of changes in signal transduction components, especially with regard to plasticity, proliferation, and differentiation. Several recent reports have also employed proteomic strategies to characterize human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) and their differentiated derivatives. Although these approaches have yielded valuable data, the results highlight the fact that only the limited numbers of proteins are characterized at the protein level in these cells, thus necessitating expandable MSC proteome dataset. This review presents, for the first time, an expandable list of MSC proteins, which will function as a starting point for the generation of a comprehensive reference map of their proteome. Also, the better way to bridge current gap between genomics and proteomics study such as integrated proteomic and transcriptomic analyses is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hye Won Park
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
113
|
Phinney DG, Prockop DJ. Concise review: mesenchymal stem/multipotent stromal cells: the state of transdifferentiation and modes of tissue repair--current views. Stem Cells 2007; 25:2896-902. [PMID: 17901396 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2007-0637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1409] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells or multipotent stromal cells (MSCs) isolated from the bone marrow of adult organisms were initially characterized as plastic adherent, fibroblastoid cells with the capacity to generate heterotopic osseous tissue when transplanted in vivo. In recent years, MSCs or MSC-like cells have been shown to reside within the connective tissue of most organs, and their surface phenotype has been well described. A large number of reports have also indicated that the cells possess the capacity to transdifferentiate into epithelial cells and lineages derived from the neuroectoderm. The broad developmental plasticity of MSCs was originally thought to contribute to their demonstrated efficacy in a wide variety of experimental animal models of disease as well as in human clinical trials. However, new findings suggest that the ability of MSCs to alter the tissue microenvironment via secretion of soluble factors may contribute more significantly than their capacity for transdifferentiation in tissue repair. Herein, we critically evaluate the literature describing the plasticity of MSCs and offer insight into how the molecular and functional heterogeneity of this cell population, which reflects the complexity of marrow stroma as an organ system, may confound interpretation of their transdifferentiation potential. Additionally, we argue that this heterogeneity also provides a basis for the broad therapeutic efficacy of MSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donald G Phinney
- Center for Gene Therapy, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
114
|
Bai X, Ma J, Pan Z, Song YH, Freyberg S, Yan Y, Vykoukal D, Alt E. Electrophysiological properties of human adipose tissue-derived stem cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2007; 293:C1539-50. [PMID: 17687001 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00089.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human adipose tissue-derived stem cells (hASCs) represent a potentially valuable cell source for clinical therapeutic applications. The present study was designed to investigate properties of ionic channel currents present in undifferentiated hASCs and their impact on hASCs proliferation. The functional ion channels in hASCs were analyzed by whole-cell patch-clamp recording and their mRNA expression levels detected by RT-PCR. Four types of ion channels were found to be present in hASCs: most of the hASCs (73%) showed a delayed rectifier-like K(+) current (I(KDR)); Ca(2+)-activated K(+) current (I(KCa)) was detected in examined cells; a transient outward K(+) current (I(to)) was recorded in 19% of the cells; a small percentage of cells (8%) displayed a TTX-sensitive transient inward sodium current (I(Na.TTX)). RT-PCR results confirmed the presence of ion channels at the mRNA level: Kv1.1, Kv2.1, Kv1.5, Kv7.3, Kv11.1, and hEAG1, possibly encoding I(KDR); MaxiK, KCNN3, and KCNN4 for I(KCa); Kv1.4, Kv4.1, Kv4.2, and Kv4.3 for I(to) and hNE-Na for I(Na.TTX). The I(KDR) was inhibited by tetraethyl ammonium (TEA) and 4-aminopyridine (4-AP), which significantly reduced the proliferation of hASCs in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05), as suggested by bromodeoxyurindine (BrdU) incorporation. Other selective potassium channel blockers, including linopiridine, iberiotoxin, clotrimazole, and apamin also significantly inhibited I(KDR). TTX completely abolished I(Na.TTX). This study demonstrates for the first time that multiple functional ion channel currents such as I(KDR), I(KCa), I(to), and I(Na.TTX) are present in undifferentiated hASCs and their potential physiological function in these cells as a basic understanding for future in vitro experiments and in vivo clinical investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Bai
- Department of Molecular Pathology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
115
|
