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Victor LV, Cortelli SC, Aquino DR, de Carvalho Filho J, Cortelli JR. Periodontal profile and presence of periodontal pathogens in young African-Americans from Salvador, Ba, Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2008; 39:226-32. [PMID: 24031206 PMCID: PMC3768400 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822008000200005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2007] [Revised: 09/22/2007] [Accepted: 02/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This cross-sectional study evaluated the periodontal status and the presence of periodontopathogens in 132 young, black ethnic subjects who live in Salvador/Bahia-Brazil and have never smoked. Periodontal Probing Depth (PPD), Clinical Attachment Level (CAL), Plaque Index (PI) and Gingival Index (GI) were measured and analyzed by ANOVA and Wilcoxon tests (p<0.05) according to gender and age. The presence of A.actinomycetemcomitans, P.gingivalis, E.corrodens and F.nucleatum was determined by PCR and was analyzed by ANOVA, Wilcoxon, Student-t tests (p<0.05). Mean values of PPD and CAL were 2.18 and 1.0mm, respectively. Clinical parameters did not show differences between subjects of varying gender and age. The microbial prevalence was observed to be 95.45% for E.corrodens followed by F.nucleatum with 68.18%, A.actinomycetemcomitans with 45.45% and P gingivalis with 40.9%. An association between the presence of pathogens and gender and age was not observed (p<0.05). PPD, CAL and PI were not associated with P.gingivalis; however, GI appeared in higher frequencies among subjects without P.gingivalis. In this young, black ethnic, Brazilian population, a high percentage (96.96%) of subjects harbored at least one selected periodontal pathogen, but most subjects showed a healthy periodontal status. Further investigations are required to evaluate the actual influence of the presence of these bacterial species.
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302
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Mullany P, Hunter S, Allan E. Chapter 4 Metagenomics of Dental Biofilms. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2008; 64:125-36. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(08)00404-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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303
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304
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Siqueira JF. On the issue of uncultivated bacteria and dead cell detection by molecular methods: Reply to Dr. Nair’s commentary. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 105:5-8; author reply 8-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2007.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2007] [Accepted: 07/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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305
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DeAngelo SJ, Kumar PS, Beck FM, Tatakis DN, Leblebicioglu B. Early soft tissue healing around one-stage dental implants: clinical and microbiologic parameters. J Periodontol 2007; 78:1878-86. [PMID: 18062110 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2007.070122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the potential significance of early soft tissue healing to long-term outcomes, this aspect of one-stage dental implants has not been investigated. The purpose of this prospective study was to characterize clinical and microbiologic parameters of early soft tissue healing around dental implants placed following a one-stage protocol. METHODS Twenty-one patients (11 females and 10 males, aged 18 to 78 years; two smokers) needing a single implant were included. Clinical parameters included probing depth, buccal flap thickness, papilla height, and bleeding on probing. Subgingival plaque samples were obtained pre- and postoperatively and analyzed using molecular techniques. RESULTS The newly formed peri-implant sulcus probing depth remained fairly stable from 4 to 12 weeks (P > 0.05). There was no statistically significant association between flap thickness or papillary height and number of implant bleeding sites at 12 weeks (P > 0.05). Detection of known periodontal pathogens was rare. Fusobacterium nucleatum was present in 17 patients prior to surgery, and 71% of them became carriers of this bacterium at the implant site by the second postoperative week. The number of F. nucleatum-positive subjects around the implant was significantly lower than the number of F. nucleatum-positive subjects around teeth (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Peri-implant soft tissue clinical maturity may be established as early as 4 weeks following implant placement by a one-stage surgical protocol; neither preexisting flap thickness nor papillary height seemed to influence newly forming peri-implant sulcus depth or bleeding on probing prevalence. For the most part, the newly created peri-implant crevices were colonized by specific bacteria within 2 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J DeAngelo
- Section of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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306
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Kuramitsu HK, He X, Lux R, Anderson MH, Shi W. Interspecies interactions within oral microbial communities. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2007; 71:653-70. [PMID: 18063722 PMCID: PMC2168648 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00024-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 404] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
