151
|
Yu ZP, An C, Yao Y, Wang CY, Sun Z, Cui C, Liu L, Gao SS. A combined strategy for the overproduction of complex ergot alkaloid agroclavine. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2022; 7:1126-1132. [PMID: 36092273 PMCID: PMC9428804 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial cell factories (MCFs) and cell-free systems (CFSs) are generally considered as two unrelated approaches for the biosynthesis of biomolecules. In the current study, two systems were combined together for the overproduction of agroclavine (AC), a structurally complex ergot alkaloid. The whole biosynthetic pathway for AC was split into the early pathway and the late pathway at the point of the FAD-linked oxidoreductase EasE, which was reconstituted in an MCF (Aspergillus nidulans) and a four-enzyme CFS, respectively. The final titer of AC of this combined system is 1209 mg/L, which is the highest one that has been reported so far, to the best of our knowledge. The development of such a combined route could potentially avoid the limitations of both MCF and CFS systems, and boost the production of complex ergot alkaloids with polycyclic ring systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Pu Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
| | - Chunyan An
- Beijing Institute for Drug Control, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Generic Drugs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Analysis and Evaluation on Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102206, PR China
| | - Yongpeng Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, PR China
| | - Chang-Yun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
| | - Zhoutong Sun
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, PR China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308, PR China
| | - Chengsen Cui
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, PR China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308, PR China
| | - Ling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, PR China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Shu-Shan Gao
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, PR China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308, PR China
- Corresponding author.
| |
Collapse
|
152
|
Ma T, Deng Z. Reprograming yeast for anti-cancer vinblastine synthesis. LIFE METABOLISM 2022; 1:207-208. [PMID: 39872071 PMCID: PMC11749829 DOI: 10.1093/lifemeta/loac024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2025]
Affiliation(s)
- Tian Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Zixin Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Zhongnan Hospital, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| |
Collapse
|
153
|
Khandy MT, Sofronova AK, Gorpenchenko TY, Chirikova NK. Plant Pyranocoumarins: Description, Biosynthesis, Application. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3135. [PMID: 36432864 PMCID: PMC9693251 DOI: 10.3390/plants11223135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This overview article contains information about pyranocoumarins over the last 55 years. The article is based on the authors' phytochemical and physiological studies in vivo and in vitro as well as search and analysis of data in literature available on Google Scholar, Web of Science, PubMed, and ScienceDirect before January 2022. Pyranocoumarins are synthesized in plants of the Apiaceae, Rutaceae families, and one species in each of the Cornaceae, Calophyllaceae, and Fabaceae families can synthesize this class of compounds. The physiological role of these compounds in plants is not clear. It has been proven that these substances have a wide range of biological activities: anti-cancer, anti-spasmatic, and anticoagulant, and they also inhibit erythrocyte lysis and accumulation of triacylglycerides. The overview generalizes the modern understanding of the classification, structure, and biological activity of natural pyranocoumarins, and summarizes dispersed data into a unified scheme of biosynthesis. The review analyzes data on the localization and productivity of these substances in individual organs and the whole plant. It discusses a link between the unique structure of these substances and their biological activity, as well as new opportunities for pyranocoumarins in pharmacology. The article evaluates the potential of different plant species as producers of pyranocoumarins and considers the possibilities of cell cultures to obtain the end product.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria T. Khandy
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, Federal Scientific Center of East-Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Stoletiya Vladivostoka Ave. 159, Vladivostok 690022, Russia
- Laboratory of Biomedical Cell Technologies of the Center for Genomic and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, FEFU Campus, 10 Ajax Bay, Russky Island, Vladivostok 690922, Russia
| | - Anastasia K. Sofronova
- Laboratory of Biomedical Cell Technologies of the Center for Genomic and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, FEFU Campus, 10 Ajax Bay, Russky Island, Vladivostok 690922, Russia
| | - Tatiana Y. Gorpenchenko
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, Federal Scientific Center of East-Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Stoletiya Vladivostoka Ave. 159, Vladivostok 690022, Russia
| | - Nadezhda K. Chirikova
- Department of Biology, Institute of Natural Sciences, M.K. Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University, 58 Belinsky Str., Yakutsk 677000, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
154
|
Sethi A, Bhandawat A, Pati PK. Engineering medicinal plant-derived CYPs: a promising strategy for production of high-valued secondary metabolites. PLANTA 2022; 256:119. [PMID: 36378350 PMCID: PMC9664027 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-04024-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cytochorme P450s (CYPs) play a critical role in the catalysis of secondary metabolite biosynthetic pathways. For their commercial use, various strategies for metabolic pathway engineering using CYP as a potential target have been explored. Plants produce a vast diversity of secondary metabolites which are being used to treat various ailments and diseases. Some of these metabolites are difficult to obtain in large quantities limiting their industrial use. Cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) are important catalysts in the biosynthesis of highly valued secondary metabolites, and are found in all domains of life. With the development of high-throughput sequencing and high-resolution mass spectrometry, new biosynthetic pathways and associated CYPs are being identified. In this review, we present CYPs identified from medicinal plants as a potential game changer in the metabolic engineering of secondary metabolic pathways. We present the achievements made so far in enhancing the production of important bioactivities through pathway engineering, giving some popular examples. At last, current challenges and possible strategies to overcome the limitations associated with CYP engineering to enhance the biosynthesis of target secondary metabolites are also highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anshika Sethi
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143 005, India
| | - Abhishek Bhandawat
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143 005, India
| | - Pratap Kumar Pati
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143 005, India.
| |
Collapse
|
155
|
Ozber N, Carr SC, Morris JS, Liang S, Watkins JL, Caldo KM, Hagel JM, Ng KKS, Facchini PJ. Alkaloid binding to opium poppy major latex proteins triggers structural modification and functional aggregation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6768. [PMID: 36351903 PMCID: PMC9646721 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34313-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Opium poppy accumulates copious amounts of several benzylisoquinoline alkaloids including morphine, noscapine, and papaverine, in the specialized cytoplasm of laticifers, which compose an internal secretory system associated with phloem throughout the plant. The contiguous latex includes an abundance of related proteins belonging to the pathogenesis-related (PR)10 family known collectively as major latex proteins (MLPs) and representing at least 35% of the total cellular protein content. Two latex MLP/PR10 proteins, thebaine synthase and neopione isomerase, have recently been shown to catalyze late steps in morphine biosynthesis previously assigned as spontaneous reactions. Using a combination of sucrose density-gradient fractionation-coupled proteomics, differential scanning fluorimetry, isothermal titration calorimetry, and X-ray crystallography, we show that the major latex proteins are a family of alkaloid-binding proteins that display altered conformation in the presence of certain ligands. Addition of MLP/PR10 proteins to yeast strains engineered with morphine biosynthetic genes from the plant significantly enhanced the conversion of salutaridine to morphinan alkaloids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natali Ozber
- grid.22072.350000 0004 1936 7697Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4 Canada
| | - Samuel C. Carr
- grid.22072.350000 0004 1936 7697Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4 Canada
| | - Jeremy S. Morris
- grid.22072.350000 0004 1936 7697Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4 Canada ,grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Present Address: Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130-4899 USA
| | - Siyu Liang
- grid.22072.350000 0004 1936 7697Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4 Canada
| | - Jacinta L. Watkins
- grid.22072.350000 0004 1936 7697Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4 Canada
| | - Kristian M. Caldo
- grid.22072.350000 0004 1936 7697Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4 Canada
| | - Jillian M. Hagel
- grid.22072.350000 0004 1936 7697Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4 Canada
| | - Kenneth K. S. Ng
- grid.22072.350000 0004 1936 7697Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4 Canada ,grid.267455.70000 0004 1936 9596Present Address: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4 Canada
| | - Peter J. Facchini
- grid.22072.350000 0004 1936 7697Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
156
|
Comparison of Genome and Plasmid-Based Engineering of Multigene Benzylglucosinolate Pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0097822. [PMID: 36326240 PMCID: PMC9680641 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00978-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Intake of brassicaceous vegetables such as cabbage is associated with numerous health benefits. The major defense compounds in the Brassicales order are the amino acid-derived glucosinolates that have been associated with the health-promoting effects.
