Oxidative stress, prooxidants, and antioxidants: the interplay. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:761264. [PMID: 24587990 PMCID: PMC3920909 DOI: 10.1155/2014/761264]

Improvement of rooster semen freezability and fertility rate after sericin supplementation in freezing semen extender

OBJECTIVE

Semen cryopreservation result in decreased sperm parameters and fertilization ability. Sericin exhibits antioxidant activity by reducing lipid peroxidation resulting from free radicals, which can potentially improve cryopreservation outcomes. The present study aimed to examine the efficacy of various sericin concentrations supplemented with a rooster semen-freezing extender on post-thaw semen quality and fertilizing ability of sperm after cryopreservation.

METHODS

Semen samples were collected from 40 roosters (5 reps), then were pooled, and divided into four groups by the levels of sericin supplementation (0%, 0.25%, 0.50%, and 0.75%) in a freezing extender. Semen suspensions were loaded in medium straw (0.5 mL) and cryopreserved with the traditional liquid nitrogen vapor method. Post-thawed semen was evaluated for sperm motility, sperm viability, and lipid peroxidation. Also, the fertility test was determined.

RESULTS

The results showed that supplementation of the freezing extender with 0.50% to 0.75% sericin resulted in greater total motility and progressive motility and lower malondialdehyde levels than the other groups after cryopreservation (p<0.05). However, the viability of 0.75% decreased compared with the value of 0.50% sericin supplementation (p<0.05). Moreover, the fertility and hatchability of total eggs were significantly higher in the 0.50% sericin group than in the other groups (p<0.05).

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, 0.50% sericin is recommended as an alternative component of the freezing extender to improve cryopreserved rooster semen.

Comparative evaluation of nutrient composition, in vitro nutritional value, and antioxidant activity of de-oiled meals from walnut, hazelnut, almond, and sesame

This study aimed to establish a comparative database on the chemical composition, in vitro nutritional value, and antioxidant activity of the de-oiled meals produced from walnut, hazelnut, almond, and sesame seeds from the ruminant nutrition perspective. The meals were provided in dried form after their oil harvest using the cold-pressing oil extraction method. Crude protein (CP) constituted the major component of the meals and was the greatest in walnut and almond (average of 45.6% of dry matter (DM)], intermediate in hazelnut meal (41.4%), and least in sesame meal (33.3%)). Potassium was the most abundant mineral in walnut, hazelnut, and almond meals, followed by phosphorus, calcium, and magnesium. The CP fractions determined using the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System were largely different across the meals, with fraction A being the greatest in hazelnut (40.9% of CP) and intermediate in almond, sesame, and walnut meals (11.4% of CP). The unavailable CP fraction (fraction C) was the least abundant fraction in all meals, ranging from 0.13% of CP in walnut to 3.30% of CP in hazelnut meal. Oleic and linoleic acids were the predominant unsaturated fatty acids, and palmitic acid was the principal fatty acid in all meals analyzed. The fractional degradation rate (h-1) ranged from 0.043 in almond meal to 0.017 in walnut meal. In vitro intestinal CP digestibility (% of rumen-undegraded protein) ranged from 91.6 in hazelnut meal to 97.2 in almond meal. Total phenolics expressed as milligram tannic acid equivalent/gram DM was greatest in walnut meal (11.9), resulting in the greatest antioxidant activity recorded for walnut meal (83.2%). This study provided a database on the nutrient composition, in vitro nutritional value, and antioxidant capacity of the selected de-oiled meals. Additional investigation is needed to identify the in vivo response of their inclusion in the diet of ruminants.

Palm Kernel Meal Protein Hydrolysates Enhance Post-Thawed Boar Sperm Quality

Boar sperm is sensitive to particular conditions during cryopreservation, resulting in an extreme reduction in fertilizing ability due to damage to the sperm membranes. PKMPH contains bioactive peptides that have antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. There is no information on the use of palm-kernel-meal-derived bioactive peptides for boar semen cryopreservation. This study aimed to examine the effects of bioactive peptides from PKMPH on post-thawed boar sperm quality. Boar semen ejaculates (n = 17) were collected and divided into six equal aliquots based on PKMPH concentrations (0, 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, and 15 µg/mL) in a freezing extender. Semen samples were processed and cryopreserved using the liquid nitrogen vapor method. Thereafter, the frozen semen samples were thawed at 50 °C for 12 s and evaluated for sperm motility using a computer-assisted sperm analyzer and for sperm viability, acrosome integrity, mitochondrial function, and lipid peroxidation by measuring the level of malondialdehyde (MDA). The results demonstrate that the supplementation of PKMPH with 2.5 µg/mL afforded superior post-thawed sperm qualities, such as increased total motility, viability, acrosome integrity, and mitochondrial function by 10.7%, 12.3%, 18.3%, and 12.7%, respectively, when compared to the control group. PKMPH at a concentration of 2.5 µg/mL showed the lowest level of MDA (40.6 ± 2.0 µMol/L) compared to the other groups. In conclusion, adding PKMPH peptides at 2.5 µg/mL to the freezing extender reduced the oxidative damage associated with cryopreservation and resulted in higher post-thawed sperm quality.

Oxidative Damage as a Fundament of Systemic Toxicities Induced by Cisplatin-The Crucial Limitation or Potential Therapeutic Target?

Cisplatin, an inorganic complex of platinum, is a chemotherapeutic drug that has been used for 45 years. Despite the progress of pharmaceutical sciences and medicine and the successful application of other platinum complexes for the same purpose, cisplatin is still the therapy of choice in many cancers. Treatment for testicular, ovarian, head and neck, urothelial, cervical, esophageal, breast, and pulmonary malignancies is still unthinkable without the use of this drug. However, cisplatin is also known for many side effects, of which the most pronounced are nephrotoxicity leading to acute renal failure, neurotoxicity, and ototoxicity. Mechanistic studies have proven that one of the conditions that plays a major role in the development of cisplatin-induced toxicities is oxidative stress. Knowing the fact that numerous antioxidants can be used to reduce oxidative stress, thereby reducing tissue lesions, organ failure, and apoptosis at the cellular level, many studies have defined antioxidants as a priority for investigation as a cotreatment. To investigate the mechanism of antioxidant action in vivo, many animal models have been employed. In the last few years, studies have mostly used rodents and zebrafish models. In this article, some of the most recent investigations that used animal models are listed, and the advantages and disadvantages of such experimental studies are pointed out.

Effects of functional nutrients on chicken intestinal epithelial cells induced with oxidative stress

The objective of this study was to investigate the protective effects of functional nutrients including various functional amino acids, vitamins, and minerals on chicken intestinal epithelial cells (cIECs) treated with oxidative stress. The cIECs were isolated from specific pathogen free eggs. Cells were exposed to 0 mM supplement (control), 20 mM threonine (Thr), 0.4 mM tryptophan (Trp), 1 mM glycine (Gly), 10 μM vitamin C (VC), 40 μM vitamin E (VE), 5 μM vitamin A (VA), 34 μM chromium (Cr), 0.42 μM selenium (Se), and 50 μM zinc (Zn) for 24 h with 6 replicates for each treatment. After 24 h, cells were further incubated with fresh culture medium (positive control, PC) or 1 mM H2O2 with different supplements (negative control, NC and each treatment). Oxidative stress was measured by cell proliferation, whereas tight junction barrier function was analyzed by fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran permeability and transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER). Results indicated that cell viability and TEER values were less (p < 0.05) in NC treatments with oxidative stress than in PC treatments. In addition, FITC-dextran values were greater (p < 0.05) in NC treatments with oxidative stress than in PC treatments. The supplementations of Thr, Trp, Gly, VC, and VE in cells treated with H2O2 showed greater (p < 0.05) cell viability than the supplementation of VA, Cr, Se, and Zn. The supplementations of Trp, Gly, VC, and Se in cells treated with H2O2 showed the least (p < 0.05) cellular permeability. In addition, the supplementation of Thr, VE, VA, Cr, and Zn in cells treated with H2O2 decreased (p < 0.05) cellular permeability. At 48 h, the supplementations of Thr, Trp, and Gly in cells treated with H2O2 showed the greatest (p < 0.05) TEER values among all treatments, and the supplementations of VC and VE in cells treated with H2O2 showed greater (p < 0.05) TEER values than the supplementations of VA, Cr, Se, and Zn in cells treated with H2O2. In conclusion, Thr, Trp, Gly, and VC supplements were effective in improving cell viability and intestinal barrier function of cIECs exposed to oxidative stress.

SOD mineralized zeolitic imidazole framework-8 for the treatment of chemotherapy-related acute kidney injury

Acute kidney injury (AKI), a prevalent and fatal adverse event, seriously affects cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. The most important pathological mechanism of AKI is oxidative stress from reactive oxygen species (ROS). Currently, ROS scavenging is a promising strategy to manage the risk of chemotherapy-induced AKI. Herein, we successfully synthesized SOD@ZIF-8 nanoparticles by biomimetic mineralization, which were taken up by cells and could improve cell viability by limiting oxidative stress damage, as found in in vitro studies. Moreover, SOD@ZIF-8 nanoparticles exhibit broad-spectrum antioxidant properties in addition to significant renal accumulation in AKI mice, preventing clinically related cisplatin-induced AKI in murine models. AKI alleviation in the model was validated by measuring blood serum, staining kidney tissue, and related biomarkers. SOD@ZIF-8 nanoparticle therapeutic efficiency exceeds NAC, a small molecular antioxidant functioning through free radical scavenging. The results suggest SOD@ZIF-8 nanoparticles as a potential therapeutic option for AKI and other ROS-related disorders.

