201
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Shatkin G, Yeoman B, Birmingham K, Katira P, Engler AJ. Computational models of migration modes improve our understanding of metastasis. APL Bioeng 2020; 4:041505. [PMID: 33195959 PMCID: PMC7647620 DOI: 10.1063/5.0023748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells migrate through changing microenvironments of diseased and healthy tissue, making their migration particularly challenging to describe. To better understand this process, computational models have been developed for both the ameboid and mesenchymal modes of cell migration. Here, we review various approaches that have been used to account for the physical environment's effect on cell migration in computational models, with a focus on their application to understanding cancer metastasis and the related phenomenon of durotaxis. We then discuss how mesenchymal migration models typically simulate complex cell–extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions, while ameboid migration models use a cell-focused approach that largely ignores ECM when not acting as a physical barrier. This approach greatly simplifies or ignores the mechanosensing ability of ameboid migrating cells and should be reevaluated in future models. We conclude by describing future model elements that have not been included to date but would enhance model accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Shatkin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | | | - Katherine Birmingham
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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202
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Fischer MA, Golovchenko NB, Edelblum KL. γδ T cell migration: Separating trafficking from surveillance behaviors at barrier surfaces. Immunol Rev 2020; 298:165-180. [PMID: 32845516 PMCID: PMC7968450 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
γδ T cells are found in highest numbers at barrier surfaces throughout the body, including the skin, intestine, lung, gingiva, and uterus. Under homeostatic conditions, γδ T cells provide immune surveillance of the epidermis, intestinal, and oral mucosa, whereas the presence of pathogenic microorganisms in the dermis or lungs elicits a robust γδ17 response to clear the infection. Although T cell migration is most frequently defined in the context of trafficking, analysis of specific migratory behaviors of lymphocytes within the tissue microenvironment can provide valuable insight into their function. Intravital imaging and computational analyses have been used to define "search" behavior associated with conventional αβ T cells; however, based on the known role of γδ T cells as immune sentinels at barrier surfaces and their TCR-independent functions, we put forth the need to classify distinct migratory patterns that reflect the surveillance capacity of these unconventional lymphocytes. This review will focus on how γδ T cells traffic to various barrier surfaces and how recent investigation into their migratory behavior has provided unique insight into the contribution of γδ T cells to barrier immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A. Fischer
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Pathology, Immunology & Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ
| | - Natasha B. Golovchenko
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Pathology, Immunology & Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ
| | - Karen L. Edelblum
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Pathology, Immunology & Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ
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203
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Bodor DL, Pönisch W, Endres RG, Paluch EK. Of Cell Shapes and Motion: The Physical Basis of Animal Cell Migration. Dev Cell 2020; 52:550-562. [PMID: 32155438 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Motile cells have developed a variety of migration modes relying on diverse traction-force-generation mechanisms. Before the behavior of intracellular components could be easily imaged, cell movements were mostly classified by different types of cellular shape dynamics. Indeed, even though some types of cells move without any significant change in shape, most cell propulsion mechanisms rely on global or local deformations of the cell surface. In this review, focusing mostly on metazoan cells, we discuss how different types of local and global shape changes underlie distinct migration modes. We then discuss mechanical differences between force-generation mechanisms and finish by speculating on how they may have evolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dani L Bodor
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Wolfram Pönisch
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Robert G Endres
- Department of Life Sciences and Centre for Integrative Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Ewa K Paluch
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK.
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204
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Mukhopadhyay D, Arranz-Solís D, Saeij JPJ. Influence of the Host and Parasite Strain on the Immune Response During Toxoplasma Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:580425. [PMID: 33178630 PMCID: PMC7593385 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.580425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an exceptionally successful parasite that infects a very broad host range, including humans, across the globe. The outcome of infection differs remarkably between hosts, ranging from acute death to sterile infection. These differential disease patterns are strongly influenced by both host- and parasite-specific genetic factors. In this review, we discuss how the clinical outcome of toxoplasmosis varies between hosts and the role of different immune genes and parasite virulence factors, with a special emphasis on Toxoplasma-induced ileitis and encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debanjan Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - David Arranz-Solís
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Jeroen P J Saeij
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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205
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Renz M. In invasion assays, the breast cancer cell nucleus leads the way. BMC Res Notes 2020; 13:480. [PMID: 33046121 PMCID: PMC7552489 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-020-05314-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Cancer cell metastasis determines disease prognosis. During cancer cell metastasis, the cancer cell and the cancer cell nucleus have to undergo extreme shape changes. To monitor shape changes of cancer cells and cancer cell nuclei and the positioning of the cancer cell nucleus during cancer cell invasion, a customized invasion assay with 8-μm pores and reconstituted basal membrane was imaged using fluorescence live-cell microscopy. Results The observed cells changed their shape from a distinct fibroblast-like spindle shape to an amoeboid shape without polarization immediately after the passage through an 8-μm pore of the invasion assay. During the process of invasion, the cancer cell centered the cancer cell nucleus over the 8-μm pore, and cancer cell nucleus and adjacent cytoplasmic areas moved first through such a pore. Seemingly testing if the largest and least deformable organelle may fit, the cancer cell nucleus led the way through the porous membrane of the invasion assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte Renz
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, H302, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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206
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Winkler J, Abisoye-Ogunniyan A, Metcalf KJ, Werb Z. Concepts of extracellular matrix remodelling in tumour progression and metastasis. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5120. [PMID: 33037194 PMCID: PMC7547708 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18794-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 879] [Impact Index Per Article: 219.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissues are dynamically shaped by bidirectional communication between resident cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM) through cell-matrix interactions and ECM remodelling. Tumours leverage ECM remodelling to create a microenvironment that promotes tumourigenesis and metastasis. In this review, we focus on how tumour and tumour-associated stromal cells deposit, biochemically and biophysically modify, and degrade tumour-associated ECM. These tumour-driven changes support tumour growth, increase migration of tumour cells, and remodel the ECM in distant organs to allow for metastatic progression. A better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of tumourigenic ECM remodelling is crucial for developing therapeutic treatments for patients. Tumors are more than cancer cells — the extracellular matrix is a protein structure that organizes all tissues and is altered in cancer. Here, the authors review recent progress in understanding how the cancer cells and tumor-associated stroma cells remodel the extracellular matrix to drive tumor growth and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Winkler
- Department of Anatomy, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
| | - Abisola Abisoye-Ogunniyan
- Department of Anatomy, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Kevin J Metcalf
- Department of Anatomy, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Zena Werb
- Department of Anatomy, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
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207
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Principles of Leukocyte Migration Strategies. Trends Cell Biol 2020; 30:818-832. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2020.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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208
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Analysis of barotactic and chemotactic guidance cues on directional decision-making of Dictyostelium discoideum cells in confined environments. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:25553-25559. [PMID: 32999070 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2000686117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils and dendritic cells when migrating in confined environments have been shown to actuate a directional choice toward paths of least hydraulic resistance (barotaxis), in some cases overriding chemotactic responses. Here, we investigate whether this barotactic response is conserved in the more primitive model organism Dictyostelium discoideum using a microfluidic chip design. This design allowed us to monitor the behavior of single cells via live imaging when confronted with bifurcating microchannels, presenting different combinations of hydraulic and chemical stimuli. Under the conditions employed we find no evidence in support of a barotactic response; the cells base their directional choices on the chemotactic cues. When the cells are confronted by a microchannel bifurcation, they often split their leading edge and start moving into both channels, before a decision is made to move into one and retract from the other channel. Analysis of this decision-making process has shown that cells in steeper nonhydrolyzable adenosine- 3', 5'- cyclic monophosphorothioate, Sp- isomer (cAMPS) gradients move faster and split more readily. Furthermore, there exists a highly significant strong correlation between the velocity of the pseudopod moving up the cAMPS gradient to the total velocity of the pseudopods moving up and down the gradient over a large range of velocities. This suggests a role for a critical cortical tension gradient in the directional decision-making process.