Collapse
|
157
|
Duan XY, Tian Y, Song ZQ, Song LP, Lin WB, Wang C, Yang H, Lu XY, Ji XJ, Liu HH. High-level de novo biosynthesis of cordycepin by systems metabolic engineering in Yarrowia lipolytica. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 363:127862. [PMID: 36041680 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cordycepin is a nucleoside antibiotic with various biological activities, which has wide applications in the area of cosmetic and medicine industries. However, the current production of cordycepin is costly and time-consuming. To construct the promising cell factory for high-level cordycepin production, firstly, the design and construction of cordycepin biosynthetic pathway were performed in Yarrowia lipolytica. Secondly, the adaptivity between cordycepin biosynthetic pathway and Y. lipolytica was enhanced by enzyme fusion and integration site engineering. Then, the production of cordycepin was improved by the enhancement of adenosine supply. Furthermore, through modular engineering, the production of cordycepin was achieved at 3588.59 mg/L from glucose. Finally, 3249.58 mg/L cordycepin with a yield of 76.46 mg/g total sugar was produced by the engineered strain from the mixtures of glucose and molasses. This research is the first report on the de novo high-level production of cordycepin in the engineered Y. lipolytica.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Yu Duan
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, No. 1 Nongda Road, Changsha 410128, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Tian
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, No. 1 Nongda Road, Changsha 410128, People's Republic of China
| | - Ze-Qi Song
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, No. 1 Nongda Road, Changsha 410128, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Ping Song
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, No. 1 Nongda Road, Changsha 410128, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Bo Lin
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, No. 1 Nongda Road, Changsha 410128, People's Republic of China
| | - Chong Wang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, No. 1 Nongda Road, Changsha 410128, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Yang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, No. 1 Nongda Road, Changsha 410128, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Yang Lu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, No. 1 Nongda Road, Changsha 410128, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Jun Ji
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Hu-Hu Liu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, No. 1 Nongda Road, Changsha 410128, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
158
|
Srinivasan P, Smolke CD. Fields to fermentors: Brewing botanical chemotherapeutic precursors using genetically engineered yeast. MED 2022; 3:727-729. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medj.2022.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
159
|
Wu X, Zou K, Liu X, Fu S, Zhang S, Duan Z, Zhou J, Liang Y. The novel distribution of intracellular and extracellular flavonoids produced by Aspergillus sp. Gbtc 2, an endophytic fungus from Ginkgo biloba root. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:972294. [PMID: 36386636 PMCID: PMC9643780 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.972294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we reported a Ginkgo endophyte, Aspergillus sp. Gbtc 2, isolated from the root tissue. Its flavonoid biosynthesis pathway was reconstructed, the effect of phenylalanine on the production of flavonoids was explored, and the flavonoid metabolites were identified with the high-resolution Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS). Some essential genes were annotated to form the upstream of the complete biosynthesis pathway, indicating that Aspergillus sp. Gbtc 2 has the ability to synthesize the C6–C3–C6 flavonoid monomers. HPLC results showed that adding an appropriate amount of phenylalanine could promote the production of flavonoids by Aspergillus Gbtc 2. LC–MS results depicted a significant difference in many flavonoids between intracellularly and extracellularly. Most of the flavonoids gathered in the cell contained glycosylation groups, while almost all components with multiple hydroxyls showed much higher concentrations extracellularly than intracellularly; they likely have different biological functions. A variety of these substances can be mapped back to the pathway pattern of flavonoid biosynthesis and prove the ability of flavonoid production once again. This study expanded the information on flavonoid biosynthesis in Aspergillus and provided a solid theoretical basis for developing the fungi into genetically engineered strains undertaking flavonoid industrialized production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinhong Wu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy, Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Kai Zou
- College of Advanced Materials Engineering, Jiaxing Nanhu University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xueduan Liu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy, Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shaodong Fu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy, Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shuangfei Zhang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy, Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhenchun Duan
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy, Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jin Zhou
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy, Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yili Liang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy, Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan, China
- *Correspondence: Yili Liang,
| |
Collapse
|
160
|
Gemler BT, Mukherjee C, Howland CA, Huk D, Shank Z, Harbo LJ, Tabbaa OP, Bartling CM. Function-based classification of hazardous biological sequences: Demonstration of a new paradigm for biohazard assessments. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:979497. [PMID: 36277394 PMCID: PMC9585941 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.979497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioengineering applies analytical and engineering principles to identify functional biological building blocks for biotechnology applications. While these building blocks are leveraged to improve the human condition, the lack of simplistic, machine-readable definition of biohazards at the function level is creating a gap for biosafety practices. More specifically, traditional safety practices focus on the biohazards of known pathogens at the organism-level and may not accurately consider novel biodesigns with engineered functionalities at the genetic component-level. This gap is motivating the need for a paradigm shift from organism-centric procedures to function-centric biohazard identification and classification practices. To address this challenge, we present a novel methodology for classifying biohazards at the individual sequence level, which we then compiled to distinguish the biohazardous property of pathogenicity at the whole genome level. Our methodology is rooted in compilation of hazardous functions, defined as a set of sequences and associated metadata that describe coarse-level functions associated with pathogens (e.g., adherence, immune subversion). We demonstrate that the resulting database can be used to develop hazardous “fingerprints” based on the functional metadata categories. We verified that these hazardous functions are found at higher levels in pathogens compared to non-pathogens, and hierarchical clustering of the fingerprints can distinguish between these two groups. The methodology presented here defines the hazardous functions associated with bioengineering functional building blocks at the sequence level, which provide a foundational framework for classifying biological hazards at the organism level, thus leading to the improvement and standardization of current biosecurity and biosafety practices.
Collapse
|
161
|
Zhou S, Ma Y, Shang Y, Qi X, Huang S, Li J. Functional diversity and metabolic engineering of plant-specialized metabolites. LIFE METABOLISM 2022; 1:109-121. [PMID: 39872355 PMCID: PMC11749740 DOI: 10.1093/lifemeta/loac019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2025]
Abstract
Plants are talented biochemists that produce a broad diversity of small molecules. These so-called specialized metabolites (SMs) play critical roles in the adaptive evolution of plants to defend against biotic and abiotic stresses, attract pollinators, and modulate soil microbiota for their own benefits. Many plant SMs have been used as nutrition and flavor compounds in our daily food, as well as drugs for treatment of human diseases. Current multi-omics tools have significantly accelerated the process of biosynthetic pathway elucidation in plants through correlation analyses, genetic mapping, and de novo biosynthetic gene cluster predictions. Understanding the biosynthesis of plant SMs has enabled reconstitution of naturally occurring specialized metabolic pathways in microbial hosts, providing a sustainable supply of these high-value molecules. In this review, we illustrate the general functions of several typical plant SMs in natural ecosystems and for human societies. We then provide an overview of current methods elucidating the biosynthetic pathways of plant SMs, and synthetic biology strategies that optimize the efficiency of heterologous biosynthetic pathways in microbial hosts. Moving forward, dissection of the functions and application of plant SMs by using current multidiscipline approaches would be greatly benefit to the scientific community and human societies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaoqun Zhou
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518120, China
| | - Yongshuo Ma
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518120, China
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Yi Shang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Potato Biology, The CAAS-YNNU-YINMORE Joint Academy of Potato Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunan 650500, China
| | - Xiaoquan Qi
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Sanwen Huang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518120, China
| | - Jiayang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| |
Collapse
|
162
|
Cheng W, Yao Y, Wang Q, Chang X, Shi Z, Fang X, Chen F, Chen S, Zhang Y, Zhang F, Zhu D, Deng Z, Lu L. Characterization of benzylisoquinoline alkaloid methyltransferases in Liriodendron chinense provides insights into the phylogenic basis of angiosperm alkaloid diversity. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 112:535-548. [PMID: 36062348 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs) are a class of plant secondary metabolites with great pharmacological value. Their biosynthetic pathways have been extensively elucidated in the species from the Ranunculales order, such as poppy and Coptis japonica, in which methylation events play central roles and are directly responsible for BIA chemodiversity. Here, we combined BIA quantitative profiling and transcriptomic analyses to identify novel BIA methyltransferases (MTs) from Liriodendron chinense, a basal angiosperm plant. We identified an N-methyltransferase (LcNMT1) and two O-methyltransferases (LcOMT1 and LcOMT3), and characterized their biochemical functions in vitro. LcNMT1 methylates (S)-coclaurine to produce mono- and dimethylated products. Mutagenesis experiments revealed that a single-residue alteration is sufficient to change its substrate selectivity. LcOMT1 methylates (S)-norcoclaurine at the C6 site and LcOMT3 methylates (S)-coclaurine at the C7 site, respectively. Two key residues of LcOMT3, A115 and T301, are identified as important contributors to its catalytic activity. Compared with Ranunculales-derived NMTs, Magnoliales-derived NMTs were less abundant and had narrower substrate specificity, indicating that NMT expansion has contributed substantially to BIA chemodiversity in angiosperms, particularly in Ranunculales species. In summary, we not only characterized three novel enzymes that could be useful in the biosynthetic production of valuable BIAs but also shed light on the molecular origin of BIAs during angiosperm evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weijia Cheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yan Yao
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Qiuxia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Xiaosa Chang