While reductionism has greatly advanced microbiology in the past 400 years, assembly of smaller pieces just could not explain the whole! Modern microbiologists are learning "system thinking" and "holism." Such an approach is changing our understanding of microbial physiology and our ability to diagnose/treat microbial infections. This review uses oral microbial communities as a focal point to describe this new trend. With the common name "dental plaque," oral microbial communities are some of the most complex microbial floras in the human body, consisting of more than 700 different bacterial species. For a very long time, oral microbiologists endeavored to use reductionism to identify the key genes or key pathogens responsible for oral microbial pathogenesis. The limitations of reductionism forced scientists to begin adopting new strategies using emerging concepts such as interspecies interaction, microbial community, biofilms, polymicrobial disease, etc. These new research directions indicate that the whole is much more than the simple sum of its parts, since the interactions between different parts resulted in many new physiological functions which cannot be observed with individual components. This review describes some of these interesting interspecies-interaction scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard K Kuramitsu
- Department of Oral Boiology, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
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307
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Ferraro CTL, Gornic C, Barbosa AS, Peixoto RJM, Colombo APV. Detection of Dialister pneumosintes in the subgingival biofilm of subjects with periodontal disease. Anaerobe 2007; 13:244-8. [PMID: 17980633 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2007.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2007] [Revised: 08/27/2007] [Accepted: 09/13/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Dialister pneumosintes has been indicated as a potentially new periodontopathic species. This study evaluated the prevalence of this microorganism in saliva and subgingival biofilm from subjects with different periodontal conditions. Subgingival biofilm and saliva samples from 48 subjects with periodontal health (PH) and 116 patients with chronic periodontitis (CP) were obtained. DNA was extracted from the samples and the presence of D. pneumosintes was determined by PCR. Differences in clinical parameters and frequency of D. pneumosintes between groups were sought by Mann-Whitney, Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests. Overall, D. pneumosintes was detected in 47.8% of the biofilm samples, but only in 3% of saliva samples. CP patients presented a significantly greater mean prevalence of this species in sites with periodontal health and periodontal infection (43.5+/-7.4% and 62.1+/-6.4%, respectively) than PH subjects (29.4+/-7.9%) (Mann-Whitney; p<0.01). Moreover, significant associations between the prevalence of D. pneumosintes and pocket depth (p=0.001), attachment loss (p=0.001) and bleeding on probing (GLM, p=0.014) were observed after adjusting for age and gender. These findings corroborate the association of D. pneumosintes with periodontitis.
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308
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Spencer P, Greenman J, McKenzie C, Gafan G, Spratt D, Flanagan A. In vitrobiofilm model for studying tongue flora and malodour. J Appl Microbiol 2007; 103:985-92. [PMID: 17897202 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03344.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To develop a perfusion biofilm system to model tongue biofilm microflora and their physiological response to sulfur-containing substrates (S-substrates) in terms of volatile sulfide compound (VSC) production. METHODS AND RESULTS Tongue-scrape inocula were used to establish in vitro perfusion biofilms which were examined in terms of ecological composition using culture-dependent and independent (PCR-DGGE) approaches. VSC-specific activity of cells was measured by a cell suspension assay, using a portable industrial sulfide monitor which was also used to monitor VSC production from biofilms in situ. Quasi steady states were achieved by 48 h and continued to 96 h. The mean (+/-SEM) growth rate for 72-h biofilms (n=4) was micro=0.014 h(-1) (+/-0.005 h(-1)). Comparison of biofilms, perfusate and original inoculum showed their ecological composition to be similar (Pearson coefficient>0.64). Perfusate and biofilm cells derived from the same condition (co-sampled) were equivalent with regard to VSC-specific activities which were up-regulated in the presence of S-substrates. CONCLUSIONS The model maintained a stable tongue microcosm suitable for studying VSC production; biofilm growth in the presence of S-substrates up-regulated VSC activity. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The method is apt for studying ecological and physiological aspects of oral biofilms and could be useful for screening inhibitory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Spencer
- Centre for Research in Biomedicine, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK
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309
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Chung HY, Sung H, Lee MY, Yoon NS, Lee SG, Suh DJ, Kim MN. A Case of Bacteremia by Atopobium rimae in a Patient with Liver Cirrhosis. Ann Lab Med 2007; 27:351-4. [DOI: 10.3343/kjlm.2007.27.5.351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Young Chung
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Heungsup Sung
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi-Young Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Nam Sup Yoon
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Geun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Jin Suh
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi-Na Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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310