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209
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Guak H, Krawczyk CM. Implications of cellular metabolism for immune cell migration. Immunology 2020; 161:200-208. [PMID: 32920838 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell migration is an essential, energetically demanding process in immunity. Immune cells navigate the body via chemokines and other immune mediators, which are altered under inflammatory conditions of injury or infection. Several factors determine the migratory abilities of different types of immune cells in diverse contexts, including the precise co-ordination of cytoskeletal remodelling, the expression of specific chemokine receptors and integrins, and environmental conditions. In this review, we present an overview of recent advances in our understanding of the relationship of each of these factors with cellular metabolism, with a focus on the spatial organization of glycolysis and mitochondria, reciprocal regulation of chemokine receptors and the influence of environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Guak
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Metabolic and Nutritional Programming Group, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Connie M Krawczyk
- Metabolic and Nutritional Programming Group, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
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210
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Maxian O, Mogilner A, Strychalski W. Computational estimates of mechanical constraints on cell migration through the extracellular matrix. PLoS Comput Biol 2020; 16:e1008160. [PMID: 32853248 PMCID: PMC7480866 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell migration through a three-dimensional (3D) extracellular matrix (ECM) underlies important physiological phenomena and is based on a variety of mechanical strategies depending on the cell type and the properties of the ECM. By using computer simulations of the cell’s mid-plane, we investigate two such migration mechanisms—‘push-pull’ (forming a finger-like protrusion, adhering to an ECM node, and pulling the cell body forward) and ‘rear-squeezing’ (pushing the cell body through the ECM by contracting the cell cortex and ECM at the cell rear). We present a computational model that accounts for both elastic deformation and forces of the ECM, an active cell cortex and nucleus, and for hydrodynamic forces and flow of the extracellular fluid, cytoplasm, and nucleoplasm. We find that relations between three mechanical parameters—the cortex’s contractile force, nuclear elasticity, and ECM rigidity—determine the effectiveness of cell migration through the dense ECM. The cell can migrate persistently even if its cortical contraction cannot deform a near-rigid ECM, but then the contraction of the cortex has to be able to sufficiently deform the nucleus. The cell can also migrate even if it fails to deform a stiff nucleus, but then it has to be able to sufficiently deform the ECM. Simulation results show that nuclear stiffness limits the cell migration more than the ECM rigidity. Simulations show the rear-squeezing mechanism of motility results in more robust migration with larger cell displacements than those with the push-pull mechanism over a range of parameter values. Additionally, results show that the rear-squeezing mechanism is aided by hydrodynamics through a pressure gradient. Computational simulations of two different mechanisms of 3D cell migration in an extracellular matrix are presented. One mechanism represents a mesenchymal mode, characterized by finger-like actin protrusions, while the second mode is more amoeboid in that rear contraction of the cortex propels the cell forward. In both mechanisms, the cell generates a thin actin protrusion on the cortex that attaches to an ECM node. The cell is then either pulled (mesenchymal) or pushed (amoeboid) forward. Results show both mechanisms result in successful migration over a range of simulated parameter values as long as the contractile tension of the cortex exceeds either the nuclear stiffness or ECM stiffness, but not necessarily both. However, the distance traveled by the amoeboid migration mode is more robust to changes in parameter values, and is larger than in simulations of the mesenchymal mode. Additionally, cells experience a favorable fluid pressure gradient when migrating in the amoeboid mode, and an adverse fluid pressure gradient in the mesenchymal mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Maxian
- Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Alex Mogilner
- Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Wanda Strychalski
- Department of Mathematics, Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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211
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Aoun L, Farutin A, Garcia-Seyda N, Nègre P, Rizvi MS, Tlili S, Song S, Luo X, Biarnes-Pelicot M, Galland R, Sibarita JB, Michelot A, Hivroz C, Rafai S, Valignat MP, Misbah C, Theodoly O. Amoeboid Swimming Is Propelled by Molecular Paddling in Lymphocytes. Biophys J 2020; 119:1157-1177. [PMID: 32882187 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian cells developed two main migration modes. The slow mesenchymatous mode, like crawling of fibroblasts, relies on maturation of adhesion complexes and actin fiber traction, whereas the fast amoeboid mode, observed exclusively for leukocytes and cancer cells, is characterized by weak adhesion, highly dynamic cell shapes, and ubiquitous motility on two-dimensional and in three-dimensional solid matrix. In both cases, interactions with the substrate by adhesion or friction are widely accepted as a prerequisite for mammalian cell motility, which precludes swimming. We show here experimental and computational evidence that leukocytes do swim, and that efficient propulsion is not fueled by waves of cell deformation but by a rearward and inhomogeneous treadmilling of the cell external membrane. Our model consists of a molecular paddling by transmembrane proteins linked to and advected by the actin cortex, whereas freely diffusing transmembrane proteins hinder swimming. Furthermore, continuous paddling is enabled by a combination of external treadmilling and selective recycling by internal vesicular transport of cortex-bound transmembrane proteins. This mechanism explains observations that swimming is five times slower than the retrograde flow of cortex and also that lymphocytes are motile in nonadherent confined environments. Resultantly, the ubiquitous ability of mammalian amoeboid cells to migrate in two dimensions or three dimensions and with or without adhesion can be explained for lymphocytes by a single machinery of heterogeneous membrane treadmilling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurene Aoun
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, LAI, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | | | - Nicolas Garcia-Seyda
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, LAI, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Paulin Nègre
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, LAI, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | | | - Sham Tlili
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, LAI, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Solene Song
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, LAI, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Xuan Luo
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, LAI, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Martine Biarnes-Pelicot
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, LAI, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Rémi Galland
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Sibarita
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
| | - Alphée Michelot
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Claire Hivroz
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Integrative analysis of T cell activation team, Paris, France
| | - Salima Rafai
- University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LIPhy, Grenoble, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Valignat
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, LAI, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Chaouqi Misbah
- University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LIPhy, Grenoble, France.
| | - Olivier Theodoly
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, LAI, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France.
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212
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Campbell EJ, Bagchi P. A computational study of amoeboid motility in 3D: the role of extracellular matrix geometry, cell deformability, and cell-matrix adhesion. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2020; 20:167-191. [PMID: 32772275 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-020-01376-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Amoeboid cells often migrate using pseudopods, which are membrane protrusions that grow, bifurcate, and retract dynamically, resulting in a net cell displacement. Many cells within the human body, such as immune cells, epithelial cells, and even metastatic cancer cells, can migrate using the amoeboid phenotype. Amoeboid motility is a complex and multiscale process, where cell deformation, biochemistry, and cytosolic and extracellular fluid motions are coupled. Furthermore, the extracellular matrix (ECM) provides a confined, complex, and heterogeneous environment for the cells to navigate through. Amoeboid cells can migrate without significantly remodeling the ECM using weak or no adhesion, instead utilizing their deformability and the microstructure of the ECM to gain enough traction. While a large volume of work exists on cell motility on 2D substrates, amoeboid motility is 3D in nature. Despite recent progress in modeling cellular motility in 3D, there is a lack of systematic evaluations of the role of ECM microstructure, cell deformability, and adhesion on 3D motility. To fill this knowledge gap, here we present a multiscale, multiphysics modeling study of amoeboid motility through 3D-idealized ECM. The model is a coupled fluid‒structure and coarse-grain biochemistry interaction model that accounts for large deformation of cells, pseudopod dynamics, cytoplasmic and extracellular fluid motion, stochastic dynamics of cell-ECM adhesion, and microstructural (pore-scale) geometric details of the ECM. The key finding of the study is that cell deformation and matrix porosity strongly influence amoeboid motility, while weak adhesion and microscale structural details of the ECM have secondary but subtle effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Campbell
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Prosenjit Bagchi
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
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213
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Lim TJF, Bunjamin M, Ruedl C, Su IH. Talin1 controls dendritic cell activation by regulating TLR complex assembly and signaling. J Exp Med 2020; 217:e20191810. [PMID: 32438408 PMCID: PMC7398162 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20191810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Talin critically controls integrin-dependent cell migration, but its regulatory role in skin dendritic cells (DCs) during inflammatory responses has not been investigated. Here, we show that talin1 regulates not only integrin-dependent Langerhans cell (LC) migration, but also MyD88-dependent Toll-like receptor (TLR)-stimulated DC activation. Talin1-deficient LCs failed to exit the epidermis, resulting in reduced LC migration to skin-draining lymph nodes (sdLNs) and defective skin tolerance induction, while talin1-deficient dermal DCs unexpectedly accumulated in the dermis despite their actomyosin-dependent migratory capabilities. Furthermore, talin1-deficient DCs exhibited compromised chemotaxis, NFκB activation, and proinflammatory cytokine production. Mechanistically, talin1 was required for the formation of preassembled TLR complexes in DCs at steady state via direct interaction with MyD88 and PIP5K. Local production of PIP2 by PIP5K then recruited TIRAP to the preassembled complexes, which were required for TLR signalosome assembly during DC activation. Thus, talin1 regulates MyD88-dependent TLR signaling pathways in DCs through a novel mechanism with implications for antimicrobial and inflammatory immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Jun Feng Lim