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Zhuolin Shi
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Xueting Fang
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Fangfang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Shixin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yonghong Zhang
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Academy of Bio-Medicine Research, School of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Dongqing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Zixin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Li Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430071, China
| |
Collapse
|
163
|
Vasilev N. Medicinal Plants: Guests and Hosts in the Heterologous Expression of High-Value Products. PLANTA MEDICA 2022; 88:1175-1189. [PMID: 34521134 DOI: 10.1055/a-1576-4148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Medicinal plants play an important dual role in the context of the heterologous expression of high-value pharmaceutical products. On the one hand, the classical biochemical and modern omics approaches allowed for the discovery of various genes encoding biosynthetic pathways in medicinal plants. Recombinant DNA technology enabled introducing these genes and regulatory elements into host organisms and enhancing the heterologous production of the corresponding secondary metabolites. On the other hand, the transient expression of foreign DNA in plants facilitated the production of numerous proteins of pharmaceutical importance. This review summarizes several success stories of the engineering of plant metabolic pathways in heterologous hosts. Likewise, a few examples of recombinant protein expression in plants for therapeutic purposes are also highlighted. Therefore, the importance of medicinal plants has grown immensely as sources for valuable products of low and high molecular weight. The next step ahead for bioengineering is to achieve more success stories of industrial-scale production of secondary plant metabolites in microbial systems and to fully exploit plant cell factories' commercial potential for recombinant proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay Vasilev
- TU Dortmund University, Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Technical Biochemistry, Dortmund, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
164
|
Guo L, Yao H, Chen W, Wang X, Ye P, Xu Z, Zhang S, Wu H. Natural products of medicinal plants: biosynthesis and bioengineering in post-genomic era. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac223. [PMID: 36479585 PMCID: PMC9720450 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Globally, medicinal plant natural products (PNPs) are a major source of substances used in traditional and modern medicine. As we human race face the tremendous public health challenge posed by emerging infectious diseases, antibiotic resistance and surging drug prices etc., harnessing the healing power of medicinal plants gifted from mother nature is more urgent than ever in helping us survive future challenge in a sustainable way. PNP research efforts in the pre-genomic era focus on discovering bioactive molecules with pharmaceutical activities, and identifying individual genes responsible for biosynthesis. Critically, systemic biological, multi- and inter-disciplinary approaches integrating and interrogating all accessible data from genomics, metabolomics, structural biology, and chemical informatics are necessary to accelerate the full characterization of biosynthetic and regulatory circuitry for producing PNPs in medicinal plants. In this review, we attempt to provide a brief update on the current research of PNPs in medicinal plants by focusing on how different state-of-the-art biotechnologies facilitate their discovery, the molecular basis of their biosynthesis, as well as synthetic biology. Finally, we humbly provide a foresight of the research trend for understanding the biology of medicinal plants in the coming decades.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Guo
- Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agricultural Sciences at Weifang, Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Weifang, Shandong 261000, China
| | - Hui Yao
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Weikai Chen
- Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agricultural Sciences at Weifang, Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Weifang, Shandong 261000, China
| | - Xumei Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Peng Ye
- State Key laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory For Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhichao Xu
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Sisheng Zhang
- State Key laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory For Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hong Wu
- State Key laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory For Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| |
Collapse
|
165
|
Xia H, Noushahi HA, Khan AH, Liu Y, Cosoveanu A, Cui L, Tang J, Iqbal S, Shu S. Genome sequencing of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides ESO026 reveals plausible pathway of HupA. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:11611-11622. [PMID: 36161578 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07850-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colletotrichum gloeosporioides ES026, isolated as an endophytic fungal strain, was found to produce the important medicinal compound HuperzineA (HupA). In a genetic context, ES026 showed potential in elucidating the biosynthetic pathway of HupA. METHODS AND RESULTS The ES026 strain was sequenced using de-novo Illumina sequencing methods in this study. Assembling the cleaned data resulted in 58,594,804bp, consisting of 404 scaffolds. The G + C mol % content of this genome was 52.53%. The genome progressive-alignment with other 4 Colletotrichum strains revealed that ES026 showed closer relation with 030206, SMCG1#C and Nara gc5. More than 60 putative biosynthetic clusters were predicted with the fungal version antiSMASH4.0 program. More than 33 types I polyketide-related biosynthetic gene clusters were distributed, containing PKS and PKS-NRPS (polyketide-nonribosomal peptides) hybrid gene clusters. Another 8 NRPS biosynthetic gene clusters were distributed among the genome of ES026. The prenyltransferases, probably involved in aromatic prenyl-compounds and terpenoid biosynthesis, were analyzed using bioinformatics tools like MEGA. CONCLUSION We predicted a new possible biosynthetic pathway for the HupA from the pipecolic acid, based on the published HupA biosynthesis proposed pathway, the biosynthesis and pipecolic acid-derived compounds. We hypothesize that a hybrid PKS-NRPS mega-enzyme was probably involved in the biosynthesis of HupA with the pipecolic acid, the building block of rapamycin, as a HupA precursor. The rapamycin is produced from a polyketide biosynthesis pathway, and the domain incorporating the pipecolic acid is studied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Xia
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
- Bio-Pharmaceuticals Institute , Taizhou University, 317000, Taizhou, China
| | - Hamza Armghan Noushahi
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Aamir Hamid Khan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Liu
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Andreea Cosoveanu
- Department of Botany, Ecology & Plant Physiology, CIPEV Group, Faculty of Science, Biology Section, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206, San Cristobal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Lingli Cui
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Tang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Shehzad Iqbal
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Talca, 3460000, Talca, Chile
| | - Shaohua Shu
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
166
|
Kurzbach E, Strieker M, Wittstock U. Production of benzylglucosinolate in genetically engineered carrot suspension cultures. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2022; 39:241-250. [PMID: 36349242 PMCID: PMC9592945 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.22.0509a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Glucosinolates, a group of sulfur-containing specialized metabolites of the Brassicales, have attracted a lot of interest in nutrition, medicine and agriculture due to their positive health effects and their involvement in plant defense. Their biological activities and the extensive knowledge of their biosynthesis have inspired research into development of crops with enhanced glucosinolate contents as well as their biotechnological production in homologous and heterologous systems. Here, we provide proof-of-concept for transgenic suspension cultures of carrot (Daucus carota, Apiacae) as a scalable production platform for plant specialized metabolites using benzylglucosinolate as a model. Two T-DNAs carrying in total six genes of the benzylglucosinolate biosynthesis pathway from Arabidopsis thaliana as well as NPTII and BAR as selectable markers were transferred to carrot cells by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. Putative transformants selected based on their kanamycin and BASTA resistances were subjected to HPLC-MS analysis. Of 79 putative transformants, 17 produced benzylglucosinolate. T-DNA-integration was confirmed for the five best producers. Callus from these transformants was used to establish suspension cultures for quantitative analysis. When grown in 60-ml-cultures, the best transformants produced roughly 2.5 nmol (g fw)-1 benzylglucosinolate, together with up to 10 nmol (g fw)-1 desulfobenzylglucosinolate. Only one transformant produced more benzylglucosinolate than desulfobenzylglucosinolate. The concentration of sulfate in the medium was not a major limiting factor. High production seemed to be associated with poor growth and vice versa. Therefore, future research should try to optimize medium and cultivation process and to separate growth and production phase by using an inducible promoter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Kurzbach
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering (PVZ), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Matthias Strieker
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ute Wittstock
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering (PVZ), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
167
|
Li W, Zhou Z, Li X, Ma L, Guan Q, Zheng G, Liang H, Yan Y, Shen X, Wang J, Sun X, Yuan Q. Biosynthesis of plant hemostatic dencichine in Escherichia coli. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5492. [PMID: 36123371 PMCID: PMC9485241 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33255-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dencichine is a plant-derived nature product that has found various pharmacological applications. Currently, its natural biosynthetic pathway is still elusive, posing challenge to its heterologous biosynthesis. In this work, we design artificial pathways through retro-biosynthesis approaches and achieve de novo production of dencichine. First, biosynthesis of the two direct precursors L-2, 3-diaminopropionate and oxalyl-CoA is achieved by screening and integrating microbial enzymes. Second, the solubility of dencichine synthase, which is the last and only plant-derived pathway enzyme, is significantly improved by introducing 28 synonymous rare codons into the codon-optimized gene to slow down its translation rate. Last, the metabolic network is systematically engineered to direct the carbon flux to dencichine production, and the final titer reaches 1.29 g L-1 with a yield of 0.28 g g-1 glycerol. This work lays the foundation for sustainable production of dencichine and represents an example of how synthetic biology can be harnessed to generate unnatural pathways to produce a desired molecule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenna Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029, Beijing, China
| | - Xianglai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029, Beijing, China
| | - Qingyuan Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029, Beijing, China
| | - Guojun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029, Beijing, China
| | - Yajun Yan
- School of Chemical, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Xiaolin Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029, Beijing, China
| | - Xinxiao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029, Beijing, China.