Pacary E, Tixier E, Coulet F, Roussel S, Petit E, Bernaudin M. Crosstalk between HIF-1 and ROCK pathways in neuronal differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells, neurospheres and in PC12 neurite outgrowth. Mol Cell Neurosci 2007; 35:409-23. [PMID: 17493827 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2007.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2007] [Revised: 03/28/2007] [Accepted: 04/04/2007] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This study demonstrates that the Rho-kinase (ROCK) inhibitor, Y-27632, potentiates not only the effect of cobalt chloride (CoCl(2)) but also that of deferoxamine, another HIF-1 inducer, on mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) neuronal differentiation. HIF-1 is essential for CoCl(2)+/-Y-27632-induced MSC neuronal differentiation, since agents inhibiting HIF-1 abolish the changes of morphology and cell cycle arrest-related gene or protein expressions (p21, cyclin D1) and the increase of neuronal marker expressions (Tuj1, NSE). Y-27632 potentiates the CoCl(2)-induced decrease of cyclin D1 and nestin expressions, the increase of HIF-1 activation and EPO expression, and decreases pVHL expression. Interestingly, CoCl(2) decreases RhoA expression, an effect potentiated by Y-27632, revealing crosstalk between HIF-1 and RhoA/ROCK pathways. Moreover, we demonstrate a synergistic effect of CoCl(2) and Y-27632 on neurosphere differentiation into neurons and PC12 neurite outgrowth underlining that a co-treatment targeting both HIF-1 and ROCK pathways might be relevant to differentiate stem cells into neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Pacary
- UMR-CNRS 6185, Hypoxia and Cerebrovascular Physiopathology Group, University of Caen, CYCERON, Bd Henri Becquerel, BP 5229, F-14074 Caen cedex, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
116
|
Krampera M, Marconi S, Pasini A, Galiè M, Rigotti G, Mosna F, Tinelli M, Lovato L, Anghileri E, Andreini A, Pizzolo G, Sbarbati A, Bonetti B. Induction of neural-like differentiation in human mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow, fat, spleen and thymus. Bone 2007; 40:382-90. [PMID: 17049329 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2006.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2006] [Revised: 08/23/2006] [Accepted: 09/07/2006] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from bone marrow (BM) and sub-cutaneous fat are known to differentiate into neural cells under appropriate stimuli. We describe here the neural-like differentiation of human MSCs obtained from spleen and thymus, induced either with chemical factors or with co-culture with human Schwann cells (Sc). Under the effect of neural differentiation medium, most MSCs from BM, fat, spleen and thymus acquired morphological changes suggestive of cells of astrocytic/neuronal and oligodendroglial lineages with general up-regulation of neural molecules not correlated with morphological changes. The process was transient and reversible, as MSCs recovered basal morphology and phenotype, as well as their multilineage differentiation potential. Thus, we hypothesized that chemical factors may prime MSCs for neural differentiation, by inducing initial and poorly specific changes. By contrast, co-cultures of MSCs of different origin with Sc induced long-lasting and Sc differentiation, i.e., the expression of Sc myelin proteins for up to 12 days. Our results show that a MSC reservoir is present in tissues other than BM and fat, and that MSCs of different origin have similar neural differentiation potential. This evidence provides new insights into BM-like tissue plasticity and may have important implications for future therapeutic interventions in chronic neuropathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Krampera
- Department of Clinical, Section of Haematology, University of Verona, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
117
|
Tatard VM, D'Ippolito G, Diabira S, Valeyev A, Hackman J, McCarthy M, Bouckenooghe T, Menei P, Montero-Menei CN, Schiller PC. Neurotrophin-directed differentiation of human adult marrow stromal cells to dopaminergic-like neurons. Bone 2007; 40:360-73. [PMID: 17085092 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2006.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2006] [Revised: 08/18/2006] [Accepted: 09/05/2006] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Marrow-isolated adult multilineage inducible (MIAMI) cells were differentiated in vitro to neuronal cells in a neurotrophin-dependent fashion. After induction, the cells revealed electrophysiological features similar to those observed in mature neurons. Primary early passage human MIAMI cells without any type of co-cultures with other cell types were used. The developmental program involved a multi-step process requiring the concerted action of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, nerve growth factor and depended on neurotrophin-3, after basic fibroblast growth factor withdrawal. MIAMI-derived neuron-like cells sequentially expressed the neuronal markers, developed a complex neurite outgrowth and arborization, and acquired electrophysiological characteristics similar to those observed in mature neurons. The young and old MIAMI-derived neuronal cells developed both inward and outward currents upon depolarization, similar to those observed in normal neurons. These results represent the earliest evidence that neurotrophin-3 can direct the differentiation of non-neural stem cells from human adult bone marrow stroma to neuron-like cells in vitro. Supplementing the aforementioned multi-step process with sonic hedgehog, fibroblast growth factor 8, and retinoic acid increased the expression of molecules involved in dopaminergic differentiation and of tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate limiting enzyme of dopamine synthesis. MIAMI cells from young and old individuals represent autologous human cell populations for the treatment of disorders of the skeletal and nervous systems and for applications in cell therapy and reparative medicine approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valerie M Tatard
- INSERM Unit 646, Ingénierie de la Vectorisation Particulaire, 10, rue André Bocquel, 49100 Angers, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Angers, 4 rue Larrey, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
118
|