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology & Cell Signalling, School of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Maegan Bunjamin
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology & Cell Signalling, School of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Christiane Ruedl
- Laboratory of Immunology, School of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - I-hsin Su
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology & Cell Signalling, School of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
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214
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de Winde CM, Munday C, Acton SE. Molecular mechanisms of dendritic cell migration in immunity and cancer. Med Microbiol Immunol 2020; 209:515-529. [PMID: 32451606 PMCID: PMC7395046 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-020-00680-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are a heterogeneous population of antigen-presenting cells that act to bridge innate and adaptive immunity. DCs are critical in mounting effective immune responses to tissue damage, pathogens and cancer. Immature DCs continuously sample tissues and engulf antigens via endocytic pathways such as phagocytosis or macropinocytosis, which result in DC activation. Activated DCs undergo a maturation process by downregulating endocytosis and upregulating surface proteins controlling migration to lymphoid tissues where DC-mediated antigen presentation initiates adaptive immune responses. To traffic to lymphoid tissues, DCs must adapt their motility mechanisms to migrate within a wide variety of tissue types and cross barriers to enter lymphatics. All steps of DC migration involve cell-cell or cell-substrate interactions. This review discusses DC migration mechanisms in immunity and cancer with a focus on the role of cytoskeletal processes and cell surface proteins, including integrins, lectins and tetraspanins. Understanding the adapting molecular mechanisms controlling DC migration in immunity provides the basis for therapeutic interventions to dampen immune activation in autoimmunity, or to improve anti-tumour immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte M de Winde
- Stromal Immunology Group, MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Clare Munday
- Stromal Immunology Group, MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Sophie E Acton
- Stromal Immunology Group, MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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215
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Alexandrova AY, Chikina AS, Svitkina TM. Actin cytoskeleton in mesenchymal-to-amoeboid transition of cancer cells. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 356:197-256. [PMID: 33066874 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2020.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
During development of metastasis, tumor cells migrate through different tissues and encounter different extracellular matrices. An ability of cells to adapt mechanisms of their migration to these diverse environmental conditions, called migration plasticity, gives tumor cells an advantage over normal cells for long distant dissemination. Different modes of individual cell motility-mesenchymal and amoeboid-are driven by different molecular mechanisms, which largely depend on functions of the actin cytoskeleton that can be modulated in a wide range by cellular signaling mechanisms in response to environmental conditions. Various triggers can switch one motility mode to another, but regulations of these transitions are incompletely understood. However, understanding of the mechanisms driving migration plasticity is instrumental for finding anti-cancer treatment capable to stop cancer metastasis. In this review, we discuss cytoskeletal features, which allow the individually migrating cells to switch between mesenchymal and amoeboid migrating modes, called mesenchymal-to-amoeboid transition (MAT). We briefly describe main characteristics of different cell migration modes, and then discuss the triggering factors that initiate MAT with special attention to cytoskeletal features essential for migration plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonina Y Alexandrova
- Laboratory of Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis, N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Aleksandra S Chikina
- Cell Migration and Invasion and Spatio-Temporal Regulation of Antigen Presentation teams, UMR144/U932 Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Tatyana M Svitkina
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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216
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Abstract
Cell migration plays pivotal roles in many biological processes; however, its underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, we find that NudC-like protein 2 (NudCL2), a cochaperone of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90), modulates cell migration by stabilizing both myosin-9 and lissencephaly protein 1 (LIS1). Either knockdown or knockout of NudCL2 significantly increases single-cell migration, but has no significant effect on collective cell migration. Immunoprecipitation–mass spectrometry and western blotting analyses reveal that NudCL2 binds to myosin-9 in mammalian cells. Depletion of NudCL2 not only decreases myosin-9 protein levels, but also results in actin disorganization. Ectopic expression of myosin-9 efficiently reverses defects in actin disorganization and single-cell migration in cells depleted of NudCL2. Interestingly, knockdown of myosin-9 increases both single and collective cell migration. Depletion of LIS1, a NudCL2 client protein, suppresses both single and collective cell migration, which exhibits the opposite effect compared with myosin-9 depletion. Co-depletion of myosin-9 and LIS1 promotes single-cell migration, resembling the phenotype caused by NudCL2 depletion. Furthermore, inhibition of Hsp90 ATPase activity also reduces the Hsp90-interacting protein myosin-9 stability and increases single-cell migration. Forced expression of Hsp90 efficiently reverses myosin-9 protein instability and the defects induced by NudCL2 depletion, but not vice versa. Taken together, these data suggest that NudCL2 plays an important role in the precise regulation of cell migration by stabilizing both myosin-9 and LIS1 via Hsp90 pathway.
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217
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Temples MN, Adjei IM, Nimocks PM, Djeu J, Sharma B. Engineered Three-Dimensional Tumor Models to Study Natural Killer Cell Suppression. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:4179-4199. [PMID: 33463353 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A critical hurdle associated with natural killer (NK) cell immunotherapies is inadequate infiltration and function in the solid tumor microenvironment. Well-controlled 3D culture systems could advance our understanding of the role of various biophysical and biochemical cues that impact NK cell migration in solid tumors. The objectives of this study were to establish a biomaterial which (i) supports NK cell migration and (ii) recapitulates features of the in vivo solid tumor microenvironment, to study NK infiltration and function in a 3D system. Using peptide-functionalized poly(ethylene glycol)-based hydrogels, the extent of NK-92 cell migration was observed to be largely dependent on the density of integrin binding sites and the presence of matrix metalloproteinase degradable sites. When lung cancer cells were encapsulated into the hydrogels to create tumor microenvironments, the extent of NK-92 cell migration and functional activity was dependent on the cancer cell type and duration of 3D culture. NK-92 cells showed greater migration into the models consisting of nonmetastatic A549 cells relative to metastatic H1299 cells, and reduced migration in both models when cancer cells were cultured for 7 days versus 1 day. In addition, the production of NK cell-related pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines was reduced in H1299 models relative to A549 models. These differences in NK-92 cell migration and cytokine/chemokine production corresponded to differences in the production of various immunomodulatory molecules by the different cancer cells, namely, the H1299 models showed increased stress ligand shedding and immunosuppressive cytokine production, particularly TGF-β. Indeed, inhibition of TGF-β receptor I in NK-92 cells restored their infiltration in H1299 models to levels similar to that in A549 models and increased overall infiltration in both models. Relative to conventional 2D cocultures, NK-92 cell mediated cytotoxicity was reduced in the 3D tumor models, suggesting the hydrogel serves to mimic some features of the biophysical barriers in in vivo tumor microenvironments. This study demonstrates the feasibility of a synthetic hydrogel system for investigating the biophysical and biochemical cues impacting NK cell infiltration and NK cell-cancer cell interactions in the solid tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison N Temples
- J. Crayton Pruitt Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Biomedical Sciences Building JG-56, 1275 Center Drive, Gainesville, Florida 32611-6131, United States
| | - Isaac M Adjei
- J. Crayton Pruitt Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Biomedical Sciences Building JG-56, 1275 Center Drive, Gainesville, Florida 32611-6131, United States
| | - Phoebe M Nimocks
- J. Crayton Pruitt Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Biomedical Sciences Building JG-56, 1275 Center Drive, Gainesville, Florida 32611-6131, United States
| | - Julie Djeu
- Department of Immunology, Moffitt Cancer Center MRC 4E, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, Florida 33612-9497, United States
| | - Blanka Sharma
- J. Crayton Pruitt Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Biomedical Sciences Building JG-56, 1275 Center Drive, Gainesville, Florida 32611-6131, United States
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218
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González-Bermúdez B, Kobayashi H, Navarrete Á, Nyblad C, González-Sánchez M, de la Fuente M, Fuentes G, Guinea GV, García C, Plaza GR. Single-cell biophysical study reveals deformability and internal ordering relationship in T cells. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:5669-5678. [PMID: 32519732 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00648c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Deformability and internal ordering are key features related to cell function, particularly critical for cells that routinely undergo large deformations, like T cells during extravasation and migration. In the measurement of cell deformability, a considerable variability is typically obtained, masking the identification of possible interrelationships between deformability, internal ordering and cell function. We report the development of a single-cell methodology that combines measurements of living-cell deformability, using micropipette aspiration, and three-dimensional confocal analysis of the nucleus and cytoskeleton. We show that this single-cell approach can serve as a powerful tool to identify appropriate parameters that characterize deformability within a population of cells, not readably discernable in population-averaged data. By applying this single-cell methodology to mouse CD4+ T cells, our results demonstrate that the relative size of the nucleus, better than other geometrical or cytoskeletal features, effectively determines the overall deformability of the cells within the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca González-Bermúdez
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, E-28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain. and Departamento de Ciencia de Materiales, ETSI de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Hikaru Kobayashi
- Departamento de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Álvaro Navarrete
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - César Nyblad