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Tanner ACR, Kent R, Kanasi E, Lu SC, Paster BJ, Sonis ST, Murray LA, Van Dyke TE. Clinical characteristics and microbiota of progressing slight chronic periodontitis in adults. J Clin Periodontol 2007; 34:917-30. [PMID: 17877747 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2007.01126.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study sought clinical and microbial risk indicators for progressing slight periodontitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS One hundred and seventeen periodontally healthy or slight periodontitis adults (20-40 years) were monitored clinically at 6-month intervals followed by supragingival cleaning. Inter-proximal sites with >1.5 mm increase in clinical attachment over 18 months were considered disease active. Subgingival plaque was analysed by 78 16S rDNA and 38 whole-genomic DNA probes and by PCR to Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia. Characteristics were compared between active and inactive subjects. RESULTS Twenty-two subjects showed disease activity principally at molars. Mean baseline gingival and plaque indices, bleeding on probing, probing depth and clinical attachment level (CAL) were higher in active subjects. DNA probes detected species and not-yet-cultivated phylotypes from chronic periodontitis, although few species were associated with active subjects. By PCR P. gingivalis (p=0.007) and T. forsythia (p=0.075) were detected more frequently during monitoring in active subjects. Stepwise logistic analysis associated baseline levels of gingival index, clinical attachment and bleeding with subsequent clinical attachment loss. CONCLUSIONS Gingivitis and CAL were significantly associated with progressing slight periodontitis in 20--40-year-old adults. Species associated with moderate and advanced chronic periodontitis were detected in slight periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne C R Tanner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Clinical Research Center, The Forsyth Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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311
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Siqueira JF, Rôças IN. Molecular detection and identification of Synergistes phylotypes in primary endodontic infections. Oral Dis 2007; 13:398-401. [PMID: 17577326 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2006.01301.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM Uncultivated phylotypes from the Synergistes group have recently emerged as suspected endodontic pathogens. This study aimed to investigate the presence and identity of these bacteria in primary endodontic infections using a 16S rRNA gene-based group-specific heminested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocol. MATERIALS AND METHODS Genomic DNA was isolated directly from clinical samples and used as templates for PCR. Amplicons from positive specimens were sequenced and phylogenetically analyzed to determine species identity. RESULTS Overall, about one-third of the samples harbored Synergistes bacteria. The following phylotypes were disclosed: oral clones W028, BA121/P4G_18 P1, W090, BH017 and E3_33. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrated that as-yet uncultivated Synergistes phylotypes are present in the endodontic microbiota and a role in causation of apical periodontitis is suggested though remains unproven.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Siqueira
- Department of Endodontics, Estácio de Sá University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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312
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Abstract
The "Synergistes" group of organisms are a phylogenetic cluster of Gram-negative anaerobes related to Synergistes jonesii, sufficiently distinct from all other phyla to be considered a distinct phylum or Division. They are widely distributed in nature although normally only a minor constituent of the bacterial community in each habitat. They have evolved to adapt to each habitat, and therefore exhibit a wide range of physiological and biochemical characteristics, although all cultivable taxa so far studied have the ability to degrade amino acids. They are found in the human mouth where they appear to be more numerous in tooth and gum disease than health. They have also been found in the human gut and soft tissue infections. Their role in human disease has yet to be established but improved knowledge of the characteristics that enable their identification should increase the likelihood of their recognition when present at diseased sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia R Vartoukian
- King's College London Dental Institute at Guy's, King's College and St Thomas' Hospitals, Infection Research Group, London, SE1 9RT, UK
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313
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Abstract
PURPOSE To report a novel case of infectious crystalline keratopathy after penetrating keratoplasty caused by Gemella haemolysans. METHODS Observational case report. Patient notes and literature review. RESULTS A 51-year-old woman presented with the clinical picture of infectious crystalline keratopathy 18 months after a second penetrating keratoplasty was performed for corneal decompensation secondary to recurrent herpes simplex infection. Corneal biopsy yielded a heavy growth of G. haemolysans. Initial treatment was made up of frequent topical vancomycin 0.5% and was later changed to topical cefuroxime 5% and ofloxacin 0.3%. Snellen visual acuity after complete resolution of the keratitis was 6/60 as a result of a residual corneal scar. CONCLUSIONS Gemella haemolysans may be an etiologic agent in infectious crystalline keratopathy. A corneal biopsy may be diagnostic but may also promote healing by allowing direct access of antibiotics to deep-seated infected tissue and by altering the growth environment of the organism.