Mechanisms of redox balance and inflammatory response after the use of methylprednisolone in children with multisystem inflammatory syndrome associated with COVID-19

Background

Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) associated with being infected with coronavirus-19 (COVID-19) is a life-threatening condition resulting from cytokine storm, increased synthesis of reactive oxygen species (ROSs), and hyperinflammation occurring in genetically predisposed children following an infection with SARS-CoV-2.

Aim

The primary aims of our study were to identify changes in the activity of antioxidant enzymes in erythrocytes and total oxidative status in plasma after being treated with methylprednisolone (MP).

Methods

A prospective cohort study of 67 children (56.7% male) under 18 with MIS-C being treated with MP was conducted at the Mother and Child Health Institute from January 2021 to April 2022. The impact of the therapy was assessed on the basis of the clinical condition, haematological and biochemical blood parameters, and echocardiographic findings.

Results

59.7% of patients presented cardiovascular (CV) manifestations, while myocardial dysfunction was observed in half of all patients (50.7%). A severe clinical course was observed in 22/67 patients. Children with CV involvement had a significantly higher relative concentration of B lymphocytes and lower relative concentration of NK cells than patients without CV issues (p < 0.001 and p = 0.004, respectively). Patients with severe MIS-C had a lower relative count of NK cells than those with moderate MIS-C (p = 0.015). Patients with myocardial dysfunction had a higher total oxidative plasma status (TOPS) than children without (p = 0.05), which implicates pronounced oxidative stress in the former cohort. In patients with shock, lower erythrocytes superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was observed on admission compared to patients without shock (p = 0.04). After MP was administered, TOPS was significantly reduced, while catalase (CAT) and SOD activity increased significantly. Treatment failure (TF) was observed in 6 patients, only females (p=0.005). These patients were younger (p=0.05) and had lower CAT activity on admission (p=0.04) than patients with favorable treatment responses. In the group of patients with TF, TOPS increased after treatment (before 176.2 ± 10.3 mV, after 199.0 ± 36.7 mV).

Conclusion

MP leads to rapid modulation of TOPS and increases the activity of antioxidant enzymes in erythrocytes resulting in clinical and echocardiographic improvement. Based on the observed changes in the activity of the antioxidant enzymes, we can conclude that s hydrogen peroxide is the dominant ROS in patients with MIS-C. Patients with TF showed reduced CAT activity, whereas the treatment with MP led to pronounced oxidation. This implies that low CAT activity may be a contraindication for using MP.

Antioxidant and Prooxidant Nanozymes: From Cellular Redox Regulation to Next-Generation Therapeutics

Nanozymes, nanomaterials with enzyme-mimicking activity, have attracted tremendous interest in recent years owing to their ability to replace natural enzymes in various biomedical applications, such as biosensing, therapeutics, drug delivery, and bioimaging. In particular, the nanozymes capable of regulating the cellular redox status by mimicking the antioxidant enzymes in mammalian cells are of great therapeutic significance in oxidative-stress-mediated disorders. As the distinction of physiological oxidative stress (oxidative eustress) and pathological oxidative stress (oxidative distress) occurs at a fine borderline, it is a great challenge to design nanozymes that can differentially sense the two extremes in cells, tissues and organs and mediate appropriate redox chemical reactions. In this Review, we summarize the advances in the development of redox-active nanozymes and their biomedical applications. We primarily highlight the therapeutic significance of the antioxidant and prooxidant nanozymes in various disease model systems, such as cancer, neurodegeneration, and cardiovascular diseases. The future perspectives of this emerging area of research and the challenges associated with the biomedical applications of nanozymes are described.

Differences in Cholesterol Metabolism, Hepato-Intestinal Aging, and Hepatic Endocrine Milieu in Rats as Affected by the Sex and Age

Age and sex influence serum cholesterol levels, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. To investigate further, we measured cholesterol, precursors (surrogate synthesis markers), degradation products (oxysterols and bile acid precursors) in serum, the liver, jejunum, and ileum, as well as serum plant sterols (intestinal absorption markers) in male and female Wistar rats (4 and 24 months old). The analysis of histomorphometric and oxidative stress parameters (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione-related enzyme activities, lipid peroxide, and protein carbonyl concentrations) in the liver and jejunum offered further insights into the age- and sex-related differences. The hepatic gene expression analysis included AR, ERα, and sex-specific growth hormone-regulated (Cyp2c11 and Cyp2c12) and thyroid-responsive (Dio1, Tbg, and Spot 14) genes by qPCR. We observed age-related changes in both sexes, with greater prominence in females. Aged females had significantly higher serum cholesterol (p < 0.05), jejunum cholesterol (p < 0.05), and serum plant sterols (p < 0.05). They exhibited poorer hepato-intestinal health compared with males, which was characterized by mild liver dysfunction (hydropic degeneration, increased serum ALT, p < 0.05, and decreased activity of some antioxidant defense enzymes, p < 0.05), mononuclear inflammation in the jejunal lamina propria, and age-related decreases in jejunal catalase and glutathione peroxidase activity (p < 0.05). Aged females showed increased levels of 27-hydroxycholesterol (p < 0.05) and upregulated ERα gene expression (p < 0.05) in the liver. Our study suggests that the more significant age-related increase in serum cholesterol in females is associated with poorer hepato-intestinal health and increased jejunal cholesterol absorption. The local increase in 27-hydroxycholesterol during aging might reduce the hepatoprotective effects of endogenous estrogen in the female liver.

Crataeva nurvala Bark (Capparidaceae) Extract Modulates Oxidative Stress-Related Gene Expression, Restores Antioxidant Enzymes, and Prevents Oxidative Stress in the Kidney and Heart of 2K1C Rats

Objective

Crataeva nurvala is a medicinal plant, which contains a wide range of polyphenolic and bioactive compounds. The aim of the study was to evaluate the renal-protective activity of Crataeva nurvala in two-kidney, one-clip (2K1C) rats.

Methods

In this study, the ethanol extract of Crataeva nurvala bark at a dose of 100 mg/kg was orally used to treat 2K1C rats for four weeks. At the end of the experiment, all rats were sacrificed and tissue samples were collected for further biochemical and histological assessments.

Results

This investigation showed that Crataeva nurvala treatment prevented the kidney dysfunction in 2K1C rats. Uric acid and creatinine concentration and CK-MB activities increased in 2K1C rats which were normalized by Crataeva nurvala. 2K1C rats also showed increased oxidative stress, depicted by the elevated level of MDA, NO, and APOP in plasma and tissues. Oxidative stress parameters declined in 2K1C rats by the treatment of Crataeva nurvala. These results could be attributed to the restoration of antioxidant enzyme activities such as catalase and SOD. Crataeva nurvala extracts also upregulated antioxidant gene expression in the kidneys of 2K1C rats. Moreover, several anti-inflammatory genes were suppressed by Crataeva nurvala treatment in 2K1C rats. Furthermore, fibrosis and collagen deposition in the kidneys were also lowered by the treatment of the Crataeva nurvala extract.

Conclusion

The experimental data suggest that the Crataeva nurvala extract protected renal damage and oxidative stress, probably by restoring antioxidant enzymes activities in 2K1C rats.

Resveratrol Mitigates Bisphenol A-Induced Metabolic Disruptions: Insights from Experimental Studies

The aim of this study was to investigate the disruptions of metabolic pathways induced by bisphenol A (BPA) and explore the potential therapeutic intervention provided by resveratrol (RSV) in mitigating these disruptions through the modulation of biochemical pathways. Wistar albino rats were divided into three groups: group 1 served as the control, group 2 received 70 mg/Kg of BPA, and group 3 received 70 mg/kg of BPA along with 100 mg/Kg of RSV. After the treatment period, various biomarkers and gene expressions were measured to assess the effects of BPA and the potential protective effects of RSV. The results revealed that BPA exposure significantly increased the serum levels of α-amylase, α-glucosidase, G6PC, insulin, HbA1c, HMG-CoA reductase, FFAs, TGs, DPP-4, MDA, and proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-6. Concurrently, BPA exposure led to a reduction in the levels of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), as well as GLUT4 and HDL cholesterol. However, the administration of RSV along with BPA significantly ameliorated these alterations in the biomarker levels induced through BPA exposure. RSV treatment effectively reduced the elevated levels of α-amylase, α-glucosidase, G6PC, insulin, HbA1c, HMG-CoA reductase, FFAs, TGs, DPP-4, MDA, and proinflammatory cytokines, while increasing the levels of antioxidant enzymes, GLUT4, and HDL cholesterol. Furthermore, BPA exposure suppressed the mRNA expression of glucokinase (GCK), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), and glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) and up-regulated the mRNA expression of uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2), which are all critical biomarkers involved in glucose metabolism and insulin regulation. In contrast, RSV treatment effectively restored the altered mRNA expressions of these biomarkers, indicating its potential to modulate transcriptional pathways and restore normal metabolic function. In conclusion, the findings of this study strongly suggest that RSV holds promise as a therapeutic intervention for BPA-induced metabolic disorders. By mitigating the disruptions in various metabolic pathways and modulating gene expressions related to glucose metabolism and insulin regulation, RSV shows potential in restoring normal metabolic function and counteracting the adverse effects induced by BPA exposure. However, further research is necessary to fully understand the underlying mechanisms and optimize the dosage and duration of RSV treatment for maximum therapeutic benefits.