| | - Qipeng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
168
|
d'Oelsnitz S, Kim W, Burkholder NT, Javanmardi K, Thyer R, Zhang Y, Alper HS, Ellington AD. Using fungible biosensors to evolve improved alkaloid biosyntheses. Nat Chem Biol 2022; 18:981-989. [PMID: 35799063 PMCID: PMC11494455 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-022-01072-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A key bottleneck in the microbial production of therapeutic plant metabolites is identifying enzymes that can improve yield. The facile identification of genetically encoded biosensors can overcome this limitation and become part of a general method for engineering scaled production. We have developed a combined screening and selection approach that quickly refines the affinities and specificities of generalist transcription factors; using RamR as a starting point, we evolve highly specific (>100-fold preference) and sensitive (half-maximum effective concentration (EC50) < 30 μM) biosensors for the alkaloids tetrahydropapaverine, papaverine, glaucine, rotundine and noscapine. High-resolution structures reveal multiple evolutionary avenues for the malleable effector-binding site and the creation of new pockets for different chemical moieties. These sensors further enabled the evolution of a streamlined pathway for tetrahydropapaverine, a precursor to four modern pharmaceuticals, collapsing multiple methylation steps into a single evolved enzyme. Our methods for evolving biosensors enable the rapid engineering of pathways for therapeutic alkaloids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon d'Oelsnitz
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
| | - Wantae Kim
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | | | - Kamyab Javanmardi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Ross Thyer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Hal S Alper
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Andrew D Ellington
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
169
|
A microbial supply chain for production of the anti-cancer drug vinblastine. Nature 2022; 609:341-347. [PMID: 36045295 PMCID: PMC9452304 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05157-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Monoterpene indole alkaloids (MIAs) are a diverse family of complex plant secondary metabolites with many medicinal properties, including the essential anti-cancer therapeutics vinblastine and vincristine1. As MIAs are difficult to chemically synthesize, the world’s supply chain for vinblastine relies on low-yielding extraction and purification of the precursors vindoline and catharanthine from the plant Catharanthus roseus, which is then followed by simple in vitro chemical coupling and reduction to form vinblastine at an industrial scale2,3. Here, we demonstrate the de novo microbial biosynthesis of vindoline and catharanthine using a highly engineered yeast, and in vitro chemical coupling to vinblastine. The study showcases a very long biosynthetic pathway refactored into a microbial cell factory, including 30 enzymatic steps beyond the yeast native metabolites geranyl pyrophosphate and tryptophan to catharanthine and vindoline. In total, 56 genetic edits were performed, including expression of 34 heterologous genes from plants, as well as deletions, knock-downs and overexpression of ten yeast genes to improve precursor supplies towards de novo production of catharanthine and vindoline, from which semisynthesis to vinblastine occurs. As the vinblastine pathway is one of the longest MIA biosynthetic pathways, this study positions yeast as a scalable platform to produce more than 3,000 natural MIAs and a virtually infinite number of new-to-nature analogues. De novo microbial biosynthesis of vindoline and catharanthine using a highly engineered yeast and in vitro chemical coupling to vinblastine is carried out, positioning yeast as a scalable platform to produce many monoterpene indole alkaloids.
Collapse
|
170
|
Engineered yeast brews precursors of anticancer drug vinblastine. Nature 2022:10.1038/d41586-022-02256-z. [PMID: 36045165 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-022-02256-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
171
|
Kong S, Yu W, Gao N, Zhai X, Zhou YJ. Expanding the neutral sites for integrated gene expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2022; 369:6671531. [PMID: 35981819 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnac081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Construction of efficient microbial cell factories always requires assembling biosynthetic pathways and rewiring cellular metabolism with overexpression of multiple genes. Genomic integration is considered to be helpful for stable gene expression in compared with the episomal plasmids. However, the limited availability of suitable loci hinders the extensive metabolic engineering. We here characterized 30 neutral sites in Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome that did not affect cellular fitness by using expression cassettes of green fluorescent protein (eGFP) and fatty acyl-CoA reductase (MaFAR1) with the aid of efficient CRISPR-Cas9 technique. We found that integration of gene expression cassettes to different genome loci resulted a varied GFP signal and fatty alcohol production, which showed that genomic loci could be used for tuning gene expression. The characterized set of neutral sites should be helpful for extensively metabolic engineering of S. cerevisiae for chemical production and other purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Kong
- Division of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, PR China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Wei Yu
- Division of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, PR China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Ning Gao
- Division of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, PR China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, PR China.,Dalian Key Laboratory of Energy Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, PR China
| | - Xiaoxin Zhai
- Division of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, PR China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, PR China.,Dalian Key Laboratory of Energy Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, PR China
| | - Yongjin J Zhou
- Division of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, PR China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, PR China.,Dalian Key Laboratory of Energy Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
172
|
Versatile tools of synthetic biology applied to drug discovery and production. Future Med Chem 2022; 14:1325-1340. [PMID: 35975897 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2022-0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although synthetic biology is an emerging research field, which has come to prominence within the last decade, it already has many practical applications. Its applications cover the areas of pharmaceutical biotechnology and drug discovery, bringing essential novel methods and strategies such as metabolic engineering, reprogramming the cell fate, drug production in genetically modified organisms, molecular glues, functional nucleic acids and genome editing. This review discusses the main avenues for synthetic biology application in pharmaceutical biotechnology. The authors believe that synthetic biology will reshape drug development and drug production to a similar extent as the advances in organic chemical synthesis in the 20th century. Therefore, synthetic biology already plays an essential role in pharmaceutical, biotechnology, which is the main focus of this review.
Collapse
|
173
|
Abstract
Tetrahydropapaverine (THP) and papaverine are plant natural products with clinically significant roles. THP is a precursor in the production of the drugs atracurium and cisatracurium, and papaverine is used as an antispasmodic during vascular surgery. In recent years, metabolic engineering advances have enabled the production of natural products through heterologous expression of pathway enzymes in yeast. Heterologous biosynthesis of THP and papaverine could play a role in ensuring a stable supply of these clinically significant products. Biosynthesis of THP and papaverine has not been achieved to date, in part because multiple pathway enzymes have not been elucidated. Here, we describe the development of an engineered yeast strain for de novo biosynthesis of THP. The production of THP is achieved through heterologous expression of two enzyme variants with activity on nonnative substrates. Through protein engineering, we developed a variant of N-methylcoclaurine hydroxylase with activity on coclaurine, enabling de novo norreticuline biosynthesis. Similarly, we developed a variant of scoulerine 9-O-methyltransferase capable of O-methylating 1-benzylisoquinoline alkaloids at the 3' position, enabling de novo THP biosynthesis. Flux through the heterologous pathway was improved by knocking out yeast multidrug resistance transporters and optimization of media conditions. Overall, strain engineering increased the concentration of biosynthesized THP 600-fold to 121 µg/L. Finally, we demonstrate a strategy for papaverine semisynthesis using hydrogen peroxide as an oxidizing agent. Through optimizing pH, temperature, reaction time, and oxidizing agent concentration, we demonstrated the ability to produce semisynthesized papaverine through oxidation of biosynthesized THP.
Collapse
|
174
|
Hunter P. Gold mining nature for natural products. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e55697. [DOI: 10.15252/embr.202255697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
|
175
|
Medicinal phytometabolites synthesis using yeast bioengineering platform. THE NUCLEUS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13237-022-00396-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
|
176
|
Matsuda S, Watanabe K. Novel Gene Therapy by Expression of Biosynthetic Function. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2022. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.80.747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| |
Collapse
|
177
|
Sirirungruang S, Markel K, Shih PM. Plant-based engineering for production of high-valued natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2022; 39:1492-1509. [PMID: 35674317 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00017b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to March 2022Plants are a unique source of complex specialized metabolites, many of which play significant roles in human society. In many cases, however, the availability of these metabolites from naturally occurring sources fails to meet current demands. Thus, there is much interest in expanding the production capacity of target plant molecules. Traditionally, plant breeding, chemical synthesis, and microbial fermentation are considered the primary routes towards large scale production of natural products. Here, we explore the advances, challenges, and future of plant engineering as a complementary path. Although plants are an integral part of our food and agricultural systems and sustain an extensive array of chemical constituents, their complex genetics and physiology have prevented the optimal exploitation of plants as a production chassis. We highlight emerging engineering tools and scientific advances developed in recent years that have improved the prospects of using plants as a sustainable and scalable production platform. We also discuss technological limitations and overall economic outlook of plant-based production of natural products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sasilada Sirirungruang
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA. .,Feedstocks Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA.,Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Center for Biomolecular Structure, Function and Application, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Kasey Markel
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA. .,Feedstocks Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA.,Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Patrick M Shih
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA. .,Feedstocks Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA.,Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
178
|