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, E-28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain. and Departamento de Ciencia de Materiales, ETSI de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica González-Sánchez
- Departamento de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica de la Fuente
- Departamento de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Fuentes
- Departamento de Ciencia de Materiales, ETSI de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain and Instituto de Sistemas Optoelectrónicos y Microtecnología, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gustavo V Guinea
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, E-28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain. and Departamento de Ciencia de Materiales, ETSI de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain and Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Claudio García
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Gustavo R Plaza
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, E-28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain. and Departamento de Ciencia de Materiales, ETSI de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
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219
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Cheng Y, Felix B, Othmer HG. The Roles of Signaling in Cytoskeletal Changes, Random Movement, Direction-Sensing and Polarization of Eukaryotic Cells. Cells 2020; 9:E1437. [PMID: 32531876 PMCID: PMC7348768 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Movement of cells and tissues is essential at various stages during the lifetime of an organism, including morphogenesis in early development, in the immune response to pathogens, and during wound-healing and tissue regeneration. Individual cells are able to move in a variety of microenvironments (MEs) (A glossary of the acronyms used herein is given at the end) by suitably adapting both their shape and how they transmit force to the ME, but how cells translate environmental signals into the forces that shape them and enable them to move is poorly understood. While many of the networks involved in signal detection, transduction and movement have been characterized, how intracellular signals control re-building of the cyctoskeleton to enable movement is not understood. In this review we discuss recent advances in our understanding of signal transduction networks related to direction-sensing and movement, and some of the problems that remain to be solved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yougan Cheng
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA;
| | - Bryan Felix
- School of Mathematics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55445, USA;
| | - Hans G. Othmer
- School of Mathematics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55445, USA;
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220
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Ruhland MK, Roberts EW, Cai E, Mujal AM, Marchuk K, Beppler C, Nam D, Serwas NK, Binnewies M, Krummel MF. Visualizing Synaptic Transfer of Tumor Antigens among Dendritic Cells. Cancer Cell 2020; 37:786-799.e5. [PMID: 32516589 PMCID: PMC7671443 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Generation of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes begins when tumor antigens reach the lymph node (LN) to stimulate T cells, yet we know little of how tumor material is disseminated among the large variety of antigen-presenting dendritic cell (DC) subsets in the LN. Here, we demonstrate that tumor proteins are carried to the LN within discrete vesicles inside DCs and are then transferred among DC subsets. A synapse is formed between interacting DCs and vesicle transfer takes place in the absence of free exosomes. DCs -containing vesicles can uniquely activate T cells, whereas DCs lacking them do not. Understanding this restricted sharing of tumor identity provides substantial room for engineering better anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan K Ruhland
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Edward W Roberts
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - En Cai
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Adriana M Mujal
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Kyle Marchuk
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Biological Imaging Development CoLab, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Casey Beppler
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - David Nam
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Nina K Serwas
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Mikhail Binnewies
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Matthew F Krummel
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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221
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Kunimura K, Uruno T, Fukui Y. DOCK family proteins: key players in immune surveillance mechanisms. Int Immunol 2020; 32:5-15. [PMID: 31630188 PMCID: PMC6949370 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxz067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dedicator of cytokinesis (DOCK) proteins constitute a family of evolutionarily conserved guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) for the Rho family of GTPases. Although DOCK family proteins do not contain the Dbl homology domain typically found in other GEFs, they mediate the GTP–GDP exchange reaction through the DOCK homology region-2 (DHR-2) domain. In mammals, this family consists of 11 members, each of which has unique functions depending on the expression pattern and the substrate specificity. For example, DOCK2 is a Rac activator critical for migration and activation of leukocytes, whereas DOCK8 is a Cdc42-specific GEF that regulates interstitial migration of dendritic cells. Identification of DOCK2 and DOCK8 as causative genes for severe combined immunodeficiency syndromes in humans has highlighted their roles in immune surveillance. In addition, the recent discovery of a naturally occurring DOCK2-inhibitory metabolite has uncovered an unexpected mechanism of tissue-specific immune evasion. On the other hand, GEF-independent functions have been shown for DOCK8 in antigen-induced IL-31 production in helper T cells. This review summarizes multifaced functions of DOCK family proteins in the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazufumi Kunimura
- Division of Immunogenetics, Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takehito Uruno
- Division of Immunogenetics, Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan.,Research Center for Advanced Immunology, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Fukui
- Division of Immunogenetics, Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan.,Research Center for Advanced Immunology, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
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222
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High-throughput transcriptomic and proteomic profiling of mesenchymal-amoeboid transition in 3D collagen. Sci Data 2020; 7:160. [PMID: 32461585 PMCID: PMC7253430 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-020-0499-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasticity of cancer cell invasion represents substantial hindrance for effective anti-metastatic therapy. To better understand the cancer cells’ plasticity, we performed complex transcriptomic and proteomic profiling of HT1080 fibrosarcoma cells undergoing mesenchymal-amoeboid transition (MAT). As amoeboid migratory phenotype can fully manifest only in 3D conditions, all experiments were performed with 3D collagen-based cultures. Two previously described approaches to induce MAT were used: doxycycline-inducible constitutively active RhoA expression and dasatinib treatment. RNA sequencing was performed with ribo-depleted total RNA. Protein samples were analysed with tandem mass tag (TMT)-based mass spectrometry. The data provide unprecedented insight into transcriptome and proteome changes accompanying MAT in true 3D conditions. Measurement(s) | gene-expression profile endpoint • protein expression profiling • Proteome • transcriptome | Technology Type(s) | RNA sequencing • MSn spectrum • mass spectrometry | Factor Type(s) | doxycycline-inducible expression of EGFP-RhoA G14V gene • dasatinib treatment | Sample Characteristic - Organism | Homo sapiens |
Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data: 10.6084/m9.figshare.12084927
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223
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Ólafsson EB, Barragan A. The unicellular eukaryotic parasite Toxoplasma gondii hijacks the migration machinery of mononuclear phagocytes to promote its dissemination. Biol Cell 2020; 112:239-250. [PMID: 32359185 DOI: 10.1111/boc.202000005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan with the ability to infect virtually any type of nucleated cell in warm-blooded vertebrates including humans. Toxoplasma gondii invades immune cells, which the parasite employs as shuttles for dissemination by a Trojan horse mechanism. Recent findings are starting to unveil how this parasite orchestrates the subversion of the migratory functions of parasitised mononuclear phagocytes, especially dendritic cells (DCs) and monocytes. Here, we focus on how T. gondii impacts host cell signalling that regulates leukocyte motility and systemic migration in tissues. Shortly after active parasite invasion, DCs undergo mesenchymal-to-amoeboid transition and adopt a high-speed amoeboid mode of motility. To trigger migratory activation - termed hypermigratory phenotype - T. gondii induces GABAergic signalling, which results in calcium fluxes mediated by voltage-gated calcium channels in parasitised DCs and brain microglia. Additionally, a TIMP-1-CD63-ITGB1-FAK signalling axis and signalling via the receptor tyrosine kinase MET promotes sustained hypermigration of parasitised DCs. Recent reports show that the activated signalling pathways converge on the small GTPase Ras to activate the MAPK Erk signalling cascade, a central regulator of cell motility. To date, three T. gondii-derived putative effector molecules have been linked to hypermigration: Tg14-3-3, TgWIP and ROP17. Here, we discuss their impact on the hypermigratory phenotype of phagocytes. Altogether, the emerging concept suggests that T. gondii induces metastasis-like migratory properties in parasitised mononuclear phagocytes to promote infection-related dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einar B Ólafsson
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 10691, Sweden
| | - Antonio Barragan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 10691, Sweden
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224
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A neutrophil-centric view of chemotaxis. Essays Biochem 2020; 63:607-618. [PMID: 31420450 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20190011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are key players of the innate immune system, that are involved in coordinating the initiation, propagation and resolution of inflammation. Accurate neutrophil migration (chemotaxis) to sites of inflammation in response to gradients of chemoattractants is pivotal to these roles. Binding of chemoattractants to dedicated G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) initiates downstream signalling events that promote neutrophil polarisation, a prerequisite for directional migration. We provide a brief summary of some of the recent insights into signalling events and feedback loops that serve to initiate and maintain neutrophil polarisation. This is followed by a discussion of recent developments in the understanding of in vivo neutrophil chemotaxis, a process that is frequently referred to as 'recruitment' or 'trafficking'. Here, we summarise neutrophil mobilisation from and homing to the bone marrow, and briefly discuss the role of glucosaminoglycan-immobilised chemoattractants and their corresponding receptors in the regulation of neutrophil extravasation and neutrophil swarming. We furthermore touch on some of the most recent insights into the roles of atypical chemokine receptors (ACKRs) in neutrophil recruitment, and discuss neutrophil reverse (transendothelial) migration together with potential function(s) in the dissemination and/or resolution of inflammation.