Potential Implication of in ovo Feeding of Phytogenics in Poultry Production

Hatchery's goals include maximizing revenue by achieving high hatchability with day-old birds of excellent quality. The advancement of technology has benefited the poultry sector since breeding and genetics technology have increased the rates of meat maturation in developing birds in a short period of time. Excessive use of in-feed antibiotics has been shown in studies to increase the chance of resistance to human infections. Bacterial resistance and antibiotic residues in animal products raised concerns about using antibiotics as growth promoters, eventually leading to a prohibition on using in-feed antibiotics in most industrialized nations. In ovo technology is a novel method for delivering bioactive chemicals to developing avian embryos. In ovo feeding technologies may provide additional nutrients to the embryos before hatching. The introduction of bioactive compounds has the potential to assist in decreasing and eventually eliminating the problems associated with traditional antibiotic delivery in chicken production. Phytobiotics were advocated as an alternative by researchers and dietitians. So far, several studies have been conducted on the use of phytogenic feed additives in poultry and swine feeding. They have primarily demonstrated that phytobiotics possess antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and growth-stimulating properties. The antioxidant effect of phytobiotics can improve the stability of animal feed and increase the quality and storage duration of animal products. In general, the existing documentation indicates that phytobiotics improve poultry performance. To effectively and efficiently use the in ovo technique in poultry production and advance research in this area, it is important to have a thorough understanding of its potential as a means of nutrient delivery during the critical stage of incubation, its effects on hatching events and posthatch performance, and the challenges associated with its use. Overall, this review suggests that in ovo feeding of phytobiotics has the potential to improve the antioxidant status and performance of chickens.

Effect of direct therapeutic ultrasound exposure of ovaries on histopathology, inflammatory response, and oxidative stress in dogs

BACKGROUND

This research was designed to evaluate the effects of therapeutic ultrasound waves on ovarian germinal tissue and inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL1β, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)), acute phase proteins (serum amyloid A (SAA), C reactive protein (CRP)) and oxidative stress (total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and malondialdehyde (MDA)) in dogs. Twenty-six clinically healthy adult mix-breed female dogs were aligned into three groups. Laparotomy was performed in control (n = 6) and treatment (T5, n = 10; T10, n = 10) groups. The ultrasonic exposure of ovaries in treatment groups was performed during laparotomy by round motions of the therapeutic ultrasonic transducer on both ovaries (1 MHz frequency, 1.5 W⁄cm2) for 5 min in the T5 group and for 10 min in the T10 group. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein into a plain glass tube on days 0 (before laparotomy), 3, 6, and 9 after surgery. All control and treatment groups' dogs were ovariectomized for histological evaluation on day 60 after laparotomy or laparotomy + ultrasound exposure.

RESULTS

Direct exposure of ovaries with therapeutic ultrasound waves induced inflammation and oxidative stress comparison with the control group. Histopathological evaluation of treated ovaries with ultrasound waves indicated a decreased number of primordial follicles (ovarian reserve) and oocyte preservation scores compared with ovaries in the control group.

CONCLUSIONS

These changes may cause subfertility in the long term. It seems that inflammatory response and oxidative stress are factors in the permanent damage of ovarian tissue.

Vitamin E (α-Tocopherol) Does Not Ameliorate the Toxic Effect of Bisphenol S on the Metabolic Analytes and Pancreas Histoarchitecture of Diabetic Rats

This study investigated whether the coadministration of vitamin E (VitE) diminishes the harmful effects provoked by plasticizer bisphenol S (BPS) in the serum metabolites related to hepatic and renal metabolism, as well as the endocrine pancreatic function in diabetic male Wistar rats. Rats were divided into five groups (n = 5-6); the first group was healthy rats (Ctrl group). The other four groups were diabetic rats induced with 45 mg/kg bw of streptozotocin: Ctrl-D (diabetic control); VitE-D (100 mg/kg bw/d of VitE); BPS-D (100 mg/kg bw/d of BPS); The animals from the VitE + BPS-D group were administered 100 mg/kg bw/d of VitE + 100 mg/kg bw/d of BPS. All compounds were administered orally for 30 days. Body weight, biochemical assays, urinalysis, glucose tolerance test, pancreas histopathology, proximate chemical analysis in feces, and the activity of antioxidants in rat serum were assessed. The coadministration of VitE + BPS produced weight losses, increases in 14 serum analytes, and degeneration in the pancreas. Therefore, the VitE + BPS coadministration did not have a protective effect versus the harmful impact of BPS or the diabetic metabolic state; on the contrary, it partially aggravated the damage produced by the BPS. VitE is likely to have an additive effect on the toxicity of BPS.

Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Mechanisms of Cardamonin through Nrf2 Activation and NF-kB Suppression in LPS-Activated BV-2 Microglial Cells

Chronic oxidative stress (OS) and inflammation are implicated in developing and progressing neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). The chronic activation of microglia cells leads to the overproduction of several substances, including nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species, which can induce neurodegeneration. Natural compounds have recently been investigated for their potential to protect cells from OS and to improve many disease-related conditions. Cardamonin (CD) is a bioactive compound in many plants, such as Alpinia katsumadai and Alpinia conchigera. The present study examined the effects of CD on LPS-activated BV-2 microglial cells. The cell viability results showed that the increasing concentrations of CD, ranging from 0.78 to 200 µM, induced BV-2 cell cytotoxicity in a dose-response manner. In the nitric oxide assay, CD concentrations of 6.25 to 25 µM reduced the release of nitric oxide in LPS-activated BV-2 cells by 90% compared to those treated with LPS only (p ≤ 0.0001). CD (6.25 µM) significantly decreased the cellular production of SOD (3-fold (p ≤ 0.05)) and increased the levels of expression of CAT (2.5-fold (p ≤ 0.05)) and GSH (2-fold (p ≤ 0.05)) in the LPS-activated BV-2 cells. Furthermore, on RT-PCR arrays, CD (6.25 µM) downregulated mRNA expression of CCL5/RANTES (5-fold), NOS2 (2-fold), SLC38A1 (3-fold), TXNIP (2-fold), SOD1 (2-fold), SOD2 (1.5-fold) and upregulated GSS (1.9-fold), GCLC (1.7-fold) and catalase (2.9-fold) expression, indicating CD efficacy in modulating genes involved in OS and inflammation. Furthermore, CD (6.25 µM) increased the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and lowered the levels of Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), indicating that this may be the signaling responsible for the elevation of antioxidant factors. Lastly, the results showed that CD (6.25 µM) modulated genes and proteins associated with the NF-kB signaling, downregulating genes related to excessive neuroinflammation. These results imply that CD may be a potential compound for developing therapeutic and preventive agents in treating neurodegeneration induced by excessive OS and inflammation.

Radical Scavenging Capability and Mechanism of Three Isoflavonoids Extracted from Radix Astragali: A Theoretical Study

As a valuable traditional Chinese herbal medicine, Radix Astragali has attracted much attention due to its extensive pharmacological activities. In this study, density functional theory (DFT) was used thermodynamically and kinetically in detail to predict the antioxidant activity and reaction mechanisms involved in the free radical scavenging reactions of three representative isoflavonoids (formononetin, calycosin, and calycosin-7-glucoside) extracted from Radix Astragali. Three main mechanisms, including hydrogen atom transfer (HAT), proton transfer after electron transfer (SET-PT), and sequential proton loss electron transfer (SPLET) were examined by calculating the thermodynamic parameters. It was found that HAT is the predominant mechanism in the gas phase, while SPLET is supported in the solvent environment. The isoflavonoids' order of antioxidant activity was estimated as: calycosin > calycosin-7-glucoside > formononetin. For the calycosin compound, the result revealed the feasibility of double HAT mechanisms, which involve the formation of stable benzodioxazole with significantly reduced energy in the second H⁺/e^- reaction. In addition, the potential energy profiles and kinetic calculations show that the reaction of ^•OH into the 3'-OH site of calycosin has a lower energy barrier (7.2 kcal/mol) and higher rate constant (4.55 × 10⁹ M^-1 s^-1) compared with other reactions in the gas phase.