Kamishina H, Deng J, Oji T, Cheeseman JA, Clemmons RM. Expression of neural markers on bone marrow-derived canine mesenchymal stem cells. Am J Vet Res 2007; 67:1921-8. [PMID: 17078756 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.67.11.1921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate cell surface markers of bone marrow-derived canine mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) by use of flow cytometric analysis and determine whether canine MSCs express proteins specific to neuronal and glial cells. SAMPLE POPULATION Bone marrow aspirates collected from iliac crests of 5 cadavers of young adult dogs. PROCEDURES Flow cytometric analysis was performed to evaluate cell surface markers and homogeneity of third-passage MSCs. Neural differentiation of canine MSCs was induced by use of dibutyryl cAMP and methyl-isobutylxanthine. Expressions of neuronal (beta III-tubulin) and glial (glial fibrillary acidic protein [GFAP] and myelin basic protein) proteins were evaluated by use of immunocytochemical and western blot analyses before and after neural differentiation. RESULTS Third-passage canine MSCs appeared morphologically homogeneous and shared phenotypic characteristics with human and rodent MSCs. Immunocytochemical and western blot analyses revealed that canine MSCs constitutively expressed beta III-tubulin and GFAP. After induction of neural differentiation, increased expression of GFAP was found in all samples, whereas such change was inconsistent in beta III-tubulin expression. Myelin basic protein remained undetectable on canine MSCs for these culture conditions. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Canine bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells yielded an apparently homogeneous population of MSCs after expansion in culture. Expanded canine MSCs constitutively expressed neuron or astrocyte specific proteins. Furthermore, increases of intracellular cAMP concentrations induced increased expression of GFAP on canine MSCs, which suggests that these cells may have the capacity to respond to external signals. Canine MSCs may hold therapeutic potential for treatment of dogs with neurologic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Kamishina
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
119
|
Bai L, Caplan A, Lennon D, Miller RH. Human mesenchymal stem cells signals regulate neural stem cell fate. Neurochem Res 2006; 32:353-62. [PMID: 17191131 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-006-9212-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2006] [Accepted: 10/23/2006] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) differentiate into neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes depending on their location within the central nervous system (CNS). The cellular and molecular cues mediating end-stage cell fate choices are not completely understood. The retention of multipotent NSCs in the adult CNS raises the possibility that selective recruitment of their progeny to specific lineages may facilitate repair in a spectrum of neuropathological conditions. Previous studies suggest that adult human bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) improve functional outcome after a wide range of CNS insults, probably through their trophic influence. In the context of such trophic activity, here we demonstrate that hMSCs in culture provide humoral signals that selectively promote the genesis of neurons and oligodendrocytes from NSCs. Cell-cell contacts were less effective and the proportion of hMSCs that could be induced to express neural characteristics was very small. We propose that the selective promotion of neuronal and oligodendroglial fates in neural stem cell progeny is responsible for the ability of MSCs to enhance recovery after a wide range of CNS injuries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lianhua Bai
- Centers for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Translational Neuroscience, Department of Neurosciences, Case School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
120
|
Mareschi K, Novara M, Rustichelli D, Ferrero I, Guido D, Carbone E, Medico E, Madon E, Vercelli A, Fagioli F. Neural differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells: evidence for expression of neural markers and eag K+ channel types. Exp Hematol 2006; 34:1563-72. [PMID: 17046576 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2006.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2006] [Revised: 06/28/2006] [Accepted: 06/29/2006] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells that can self-renew, proliferate, and exhibit elevated cellular plasticity. To investigate their possible neural fate, we studied human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) in different cell culture conditions from morphological, immunochemical, gene expression, and physiological points of view. MATERIALS AND METHODS We tested hMSCs in three previously reported experimental conditions made of alpha-modified minimum essential medium (alpha-MEM)/1 mM beta-mercaptoethanol (betaME), 10 microM alpha-MEM/retinoic acid (RA) or alpha-MEM/2% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) + 200 microM beta-hydroxyanisole (BHA), respectively, and in a new experimental condition with neural progenitor maintenance medium (NPMM). RESULTS hMSCs were isolated from bone marrow and expanded for several passages. In betaME, cells became immunoreactive for neuronal nuclear antigen (NeuN), neuron-specific enolase (NSE), Nestin, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). In experimental conditions with RA and DMSO/BHA, hMSCs were NeuN and NSE-positive while in NPMM they were positive for GFAP and NSE. Untreated hMSCs showed a weak mRNA expression for microtubule-associated protein, NSE, and neurofilament protein-medium and GFAP, which strongly increased in NPMM-treated hMSCs. In the electrophysiological study, NPMM-differentiated hMSCs expressed two delayed rectifier K+ currents related to two ether-à-go-go K+ channels (eag1, eag2), which are fundamental for setting the negative resting potentials required for neuronal survival and basal cell activity. The two K+ channels were absent in undifferentiated hMSCs. These data were confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. CONCLUSION In our new culture condition, hMSCs acquired new morphological characteristics, neural markers, and electrophysiological properties, which are suggestive of neural differentiation. This might lead to clinical use of hMSCs in neural degenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katia Mareschi