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225
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Cell matrix adhesion in cell migration. Essays Biochem 2020; 63:535-551. [PMID: 31444228 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20190012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The ability of cells to migrate is a fundamental physiological process involved in embryonic development, tissue homeostasis, immune surveillance and wound healing. In order for cells to migrate, they must interact with their environment using adhesion receptors, such as integrins, and form specialized adhesion complexes that mediate responses to different extracellular cues. In this review, we discuss the role of integrin adhesion complexes (IACs) in cell migration, highlighting the layers of regulation that are involved, including intracellular signalling cascades, mechanosensing and reciprocal feedback to the extracellular environment. We also discuss the role of IACs in extracellular matrix remodeling and how they impact upon cell migration.
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226
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Diverse roles of non-muscle myosin II contractility in 3D cell migration. Essays Biochem 2020; 63:497-508. [PMID: 31551323 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20190026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
All is flux, nothing stays still. Heraclitus of Ephesus' characterization of the universe holds true for cells within animals and for proteins within cells. In this review, we examine the dynamics of actin and non-muscle myosin II within cells, and how their dynamics power the movement of cells within tissues. The 3D environment that migrating cells encounter along their path also changes over time, and cells can adopt various mechanisms of motility, depending on the topography, mechanics and chemical composition of their surroundings. We describe the differential spatio-temporal regulation of actin and myosin II-mediated contractility in mesenchymal, lobopodial, amoeboid, and swimming modes of cell migration. After briefly reviewing the biochemistry of myosin II, we discuss the role actomyosin contractility plays in the switch between modes of 3D migration that cells use to adapt to changing environments.
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227
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Reversat A, Gaertner F, Merrin J, Stopp J, Tasciyan S, Aguilera J, de Vries I, Hauschild R, Hons M, Piel M, Callan-Jones A, Voituriez R, Sixt M. Cellular locomotion using environmental topography. Nature 2020; 582:582-585. [PMID: 32581372 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2283-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells migrate by coupling the intracellular force of the actin cytoskeleton to the environment. While force coupling is usually mediated by transmembrane adhesion receptors, especially those of the integrin family, amoeboid cells such as leukocytes can migrate extremely fast despite very low adhesive forces1. Here we show that leukocytes cannot only migrate under low adhesion but can also transmit forces in the complete absence of transmembrane force coupling. When confined within three-dimensional environments, they use the topographical features of the substrate to propel themselves. Here the retrograde flow of the actin cytoskeleton follows the texture of the substrate, creating retrograde shear forces that are sufficient to drive the cell body forwards. Notably, adhesion-dependent and adhesion-independent migration are not mutually exclusive, but rather are variants of the same principle of coupling retrograde actin flow to the environment and thus can potentially operate interchangeably and simultaneously. As adhesion-free migration is independent of the chemical composition of the environment, it renders cells completely autonomous in their locomotive behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Reversat
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Klosterneuburg, Austria. .,Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Florian Gaertner
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Jack Merrin
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Julian Stopp
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Saren Tasciyan
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Juan Aguilera
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Ingrid de Vries
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Robert Hauschild
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Miroslav Hons
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Klosterneuburg, Austria.,Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.,BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Matthieu Piel
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, Paris, France.,Institut Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Andrew Callan-Jones
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057 CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Raphael Voituriez
- Laboratoire de Physique Theorique de la Matière Condensée et Laboratoire Jean Perrin, CNRS/Université Pierre-et-Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Michael Sixt
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Klosterneuburg, Austria.
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228
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Gompper G, Winkler RG, Speck T, Solon A, Nardini C, Peruani F, Löwen H, Golestanian R, Kaupp UB, Alvarez L, Kiørboe T, Lauga E, Poon WCK, DeSimone A, Muiños-Landin S, Fischer A, Söker NA, Cichos F, Kapral R, Gaspard P, Ripoll M, Sagues F, Doostmohammadi A, Yeomans JM, Aranson IS, Bechinger C, Stark H, Hemelrijk CK, Nedelec FJ, Sarkar T, Aryaksama T, Lacroix M, Duclos G, Yashunsky V, Silberzan P, Arroyo M, Kale S. The 2020 motile active matter roadmap. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2020; 32:193001. [PMID: 32058979 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ab6348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Activity and autonomous motion are fundamental in living and engineering systems. This has stimulated the new field of 'active matter' in recent years, which focuses on the physical aspects of propulsion mechanisms, and on motility-induced emergent collective behavior of a larger number of identical agents. The scale of agents ranges from nanomotors and microswimmers, to cells, fish, birds, and people. Inspired by biological microswimmers, various designs of autonomous synthetic nano- and micromachines have been proposed. Such machines provide the basis for multifunctional, highly responsive, intelligent (artificial) active materials, which exhibit emergent behavior and the ability to perform tasks in response to external stimuli. A major challenge for understanding and designing active matter is their inherent nonequilibrium nature due to persistent energy consumption, which invalidates equilibrium concepts such as free energy, detailed balance, and time-reversal symmetry. Unraveling, predicting, and controlling the behavior of active matter is a truly interdisciplinary endeavor at the interface of biology, chemistry, ecology, engineering, mathematics, and physics. The vast complexity of phenomena and mechanisms involved in the self-organization and dynamics of motile active matter comprises a major challenge. Hence, to advance, and eventually reach a comprehensive understanding, this important research area requires a concerted, synergetic approach of the various disciplines. The 2020 motile active matter roadmap of Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter addresses the current state of the art of the field and provides guidance for both students as well as established scientists in their efforts to advance this fascinating area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Gompper
- Theoretical Soft Matter and Biophysics, Institute of Complex Systems and Institute for Advanced Simulation, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
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230
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Lee BJ, Mace EM. From stem cell to immune effector: how adhesion, migration, and polarity shape T-cell and natural killer cell lymphocyte development in vitro and in vivo. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:981-991. [PMID: 32352896 PMCID: PMC7346728 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-08-0424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphocyte development is a complex and coordinated pathway originating from pluripotent stem cells during embryogenesis and continuing even as matured lymphocytes are primed and educated in adult tissue. Hematopoietic stem cells develop in a specialized niche that includes extracellular matrix and supporting stromal and endothelial cells that both maintain stem cell pluripotency and enable the generation of differentiated cells. Cues for lymphocyte development include changes in integrin-dependent cell motility and adhesion which ultimately help to determine cell fate. The capacity of lymphocytes to adhere and migrate is important for modulating these developmental signals both by regulating the cues that the cell receives from the local microenvironment as well as facilitating the localization of precursors to tissue niches throughout the body. Here we consider how changing migratory and adhesive phenotypes contribute to human natural killer (NK)- and T-cell development as they undergo development from precursors to mature, circulating cells and how our understanding of this process is informed by in vitro models of T- and NK cell generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barclay J. Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005
- Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Emily M. Mace
- Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
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231
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Environmental Restrictions: A New Concept Governing HIV-1 Spread Emerging from Integrated Experimental-Computational Analysis of Tissue-Like 3D Cultures. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051112. [PMID: 32365826 PMCID: PMC7291240 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 can use cell-free and cell-associated transmission modes to infect new target cells, but how the virus spreads in the infected host remains to be determined. We recently established 3D collagen cultures to study HIV-1 spread in tissue-like environments and applied iterative cycles of experimentation and computation to develop a first in silico model to describe the dynamics of HIV-1 spread in complex tissue. These analyses (i) revealed that 3D collagen environments restrict cell-free HIV-1 infection but promote cell-associated virus transmission and (ii) defined that cell densities in tissue dictate the efficacy of these transmission modes for virus spread. In this review, we discuss, in the context of the current literature, the implications of this study for our understanding of HIV-1 spread in vivo, which aspects of in vivo physiology this integrated experimental-computational analysis takes into account, and how it can be further improved experimentally and in silico.