Therapeutic Applications of Plant-Derived Extracellular Vesicles as Antioxidants for Oxidative Stress-Related Diseases

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) composed of a lipid bilayer are released from various cell types, including animals, plants, and microorganisms, and serve as important mediators of cell-to-cell communication. EVs can perform a variety of biological functions through the delivery of bioactive molecules, such as nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins, and can also be utilized as carriers for drug delivery. However, the low productivity and high cost of mammalian-derived EVs (MDEVs) are major barriers to their practical clinical application where large-scale production is essential. Recently, there has been growing interest in plant-derived EVs (PDEVs) that can produce large amounts of electricity at a low cost. In particular, PDEVs contain plant-derived bioactive molecules such as antioxidants, which are used as therapeutic agents to treat various diseases. In this review, we discuss the composition and characteristics of PDEVs and the appropriate methods for their isolation. We also discuss the potential use of PDEVs containing various plant-derived antioxidants as replacements for conventional antioxidants.

Effect of Crocetin on Basal Lipolysis in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes

Crocetin (CCT) is a natural saffron-derived apocarotenoid that possesses healthy properties such as anti-adipogenic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. Lipolysis is enhanced in obesity and correlates with a pro-inflammatory, pro-oxidant state. In this context, we aimed to investigate whether CCT affects lipolysis. To evaluate CCT's possible lipolytic effect, 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated with CCT10μM at day 5 post-differentiation. Glycerol content and antioxidant activity were assessed using colorimetric assays. Gene expression was measured using qRT-PCR to evaluate the effect of CCT on key lipolytic enzymes and on nitric oxide synthase (NOS) expression. Total lipid accumulation was assessed using Oil Red O staining. CCT10μM decreased glycerol release from 3T3-L1 adipocytes and downregulated adipose tissue triglyceride lipase (ATGL) and perilipin-1, but not hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), suggesting an anti-lipolytic effect. CCT increased catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, thus showing an antioxidant effect. In addition, CCT exhibited an anti-inflammatory profile, i.e., diminished inducible NOS (NOS2) and resistin expression, while enhanced the expression of adiponectin. CCT10μM also decreased intracellular fat and C/EBPα expression (a transcription factor involved in adipogenesis), thus revealing an anti-adipogenic effect. These findings point to CCT as a promising biocompound for improving lipid mobilisation in obesity.

Oxidative Stress Is a Concept, Not an Indication for Selective Antioxidant Treatment

The steady-state redox status is physiologically important and therefore homeostatically maintained. Changes in the status result in signaling (eustress) or oxidative damage (distress). Oxidative stress (OS) is a hard-to-quantitate term that can be estimated only based on different biomarkers. Clinical application of OS, particularly for selective antioxidant treatment of people under oxidative stress, requires quantitative evaluation and is limited by the lack of universal biomarkers to describe it. Furthermore, different antioxidants have different effects on the redox state. Hence, as long as we do not have the possibility to determine and quantify OS, therapeutic interventions by the "identify-and-treat" approach cannot be assessed and are, therefore, not likely to be the basis for selective preventive measures against oxidative damage.

Ecotoxicology of hexavalent chromium in fish: An updated review

Chromium (Cr) is prevalently found in trivalent and hexavalent forms. Though the former is toxicologically benign due to its poor cellular permeability, hexavalent chromium i.e. Cr [VI] crosses the biological membrane and induces toxic effects in organisms. While Cr [VI] toxicity in humans is a subject of occupational exposure at industries involved in ferrochrome production, leather tanning, textile dyeing etc., aquatic abundance of Cr [VI] due to discharge of Cr-laden effluents by these industries lead to extensive toxicity in piscine species. The present review aims to discuss the mode of Cr [VI] entry in fish and the several inimical effects that it imparts on fish health. Such effects have been reported in various studies through behavioral, hormonal and hematological alterations. Bio-accumulation of Cr [VI] in vital organs and subsequent perturbation of the oxidative homeostasis leads to organotoxic effects like changes in organo-somatic indices and histo-architecture. At cellular level, Cr [VI] induced genotoxicity is often found to trigger cellular demise including apoptosis. This review also highlights the stress response in fish against Cr [VI] induced toxicity that is mediated through the expressional alteration of a myriad of anti-oxidant and xenobiotic-metabolizing proteins which is, in turn, a function of activated transcription programs including the Nrf2-ARE pathway.

Antioxidant Efficacy of Green-Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles Promotes Wound Healing in Mice

Developing an efficient and cost-effective wound-healing substance to treat wounds and regenerate skin is desperately needed in the current world. Antioxidant substances are gaining interest in wound healing, and green-synthesized silver nanoparticles have drawn considerable attention in biomedical applications due to their efficient, cost-effective, and non-toxic nature. The present study evaluated in vivo wound healing and antioxidant activities of silver nanoparticles from Azadirachta indica (AAgNPs) and Catharanthus roseus (CAgNPs) leaf extracts in BALB/c mice. We found rapid wound healing, higher collagen deposition, and increased DNA and protein content in AAgNPs- and CAgNPs (1% w/w)-treated wounds than in control and vehicle control wounds. Skin antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, catalase, GPx, GR) were significantly (p < 0.05) increased after 11 days CAgNPs and AAgNPs treatment. Furthermore, the topical application of CAgNPs and AAgNPs tends to suppress lipid peroxidation in wounded skin samples. Histopathological images evidenced decreased scar width, epithelium restoration, fine collagen deposition, and fewer inflammatory cells in CAgNPs and AAgNPs applied wounds. In vitro, the free radical scavenging activity of CAgNPs and AAgNPs was demonstrated by DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays. Our findings suggest that silver nanoparticles prepared from C. roseus and A. indica leaf extracts increased antioxidant status and improved the wound-healing process in mice. Therefore, these silver nanoparticles could be potential natural antioxidants to treat wounds.

Key elements determining the intestinal region-specific environment of enteric neurons in type 1 diabetes

Diabetes, as a metabolic disorder, is accompanied with several gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, like abdominal pain, gastroparesis, diarrhoea or constipation. Serious and complex enteric nervous system damage is confirmed in the background of these diabetic motility complaints. The anatomical length of the GI tract, as well as genetic, developmental, structural and functional differences between its segments contribute to the distinct, intestinal region-specific effects of hyperglycemia. These observations support and highlight the importance of a regional approach in diabetes-related enteric neuropathy. Intestinal large and microvessels are essential for the blood supply of enteric ganglia. Bidirectional morpho-functional linkage exists between enteric neurons and enteroglia, however, there is also a reciprocal communication between enteric neurons and immune cells on which intestinal microbial composition has crucial influence. From this point of view, it is more appropriate to say that enteric neurons partake in multidirectional communication and interact with these key players of the intestinal wall. These interplays may differ from segment to segment, thus, the microenvironment of enteric neurons could be considered strictly regional. The goal of this review is to summarize the main tissue components and molecular factors, such as enteric glia cells, interstitial cells of Cajal, gut vasculature, intestinal epithelium, gut microbiota, immune cells, enteroendocrine cells, pro-oxidants, antioxidant molecules and extracellular matrix, which create and determine a gut region-dependent neuronal environment in diabetes.

Antioxidant Activity in Extracts from Zingiberaceae Family: Cardamom, Turmeric, and Ginger

An increase in life expectancy leads to a greater impact of chronic non-communicable diseases. This is even more remarkable in elder populations, to whom these become main determinants of health status, affecting mental and physical health, quality of life, and autonomy. Disease appearance is closely related to the levels of cellular oxidation, pointing out the importance of including foods in one's diet that can prevent oxidative stress. Previous studies and clinical data suggest that some plant-based products can slow and reduce the cellular degradation associated with aging and age-related diseases. Many plants from one family present several applications that range from the food to the pharmaceutical industry due to their characteristic flavor and scents. The Zingiberaceae family, which includes cardamom, turmeric, and ginger, has bioactive compounds with antioxidant activities. They also have anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, and antiemetic activities and properties that help prevent cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. These products are abundant sources of chemical substances, such as alkaloids, carbohydrates, proteins, phenolic acids, flavonoids, and diarylheptanoids. The main bioactive compounds found in this family (cardamom, turmeric, and ginger) are 1,8-cineole, α-terpinyl acetate, β-turmerone, and α-zingiberene. The present review gathers evidence surrounding the effects of dietary intake of extracts of the Zingiberaceae family and their underlying mechanisms of action. These extracts could be an adjuvant treatment for oxidative-stress-related pathologies. However, the bioavailability of these compounds needs to be optimized, and further research is needed to determine appropriate concentrations and their antioxidant effects in the body.

Carotenoids Diet: Digestion, Gut Microbiota Modulation, and Inflammatory Diseases

Several epidemiologic studies have found that consuming fruits and vegetables lowers the risk of getting a variety of chronic illnesses, including several types of cancers, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), and bowel diseases. Although there is still debate over the bioactive components, various secondary plant metabolites have been linked to these positive health benefits. Many of these features have recently been connected to carotenoids and their metabolites' effects on intracellular signalling cascades, which influence gene expression and protein translation. Carotenoids are the most prevalent lipid-soluble phytochemicals in the human diet, are found in micromolar amounts in human serum, and are very susceptible to multiple oxidation and isomerisation reactions. The gastrointestinal delivery system, digestion processes, stability, and functionality of carotenoids, as well as their impact on the gut microbiota and how carotenoids may be effective modulators of oxidative stress and inflammatory pathways, are still lacking research advances. Although several pathways involved in carotenoids' bioactivity have been identified, future studies should focus on the carotenoids' relationships, related metabolites, and their effects on transcription factors and metabolism.