Kelso PA, Chow LKM, Carpenter AC, Paulsen IT, Williams TC. Toward Methanol-Based Biomanufacturing: Emerging Strategies for Engineering Synthetic Methylotrophy in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 11:2548-2563. [PMID: 35848307 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.2c00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The global expansion of biomanufacturing is currently limited by the availability of sugar-based microbial feedstocks, which require farmland for cultivation and therefore cannot support large increases in production without impacting the human food supply. One-carbon feedstocks, such as methanol, present an enticing alternative to sugar because they can be produced independently of arable farmland from organic waste, atmospheric carbon dioxide, and hydrocarbons such as biomethane, natural gas, and coal. The development of efficient industrial microorganisms that can convert one-carbon feedstocks into valuable products is an ongoing challenge. This review discusses progress in the field of synthetic methylotrophy with a focus on how it pertains to the important industrial yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Recent insights generated from engineering synthetic methylotrophic xylulose- and ribulose-monophosphate cycles, reductive glycine pathways, and adaptive laboratory evolution studies are critically assessed to generate novel strategies for the future engineering of methylotrophy in S. cerevisiae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip A Kelso
- School of Natural Sciences, and ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | | | - Alex C Carpenter
- School of Natural Sciences, and ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Ian T Paulsen
- School of Natural Sciences, and ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Thomas C Williams
- School of Natural Sciences, and ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
179
|
Baldera-Aguayo PA, Lee A, Cornish VW. High-Titer Production of the Fungal Anhydrotetracycline, TAN-1612, in Engineered Yeasts. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 11:2429-2444. [PMID: 35699947 PMCID: PMC9480237 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.2c00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a growing global health threat, demanding urgent responses. Tetracyclines, a widely used antibiotic class, are increasingly succumbing to antibiotic resistance; generating novel analogues is therefore a top priority for public health. Fungal tetracyclines provide structural and enzymatic diversity for novel tetracycline analogue production in tractable heterologous hosts, like yeasts, to combat antibiotic-resistant pathogens. Here, we successfully engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker's yeast) and Saccharomyces boulardii (probiotic yeast) to produce the nonantibiotic fungal anhydrotetracycline, TAN-1612, in synthetic defined media─necessary for clean purifications─through heterologously expressing TAN-1612 genes mined from the fungus, Aspergillus niger ATCC 1015. This was accomplished via (i) a promoter library-based combinatorial pathway optimization of the biosynthetic TAN-1612 genes coexpressed with a putative TAN-1612 efflux pump, reducing TAN-1612 toxicity in yeasts while simultaneously increasing supernatant titers and (ii) the development of a medium-throughput UV-visible spectrophotometric assay that facilitates TAN-1612 combinatorial library screening. Through this multipronged approach, we optimized TAN-1612 production, yielding an over 450-fold increase compared to previously reported S. cerevisiae yields. TAN-1612 is an important tetracycline analogue precursor, and we thus present the first step toward generating novel tetracycline analogue therapeutics to combat current and emerging antibiotic resistance. We also report the first heterologous production of a fungal polyketide, like TAN-1612, in the probiotic S. boulardii. This highlights that engineered S. boulardii can biosynthesize complex natural products like tetracyclines, setting the stage to equip probiotic yeasts with synthetic therapeutic functionalities to generate living therapeutics or biocontrol agents for clinical and agricultural applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro A Baldera-Aguayo
- Integrated Program in Cellular, Molecular and Biomedical Studies, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 550 W 120th Street, Northwest Corner Building 1206, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Arden Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 550 W 120th Street, Northwest Corner Building 1206, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Virginia W Cornish
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 550 W 120th Street, Northwest Corner Building 1206, New York, New York 10027, United States
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Cancer Research Center, 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York, New York 10032, United States
| |
Collapse
|
180
|
Bu J, Zhang X, Li Q, Ma Y, Hu Z, Yang J, Liu X, Wang R, Jiao X, Chen T, Lai C, Cui G, Tang J, Kong Y, Yang L, Lin S, Chen Y, Guo J, Huang L. Catalytic promiscuity of O-methyltransferases from Corydalis yanhusuo leading to the structural diversity of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac152. [PMID: 36168544 PMCID: PMC9510826 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
O-methyltransferases play essential roles in producing structural diversity and improving the biological properties of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs) in plants. In this study, Corydalis yanhusuo, a plant used in traditional Chinese medicine due to the analgesic effects of its BIA-active compounds, was employed to analyze the catalytic characteristics of O-methyltransferases in the formation of BIA diversity. Seven genes encoding O-methyltransferases were cloned, and functionally characterized using seven potential BIA substrates. Specifically, an O-methyltransferase (CyOMT2) with highly efficient catalytic activity of both 4'- and 6-O-methylations of 1-BIAs was found. CyOMT6 was found to perform two sequential methylations at both 9- and 2-positions of the essential intermediate of tetrahydroprotoberberines, (S)-scoulerine. Two O-methyltransferases (CyOMT5 and CyOMT7) with wide substrate promiscuity were found, with the 2-position of tetrahydroprotoberberines as the preferential catalytic site for CyOMT5 (named scoulerine 2-O-methyltransferase) and the 6-position of 1-BIAs as the preferential site for CyOMT7. In addition, results of integrated phylogenetic molecular docking analysis and site-directed mutation suggested that residues at sites 172, 306, 313, and 314 in CyOMT5 are important for enzyme promiscuity related to O-methylations at the 6- and 7-positions of isoquinoline. Cys at site 253 in CyOMT2 was proved to promote the methylation activity of the 6-position and to expand substrate scopes. This work provides insight into O-methyltransferases in producing BIA diversity in C. yanhusuo and genetic elements for producing BIAs by metabolic engineering and synthetic biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Qishuang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16 South Side Street, Dongzhimen, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Ying Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16 South Side Street, Dongzhimen, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Zhimin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16 South Side Street, Dongzhimen, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Jian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16 South Side Street, Dongzhimen, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Xiuyu Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, No. 156 Jinshuidong Road, Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - Ruishan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16 South Side Street, Dongzhimen, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Xiang Jiao
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, SE41296, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16 South Side Street, Dongzhimen, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Changjiangsheng Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16 South Side Street, Dongzhimen, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Guanghong Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16 South Side Street, Dongzhimen, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Jinfu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16 South Side Street, Dongzhimen, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yu Kong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602, China
| | - Sheng Lin
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, SE41296, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Juan Guo
- Corresponding authors. E-mail: ,
| | | |
Collapse
|
181
|
White LV, Hu N, He Y, Banwell MG, Lan P. Expeditious Access to Morphinans by Chemical Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202203186. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202203186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo V. White
- Institute for Advanced and Applied Chemical Synthesis Jinan University Guangzhou Guangdong 510632 China
- College of Pharmacy Jinan University Guangzhou Guangdong 510632 China
| | - Nan Hu
- Institute for Advanced and Applied Chemical Synthesis Jinan University Guangzhou Guangdong 510632 China
- College of Pharmacy Jinan University Guangzhou Guangdong 510632 China
| | - Yu‐Tao He
- Institute for Advanced and Applied Chemical Synthesis Jinan University Guangzhou Guangdong 510632 China
- College of Pharmacy Jinan University Guangzhou Guangdong 510632 China
| | - Martin G. Banwell
- Institute for Advanced and Applied Chemical Synthesis Jinan University Guangzhou Guangdong 510632 China
- College of Pharmacy Jinan University Guangzhou Guangdong 510632 China
| | - Ping Lan
- Institute for Advanced and Applied Chemical Synthesis Jinan University Guangzhou Guangdong 510632 China
- College of Pharmacy Jinan University Guangzhou Guangdong 510632 China
| |
Collapse
|
182
|
Tang Y, Zhang Y, Zhao J, Xue F, He H, Xue F, Liu XY, Qin Y. Asymmetric total synthesis of buprenorphine and dihydroetorphine. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2022.154027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
183
|
Sarker U, Lin YP, Oba S, Yoshioka Y, Hoshikawa K. Prospects and potentials of underutilized leafy Amaranths as vegetable use for health-promotion. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 182:104-123. [PMID: 35487123 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Climate change causes environmental variation worldwide, which is one of the most serious threats to global food security. In addition, more than 2 billion people in the world are reported to suffer from serious malnutrition, referred to as 'hidden hunger.' Dependence on only a few crops could lead to the loss of genetic diversity and high fragility of crop breeding in systems adapting to global scale climate change. The exploitation of underutilized species and genetic resources, referred to as orphan crops, could be a useful approach for resolving the issue of adaptability to environmental alteration, biodiversity preservation, and improvement of nutrient quality and quantity to ensure food security. Moreover, the use of these alternative crops will help to increase the human health benefits and the income of farmers in developing countries. In this review, we highlight the potential of orphan crops, especially amaranths, for use as vegetables and health-promoting nutritional components. This review highlights promising diversified sources of amaranth germplasms, their tolerance to abiotic stresses, and their nutritional, phytochemical, and antioxidant values for vegetable purposes. Betalains (betacyanins and betaxanthins), unique antioxidant components in amaranth vegetables, are also highlighted regarding their chemodiversity across amaranth germplasms and their stability and degradation. In addition, we discuss the physiological functions, antioxidant, antilipidemic, anticancer, and antimicrobial activities, as well as the biosynthesis pathway, molecular, biochemical, genetics, and genomic mechanisms of betalains in detail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Umakanta Sarker
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, 1706, Bangladesh.