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232
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PD-1, PD-L1, and BIM as Predictors of Sentinel Lymph Node Metastasis in Primary Cutaneous Melanoma. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 140:2301-2304.e3. [PMID: 32275976 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.03.948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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233
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Loisy A, Eggers J, Liverpool TB. How many ways a cell can move: the modes of self-propulsion of an active drop. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:3106-3124. [PMID: 32154549 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00070a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Numerous physical models have been proposed to explain how cell motility emerges from internal activity, mostly focused on how crawling motion arises from internal processes. Here we offer a classification of self-propulsion mechanisms based on general physical principles, showing that crawling is not the only way for cells to move on a substrate. We consider a thin drop of active matter on a planar substrate and fully characterize its autonomous motion for all three possible sources of driving: (i) the stresses induced in the bulk by active components, which allow in particular tractionless motion, (ii) the self-propulsion of active components at the substrate, which gives rise to crawling motion, and (iii) a net capillary force, possibly self-generated, and coupled to internal activity. We determine travelling-wave solutions to the lubrication equations as a function of a dimensionless activity parameter for each mode of motion. Numerical simulations are used to characterize the drop motion over a wide range of activity magnitudes, and explicit analytical solutions in excellent agreement with the simulations are derived in the weak-activity regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurore Loisy
- School of Mathematics, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1UG, UK.
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234
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Nakazawa N, Kengaku M. Mechanical Regulation of Nuclear Translocation in Migratory Neurons. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:150. [PMID: 32226788 PMCID: PMC7080992 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal migration is a critical step during the formation of functional neural circuits in the brain. Newborn neurons need to move across long distances from the germinal zone to their individual sites of function; during their migration, they must often squeeze their large, stiff nuclei, against strong mechanical stresses, through narrow spaces in developing brain tissue. Recent studies have clarified how actomyosin and microtubule motors generate mechanical forces in specific subcellular compartments and synergistically drive nuclear translocation in neurons. On the other hand, the mechanical properties of the surrounding tissues also contribute to their function as an adhesive support for cytoskeletal force transmission, while they also serve as a physical barrier to nuclear translocation. In this review, we discuss recent studies on nuclear migration in developing neurons, from both cell and mechanobiological viewpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naotaka Nakazawa
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mineko Kengaku
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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235
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Moreau HD, Lennon-Duménil AM, Pierobon P. “If you please… draw me a cell”. Insights from immune cells. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:133/5/jcs244806. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.244806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Studies in recent years have shed light on the particular features of cytoskeleton dynamics in immune cells, challenging the classical picture drawn from typical adherent cell lines. New mechanisms linking the dynamics of the membrane–cytoskeleton interface to the mechanical properties of immune cells have been uncovered and shown to be essential for immune surveillance functions. In this Essay, we discuss these features, and propose immune cells as a new playground for cell biologists who try to understand how cells adapt to different microenvironments to fulfil their functions efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène D. Moreau
- INSERM U932, Institut Curie, ANR-10-IDEX-0001-02 PSL and ANR-11-LABX-0043, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris, Cedex 05, France
| | - Ana-Maria Lennon-Duménil
- INSERM U932, Institut Curie, ANR-10-IDEX-0001-02 PSL and ANR-11-LABX-0043, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris, Cedex 05, France
| | - Paolo Pierobon
- INSERM U932, Institut Curie, ANR-10-IDEX-0001-02 PSL and ANR-11-LABX-0043, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris, Cedex 05, France
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236
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Catz SD, McLeish KR. Therapeutic targeting of neutrophil exocytosis. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 107:393-408. [PMID: 31990103 PMCID: PMC7044074 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3ri0120-645r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of neutrophil activation causes disease in humans. Neither global inhibition of neutrophil functions nor neutrophil depletion provides safe and/or effective therapeutic approaches. The role of neutrophil granule exocytosis in multiple steps leading to recruitment and cell injury led each of our laboratories to develop molecular inhibitors that interfere with specific molecular regulators of secretion. This review summarizes neutrophil granule formation and contents, the role granule cargo plays in neutrophil functional responses and neutrophil-mediated diseases, and the mechanisms of granule release that provide the rationale for development of our exocytosis inhibitors. We present evidence for the inhibition of granule exocytosis in vitro and in vivo by those inhibitors and summarize animal data indicating that inhibition of neutrophil exocytosis is a viable therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio D. Catz
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Kenneth R. McLeish
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY
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237
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Martens R, Permanyer M, Werth K, Yu K, Braun A, Halle O, Halle S, Patzer GE, Bošnjak B, Kiefer F, Janssen A, Friedrichsen M, Poetzsch J, Kohli K, Lueder Y, Gutierrez Jauregui R, Eckert N, Worbs T, Galla M, Förster R. Efficient homing of T cells via afferent lymphatics requires mechanical arrest and integrin-supported chemokine guidance. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1114. [PMID: 32111837 PMCID: PMC7048855 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14921-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Little is known regarding lymph node (LN)-homing of immune cells via afferent lymphatics. Here, we show, using a photo-convertible Dendra-2 reporter, that recently activated CD4 T cells enter downstream LNs via afferent lymphatics at high frequencies. Intra-lymphatic immune cell transfer and live imaging data further show that activated T cells come to an instantaneous arrest mediated passively by the mechanical 3D-sieve barrier of the LN subcapsular sinus (SCS). Arrested T cells subsequently migrate randomly on the sinus floor independent of both chemokines and integrins. However, chemokine receptors are imperative for guiding cells out of the SCS, and for their subsequent directional translocation towards the T cell zone. By contrast, integrins are dispensable for LN homing, yet still contribute by increasing the dwell time within the SCS and by potentially enhancing T cell sensing of chemokine gradients. Together, these findings provide fundamental insights into mechanisms that control homing of lymph-derived immune cells. Immune cells mostly enter lymph nodes (LN) from blood circulation, but whether afferent lymphatics contributes to LN entry is unclear. Here, the authors show, using a photo-convertible reporter, that T cells in afferent lymphatics frequently enter LN and become arrested in the subcapsular sinus, with chemokines and integrins further guiding their migration in the LN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rieke Martens
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marc Permanyer
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kathrin Werth
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kai Yu
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Asolina Braun
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Olga Halle
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stephan Halle
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Berislav Bošnjak
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Friedemann Kiefer
- Mammalian Cell Signaling Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Anika Janssen
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Jenny Poetzsch
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Karan Kohli
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yvonne Lueder
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Nadine Eckert
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tim Worbs
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Melanie Galla
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Reinhold Förster
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany. .,Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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238
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Abstract
The influx and efflux of cells and antigens to and from the draining lymph nodes largely take place through the subcapsular, cortical and medullary sinus systems. Recent analyses in mice and humans have revealed unexpected diversity in the lymphatic endothelial cells, which form the distinct regions of the sinuses. As a semipermeable barrier, the lymphatic endothelial cells regulate the sorting of lymph-borne antigens to the lymph node parenchyma and can themselves serve as antigen-presenting cells. The leukocytes entering the lymph node via the sinus system and the lymphocytes egressing from the parenchyma migrate through the lymphatic endothelial cell layer. The sinus lymphatic endothelial cells also orchestrate the organogenesis of lymph nodes, and they undergo bidirectional signalling with other sinus-resident cells, such as subcapsular sinus macrophages, to generate a unique lymphatic niche. In this Review, we consider the structural and functional basis of how the lymph node sinus system coordinates immune responses under physiological conditions, and in inflammation and cancer.