Biogenic selenium nanoparticles alleviate intestinal epithelial barrier injury by regulating mitochondria-lysosome crosstalk

The intestinal epithelial barrier plays a fundamental role in human and animal health. Mitochondrial dysfunction can lead to intestinal epithelial barrier damage. The interaction between mitochondria and lysosomes has been proved to regulate each other's dynamics. Our previous studies have demonstrated that biogenic selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) can alleviate intestinal epithelial barrier injury through regulating mitochondrial autophagy. In this study, we hypothesize that the protective effects of SeNPs against intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction are associated with mitochondrial-lysosomal crosstalk. The results showed that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and TBC1D15 siRNA transfection both caused the increase of intestinal epithelial permeability, activation of mitophagy, and mitochondrial and lysosomal dysfunction in porcine jejunal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2). SeNP pretreatment significantly up-regulated the expression levels of TBC1D15 and Fis1, down-regulated Rab7, caspase-3, MCOLN2 and cathepsin B expression levels, reduced cytoplasmic Ca²⁺ concentration, effectively alleviated mitochondrial and lysosomal dysfunction, and maintained the integrity of the intestinal epithelial barrier in IPEC-J2 cells exposed to LPS. Furthermore, SeNPs obviously reduced cytoplasmic Ca²⁺ concentration and activated the TBC1D15/Fis/Rab7-mediated signaling pathway, shortened the contact time between mitochondria and lysosomes, inhibited mitophagy, maintained mitochondrial and lysosomal homeostasis, and effectively attenuated intestinal epithelial barrier injury in IPEC-J2 cells transfected with TBC1D15 siRNA. These results indicated that the protective effect of SeNPs on intestinal epithelial barrier injury is closely associated with the TBC1D15/Rab7-mediated mitochondria-lysosome crosstalk signaling pathway.

Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration in Animal Models of Seizures and Epilepsy

Free radicals are generated in the brain, as well as in other organs, and their production is proportional to the brain activity. Due to its low antioxidant capacity, the brain is particularly sensitive to free radical damage, which may affect lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins. The available evidence clearly points to a role for oxidative stress in neuronal death and pathophysiology of epileptogenesis and epilepsy. The present review is devoted to the generation of free radicals in some animal models of seizures and epilepsy and the consequences of oxidative stress, such as DNA or mitochondrial damage leading to neurodegeneration. Additionally, antioxidant properties of antiepileptic (antiseizure) drugs and a possible use of antioxidant drugs or compounds in patients with epilepsy are reviewed. In numerous seizure models, the brain concentration of free radicals was significantly elevated. Some antiepileptic drugs may inhibit these effects; for example, valproate reduced the increase in brain malondialdehyde (a marker of lipid peroxidation) concentration induced by electroconvulsions. In the pentylenetetrazol model, valproate prevented the reduced glutathione concentration and an increase in brain lipid peroxidation products. The scarce clinical data indicate that some antioxidants (melatonin, selenium, vitamin E) may be recommended as adjuvants for patients with drug-resistant epilepsy.

Proteome-wide quantitative analysis of redox cysteine availability in the Drosophila melanogaster eye reveals oxidation of phototransduction machinery during blue light exposure and age

The retina is one of the highest oxygen-consuming tissues because visual transduction and light signaling processes require large amounts of ATP. Thus, because of the high energy demand, oxygen-rich environment, and tissue transparency, the eye is susceptible to excess production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) resulting in oxidative stress. Oxidative stress in the eye is associated with the development and progression of ocular diseases including cataracts, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy. ROS can modify and damage cellular proteins, but can also be involved in redox signaling. In particular, the thiol groups of cysteines can undergo reversible or irreversible oxidative post-translational modifications (PTMs). Identifying the redox-sensitive cysteines on a proteome-wide scale provides insight into those proteins that act as redox sensors or become irreversibly damaged upon exposure to oxidative stress. In this study, we profiled the redox proteome of the Drosophila eye under prolonged, high intensity blue light exposure and age using iodoacetamide isobaric label sixplex reagents (iodo-TMT) to identify changes in cysteine availability. Although redox metabolite analysis of the major antioxidant, glutathione, revealed similar ratios of its oxidized and reduced form in aged or light-stressed eyes, we observed different changes in the redox proteome under these conditions. Both conditions resulted in significant oxidation of proteins involved in phototransduction and photoreceptor maintenance but affected distinct targets and cysteine residues. Moreover, redox changes induced by blue light exposure were accompanied by a large reduction in light sensitivity that did not arise from a reduction in the photopigment level, suggesting that the redox-sensitive cysteines we identified in the phototransduction machinery might contribute to light adaptation. Our data provide a comprehensive description of the redox proteome of Drosophila eye tissue under light stress and aging and suggest how redox signaling might contribute to light adaptation in response to acute light stress.

Pro- and Antioxidant Effect of Food Items and Matrices during Simulated In Vitro Digestion

The digestive tract can be considered a bioreactor. High levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during digestion may predispose for local and/or systemic oxidative stress and inflammation, e.g., inflammatory bowel diseases. Food items rich in antioxidants may prevent such aggravation. This investigation analyzed pro-and antioxidant patterns of food matrices/items following in vitro digestion. Gastrointestinal digestion reflecting typically consumed quantities was performed on nine food items (orange and tomato juice, soda, coffee, white chocolate, sausage, vitamin C and E, and curcumin) and their combinations (n = 24), using the INFOGEST model. Antioxidant potential was measured by FRAP, DPPH, and ABTS, and pro-oxidant aspects by MDA (malondialdehyde) and peroxide formation. An anti-pro-oxidant score was developed, combining the five assays. Liquid food items showed moderately high antioxidant values, except for coffee and orange juice, which exhibited a high antioxidant potential. Solid matrices, e.g., white chocolate and sausage, showed both high pro-oxidant (up to 22 mg/L MDA) and high antioxidant potential (up to 336 mg/L vitamin C equivalents) at the same time. Individual vitamins (C and E) at physiological levels (achievable from food items) showed a moderate antioxidant potential (<220 mg/L vitamin C equivalents). Overall, both antioxidant and pro-oxidant assays correlated well, with correlation coefficients of up to 0.894. The effects of food combinations were generally additive, i.e., non-synergistic, except for combinations with sausage, where strong quenching effects for MDA were observed, e.g., with orange juice. In conclusion, as especially highlighted by complex matrices demonstrating both pro- and antioxidant potential, only measuring one aspect would result in physiological misinterpretations. Therefore, it is imperative to employ a combination of assays to evaluate both pro- and antioxidant properties of food digesta to ensure physiological relevance.

Oxidative Damage and Post-COVID Syndrome: A Cross-Sectional Study in a Cohort of Italian Workers

In addition to the acute symptoms after infection, patients and society are also being challenged by the long-term effects of COVID-19, known as long COVID. Oxidative stress, as a pivotal point in the pathophysiology of COVID-19, could potentially be also involved in the development of the post-COVID syndrome. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between changes in oxidative status and the persistence of long-COVID symptoms in workers with a previous mild COVID-19 infection. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 127 employees of an Italian university (80 with a previous COVID-19 infection, and 47 healthy subjects). The TBARS assay was used to detect malondialdehyde serum levels (MDA), while total hydroperoxide (TH) production was measured by a d-ROMs kit. A significant difference in mean serum MDA values was found between previously infected subjects and healthy controls and (4.9 µm vs. 2.8 µm, respectively). Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves showed high specificity and good sensibility (78.7% and 67.5%, respectively) for MDA serum levels. A random forest classifier identified the hematocrit value, MDA serum levels, and IgG titer against SARS-CoV-2 as features with the highest predictive value in distinguishing 34 long-COVID from 46 asymptomatic post-COVID subjects. Oxidative damage persists in subjects with previous COVID-19 infection, suggesting a possible role of oxidative stress mediators in the pathogenesis of long COVID.

Curative Effect and Mechanisms of Radix Arnebiae Oil on Burn Wound Healing in Rats

Radix arnebiae oil (RAO) is a clinically useful traditional Chinese medical formula with outstanding curative effects on burns. However, the mechanism of the effect of RAO on wound healing remains unclear. The present study investigates the molecular mechanisms of the potential curative effect of RAO on wound healing. The concentrations of the main constituents, shikonin, imperatorin, and ferulic acid in RAO detected by HPLC were 24.57, 3.15, and 0.13 mg/mL, respectively. A rat burn model was established, and macroscopic and histopathological studies were performed. RAO significantly accelerated wound closure and repair scarring, increased superoxide dismutase activities, and reduced malondialdehyde. RAO also downregulated interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α in wound tissues and increased secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor, epidermal growth factor, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1. RAO increased the gene expression of TGF-β1, type I and III collagen, and increased the protein expression of TGF-β1 and phosphorylation of PI3K and Akt. In conclusion, RAO likely promotes wound healing via antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities and increases re-epithelization. Activation of the TGF-β1/PI3K/Akt pathway may play an important role in the healing efficacy of RAO. These findings suggest that RAO could be a promising alternative local treatment for burn wound healing.