| | - Ya-Ping Lin
- World Vegetable Center, P.O. Box 42, Shanhua, Tainan, 74199, Taiwan
| | - Shinya Oba
- Faculty of Applied Biological Science, Gifu University, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Yosuke Yoshioka
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, 305-8572, Ibaraki, Japan; Tsukuba-Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Ken Hoshikawa
- World Vegetable Center, P.O. Box 42, Shanhua, Tainan, 74199, Taiwan; Tsukuba-Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8572, Japan; Biological Resources and Post-harvest Division, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, Ohwashi 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8686, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
184
|
Xu Z, Li Z, Ren F, Gao R, Wang Z, Zhang J, Zhao T, Ma X, Pu X, Xin T, Rombauts S, Sun W, Van de Peer Y, Chen S, Song J. The genome of Corydalis reveals the evolution of benzylisoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis in Ranunculales. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 111:217-230. [PMID: 35476217 PMCID: PMC7614287 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Species belonging to the order Ranunculales have attracted much attention because of their phylogenetic position as a sister group to all other eudicot lineages and their ability to produce unique yet diverse benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs). The Papaveraceae family in Ranunculales is often used as a model system for studying BIA biosynthesis. Here, we report the chromosome-level genome assembly of Corydalis tomentella, a species of Fumarioideae, one of the two subfamilies of Papaveraceae. Based on comparisons of sequenced Ranunculalean species, we present clear evidence of a shared whole-genome duplication (WGD) event that has occurred before the divergence of Ranunculales but after its divergence from other eudicot lineages. The C. tomentella genome enabled us to integrate isotopic labeling and comparative genomics to reconstruct the BIA biosynthetic pathway for both sanguinarine biosynthesis shared by papaveraceous species and the cavidine biosynthesis that is specific to Corydalis. Also, our comparative analysis revealed that gene duplications, especially tandem gene duplications, underlie the diversification of BIA biosynthetic pathways in Ranunculales. In particular, tandemly duplicated berberine bridge enzyme-like genes appear to be involved in cavidine biosynthesis. In conclusion, our study of the C. tomentella genome provides important insights into the occurrence of WGDs during the early evolution of eudicots, as well as into the evolution of BIA biosynthesis in Ranunculales.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Xu
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People’s Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent 9052, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent 9052, Belgium
| | - Fengming Ren
- Chongqing Institute of Medicinal Plant Cultivation, Chongqing 408435, China
| | - Ranran Gao
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People’s Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jinlan Zhang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Tao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent 9052, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent 9052, Belgium
| | - Xiangdong Pu
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People’s Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tianyi Xin
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People’s Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Stephane Rombauts
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent 9052, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent 9052, Belgium
| | - Wei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yves Van de Peer
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent 9052, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent 9052, Belgium
- Centre for Microbial Ecology and Genomics, Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies and College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Corresponding Authors: Jingyuan Song (), Shilin Chen (), and Yves Van de Peer ()
| | - Shilin Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing 100700, China
- Corresponding Authors: Jingyuan Song (), Shilin Chen (), and Yves Van de Peer ()
| | - Jingyuan Song
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People’s Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicinal Utilization, Yunnan Branch, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Jinghong 666100, China
- Corresponding Authors: Jingyuan Song (), Shilin Chen (), and Yves Van de Peer ()
| |
Collapse
|
185
|
Han SW, Shin JS. Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylases: mechanistic features and microbial applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:4445-4458. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12028-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
|
186
|
Gong FL, Han J, Li S. MULTI-SCULPT: Multiplex Integration via Selective, CRISPR-Mediated, Ultralong Pathway Transformation in Yeast for Plant Natural Product Synthesis. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 11:2484-2495. [PMID: 35737816 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.2c00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Yeast has been a versatile model host for complex and valuable natural product biosynthesis via the reconstruction of heterologous biosynthetic pathways. Recent advances in natural product pathway elucidation have uncovered many large and complicated plant pathways that contain 10-30 genes for the biosynthesis of structurally complex, valuable natural products. However, the ability to reconstruct ultralong pathways efficiently in yeast does not match the increasing demand for valuable plant natural product biomanufacturing. Here, we developed a one-pot, multigene pathway integration method in yeast, named MULTI-SCULPT for multiplex integration via selective, CRISPR-mediated, ultralong pathway transformation. Leveraging multilocus genomic disruption via CRISPR/Cas9, newly developed native and synthetic genetic parts, and fine-tuned gene integration and characterization methods, we managed to integrate 21 DNA inserts that contain a 12-gene plant isoflavone biosynthetic pathway into yeast with a 90-100% success rate in 12 days. This method enables fast and efficient ultralong biosynthetic pathway integration and can allow for the fast iterative integration of even longer pathways in the future. Ultimately, this method will accelerate combinatorial optimization of elucidated plant natural product pathways and accelerate putative pathway characterization heterologously.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franklin Leyang Gong
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Jianing Han
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Sijin Li
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| |
Collapse
|
187
|
A functionally conserved STORR gene fusion in Papaver species that diverged 16.8 million years ago. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3150. [PMID: 35672295 PMCID: PMC9174169 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30856-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe STORR gene fusion event is considered essential for the evolution of the promorphinan/morphinan subclass of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs) in opium poppy as the resulting bi-modular protein performs the isomerization of (S)- to (R)-reticuline essential for their biosynthesis. Here, we show that of the 12 Papaver species analysed those containing the STORR gene fusion also contain promorphinans/morphinans with one important exception. P. californicum encodes a functionally conserved STORR but does not produce promorphinans/morphinans. We also show that the gene fusion event occurred only once, between 16.8-24.1 million years ago before the separation of P. californicum from other Clade 2 Papaver species. The most abundant BIA in P. californicum is (R)-glaucine, a member of the aporphine subclass of BIAs, raising the possibility that STORR, once evolved, contributes to the biosynthesis of more than just the promorphinan/morphinan subclass of BIAs in the Papaveraceae.
Collapse
|
188
|
Agnès SA, Okpekon T, Kouadio YA, Jagora A, Bréard D, Costa EV, da Silva FMA, Koolen HHF, Le Ray-Richomme AM, Richomme P, Champy P, Beniddir MA, Le Pogam P. Implementation of a MS/MS database for isoquinoline alkaloids and other annonaceous metabolites. Sci Data 2022; 9:270. [PMID: 35668110 PMCID: PMC9170680 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01345-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This data descriptor reports on the upload to a public repository (GNPS) of the IQAMDB, IsoQuinoline and Annonaceous Metabolites Data Base, comprising 320 tandem mass spectra. This project originated from our in-house collection of isoquinolines. The diversity of compounds included in this database was further extended through the contribution of two additional laboratories involved in isoquinoline alkaloids research: University of Angers and University of Manaus. The generated MS/MS data were processed and annotated on an individual basis to promote their straightforward reuse by natural product chemists interested in either the description of new isoquinoline alkaloids or the dereplication of isoquinoline-containing samples. The interest of the current repertoire for dereplication purposes has been validated based on the molecular networking of the well-investigated plant model Annona montana against the IQAMDB‐implemented GNPS. Measurement(s) | electrospray ionization | Technology Type(s) | Ultra High-performance Liquid Chromatography • Tandem Mass Spectrometry |
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salemon Akpa Agnès
- Équipe "Chimie des Substances Naturelles" Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, BioCIS, 5 rue J.-B. Clément, 92290, Châtenay-Malabry, France.,Laboratoire de Constitution et Réaction de la Matière (LCRM), UFR Sciences des Structures de la Matière et Technologie, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, BP 582, Abidjan 22, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Timothée Okpekon
- Laboratoire de Constitution et Réaction de la Matière (LCRM), UFR Sciences des Structures de la Matière et Technologie, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, BP 582, Abidjan 22, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Yvette Affoué Kouadio
- Équipe "Chimie des Substances Naturelles" Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, BioCIS, 5 rue J.-B. Clément, 92290, Châtenay-Malabry, France.,Laboratoire de Constitution et Réaction de la Matière (LCRM), UFR Sciences des Structures de la Matière et Technologie, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, BP 582, Abidjan 22, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Adrien Jagora
- Équipe "Chimie des Substances Naturelles" Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, BioCIS, 5 rue J.-B. Clément, 92290, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | | | - Emmanoel V Costa
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Av. Rodrigo Otávio 1200, 69067-005, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Felipe M A da Silva
- Centro de Apoio Multidisciplinar (CAM), Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Av. Rodrigo Otávio 1200, 69067-005, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Hector H F Koolen
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Metabolômica e Espectrometria de Massas, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Av. Carvalho Leal 1777, 69065-001, Manaus, Brazil
| | | | | | - Pierre Champy
- Équipe "Chimie des Substances Naturelles" Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, BioCIS, 5 rue J.-B. Clément, 92290, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Mehdi A Beniddir
- Équipe "Chimie des Substances Naturelles" Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, BioCIS, 5 rue J.-B. Clément, 92290, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Pierre Le Pogam
- Équipe "Chimie des Substances Naturelles" Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, BioCIS, 5 rue J.-B. Clément, 92290, Châtenay-Malabry, France.
| |
Collapse
|
189
|
A FAIR-compliant parts catalogue for genome engineering and expression control in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2022; 7:657-663. [PMID: 35224233 PMCID: PMC8857431 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthetic biology toolkit for baker's yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, includes extensive genome engineering toolkits and parts repositories. However, with the increasing complexity of engineering tasks and versatile applications of this model eukaryote, there is a continued interest to expand and diversify the rational engineering capabilities in this chassis by FAIR (findable, accessible, interoperable, and reproducible) compliance. In this study, we designed and characterised 41 synthetic guide RNA sequences to expand the CRISPR-based genome engineering capabilities for easy and efficient replacement of genomically encoded elements. Moreover, we characterize in high temporal resolution 20 native promoters and 18 terminators using fluorescein and LUDOX CL-X as references for GFP expression and OD600 measurements, respectively. Additionally, all data and reported analysis is provided in a publicly accessible jupyter notebook providing a tool for researchers with low-coding skills to further explore the generated data as well as a template for researchers to write their own scripts. We expect the data, parts, and databases associated with this study to support a FAIR-compliant resource for further advancing the engineering of yeasts.