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239
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Liu H, Zhu L, Dudiki T, Gabanic B, Good L, Podrez EA, Cherepanova OA, Qin J, Byzova TV. Macrophage Migration and Phagocytosis Are Controlled by Kindlin-3's Link to the Cytoskeleton. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:1954-1967. [PMID: 32094207 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Major myeloid cell functions from adhesion to migration and phagocytosis are mediated by integrin adhesion complexes, also known as adhesome. The presence of a direct integrin binding partner Kindlin-3 is crucial for these functions, and its lack causes severe immunodeficiency in humans. However, how Kindlin-3 is incorporated into the adhesome and how its function is regulated is poorly understood. In this study, using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, we show that Kindlin-3 directly interacts with paxillin (PXN) and leupaxin (LPXN) via G43/L47 within its F0 domain. Surprisingly, disruption of Kindlin-3-PXN/LPXN interactions in Raw 264.7 macrophages promoted cell spreading and polarization, resulting in upregulation of both general cell motility and directed cell migration, which is in a drastic contrast to the consequences of Kindlin-3 knockout. Moreover, disruption of Kindlin-3-PXN/LPXN binding promoted the transition from mesenchymal to amoeboid mode of movement as well as augmented phagocytosis. Thus, these novel links between Kindlin-3 and key adhesome members PXN/LPXN limit myeloid cell motility and phagocytosis, thereby providing an important immune regulatory mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Liu
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Liang Zhu
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195; and
| | - Tejasvi Dudiki
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Benjamin Gabanic
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Logan Good
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Eugene A Podrez
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Olga A Cherepanova
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195; and
| | - Jun Qin
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195; and
| | - Tatiana V Byzova
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195;
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240
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Dudiki T, Meller J, Mahajan G, Liu H, Zhevlakova I, Stefl S, Witherow C, Podrez E, Kothapalli CR, Byzova TV. Microglia control vascular architecture via a TGFβ1 dependent paracrine mechanism linked to tissue mechanics. Nat Commun 2020; 11:986. [PMID: 32080187 PMCID: PMC7033106 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14787-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue microarchitecture and mechanics are important in development and pathologies of the Central Nervous System (CNS); however, their coordinating mechanisms are unclear. Here, we report that during colonization of the retina, microglia contacts the deep layer of high stiffness, which coincides with microglial bipolarization, reduction in TGFβ1 signaling and termination of vascular growth. Likewise, stiff substrates induce microglial bipolarization and diminish TGFβ1 expression in hydrogels. Both microglial bipolarization in vivo and the responses to stiff substrates in vitro require intracellular adaptor Kindlin3 but not microglial integrins. Lack of Kindlin3 causes high microglial contractility, dysregulation of ERK signaling, excessive TGFβ1 expression and abnormally-patterned vasculature with severe malformations in the area of photoreceptors. Both excessive TGFβ1 signaling and vascular defects caused by Kindlin3-deficient microglia are rescued by either microglial depletion or microglial knockout of TGFβ1 in vivo. This mechanism underlies an interplay between microglia, vascular patterning and tissue mechanics within the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejasvi Dudiki
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Julia Meller
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Gautam Mahajan
- Chemical and Biomedical Engineering Department, Washkewicz College of Engineering, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Huan Liu
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Irina Zhevlakova
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Samantha Stefl
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Conner Witherow
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Eugene Podrez
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Chandrasekhar R Kothapalli
- Chemical and Biomedical Engineering Department, Washkewicz College of Engineering, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Tatiana V Byzova
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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241
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Abstract
Several prokaryotes and eukaryotic cells swim in the presence of deformable and rigid surfaces that form confinement. The most commonly observed examples from biological systems are motility of leukocytes and pathogens present within the blood suspension through a microvascular network, and locomotion of eukaryotic cells such as immune system cells and cancerous cells through interstices between soft interstitial cells and the extracellular matrix within the interstitial tissue. This motivated us to investigate numerically the flow dynamics of amoeboid swimming in a flexible channel. The effects of wall stiffness and channel confinement on the flow dynamics and swimmer motion are studied. The swimmer motion through the flexible channel is substantially decelerated compared to the rigid channel. The strong confinement in the amply flexible channel imprisons the swimmer by severely restricting its forward motion. The swimmer velocity in a stiff channel displays nonmonotonic variation with the confinement while it shows monotonic reduction in a highly flexible channel. The physical rationale behind such distinct velocity behaviour in flexible and rigid channels is illustrated using an instantaneous flow field and flow history displayed by the swimmer. This behavior follows from a subtle interplay between the shape changes exhibited by the swimmer and the wall compliance. This study may aid in understanding the influence of elasticity of the surrounding environment on cell motility in immunological surveillance and invasiveness of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapnil Dalal
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LIPhy, F-38000 Grenoble, France.
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242
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Mai MH, Camley BA. Hydrodynamic effects on the motility of crawling eukaryotic cells. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:1349-1358. [PMID: 31934705 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm01797f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cell motility is crucial during development, wound healing, the immune response, and cancer metastasis. Some eukaryotic cells can swim, but cells more commonly adhere to and crawl along the extracellular matrix. We study the relationship between hydrodynamics and adhesion that describe whether a cell is swimming, crawling, or combining these motions. Our simple model of a cell, based on the three-sphere swimmer, is capable of both swimming and crawling. As cell-matrix adhesion strength increases, the influence of hydrodynamics on migration diminishes. Cells with significant adhesion can crawl with speeds much larger than their nonadherent, swimming counterparts. We predict that, while most eukaryotic cells are in the strong-adhesion limit, increasing environment viscosity or decreasing cell-matrix adhesion could lead to significant hydrodynamic effects even in crawling cells. Signatures of hydrodynamic effects include a dependence of cell speed on the presence of a nearby substrate or interactions between noncontacting cells. These signatures will be suppressed at large adhesion strengths, but even strongly adherent cells will generate relevant fluid flows that will advect nearby passive particles and swimmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa H Mai
- Department of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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243
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Lavi I, Meunier N, Voituriez R, Casademunt J. Motility and morphodynamics of confined cells. Phys Rev E 2020; 101:022404. [PMID: 32168566 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.101.022404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a minimal hydrodynamic model of polarization, migration, and deformation of a biological cell confined between two parallel surfaces. In our model, the cell is driven out of equilibrium by an active cytsokeleton force that acts on the membrane. The cell cytoplasm, described as a viscous droplet in the Darcy flow regime, contains a diffusive solute that actively transduces the applied cytoskeleton force. While fairly simple and analytically tractable, this quasi-two-dimensional model predicts a range of compelling dynamic behaviours. A linear stability analysis of the system reveals that solute activity first destabilizes a global polarization-translation mode, prompting cell motility through spontaneous symmetry breaking. At higher activity, the system crosses a series of Hopf bifurcations leading to coupled oscillations of droplet shape and solute concentration profiles. At the nonlinear level, we find traveling-wave solutions associated with unique polarized shapes that resemble experimental observations. Altogether, this model offers an analytical paradigm of active deformable systems in which viscous hydrodynamics are coupled to diffusive force transducers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ido Lavi
- Laboratoire Jean Perrin, CNRS/Sorbonne Université, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
- Departament de Fsica de la Matria Condensada, Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Raphael Voituriez
- Laboratoire Jean Perrin, CNRS/Sorbonne Université, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique de la Matière Condensée, CNRS/Sorbonne Université, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jaume Casademunt
- Departament de Fsica de la Matria Condensada, Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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244
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Clarke A, McQueen PG, Fang HY, Kannan R, Wang V, McCreedy E, Buckley T, Johannessen E, Wincovitch S, Giniger E. Dynamic morphogenesis of a pioneer axon in Drosophila and its regulation by Abl tyrosine kinase. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:452-465. [PMID: 31967935 PMCID: PMC7185889 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-10-0563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The fundamental problem in axon growth and guidance is to understand how cytoplasmic signaling modulates the cytoskeleton to produce directed growth cone motility. We here dissect this process using live imaging of the TSM1 axon of the developing Drosophila wing. We find that the growth cone is almost purely filopodial, and that it extends by a protrusive mode of growth. Quantitative analysis reveals two separate groups of growth cone properties that together account for growth cone structure and dynamics. The core morphological features of the growth cone are strongly correlated with one another and define two discrete morphs. Genetic manipulation of a critical mediator of axon guidance signaling, Abelson (Abl) tyrosine kinase, shows that while Abl weakly modulates the ratio of the two morphs it does not greatly change their properties. Rather, Abl primarily regulates the second group of properties, which report the organization and distribution of actin in the growth cone and are coupled to growth cone velocity. Other experiments dissect the nature of that regulation of actin organization and how it controls the spatial localization of filopodial dynamics and thus axon extension. Together, these observations suggest a novel, probabilistic mechanism by which Abl biases the stochastic fluctuations of growth cone actin to direct axon growth and guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanni Clarke
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine/NIH Graduate Partnership Program, Washington, DC 20037
| | - Philip G McQueen
- Center for Information Technology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Hsiao Yu Fang
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Ramakrishnan Kannan
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Victor Wang