Glyphosate exposure and urinary oxidative stress biomarkers in the Agricultural Health Study

BACKGROUND

Glyphosate is the most widely applied herbicide worldwide, and its use has been associated with increased risks of certain hematopoietic cancers in epidemiologic studies. Animal and in vitro experiments suggest that glyphosate may induce oxidative stress, a key characteristic of carcinogens; however, evidence in human populations remains scarce. We investigated associations between glyphosate exposure and urinary oxidative stress biomarkers in the Biomarkers of Exposure and Effect in Agriculture study, a molecular epidemiologic subcohort in the Agricultural Health Study.

METHODS

This analysis included 268 male farmers selected based on self-reported recent and lifetime occupational glyphosate use and 100 age- and geography-matched male nonfarmers. Concentrations of glyphosate and oxidative stress biomarkers (8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine [8-OHdG], 8-iso-prostaglandin-F2α, and malondialdehyde [MDA]) were quantified in first-morning-void urine. We performed multivariable linear regression to evaluate associations of urinary glyphosate and self-reported glyphosate use with each oxidative stress biomarker.

RESULTS

Urinary glyphosate concentrations were positively associated with levels of 8-OHdG (highest vs lowest glyphosate quartile; geometric mean ratio = 1.15, 95% confidence interval = 1.03 to 1.28; Ptrend = .02) and MDA (geometric mean ratio = 1.20, 95% confidence interval = 1.03 to 1.40; Ptrend = .06) overall. Among farmers reporting recent glyphosate use (last 7 days), use in the previous day was also associated with statistically significantly increased 8-OHdG and MDA levels. Compared with nonfarmers, we observed elevated 8-iso-prostaglandin-F2α levels among farmers with recent, high past 12-month, or high lifetime glyphosate use.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings contribute to the weight of evidence supporting an association between glyphosate exposure and oxidative stress in humans and may inform evaluations of the carcinogenic potential of this herbicide.

Insights into the Microbicidal, Antibiofilm, Antioxidant and Toxicity Profile of New O-Aryl-Carbamoyl-Oxymino-Fluorene Derivatives

The unprecedented increase in microbial resistance rates to all current drugs raises an acute need for the design of more effective antimicrobial strategies. Moreover, the importance of oxidative stress due to chronic inflammation in infections with resistant bacteria represents a key factor for the development of new antibacterial agents with potential antioxidant effects. Thus, the purpose of this study was to bioevaluate new O-aryl-carbamoyl-oxymino-fluorene derivatives for their potential use against infectious diseases. With this aim, their antimicrobial effect was evaluated using quantitative assays (minimum inhibitory/bactericidal/biofilms inhibitory concentrations) (MIC/MBC/MBIC), the obtained values being 0.156-10/0.312-10/0.009-1.25 mg/mL), while some of the involved mechanisms (i.e., membrane depolarization) were investigated by flow cytometry. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by studying the scavenger capacity of DPPH and ABTS•+ radicals and the toxicity was tested in vitro on three cell lines and in vivo on the crustacean Artemia franciscana Kellog. The four compounds derived from 9H-fluoren-9-one oxime proved to exhibit promising antimicrobial features and particularly, a significant antibiofilm activity. The presence of chlorine induced an electron-withdrawing effect, favoring the anti-Staphylococcus aureus and that of the methyl group exhibited a +I effect of enhancing the anti-Candida albicans activity. The IC50 values calculated in the two toxicity assays revealed similar values and the potential of these compounds to inhibit the proliferation of tumoral cells. Taken together, all these data demonstrate the potential of the tested compounds to be further used for the development of novel antimicrobial and anticancer agents.

Lactation attenuates pro-oxidant reactions in the maternal brain

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are intimately linked to bioenergetics and redox biology, contributing to cellular functioning and physiological signaling, but also acting as toxic agents during oxidative stress. Hence, the balance between pro-oxidant reactions and the activity of antioxidant defenses sustains a basal oxidative status, controls the increase of redox signaling, and mediates potential pathological events during oxidative stress. Maternal experience, especially during nursing, requires high energetic demands and expenditure to ensure the well-being of the offspring. The mother must adapt from satisfying her own needs to additionally fulfilling those of her descendants. Oxidative stress has been proposed as one of the reproductive trade-off hallmarks. However, the oxidative shielding hypothesis has also been proposed in the context of reproduction. The reproductive experience induces a wide range of well-documented changes in the female brain, which potentially lead to protection against the enhanced oxidative activity. To date, the metabolic and cellular mechanisms that underlie lactation-induced neuroprotection against oxidants are unknown. The neuroendocrine changes in the brain of the lactating dam promote diminished propensity to excitotoxic brain injury and stress, as well as enhanced neuroprotection and plasticity. In addition to review studies on the oxidant balance due to motherhood, we included new data from our laboratory, addressing the importance of measuring pro-oxidant reactions in separated brain regions. The hippocampus of lactating rats exhibits lower levels of pro-oxidant reactions than that of virgin rats, supporting the oxidative shielding hypothesis in lactation.

Oxidative stress: The nexus of obesity and cognitive dysfunction in diabetes

Obesity has been associated with oxidative stress. Obese patients are at increased risk for diabetic cognitive dysfunction, indicating a pathological link between obesity, oxidative stress, and diabetic cognitive dysfunction. Obesity can induce the biological process of oxidative stress by disrupting the adipose microenvironment (adipocytes, macrophages), mediating low-grade chronic inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction (mitochondrial division, fusion). Furthermore, oxidative stress can be implicated in insulin resistance, inflammation in neural tissues, and lipid metabolism disorders, affecting cognitive dysfunction in diabetics.

Identifying Genomic Signatures of Positive Selection to Predict Protective Genomic Loci in the Cohort of Lithuanian Clean-Up Workers of the Chornobyl Nuclear Disaster

Some people resist or recover from health challenges better than others. We studied Lithuanian clean-up workers of the Chornobyl nuclear disaster (LCWC) who worked in the harshest conditions and, despite high ionising radiation doses as well as other factors, continue ageing relatively healthily. Thus, we hypothesised that there might be individual features encoded by the genome which act protectively for better adaptiveness and health that depend on unique positive selection signatures. Whole-genome sequencing was performed for 40 LCWC and a control group composed of 25 men from the general Lithuanian population (LTU). Selective sweep analysis was performed to identify genomic regions which may be under recent positive selection and determine better adaptiveness. Twenty-two autosomal loci with the highest positive selection signature values were identified. Most important, unique loci under positive selection have been identified in the genomes of the LCWC, which may influence the survival and adaptive qualities to extreme conditions, and the disaster itself. Characterising these loci provide a better understanding of the interaction between ongoing microevolutionary processes, multifactorial traits, and diseases. Studying unique groups of disease-resistant individuals could help create new insights for better, more individualised, disease diagnostics and prevention strategies.

Single and combined effects of microplastics and cadmium on the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus

Microplastic pollution of the ocean has received extensive attention as plastic pollution increases globally, but the potential ecological risks caused by microplastic interactions with trace metals still require further research. In this study, Apostichopus japonicus was used to explore the individual and combined toxicities of cadmium (Cd) and microplastics and their effects on growth, Cd tissue accumulation, digestive enzymes, and gut microbes. The body weight gain and specific growth rate of animals exposed to a combination of high concentrations of Cd and microplastics decreased. The addition of high concentrations of cadmium to the diet led to an increase in cadmium content in the respiratory tree, digestive tract and body wall. Amylase, lipase and trypsin decreased to different degrees in the group treated with high concentrations of Cd/microplastics. Firmicutes were significantly reduced across multiple treatment groups, with the order Lactobacillales being the most significantly affected. Cd is the pollutant causing the greatest negative impact, but the presence of microplastics undoubtedly increases its toxicity.

Sleep Deprivation in Middle Age May Increase Dementia Risk: A Review

Neurodegenerative diseases present increasing interest in clinical practice for the aging population and involve dysregulation of sleep-wake behaviors. Approximately 5.8 million adults aged 65 and older were living with Alzheimer's disease (AD) in the United States in 2020 with increased mortality compared to the declining cardiovascular and cancer death rates. We conducted an extensive literature review to evaluate and synthesize evidence regarding the association between short sleep duration or sleep deprivation and the risk of developing all-cause dementia and Alzheimer's disease. There are multiple mechanisms describing brain damage, such as brain hypoxia, oxidative stress, or blood-brain barrier (BBB) impairment, induced by chronic sleep restriction (CSR) and the potential correlation with future cognitive decline and dementia. More studies are necessary to identify the specific factors involved in the sleep loss-cognitive decline association that could be taken into consideration while elaborating recommendations for dementia prevention measures.