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314
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Spencer P, Greenman J, McKenzie C, Gafan G, Spratt D, Flanagan A. In vitro biofilm model for studying tongue flora and malodour. J Appl Microbiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.3344.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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315
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Uematsu H, Sato N, Djais A, Hoshino E. Degradation of arginine by Slackia exigua ATCC 700122 and Cryptobacterium curtum ATCC 700683. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 21:381-4. [PMID: 17064396 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.2006.00307.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Slackia exigua ATCC 700122(T) and Cryptobacterium curtum ATCC 700683(T) were our isolates from infected root canal and human periodontal pocket, respectively; they are asaccharolytic anaerobic gram-positive rods, which are predominant in the oral cavity. They utilize arginine, so our aim was to investigate the pathway of arginine degradation. Metabolic end products were determined with high-performance liquid chromatography. The related enzymatic activities in cell-free extract were also assayed. Both S. exigua and C. curtum degraded arginine and produced substantial amounts of citrulline, ornithine and ammonia. Arginine and citrulline supported the growth of both strains. As the related enzymatic activities, arginine deiminase, ornithine carbamoyltransferase and carbamate kinase activities were detected in the cell-free extract of S. exigua and C. curtum. Arginase and urease activities were not detected in either organism. These results suggest that arginine was metabolized by the arginine deiminase pathway. Both S. exigua and C. curtum degrade arginine via the arginine deiminase pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Uematsu
- Oral Ecology in Health and Infection, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Gakkocho-dori, Niigata, Japan
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316
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Kumar PS, Leys EJ, Bryk JM, Martinez FJ, Moeschberger ML, Griffen AL. Changes in periodontal health status are associated with bacterial community shifts as assessed by quantitative 16S cloning and sequencing. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44:3665-73. [PMID: 17021095 PMCID: PMC1594761 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00317-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The gingival sulcus contains a complex ecosystem that includes many uncultivated bacteria. Understanding the dynamics of this ecosystem in transitions between health and disease is important in advancing our understanding of the bacterial etiology of periodontitis. The objective of this longitudinal study was to examine the stability of bacterial colonization in the gingival crevice and to explore the relationship between shifts in microbial composition and changes in periodontal health status using a comprehensive, quantitative, culture-independent approach. Subgingival plaque samples and periodontal data were collected from 24 subjects over 2 years. Baseline and 2-year plaque samples were analyzed using quantitative ribosomal 16S cloning and sequencing. Ten subjects remained periodontally healthy over 2 years, the periodontal health of seven subjects worsened, and seven subjects showed clinical improvement. Bacterial stability was greatest among healthy, clinically stable subjects and lowest for subjects whose periodontal status worsened (P = 0.01). Higher numbers of species lost or gained were also observed for subjects whose clinical status changed (P = 0.009). This provides evidence that a change in periodontal status is accompanied by shifts within the bacterial community. Based on these data, measures of microbial stability may be useful in clinical diagnosis and prognosis. Regarding individual species, increases in levels of the uncultivated phylotype Veillonella sp. oral clone X042, a gram-negative bacterium and the most common member of the subgingival bacterial community, were associated with periodontal health (P = 0.04), suggesting that this is an important beneficial species. Filifactor alocis, a gram-positive anaerobe, was found at higher levels in subjects with disease (P = 0.01).