- Department of Pediatrics, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, The Oncogenomics Center, Institute for Cancer Research and Treatment (IRCC), University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
121
|
Raedt R, Pinxteren J, Van Dycke A, Waeytens A, Craeye D, Timmermans F, Vonck K, Vandekerckhove B, Plum J, Boon P. Differentiation assays of bone marrow-derived Multipotent Adult Progenitor Cell (MAPC)-like cells towards neural cells cannot depend on morphology and a limited set of neural markers. Exp Neurol 2006; 203:542-54. [PMID: 17078948 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2006.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2006] [Revised: 08/30/2006] [Accepted: 09/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
There are accumulating studies that report a neurogenic potential of bone marrow-derived cells both in vitro as well as in vivo. Most claims of neural "transdifferentiation" have based their conclusions on morphology and neural gene expression. Recently, doubts have been raised about the validity of both outcome parameters since non-neural cells can extend neurites and show aberrant neural gene expression as a response to stress inducing factors. In this study, we compared bone marrow-derived Multipotent Adult Progenitor Cell (MAPC)-like cells and neural stem cells (NSC) in their morphology and neural gene expression profile after neural differentiation using three differentiation protocols. We evaluated the expression of five neuroglial antigens [neurofilament 200 (NF200); beta III tubulin (beta3 tub); tau; Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP); Myelin Basic Protein (MBP) and RIP antigen] using real-time PCR (RT-PCR) and immunocytochemistry (ICC). MAPC-like cells adopted a neural-like morphology in one protocol but a fibroblast-like morphology in the two other protocols. RT-PCR and ICC show that MAPC-like cells already express the neural antigens beta III tubulin and NF200 at baseline, but no upregulation of these genes after exposure to three distinct differentiation protocols was seen. In contrast, NSC adopt neural and glial morphologies with a clear increase in expression of all neuroglial genes in all differentiation protocols used. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that neural-like morphology and expression of a limited set of neural marker genes by MAPC-like cells after differentiation are not absolute proof of neural transdifferentiation because MAPC-like cells only partially meet the criteria which are fulfilled by NSC after neural differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robrecht Raedt
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
122
|
Abstract
Stem cell biology has provided constant alteration if not reversal of dogma related to the understanding of the behaviors of primitive and dynamic cells. This review summarizes recent findings on dynamic changes of phenotype that accompany the in vitro growth and differentiation of not only stem and progenitor cells, but also differentiated cells derived from a variety of normal and pathological tissues. As there are examples of apparent dedifferentiation and transdifferentiation of neural cells that appear to be terminally differentiated, there is a need to reconsider elements of cellular fate choice that have relevance to neurooncology and neural repair. Recent findings of dynamic behaviors and mixed phenotype of both normal and cancer stem cells suggest that some of the diverse lineage attributes of different solid tumors may owe their existence to dynamic cellular phenotypy gone awry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis A Steindler
- The Evelyn F. and William L. McKnight Brain Institute, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
123
|
Buzańska L, Jurga M, Stachowiak EK, Stachowiak MK, Domańska-Janik K. Neural stem-like cell line derived from a nonhematopoietic population of human umbilical cord blood. Stem Cells Dev 2006; 15:391-406. [PMID: 16846376 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2006.15.391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of stem and progenitor cells to proliferate and differentiate into other lineages is widely viewed as a characteristic of stem cells. Previously, we have reported that cells from a CD34(-) (nonhematopoietic) adherent subpopulation of human cord blood can acquire a feature of multipotential neural progenitors in vitro. In the present study, using these cord blood-derived stem cells, we have established a clonal cell line termed HUCB-NSCs (human umbilical cord blood-neural stem cells) that expresses several neural antigens and has been grown in culture for more than 60 passages. During this time, HUCB-NSCs retained their growth rate, the ability to differentiate into neuronal-, astrocyte-, and oligodendrocyte-like cells and displayed a stable karyotype. DNA microarray analysis of HUCB-NSCs revealed enhanced expression of selected genes encoding putative stem and progenitor cell markers when compared to other mononuclear cells. dBcAMP-induced HUCBNSCs were further differentiated into more advanced neuronal cells. This is the first report of the establishment and characterization of a nontransformed HUCB-NSC line that can be grown continuously in a monolayer culture and induced to terminal differentiation. These cells should further our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms involved in NSC self-renewal and differentiation.