The nanomolar affinity of C-phycocyanin from virtual screening of microalgal bioactive as potential ACE2 inhibitor for COVID-19 therapy

The global pandemic of COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 has caused more than 400 million infections with more than 5.7 million deaths worldwide, and the number of validated therapies from natural products for treating coronavirus infections needs to be increased. Therefore, the virtual screening of bioactive compounds from natural products based on computational methods could be an interesting strategy. Among many sources of bioactive natural products, compounds from marine organisms, particularly microalgae and cyanobacteria, can be potential antiviral agents. The present study investigates bioactive antiviral compounds from microalgae and cyanobacteria as a potential inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 by targeting Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme II (ACE2) using integrated in silico and in vitro approaches. Our in silico analysis demonstrates that C-Phycocyanin (CPC) can potentially inhibit the binding of ACE2 receptor and SARS-CoV-2 with the docking score of -9.7 kcal mol-1. This score is relatively more favorable than the native ligand on ACE2 receptor. Molecular dynamics simulation also reveals the stability interaction between both CPC and ACE2 receptor with a root mean square deviation (RMSD) value of 1.5 Å. Additionally, our in vitro analysis using the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) method shows that CPC has a high affinity for ACE2 with a binding affinity range from 5 to 125 µM, with KD 3.37 nM. This study could serve as a reference to design microalgae- or cyanobacteria-based antiviral drugs for prophylaxis in SARS-CoV-2 infections.

Ammonia-induced oxidative stress triggered proinflammatory response and apoptosis in pig lungs

Ammonia, a common toxic gas, is not only one of the main causes of haze, but also can enter respiratory tract and directly affect the health of humans and animals. Pig was used as an animal model for exploring the molecular mechanism and dose effect of ammonia toxicity to lung. In this study, the apoptosis of type II alveolar epithelial cells was observed in high ammonia exposure group using transmission electron microscopy. Gene and protein expression analysis using transcriptome sequencing and western blot showed that low ammonia exposure induced T-cell-involved proinflammatory response, but high ammonia exposure repressed the expression of DNA repair-related genes and affected ion transport. Moreover, high ammonia exposure significantly increased 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) level, meaning DNA oxidative damage occurred. In addition, both low and high ammonia exposure caused oxidative stress in pig lungs. Integrated analysis of transcriptome and metabolome revealed that the up-regulation of LDHB and ND2 took part in high ammonia exposure-affected pyruvate metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation progress, respectively. Inclusion, oxidative stress mediated ammonia-induced proinflammatory response and apoptosis of porcine lungs. These findings may provide new insights for understanding the ammonia toxicity to workers in livestock farms and chemical fertilizer plants.

An Updated Review on the Role of Nanoformulated Phytochemicals in Colorectal Cancer

The most common cancer-related cause of death worldwide is colorectal cancer. It is initiated with the formation of polyps, which further cause the development of colorectal cancer in multistep phases. Colorectal cancer mortality is high despite recent treatment breakthroughs and a greater understanding of its pathophysiology. Stress is one of the major causes of triggering different cellular signalling cascades inside the body and which might turn toward the development of cancer. Naturally occurring plant compounds or phytochemicals are being studied for medical purposes. Phytochemicals' benefits are being analyzed for inflammatory illnesses, liver failure, metabolic disorders, neurodegenerative disorders, and nephropathies. Cancer treatment with fewer side effects and better outcomes has been achieved by combining phytochemicals with chemotherapy. Resveratrol, curcumin, and epigallocatechin-3-gallate have been studied for their chemotherapeutic and chemopreventive potentiality, but hydrophobicity, solubility, poor bioavailability, and target selectivity limit the clinical uses of these compounds. The therapeutic potential is maximized by utilizing nanocarriers such as liposomes, micelles, nanoemulsions, and nanoparticles to increase phytochemical bioavailability and target specificity. This updated literature review discusses the clinical limitations, increased sensitivity, chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic effects, and the clinical limitations of the phytochemicals.

Clinostomum complanatum: Anthelmintic potential of curcumin on the infective progenetic metacercarial stage

The emerging resistance against commonly used antiparasitic drugs has driven investigators to explore alternative approaches using plant-derived active ingredients. These compounds have been tested for antiviral, antibacterial, and anthelmintic properties, particularly against adult worms. However, their effects on larval forms have been neglected. Curcumin is a polyphenol that is a significant constituent of the rhizome of Curcuma longa and possesses various biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-infectious, and anti-carcinogenic. In the present study, the anthelmintic potential of curcumin was tested in vitro for its efficacy against the zoonotically important larval form, the progenetic metacercariae of Clinostomum complanatum, which were procured from the forage fish, Trichogaster fasciatus. Curcumin produced time and concentration-dependent inhibition in the motility of treated metacercarial worms, with the maximum inhibition of motility reported at 60 μM along with a significant increase of (36-92%) in ROS and (57-112%) in GSH levels at the end of a period of 6 h. In contrast, curcumin at the highest concentration significantly inhibited the activities of the antioxidant and detoxification enzymes SOD (36%) and GST (16%), respectively, in addition to altering the polypeptide profile and inhibiting cysteine proteases. The tegumental surface appeared to be highly disrupted in curcumin-treated worms, exhibiting severe blebbing, shearing of the tegument, and spine erosion. Such changes would affect the tegumental functions and survival of worms in the hostile microenvironment. This would render worms more susceptible to host-mediated rejection responses. Based on the results of the present study, it is inferred that C. complanatum could serve as an excellent model for screening novel anthelmintic drugs against larval trematodes of great economic significance. Furthermore, we conclude that curcumin could be exploited as an excellent phytotherapeutic agent against the virulent larval form under investigation.

Antioxidant, Antiapoptotic, and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Hesperetin in a Mouse Model of Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Kidney Injury

Sepsis is a severe inflammatory condition that can cause organ dysfunction, including acute kidney injury (AKI). Hesperetin is a flavonoid aglycone that has potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. However, the effect of hesperetin on septic AKI has not yet been fully investigated. This study examined whether hesperetin has a renoprotective effect on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced septic AKI. Hesperetin treatment ameliorated histological abnormalities and renal dysfunction in LPS-injected mice. Mechanistically, hesperetin attenuated LPS-induced oxidative stress, as evidenced by the suppression of lipid and DNA oxidation. This beneficial effect of hesperetin was accompanied by downregulation of the pro-oxidant NADPH oxidase 4, restoration of glutathione levels, and activation of antioxidant enzymes. This flavonoid compound also inhibited apoptotic cell death via suppression of p53-dependent caspase-3 pathway. Furthermore, hesperetin alleviated Toll-like receptor 4-mediated cytokine production and macrophage infiltration. Our findings suggest that hesperetin ameliorates LPS-induced renal structural and functional injury through suppressing oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation.

Alizarin as a potential protector of proteins against damage caused by hydroperoxyl radical

Alizarin is a natural anthraquinone molecule with moderate antioxidative capacity. Some earlier investigations indicated that it can inhibit osteosarcoma and breast carcinoma cell proliferation by inhibiting of phosphorylation process of ERK protein (extracellular signal-regulated kinases). Several mechanisms of deactivation of one of the most reactive oxygen species, hydroperoxyl radical, by alizarin are estimated: hydrogen atom abstraction (HAA), radical adduct formation (RAF), and single electron transfer (SET). The plausibility of those mechanisms is estimated using density functional theory. The obtained results indicated HAA as the only thermodynamically plausible mechanism. For that purpose, two possible mechanistic pathways for hydrogen atom abstraction are studied in detail: hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) and proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET). Water and benzene are used as models of solvents with opposite polarity. To examine the difference between HAT and PCET is used kinetical approach based on the Transition state theory (TST) and determined rate constants (k). Important data used for a distinction between HAT and PCET mechanisms are obtained by applying the Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules (QTAIM), and by the analysis of single occupied molecular orbitals (SOMOs) in transition states for two examined mechanisms. The molecular docking analysis and molecular dynamic are used to predict the most probable positions of binding of alizarin to the sequence of ApoB-100 protein, a protein component of plasma low-density lipoproteins (LDL). It is found that alizarin links the nitrated polypeptide forming the π-π interactions with the amino acids Phenylalanine and Nitrotyrosine. The ability of alizarin to scavenge hydroperoxyl radical when it is in a sandwich structure between the polypeptide and radical species, as the operative reaction mechanism, is not significantly changed concerning its antioxidant capacity in the absence of polypeptide. Therefore, alizarin can protect the polypeptide from harmful hydroperoxyl radical attack, positioning itself between the polypeptide chain and the reactive oxygen species.

Clinical, demographic and oxidative profile of patients with COVID-19 and disease severity

This study aimed to profile the clinical progression, demographics, and oxidative status of COVID-19 patients, correlating with disease severity. The study included 143 participants: 93 patients with COVID-19 (28 outpatients, 65 inpatients), and 50 control participants. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) was used as an oxidative damage marker. Antioxidant activity was assessed via quantification of Vitamin C, sulfhydryl groups, ferric reduction ability of plasma (FRAP), Uric acid (UA), and evaluation of delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase (δ-ALA-D) enzymatic activity. Geriatric patients, especially men, with comorbidities such as obesity and/or chronic diseases were more likely to develop the most severe form of COVID-19. The activity of the δ-ALA-D was lower in inpatients, and there was no significant difference with the outpatient. Antioxidants decreased in COVID-19 groups, while lipid peroxidation increased. FRAP and Vitamin C decreased with evolution of the disease. Oxidative stress could be used as a predictor of worsening clinical condition.