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Affiliation(s)
- Purnima S Kumar
- The Ohio State University, Section of Pediatric Dentistry, 305 W. 12th Ave., P.O. Box 182357, Columbus, OH 43218, USA
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317
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Han YW, Ikegami A, Bissada NF, Herbst M, Redline RW, Ashmead GG. Transmission of an uncultivated Bergeyella strain from the oral cavity to amniotic fluid in a case of preterm birth. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44:1475-83. [PMID: 16597879 PMCID: PMC1448680 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.44.4.1475-1483.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine infection is a recognized cause of preterm birth. The infectious organisms are believed to originate primarily from the vaginal tract and secondarily from other parts of the body. It is plausible that microbes in the oral cavity can be transmitted to the pregnant uterus. However, direct evidence supporting such a transmission is lacking. In this study, amniotic fluids of 34 pregnant women were examined by PCR using 16S and 23S rRNA universally conserved primers. Bacterial DNA was amplified from the only patient with clinical intrauterine infection and histologic necrotizing acute and chronic chorioamnionitis. One strain, Bergeyella sp. clone AF14, was detected and was 99.7% identical to a previously reported uncultivated oral Bergeyella strain, clone AK152, at the 16S rRNA level. The same strain was detected in the subgingival plaque of the patient but not in her vaginal tract. The 16S-23S rRNA sequence of clone AF14 matched exactly with the sequences amplified from the patient's subgingival plaque. These observations suggest that the Bergeyella strain identified in the patient's intrauterine infection originated from the oral cavity. This is the first direct evidence of oral-utero microbial transmission. The patient's periodontal health during pregnancy was unclear. She did not have detectable periodontal disease during postpartum examination. Bergeyella spp. had not been previously associated with preterm birth and were detected in subgingival plaque of women without clinical levels of intrauterine infection. Uncultivated species may be overlooked opportunistic pathogens in preterm birth. This study sheds new light on the implication of oral bacteria in preterm birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiping W Han
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106-4905, USA.
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318
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Haffajee AD, Teles RP, Socransky SS. Association of Eubacterium nodatum and Treponema denticola with human periodontitis lesions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 21:269-82. [PMID: 16922925 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.2006.00287.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of the present investigation was to compare the levels, proportions and percentage of sites colonized by 40 bacterial species in subgingival plaque samples from periodontally healthy subjects and patients with chronic periodontitis to seek possible pathogens other than the consensus pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia. METHOD Subgingival plaque samples were taken from the mesial aspect of each tooth in 635 subjects with chronic periodontitis and 189 periodontally healthy subjects. The samples were individually analyzed for their content of 40 bacterial species using checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization (total samples = 21,832). Mean counts, % DNA probe counts and percentage of sites colonized at >10(5) were determined for each species in each subject and then averaged in each clinical group. Significance of difference between groups was determined using the Mann-Whitney test. Association between combinations of species and periodontal status was examined by stepwise logistic regression analysis. Analyses were repeated using a subset of subjects from both clinical groups who had proportions of P. gingivalis plus T. forsythia less than the median (4.42%) found in periodontally healthy subjects. All analyses were adjusted for multiple comparisons. RESULTS For the 824 subjects the consensus pathogens P. gingivalis and T. forsythia as well as Eubacterium nodatum and Treponema denticola had significantly higher mean counts, proportions and percentage of sites colonized in samples from subjects with periodontitis than from periodontally healthy subjects. There were significantly more Capnocytophaga gingivalis, Streptococcus gordonii and Veillonella parvula in periodontally healthy subjects. E. nodatum, T. denticola, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus intermedius, Fusobacterium nucleatum ssp. vincentii all had higher counts and proportions in diseased than healthy subjects who had low proportions of P. gingivalis and T. forsythia. Logistic regression analysis indicated that the same species groups were associated with disease status after adjusting for the proportions of the other species. CONCLUSIONS This investigation confirmed the strong association of P. gingivalis and T. forsythia with chronic periodontitis and emphasized a strong association of E. nodatum and T. denticola with periodontitis whether in the presence or absence of high levels of the consensus pathogens. Other species, including S. oralis, Eikenella corrodens, S. intermedius and F. nucleatum ssp. vincentii, were associated with disease when P. gingivalis and T. forsythia were present in low proportions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Haffajee