Collapse
|
124
|
Pacary E, Legros H, Valable S, Duchatelle P, Lecocq M, Petit E, Nicole O, Bernaudin M. Synergistic effects of CoCl(2) and ROCK inhibition on mesenchymal stem cell differentiation into neuron-like cells. J Cell Sci 2006; 119:2667-78. [PMID: 16772336 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.03004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) constitute an interesting cellular source to promote brain regeneration after neurodegenerative diseases. Recently, several studies suggested that oxygen-dependent gene expression is of crucial importance in governing the essential steps of neurogenesis such as cell proliferation, survival and differentiation. In this context, we analysed the effect of the HIF-1 (hypoxia inducible factor-1) activation-mimicking agent CoCl(2) on MSCs. CoCl(2) treatment increased the expression of the anti-proliferative gene BTG2/PC3 and decreased cyclin D1 expression. Expression of HIF-1alpha and its target genes EPO, VEGF and p21 was also upregulated. These changes were followed by inhibition of cell proliferation and morphological changes resulting in neuron-like cells, which had increased neuronal marker expression and responded to neurotransmitters. Echinomycin, a molecule inhibiting HIF-1 DNA-binding activity, blocked the CoCl(2) effect on MSCs. Additionally, by using Y-27632, we demonstrated that Rho kinase (ROCK) inhibition potentiated CoCl(2)-induced MSC differentiation in particular into dopaminergic neuron-like cells as attested by its effect on tyrosine hydroxylase expression. Altogether, these results support the ability of MSCs to differentiate into neuron-like cells in response to CoCl(2), an effect that might act, in part, through HIF-1 activation and cell-cycle arrest, and which is potentiated by inhibition of ROCK.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Pacary
- UMR-CNRS 6185, Neurodegenerescence: models and therapeutic strategies, University of Caen, CYCERON, Bd Henri Becquerel, BP 5229, 14074 Caen CEDEX, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
125
|
Lamoury FMJ, Croitoru-Lamoury J, Brew BJ. Undifferentiated mouse mesenchymal stem cells spontaneously express neural and stem cell markers Oct-4 and Rex-1. Cytotherapy 2006; 8:228-42. [PMID: 16793732 DOI: 10.1080/14653240600735875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous adult stem cells studies have provided evidence that BM mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) exhibit multilineage differentiation capacity. These properties of MSC prompted us to explore the neural potential of MSC with a view to their use for the treatment of demyelinating disorders, such as multiple sclerosis. Indeed, issues such as the identification of a subset of stem cells that is neurally fated, methods of expansion and optimal stage of differentiation for transplantation remain poorly understood. METHODS In order to isolate mouse (m) MSC from BM, we used and compared the classic plastic-adhesion method and one depleting technique, the magnetic-activated cell sorting technique. RESULTS We established and optimized culture conditions so that mMSC could be expanded for more than 360 days and 50 passages. We also demonstrated that undifferentiated mMSC express the neural markers nestin, MAP2, A2B5, GFAP, MBP, CNPase, GalC, O1 under standard culture conditions before transplantation. The pluripotent stem cell marker Oct-4 and the embryonic stem cell marker Rex-1 are spontaneously expressed by untreated mMSC. The lineage-negative mMSC (CD5- CD11b- Ly-6G- Ter119- CD45R- c-kit/CD117-) overexpressed Oct-4, O1 and A2B5 in the first days of culture compared with the non-sorted MSC. Finally, we identified a distinct subpopulation of mMSC that is primed towards a neural fate, namely Sca-1+/nestin+ mMSC. DISCUSSION These results should facilitate the optimal timing of harvesting a neurally fated subpopulation of mMSC for transplantation into animal models of human brain diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F M J Lamoury
- Department of Neurology, Centre for Immunology, St Vincent's Hospital, Corner West and Boundary Streets, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|