Collapse
|
190
|
Lengger B, Hoch-Schneider EE, Jensen CN, Jakočiu̅nas T, Petersen AA, Frimurer TM, Jensen ED, Jensen MK. Serotonin G Protein-Coupled Receptor-Based Biosensing Modalities in Yeast. ACS Sens 2022; 7:1323-1335. [PMID: 35452231 PMCID: PMC9150182 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c02061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin is a key neurotransmitter involved in numerous physiological processes and serves as an important precursor for manufacturing bioactive indoleamines and alkaloids used in the treatment of human pathologies. In humans, serotonin sensing and signaling can occur by 12 G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) coupled to Gα proteins. In yeast, human serotonin GPCRs coupled to Gα proteins have previously been shown to function as whole-cell biosensors of serotonin. However, systematic characterization of serotonin biosensing modalities between variant serotonin GPCRs and application thereof for high-resolution serotonin quantification is still awaiting. To systematically assess GPCR signaling in response to serotonin, we characterized reporter gene expression at two different pHs of a 144-sized library encoding all 12 human serotonin GPCRs in combination with 12 different Gα proteins engineered in yeast. From this screen, we observed changes in the biosensor sensitivities of >4 orders of magnitude. Furthermore, adopting optimal biosensing designs and pH conditions enabled high-resolution high-performance liquid chromatography-validated sensing of serotonin produced in yeast. Lastly, we used the yeast platform to characterize 19 serotonin GPCR polymorphisms found in human populations. While major differences in signaling were observed among the individual polymorphisms when studied in yeast, a cross-comparison of selected variants in mammalian cells showed both similar and disparate results. Taken together, our study highlights serotonin biosensing modalities of relevance to both biotechnological and potential human health applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Lengger
- Novo
Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Emma E. Hoch-Schneider
- Novo
Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Christina N. Jensen
- Novo
Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Tadas Jakočiu̅nas
- Novo
Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anja A. Petersen
- Novo
Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of
Health and Medical Sciences, University
of Copenhagen, Maersk
Tower, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas M. Frimurer
- Novo
Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of
Health and Medical Sciences, University
of Copenhagen, Maersk
Tower, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Emil D. Jensen
- Novo
Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Michael K. Jensen
- Novo
Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
191
|
Tian C, Zhang Y, Li J, Wang Y. Benchmarking Intrinsic Promoters and Terminators for Plant Synthetic Biology Research. BIODESIGN RESEARCH 2022; 2022:9834989. [PMID: 37850139 PMCID: PMC10521690 DOI: 10.34133/2022/9834989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The emerging plant synthetic metabolic engineering has been exhibiting great promise to produce either value-added metabolites or therapeutic proteins. However, promoters for plant pathway engineering are generally selected empirically. The quantitative characterization of plant-based promoters is essential for optimal control of gene expression in plant chassis. Here, we used N. benthamiana leaves and BY2 suspension cells to quantitatively characterize a library of plant promoters by transient expression of firefly/Renilla luciferase. We validated the dual-luciferase reporter system by examining the correlation between reporter protein and mRNA levels. In addition, we investigated the effects of terminator-promoter combinations on gene expression and found that the combinations of promoters and terminators resulted in a 326-fold difference between the strongest and weakest performance, as reflected in reporter gene expression. As a proof of concept, we used the quantitatively characterized promoters to engineer the betalain pathway in N. benthamiana. Seven selected plant promoters with different expression strengths were used orthogonally to express CYP76AD1 and DODA, resulting in a final betalain production range of 6.0-362.4 μg/g fresh weight. Our systematic approach not only demonstrates the various intensities of multiple promoter sequences in N. benthamiana and BY2 cells but also adds to the toolbox of plant promoters for plant engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenfei Tian
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Yixin Zhang
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Jianhua Li
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yong Wang
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| |
Collapse
|
192
|
Sankaranarayanan K, Heid E, Coley CW, Verma D, Green WH, Jensen KF. Similarity based enzymatic retrosynthesis. Chem Sci 2022; 13:6039-6053. [PMID: 35685792 PMCID: PMC9132021 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01588a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymes synthesize complex natural products effortlessly by catalyzing chemo-, regio-, and enantio-selective transformations. Further, biocatalytic processes are increasingly replacing conventional organic synthesis steps because they use mild solvents, avoid the use of metals, and reduce overall non-biodegradable waste. Here, we present a single-step retrosynthesis search algorithm to facilitate enzymatic synthesis of natural product analogs. First, we develop a tool, RDEnzyme, capable of extracting and applying stereochemically consistent enzymatic reaction templates, i.e., subgraph patterns that describe the changes in connectivity between a product molecule and its corresponding reactant(s). Using RDEnzyme, we demonstrate that molecular similarity is an effective metric to propose retrosynthetic disconnections based on analogy to precedent enzymatic reactions in UniProt/RHEA. Using ∼5500 reactions from RHEA as a knowledge base, the recorded reactants to the product are among the top 10 proposed suggestions in 71% of ∼700 test reactions. Second, we trained a statistical model capable of discriminating between reaction pairs belonging to homologous enzymes and evolutionarily distant enzymes using ∼30 000 reaction pairs from SwissProt as a knowledge base. This model is capable of understanding patterns in enzyme promiscuity to evaluate the likelihood of experimental evolution success. By recursively applying the similarity-based single-step retrosynthesis and evolution prediction workflow, we successfully plan the enzymatic synthesis routes for both active pharmaceutical ingredients (e.g. Islatravir, Molnupiravir) and commodity chemicals (e.g. 1,4-butanediol, branched-chain higher alcohols/biofuels), in a retrospective fashion. Through the development and demonstration of the single-step enzymatic retrosynthesis strategy using natural transformations, our approach provides a first step towards solving the challenging problem of incorporating both enzyme- and organic-chemistry based transformations into a computer aided synthesis planning workflow.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Sankaranarayanan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge Massachusetts 02139 USA
| | - Esther Heid
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge Massachusetts 02139 USA
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, TU Wien 1060 Vienna Austria
| | - Connor W Coley
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge Massachusetts 02139 USA
| | - Deeptak Verma
- Computational and Structural Chemistry, Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc. Kenilworth NJ 07033 USA
| | - William H Green
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge Massachusetts 02139 USA
| | - Klavs F Jensen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge Massachusetts 02139 USA
| |
Collapse
|
193
|
Talenton V, Baby V, Gourgues G, Mouden C, Claverol S, Vashee S, Blanchard A, Labroussaa F, Jores J, Arfi Y, Sirand-Pugnet P, Lartigue C. Genome Engineering of the Fast-Growing Mycoplasma feriruminatoris toward a Live Vaccine Chassis. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 11:1919-1930. [PMID: 35511588 PMCID: PMC9128628 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.2c00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Development of a new generation of vaccines is a key challenge for the control of infectious diseases affecting both humans and animals. Synthetic biology methods offer new ways to engineer bacterial chassis that can be used as vectors to present heterologous antigens and train the immune system against pathogens. Here, we describe the construction of a bacterial chassis based on the fast-growing Mycoplasma feriruminatoris, and the first steps toward its application as a live vaccine against contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP). To do so, the M. feriruminatoris genome was cloned in yeast, modified by iterative cycles of Cas9-mediated deletion of loci encoding virulence factors, and transplanted back in Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capricolum recipient cells to produce the designed M. feriruminatoris chassis. Deleted genes encoded the glycerol transport and metabolism systems GtsABCD and GlpOKF and the Mycoplasma Ig binding protein-Mycoplasma Ig protease (MIB-MIP) immunoglobulin cleavage system. Phenotypic assays of the M. feriruminatoris chassis confirmed the corresponding loss of H2O2 production and IgG cleavage activities, while growth remained unaltered. The resulting mycoplasma chassis was further evaluated as a platform for the expression of heterologous surface proteins. A genome locus encoding an inactivated MIB-MIP system from the CCPP-causative agent Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae was grafted in replacement of its homolog at the original locus in the chassis genome. Both heterologous proteins were detected in the resulting strain using proteomics, confirming their expression. This study demonstrates that advanced genome engineering methods are henceforth available for the fast-growing M. feriruminatoris, facilitating the development of novel vaccines, in particular against major mycoplasma diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Talenton
- University of Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR BFP, F-33882 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Vincent Baby
- University of Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR BFP, F-33882 Villenave d’Ornon, France
- Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, J1K 2R1 Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Geraldine Gourgues
- University of Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR BFP, F-33882 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | | | - Stephane Claverol
- Plateforme Proteome, University of Bordeaux, F-33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Sanjay Vashee
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Alain Blanchard
- University of Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR BFP, F-33882 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Fabien Labroussaa
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern CH-3001, Switzerland
| | - Joerg Jores
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern CH-3001, Switzerland
| | - Yonathan Arfi
- University of Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR BFP, F-33882 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | | | - Carole Lartigue
- University of Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR BFP, F-33882 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| |
Collapse
|
194
|
You J, Du Y, Pan X, Zhang X, Yang T, Rao Z. Increased Production of Riboflavin by Coordinated Expression of Multiple Genes in Operons in Bacillus subtilis. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 11:1801-1810. [PMID: 35467340 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.1c00640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Riboflavin is an essential vitamin widely used in the food, pharmaceutical, and feed industries. However, the insufficient supply of precursors caused by the imbalance of intracellular metabolic flow limits the riboflavin synthesis by industrial strains. Here, we increase riboflavin production by tuning multiple gene expression to balance intracellular metabolic flow. First, we tuned the expression of mCherry and egfp genes within operons by generating libraries of tunable intergenic regions (TIGRs) and confirmed the relative expression of the two reporter genes. The TIGR library can coordinate the expression ratio of reporter genes more than 180 times in Escherichia coli and more than 70 times in Bacillus subtilis. Next, we used this strategy to tune the expression of zwf, ribBA, and ywlf genes within operons through the TIGR library to increase the intracellular precursor pool for riboflavin biosynthesis. Based on the fluorescence characteristics of riboflavin, 96-well plates were used to screen the optimal combination mutants quickly. The best-engineered strain was selected from the library, which produced 2.7 g/L riboflavin, increasing by 64.35% in the shake flask. Finally, the riboflavin titer increased by 59.27% to 11.77 g/L in fed-batch fermentation. The strategy described here will contribute to the industrial production of riboflavin and related products by B. subtilis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia You
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of the Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Applied Microorganisms and Metabolic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yuxuan Du
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of the Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Applied Microorganisms and Metabolic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xuewei Pan
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of the Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Applied Microorganisms and Metabolic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of the Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Applied Microorganisms and Metabolic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Taowei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of the Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Applied Microorganisms and Metabolic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhiming Rao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of the Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Applied Microorganisms and Metabolic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| |
Collapse
|
195
|
Research Progress on the Synthetic Biology of Botanical Biopesticides. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9050207. [PMID: 35621485 PMCID: PMC9137473 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9050207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The production and large-scale application of traditional chemical pesticides will bring environmental pollution and food safety problems. With the advantages of high safety and environmental friendliness, botanical biopesticides are in line with the development trend of modern agriculture and have gradually become the mainstream of modern pesticide development. However, the traditional production of botanical biopesticides has long been faced with prominent problems, such as limited source and supply, complicated production processes, and excessive consumption of resources. In recent years, the rapid development of synthetic biology will break through these bottlenecks, and many botanical biopesticides are produced using synthetic biology, such as emodin, celangulin, etc. This paper reviews the latest progress and application prospect of synthetic biology in the development of botanical pesticides so as to provide new ideas for the analysis of synthetic pathways and heterologous and efficient production of botanical biopesticides and accelerate the research process of synthetic biology of natural products.