- Department of Periodontology, The Forsyth Institute, 140 The Fenway, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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319
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Ledder RG, Gilbert P, Huws SA, Aarons L, Ashley MP, Hull PS, McBain AJ. Molecular analysis of the subgingival microbiota in health and disease. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 73:516-23. [PMID: 17085691 PMCID: PMC1796972 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01419-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This investigation provides molecular analyses of the periodontal microbiota in health and disease. Subgingival samples from 47 volunteers with healthy gingivae or clinically diagnosed chronic periodontitis were characterized by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) with primers specific for the V2-V3 region of the eubacterial 16S rRNA gene. A hierarchical dendrogram was constructed from band patterns. All unique PCR amplicons (DGGE bands) were sequenced for identity. Samples were also analyzed for the presence of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Tannerella forsythensis by multiplex PCR. Associations of patient age, gender, and smoking status together with the presence of each unique band and putative periodontal pathogens with disease were assessed by logistic regression. Periodontal pockets were colonized by complex eubacterial communities (10 to 40 distinct DGGE bands) with substantial individual variation in the community profile. Species diversity in health and disease was determined by the Shannon-Weaver index of diversity and compared by the Mann-Whitney U test. Sequence analyses of DGGE amplicons indicated the occurrence of many nontypical oral species and eubacteria previously associated with this environment. With the exception of T. forsythensis, the putative pathogens were not detected by DGGE. Multiplex PCR, however, detected T. forsythensis, A. actinomycetemcomitans, and P. gingivalis in 9% 16%, and 29% of the patients with disease, respectively. The presence of A. actinomycetemcomitans was significantly associated with disease (P < 0.01). Statistical analyses indicated that the presence of Treponema socranskii and Pseudomonas sp. was a significant predictor of disease (P < 0.05) and that there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in terms of eubacterial species diversity between health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth G Ledder
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Coupland III Building, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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320
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Li F, Hullar MAJ, Lampe JW. Optimization of terminal restriction fragment polymorphism (TRFLP) analysis of human gut microbiota. J Microbiol Methods 2006; 68:303-11. [PMID: 17069911 PMCID: PMC1853299 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2006.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2006] [Revised: 08/28/2006] [Accepted: 09/12/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Some compounds originating from the human gut microbial metabolism of exogenous and endogenous substrates may have properties that profoundly affect the host's physiological processes. The influence of these metabolites on differences in disease risk among individuals could be mediated by metabolism specific to the gut microbial community composition. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of terminal restriction fragment polymorphism (TRFLP) as a biomarker of the fecal microbial community (as a surrogate of gut microbiota) for application in human population-based studies. We tested the effects of experimental conditions on DNA quality, DNA quantity, and TRFLP patterns derived from gut bacterial communities. Genomic DNA was extracted from fecal slurries and the bacterial 16S rDNA genes were amplified and analyzed by TRFLP. We found that the composition of the TRFLP fingerprints varied by different extraction procedure. The best quality and quantity of community DNA extracted from fecal material was obtained by using the QIAamp DNA stool minikit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA) with 95 degrees C incubation and moderate bead beating treatment during the cell-lysis step. Homogenization of fecal samples reduced variation among replicates. Once the TRFLP procedure was optimized, we assessed the methodological and inter-individual variation in gut microbial community fingerprints. The methodological variation ranged from 4.5-8.1% and inter-individual variation was 50.3% for common peaks. In conclusion, standardized TRFLP is a robust, reproducible, and high-throughput method that will provide a useful biomarker for characterizing gut microbiota in human fecal samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Li