- Center for Information Technology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Evan McCreedy
- Center for Information Technology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Tyler Buckley
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Erika Johannessen
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Stephen Wincovitch
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Edward Giniger
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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245
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Németh T, Sperandio M, Mócsai A. Neutrophils as emerging therapeutic targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2020; 19:253-275. [DOI: 10.1038/s41573-019-0054-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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246
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Grosche L, Mühl-Zürbes P, Ciblis B, Krawczyk A, Kuhnt C, Kamm L, Steinkasserer A, Heilingloh CS. Herpes Simplex Virus Type-2 Paralyzes the Function of Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells. Viruses 2020; 12:E112. [PMID: 31963276 PMCID: PMC7019625 DOI: 10.3390/v12010112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex viruses not only infect a variety of different cell types, including dendritic cells (DCs), but also modulate important cellular functions in benefit of the virus. Given the relevance of directed immune cell migration during the initiation of potent antiviral immune responses, interference with DC migration constitutes a sophisticated strategy to hamper antiviral immunity. Notably, recent reports revealed that HSV-1 significantly inhibits DC migration in vitro. Thus, we aimed to investigate whether HSV-2 also modulates distinct hallmarks of DC biology. Here, we demonstrate that HSV-2 negatively interferes with chemokine-dependent in vitro migration capacity of mature DCs (mDCs). Interestingly, rather than mediating the reduction of the cognate chemokine receptor expression early during infection, HSV-2 rapidly induces β2 integrin (LFA-1)-mediated mDC adhesion and thereby blocks mDC migration. Mechanistically, HSV-2 triggers the proteasomal degradation of the negative regulator of β2 integrin activity, CYTIP, which causes the constitutive activation of LFA-1 and thus mDC adhesion. In conclusion, our data extend and strengthen recent findings reporting the reduction of mDC migration in the context of a herpesviral infection. We thus hypothesize that hampering antigen delivery to secondary lymphoid organs by inhibition of mDC migration is an evolutionary conserved strategy among distinct members of Herpesviridae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Grosche
- Department of Immune Modulation, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Petra Mühl-Zürbes
- Department of Immune Modulation, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Barbara Ciblis
- Department of Immune Modulation, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Adalbert Krawczyk
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, D-45147 Essen, Germany
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, D-45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Christine Kuhnt
- Department of Immune Modulation, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lisa Kamm
- Department of Immune Modulation, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexander Steinkasserer
- Department of Immune Modulation, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christiane Silke Heilingloh
- Department of Immune Modulation, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91052 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, D-45147 Essen, Germany
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247
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Stankevicins L, Ecker N, Terriac E, Maiuri P, Schoppmeyer R, Vargas P, Lennon-Duménil AM, Piel M, Qu B, Hoth M, Kruse K, Lautenschläger F. Deterministic actin waves as generators of cell polarization cues. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:826-835. [PMID: 31882452 PMCID: PMC6969493 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1907845117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells "patrol" the human body to detect pathogens. In their search, dendritic cells perform a random walk by amoeboid migration. The efficiency of pathogen detection depends on the properties of the random walk. It is not known how the dendritic cells control these properties. Here, we quantify dendritic cell migration under well-defined 2-dimensional confinement and in a 3-dimensional collagen matrix through recording their long-term trajectories. We find 2 different migration states: persistent migration, during which the dendritic cells move along curved paths, and diffusive migration, which is characterized by successive sharp turns. These states exhibit differences in the actin distributions. Our theoretical and experimental analyses indicate that this kind of motion can be generated by spontaneous actin polymerization waves that contribute to dendritic cell polarization and migration. The relative distributions of persistent and diffusive migration can be changed by modification of the molecular actin filament nucleation and assembly rates. Thus, dendritic cells can control their migration patterns and adapt to specific environments. Our study offers an additional perspective on how dendritic cells tune their searches for pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza Stankevicins
- Bio Interfaces, Leibniz Institute for New Materials, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Nicolas Ecker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Theoretical Physics, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Terriac
- Bio Interfaces, Leibniz Institute for New Materials, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Paolo Maiuri
- International Foundations of Medicine (IFOM), The Fondazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro (FIRC) Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139 Milano, Italy
| | - Rouven Schoppmeyer
- Department of Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Pablo Vargas
- INSERM U932, Institut Curie, 75005 Paris, France
- CNRS UMR144, Institut Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | | | - Matthieu Piel
- Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR 144, Université Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL) Research University, 75005 Paris, France
- Institut Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Bin Qu
- International Foundations of Medicine (IFOM), The Fondazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro (FIRC) Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139 Milano, Italy
| | - Markus Hoth
- Department of Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Karsten Kruse
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Theoretical Physics, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- National Center for Competence in Research Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Franziska Lautenschläger
- Bio Interfaces, Leibniz Institute for New Materials, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany;
- Department of Natural Sciences, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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248
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Eckert N, Permanyer M, Yu K, Werth K, Förster R. Chemokines and other mediators in the development and functional organization of lymph nodes. Immunol Rev 2020; 289:62-83. [PMID: 30977201 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Secondary lymphoid organs like lymph nodes (LNs) are the main inductive sites for adaptive immune responses. Lymphocytes are constantly entering LNs, scanning the environment for their cognate antigen and get replenished by incoming cells after a certain period of time. As only a minor percentage of lymphocytes recognizes cognate antigen, this mechanism of permanent recirculation ensures fast and effective immune responses when necessary. Thus, homing, positioning, and activation as well as egress require precise regulation within LNs. In this review we discuss the mediators, including chemokines, cytokines, growth factors, and others that are involved in the formation of the LN anlage and subsequent functional organization of LNs. We highlight very recent findings in the fields of LN development, steady-state migration in LNs, and the intranodal processes during an adaptive immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Eckert
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marc Permanyer
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kai Yu
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kathrin Werth
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Reinhold Förster
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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249
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Lämmermann T, Kastenmüller W. Concepts of GPCR-controlled navigation in the immune system. Immunol Rev 2020; 289:205-231. [PMID: 30977203 PMCID: PMC6487968 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
G‐protein–coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling is essential for the spatiotemporal control of leukocyte dynamics during immune responses. For efficient navigation through mammalian tissues, most leukocyte types express more than one GPCR on their surface and sense a wide range of chemokines and chemoattractants, leading to basic forms of leukocyte movement (chemokinesis, haptokinesis, chemotaxis, haptotaxis, and chemorepulsion). How leukocytes integrate multiple GPCR signals and make directional decisions in lymphoid and inflamed tissues is still subject of intense research. Many of our concepts on GPCR‐controlled leukocyte navigation in the presence of multiple GPCR signals derive from in vitro chemotaxis studies and lower vertebrates. In this review, we refer to these concepts and critically contemplate their relevance for the directional movement of several leukocyte subsets (neutrophils, T cells, and dendritic cells) in the complexity of mouse tissues. We discuss how leukocyte navigation can be regulated at the level of only a single GPCR (surface expression, competitive antagonism, oligomerization, homologous desensitization, and receptor internalization) or multiple GPCRs (synergy, hierarchical and non‐hierarchical competition, sequential signaling, heterologous desensitization, and agonist scavenging). In particular, we will highlight recent advances in understanding GPCR‐controlled leukocyte navigation by intravital microscopy of immune cells in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Lämmermann
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
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250
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Stein JV, Ruef N. Regulation of global CD8 + T-cell positioning by the actomyosin cytoskeleton. Immunol Rev 2020; 289:232-249. [PMID: 30977193 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CD8+ T cells have evolved as one of the most motile mammalian cell types, designed to continuously scan peptide-major histocompatibility complexes class I on the surfaces of other cells. Chemoattractants and adhesion molecules direct CD8+ T-cell homing to and migration within secondary lymphoid organs, where these cells colocalize with antigen-presenting dendritic cells in confined tissue volumes. CD8+ T-cell activation induces a switch to infiltration of non-lymphoid tissue (NLT), which differ in their topology and biophysical properties from lymphoid tissue. Here, we provide a short overview on regulation of organism-wide trafficking patterns during naive T-cell recirculation and their switch to non-lymphoid tissue homing during activation. The migratory lifestyle of CD8+ T cells is regulated by their actomyosin cytoskeleton, which translates chemical signals from surface receptors into mechanical work. We explore how properties of the actomyosin cytoskeleton and its regulators affect CD8+ T cell function in lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissue, combining recent findings in the field of cell migration and actin network regulation with tissue anatomy. Finally, we hypothesize that under certain conditions, intrinsic regulation of actomyosin dynamics may render NLT CD8+ T-cell populations less dependent on input from extrinsic signals during tissue scanning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens V Stein
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Nora Ruef
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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