Collapse
|
196
|
Scott KA, Cox PB, Njardarson JT. Phenols in Pharmaceuticals: Analysis of a Recurring Motif. J Med Chem 2022; 65:7044-7072. [PMID: 35533692 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Phenols and phenolic ethers are significant scaffolds recurring both in nature and among approved small-molecule pharmaceuticals. This compendium presents the first comprehensive compilation and analysis of the structures of U.S. FDA-approved molecules containing phenol or phenolic ether fragments. This dataset comprises 371 structures, which are strongly represented by natural products. A total of 55 of the compounds described here are on the World Health Organization's list of essential medicines. Structural analysis reveals significant differences in the physicochemical properties imparted by phenols versus phenol ethers, each having benefits and drawbacks for drug developability. Despite trends over the past decade to increase the fraction of sp3 centers in drug leads, thereby "escaping flatland", phenols and phenolic ethers are represented in 62% of small-molecule drugs approved in 2020, suggesting that this aromatic moiety holds a special place in drugs and natural products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A Scott
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Philip B Cox
- Drug Discovery Science and Technology, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Jon T Njardarson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| |
Collapse
|
197
|
Engineering cofactor supply and recycling to drive phenolic acid biosynthesis in yeast. Nat Chem Biol 2022; 18:520-529. [PMID: 35484257 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-022-01014-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Advances in synthetic biology enable microbial hosts to synthesize valuable natural products in an efficient, cost-competitive and safe manner. However, current engineering endeavors focus mainly on enzyme engineering and pathway optimization, leaving the role of cofactors in microbial production of natural products and cofactor engineering largely ignored. Here we systematically engineered the supply and recycling of three cofactors (FADH2, S-adenosyl-L-methion and NADPH) in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, for high-level production of the phenolic acids caffeic acid and ferulic acid, the precursors of many pharmaceutical molecules. Tailored engineering strategies were developed for rewiring biosynthesis, compartmentalization and recycling of the cofactors, which enabled the highest production of caffeic acid (5.5 ± 0.2 g l-1) and ferulic acid (3.8 ± 0.3 g l-1) in microbial cell factories. These results demonstrate that cofactors play an essential role in driving natural product biosynthesis and the engineering strategies described here can be easily adopted for regulating the metabolism of other cofactors.
Collapse
|
198
|
Liu J, Wang X, Dai G, Zhang Y, Bian X. Microbial chassis engineering drives heterologous production of complex secondary metabolites. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 59:107966. [PMID: 35487394 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.107966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The cryptic secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) far outnumber currently known secondary metabolites. Heterologous production of secondary metabolite BGCs in suitable chassis facilitates yield improvement and discovery of new-to-nature compounds. The two juxtaposed conventional model microorganisms, Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, have been harnessed as microbial chassis to produce a bounty of secondary metabolites with the help of certain host engineering. In last decade, engineering non-model microbes to efficiently biosynthesize secondary metabolites has received increasing attention due to their peculiar advantages in metabolic networks and/or biosynthesis. The state-of-the-art synthetic biology tools lead the way in operating genetic manipulation in non-model microorganisms for phenotypic optimization or yields improvement of desired secondary metabolites. In this review, we firstly discuss the pros and cons of several model and non-model microbial chassis, as well as the importance of developing broader non-model microorganisms as alternative programmable heterologous hosts to satisfy the desperate needs of biosynthesis study and industrial production. Then we highlight the lately advances in the synthetic biology tools and engineering strategies for optimization of non-model microbial chassis, in particular, the successful applications for efficient heterologous production of multifarious complex secondary metabolites, e.g., polyketides, nonribosomal peptides, as well as ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides. Lastly, emphasis is on the perspectives of chassis cells development to access the ideal cell factory in the artificial intelligence-driven genome era.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Liu
- Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-Infectives, Shandong University-Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China; Present address: Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University, Campus E8 1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Xue Wang
- Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-Infectives, Shandong University-Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China
| | - Guangzhi Dai
- Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-Infectives, Shandong University-Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China
| | - Youming Zhang
- Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-Infectives, Shandong University-Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China
| | - Xiaoying Bian
- Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-Infectives, Shandong University-Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
199
|
Nielsen J, Tillegreen CB, Petranovic D. Innovation trends in industrial biotechnology. Trends Biotechnol 2022; 40:1160-1172. [PMID: 35459568 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2022.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Microbial fermentations are used for the sustainable production of a range of products. Due to increasing trends in the food sector toward plant-based foods and meat and dairy product substitutes, microbial fermentation will have an increasing role in this sector, as it will enable a sustainable and scalable production of valuable foods and food ingredients. Microbial fermentation will also be used to advance and expand the production of sustainable chemicals and natural products. Much of this market expansion will come from new start-ups that translate academic research into novel processes and products using state-of-the art technologies. Here, we discuss the trends in innovation and technology and provide recommendations for how to successfully start and grow companies in industrial biotechnology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Nielsen
- BioInnovation Institute, Ole Maaløes Vej 3, DK2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE41296 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | | | - Dina Petranovic
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE41296 Gothenburg, Sweden; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, DK2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
200
|
Wang F, Li X, Swanson M, Guetschow E, Winston M, Smith JP, Hoyt E, Liu Z, Richardson D, Bu X, Jawa V, Variankaval N. Holistic Analytical Characterization and Risk Assessment of Residual Host Cell Protein Impurities in an Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) Synthesized by Biocatalysts. Biotechnol Bioeng 2022; 119:2088-2104. [PMID: 35437754 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Host cell proteins (HCPs) are a significant class of process-related impurities commonly associated with the manufacturing of biopharmaceuticals. However, due to the increased use of crude enzymes as biocatalysts for modern organic synthesis, HCPs can also be introduced as a new class of impurities in chemical drugs. In both cases, residual HCPs need to be adequately controlled to ensure product purity, quality, and patient safety. Although a lot of attentions have been focused on defining a universally acceptable limit for such impurities, the risks associated with residual HCPs on product quality, safety, and efficacy often need to be determined on a case-by-case basis taking into consideration the residual HCP profile in the product, the dose, dosage form, and administration route etc. Here we describe the unique challenges for residual HCP control presented by the biocatalytic synthesis of a Merck investigational stimulator of interferon genes protein (STING) agonist, MK-1454, which is a cyclic dinucleotide synthesized using E. coli cell lysate overexpressing cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) as a biocatalyst. In this study, a holistic characterization of residual protein impurities using a variety of analytical tools including nano-LC-MS/MS, together with in silico immunogenicity prediction of identified proteins, facilitated risk assessment and guided process development to achieve adequate removal of residual protein impurities in MK-1454 API. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengqiang Wang
- Small Molecular Analytical Research & Development, Rahway, NJ.,Biologics Analytical Research & Development, Kenilworth, NJ
| | - Xuanwen Li
- Analytical Enabling Technologies, Analytical Research & Development, Kenilworth, NJ
| | - Michael Swanson
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics & Drug Metabolism (PPDM), West Point, PA
| | - Erik Guetschow
- Small Molecular Analytical Research & Development, Rahway, NJ
| | | | - Joseph P Smith
- Analytical Enabling Technologies, Analytical Research & Development, Kenilworth, NJ
| | - Erik Hoyt
- Small Molecular Analytical Research & Development, Rahway, NJ
| | - Zhijian Liu
- Small Molecular Process Research & Development, Rahway, NJ
| | - Douglas Richardson
- Analytical Enabling Technologies, Analytical Research & Development, Kenilworth, NJ
| | - Xiaodong Bu
- Small Molecular Analytical Research & Development, Rahway, NJ
| | - Vibha Jawa
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics & Drug Metabolism (PPDM), West Point, PA
| | | |
Collapse
|