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109-1024, USA
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321
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo P Teles
- Department of Periodontology, The Forsyth Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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322
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Paster BJ, Olsen I, Aas JA, Dewhirst FE. The breadth of bacterial diversity in the human periodontal pocket and other oral sites. Periodontol 2000 2006; 42:80-7. [PMID: 16930307 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2006.00174.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 518] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruce J Paster
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Forsyth Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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323
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne C R Tanner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Forsyth Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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324
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Tanner ACR, Paster BJ, Lu SC, Kanasi E, Kent R, Van Dyke T, Sonis ST. Subgingival and tongue microbiota during early periodontitis. J Dent Res 2006; 85:318-23. [PMID: 16567551 PMCID: PMC1797065 DOI: 10.1177/154405910608500407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal infections have a microbial etiology. Association of species with early disease would be useful in determining which microbes initiate periodontitis. We hypothesized that the microbiota of subgingival and tongue samples would differ between early periodontitis and health. A cross-sectional evaluation of 141 healthy and early periodontitis adults was performed with the use of oligonucleotide probes and PCR. Most species differed in associations with sample sites; most subgingival species were associated with subgingival samples. Few species were detected more frequently in early periodontitis by DNA probes. Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia (Tannerella forsythensis) were associated with early periodontitis by direct PCR. In conclusion, the microbiota of tongue samples was less sensitive than that of subgingival samples in detecting periodontal species, and there was overlap in species detected in health and early periodontitis. Detection of periodontal pathogens in early periodontitis suggests an etiology similar to that of more advanced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C R Tanner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Forsyth Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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325
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Kilian M, Frandsen EVG, Haubek D, Poulsen K. The etiology of periodontal disease revisited by population genetic analysis. Periodontol 2000 2006; 42:158-79. [PMID: 16930310 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2006.00159.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mogens Kilian
- Department of Bacteriology, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
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326
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Pion FDLB, Araujo MWBD, Feres M, Cortelli SC. Condição periodontal de um subgrupo populacional do município de Guarulhos, SP. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE EPIDEMIOLOGIA 2006. [DOI: 10.1590/s1415-790x2006000300008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Este estudo transversal determinou a condição periodontal e sua associação com fatores de risco em uma amostra de conveniência de 588 indivíduos atendidos na Universidade Guarulhos, entre 1999 e 2003. Características geográficas, demográficas e comportamentais, parâmetros bucais e periodontais foram tabulados e analisados em SPSS 11.5. Os testes t Student e Qui-quadrado determinaram a significância (p < 0,05) das variáveis contínuas e categóricas. O teste de correlação de Pearson correlacionou a ocorrência de doença (PS média > 3,0 mm) com fatores de risco (por exemplo: idade, sexo, fumo) e comportamentais. A análise de regressão linear multivariada determinou a associação entre exposição aos fatores de risco e doença. A população estudada com média de idade de 36,1 ± 14,5 anos foi composta principalmente por mulheres (72,1%) e minoria fumante (13,3%). Os valores médios de dentes ausentes e profundidade de sondagem (PS) foram de 5,7 ± 5,9 dentes e 2,2 ± 0,8 mm, respectivamente. A prevalência de PS > 3,0mm (valor referência) foi de 13,5%; e a distribuição regional da população de acordo com este critério foi: centro, 2,0%; zona oeste, 17,8%; zona leste, 38,0%; zona sul, 6,7% ; e zona norte, 35,5%. As freqüências médias dos índices de placa e sangramento a sondagem foram de 75,3% e 34,1%, respectivamente. A condição periodontal exibiu correlação com idade, fumo e presença de biofilme supragengival. Exceto pela última, estas variáveis também mostraram associação pela análise de regressão multivariada. A população estudada exibiu elevado grau de inflamação gengival e baixo percentual de bolsas periodontais, estando a condição periodontal associada à idade e ao hábito de fumar.