Role of Plant-Derived Flavonoids in Cancer Treatment

Flavonoids are polyphenolic phytochemicals, which occur naturally in plants and possess both anti-oxidant and pro-oxidant properties. Flavonoids are gaining increasing popularity in the pharmaceutical industry as healthy and cost-effective compounds. Flavonoids show beneficial pharmacological activities in the treatment and prevention of various types of diseases. They are natural and less toxic agents for cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy via regulation of multiple cell signaling pathways and pro-oxidant effects. In this review, we have summarized the mechanisms of action of selected flavonoids, and their pharmacological implications and potential therapeutic applications in cancer therapy.

The Influence of Antioxidant Plant Extracts on the Oxidation of O/W Emulsions

The demand for natural cosmetics has steadily increased in recent years. However, challenges occur especially in quality preservation regarding oxidative spoilage of natural cosmetic products, as the use of synthetic preservatives and antioxidants is limited. Therefore, it is important to find nature-based ingredients to ensure shelf life in natural cosmetic formulations. As a result, potential is seen in the use of plant-based antioxidant extracts. The aim of this work was to determine the suitability of the method combination by measuring the antioxidant activity, oxygen concentration, and volatile oxidation products via gas chromatography (hexanal) for the characterization of the influence of some plant extracts on the oxidative stability of natural cosmetic emulsions. Plant extracts of Riesling (Vitis vinifera) pomace, apple (Malus domestica) pomace, coffee (Coffea arabica) grounds, cocoa (Theobroma cacao) husk, and coffee (Coffea arabica) powder extract were incorporated in stable O/W emulsion formulations, while an emulsion without extract functioned as blank. Afterwards, the emulsions were subjected to 3-month accelerated storage tests with and without light exposure. Their oxygen uptake was investigated, and headspace gas chromatography measurements were performed to detect the fatty acid oxidation products formed during oxidative processes in the samples. The results showed that all emulsion samples under light exposure had a higher oxygen uptake and an increase in the characteristic fatty acid oxidation products compared with those stored under light exclusion. However, differences in oxygen uptake under light exposure were observed depending on the plant extract. Therefore, for O/W emulsions, the daily oxygen consumption rate correlated exponentially with the antioxidant activity, and the hexanal concentration correlated linearly with the daily oxygen consumption rate.

Synergistic or antagonistic antioxidant combinations - a case study exploring flavonoid-nitroxide hybrids

Neurodegenerative diseases impose a considerable medical and public health burden on populations throughout the world. Oxidative stress, an imbalance in pro-oxidant/antioxidant homeostasis that leads to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), has been implicated in the progression of a number of neurodegenerative diseases. The manipulation of ROS levels may represent a promising treatment option to slow down neurodegeneration, although adequate potency of treatments has not yet been achieved. Using a hybrid pharmacology approach, free radical nitroxide antioxidants were hybridised with a class of natural antioxidants, flavonoids, to form a potential multitargeted antioxidant. Modification of the Baker-Venkataraman reaction achieved the flavonoid-nitroxide hybrids (6-9) in modest yields. Antioxidant evaluation of the hybrids by cyclic voltammetry showed both redox functionalities were still active, with little influence on oxidation potential. Assessment of the peroxyl radical scavenging ability through an ORAC assay showed reduced antioxidant activity of the hybrids compared to their individual components. It was hypothesized that the presence of the phenol in the hybrids creates a more acidic medium which does not favour regeneration of the nitroxide from the corresponding oxammonium cation, disturbing the typical catalytic cycle of peroxyl radical scavenging by nitroxides. This work highlights the potential intricacies involved with drug hybridization as a strategy for new therapeutic development.

Hematological, Inflammatory, Coagulation, and Oxidative/Antioxidant Biomarkers as Predictors for Severity and Mortality in COVID-19: A Prospective Cohort-Study

Purpose

Oxidative stress (OS) and inflammation are pivotal points in the pathophysiology of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). This study aims to use routine laboratory and oxidative stress/antioxidative biomarkers as predictors for the mortality of the disease.

Patients and Methods

This prospective cohort study, made up of 120 COVID-19 patients from emergency units in Erbil, Duhok, Kirkuk, and Sulaymaniyah cities in Iraq, from May the 1st to May the 30th, 2021, and 60 healthy controls (HCs) (n = 60). The patients were re-categorized into mild (n = 54), severe (n = 40), and critical (n = 26) groups based on the clinical criteria. Following admission to the hospital, blood was directly collected for measuring routine laboratory biomarkers.

Results

Neutrophils and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) were higher in the critical group, while lymphocytes were lower in the severe and critical groups compared to the mild group. The CRP, ferritin, and D-dimer values were more elevated in severe and critical cases than in mild COVID-19 cases. The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), and copper were elevated, while the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity level and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) level were lower. However, vitamin C, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase activity levels were not changed in the COVID-19 groups compared to the HCs. NO and ferritin were predictors of ICU hospitalization; D-dimer, MDA, and NLR were predictors of mortality. NO, and NLR were predictors of SpO2 depression. Moreover, NO, and copper have both good diagnostic values, their cutoffs were 39.01 and 11.93, respectively.

Conclusion

There is an association between immune dysregulation and oxidative imbalance. The biomarkers, that could be considered as predictors for the severity and mortality of COVID-19, are the NLR, NO, ferritin, and D-dimer. The age equal to and older than 50 has a poor prognosis in the Kurdish population.

α-tocopherol as a selective modulator of toxicogenic damage induced by antineoplastic agents cyclophosphamide and doxorubicin

The aim of this study was to determine the oxidative/antioxidative effects, modulatory and selective potential of α-tocopherol (vitamin E) on antineoplastic drug-induced toxicogenetic damage. The toxicity, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity induced by antineoplastic agents cyclophosphamide (CPA) and doxorubicin (DOX) was examined utilizing as models Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Allium cepa, Artemia salina and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in the presence of α-tocopherol. For these tests, concentrations of α- tocopherol 100 IU/ml (67mg/ml), CPA 20 µg/ml, DOX 2 µg/ml were used. The selectivity of α-tocopherol was assessed by the MTT test using human mammary gland non-tumor (MCF10A) and tumor (MCF-7) cell lines. Data showed cytoplasmic and mitochondrial oxidative damage induced by CPA or DOX was significantly diminished by α-tocopherol in S. cerevisiae. In addition, the toxic effects on A. salina and cytotoxic and mutagenic effects on A. cepa were significantly reduced by α-tocopherol. In PBMCs, α-tocopherol alone did not markedly affect these cells, and when treated in conjunction with CPA or DOX, α-tocopherol reduced the toxicogenetic effects noted after antineoplastic drug administration as evidenced by decreased chromosomal alterations and lowered cell death rate. In human mammary gland non-tumor and tumor cell lines, α-tocopherol produced selective cytotoxicity with 2-fold higher effect in tumor cells. Evidence indicates that vitamin E (1) produced anti-cytotoxic and anti-mutagenic effects against CPA and DOX (2) increased higher selectivity toward tumor cells, and (3) presented chemoprotective activity in PBMCs.

Targeted tumor killing by pomegranate polyphenols: Pro-oxidant role of a classical antioxidant

One of the key biochemical features that distinguish a cancer cell from normal cells is its persistent pro-oxidative state that leads to intrinsic oxidative stress. Malignant cells have evolved sophisticated adaptation systems that involve high dependency on antioxidant functions and upregulation of pro-survival molecules to counteract the deleterious effects of reactive species and to maintain dynamic redox balance. This situation renders them vulnerable to further oxidative challenges by exogenous agents. In the present study, we advocated that pomegranate polyphenols act as pro-oxidants and trigger ROS-mediated apoptosis in cancer cells. With the help of both in vitro and in vivo models, we have established that pomegranate fruit extract (PFE) can cause a significant reduction in tumor proliferation while leaving normal tissues and cells unharmed. Administration of PFE (0.2% v/v) in Erhlich's ascites carcinoma-bearing mice for 3 weeks, inhibited the nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2-antioxidant response element signaling cascade, increased intracellular reactive oxygen species content, altered glutathione cycle thereby activating reactive oxygen species-induced apoptotic pathway in Erhlich's ascites carcinoma cells. Moreover, PFE mitigated epithelial to mesenchymal transition and migration in triple negative breast cancer cells (MDA-MB 231 cells) by down-regulating nuclear factor kappa light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells. Pre-treatment of tumor cells with N-acetyl cysteine protected these cells from undergoing PFE-induced apoptosis while siRNA-mediated silencing of Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 and nuclear factor kappa light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells in tumor cells increased the cytotoxic potential and pro-oxidative activity of PFE, indicating a clear role of these transcription factors in orchestrating the anticancer/pro-oxidative properties of PFE. The seminal findings provided may be exploited to develop potential therapeutic targets for selective killing of malignant cells.