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327
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To discuss the relationship between uncultivated pathogenic bacteria and periodontitis. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers were designed for phylotypes AU126 and X112; PCRs were applied to determine the prevalence of these phylotypes in 35 patients with chronic periodontitis, 26 patients with plaque-induced gingivitis and 20 healthy control subjects. RESULTS The specificity of each primer is validated on the basis of the results from sequence analysis of PCR products. AU126 and X112 were detected in the subgingival plaque samples in all the three groups. The prevalence of AU126 in subgingival plaque in chronic periodontitis (77.1%) and plaque-induced gingivitis (61.5%) is relatively higher than that in the healthy subjects (10.0%), and the difference is statistically significant (P < 0.01). The prevalence of X112 in subgingival plaque in periodontitis patients (85.7%) is higher than that in healthy subjects (30.0%), the difference (P < 0.01) being equally statistically significant. The difference between the chronic periodontitis group and the plaque-induced gingivitis group (50.0%) is statistically significant (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS It might be assumed that the novel uncultivated AU126 phylotype could possibly be related to chronic periodontitis and plaque-induced gingivitis, and that X112 might play a role in the progress of lesion from gingivitis to periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Li
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Stomatology, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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328
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James CE, Hasegawa Y, Park Y, Yeung V, Tribble GD, Kuboniwa M, Demuth DR, Lamont RJ. LuxS involvement in the regulation of genes coding for hemin and iron acquisition systems in Porphyromonas gingivalis. Infect Immun 2006; 74:3834-44. [PMID: 16790755 PMCID: PMC1489751 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01768-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis employs a variety of mechanisms for the uptake of hemin and inorganic iron. Previous work demonstrated that hemin uptake in P. gingivalis may be controlled by LuxS-mediated signaling. In the present study, the expression of genes involved in hemin and iron uptake was determined in parent and luxS mutant strains by quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR. Compared to the parental strain, the luxS mutant showed reduced levels of transcription of genes coding for the TonB-linked hemin binding protein Tlr and the lysine-specific protease Kgp, which can degrade host heme-containing proteins. In contrast, there was up-regulation of the genes for another TonB-linked hemin binding protein, HmuR; a hemin binding lipoprotein, FetB; a Fe(2+) ion transport protein, FeoB1; and the iron storage protein ferritin. Differential expression of these genes in the luxS mutant was maximal in early-exponential phase, which corresponded with peak expression of luxS and AI-2 signal activity. Complementation of the luxS mutation with wild-type luxS in trans rescued expression of hmuR. Mutation of the GppX two-component signal transduction pathway caused an increase in expression of luxS along with tlr and lower levels of message for hmuR. Moreover, expression of hmuR was repressed, and expression of tlr stimulated, when the luxS mutant was incubated with AI-2 partially purified from the culture supernatant of wild-type cells. A phenotypic outcome of the altered expression of genes involved in hemin uptake was impairment of growth of the luxS mutant in hemin-depleted medium. The results demonstrate a role of LuxS/AI-2 in the regulation of hemin and iron acquisition pathways in P. gingivalis and reveal a novel control pathway for luxS expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe E James
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0424, USA
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329
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Gomes BPFA, Pinheiro ET, Sousa ELR, Jacinto RC, Zaia AA, Ferraz CCR, de Souza-Filho FJ. Enterococcus faecalis in dental root canals detected by culture and by polymerase chain reaction analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 102:247-53. [PMID: 16876070 DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2005.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2005] [Revised: 11/21/2005] [Accepted: 11/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to investigate the presence of Enterococcus faecalis in endodontic infections by culture and polymerase chain reaction analyses. STUDY DESIGN Microbial samples were obtained from 50 teeth with untreated necrotic pulps (primary infection) and from 50 teeth with failing endodontic treatment (secondary infection). Culture techniques were used including serial dilution, plating, incubation, and biochemical identification. For PCR detection, samples were analyzed using a species-specific primer of the 16S rDNA and the downstream intergenic spacer region. RESULTS Culture and PCR detected the test species in 23 of 100 and 79 of 100 of the teeth, respectively. E faecalis was cultured from 2 (4%) of 50 necrotic canals and from 21 (42%) of 50 root-treated canals. PCR detection identified the target species in 41 (82%) and 38 (76%) of 50 primary and secondary infections respectively. CONCLUSION E faecalis was detected as frequently in teeth with necrotic pulp as in teeth with failing endodontic treatment when a PCR analysis was used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda P F A Gomes
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontic Area, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Piracicaba, Brazil.
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330
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Gomes BPFA, Jacinto RC, Pinheiro ET, Sousa ELR, Zaia AA, Ferraz CCR, Souza-Filho FJ. Molecular analysis of Filifactor alocis, Tannerella forsythia, and treponema denticola associated with primary endodontic infections and failed endodontic treatment. J Endod 2006; 32:937-40. [PMID: 16982268 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2006.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2006] [Revised: 05/04/2006] [Accepted: 05/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of strict anaerobes such as Filifactor alocis, Tannerella forsythia, and Treponema denticola in primary and secondary root-infected canals with periapical lesions by molecular analysis and the association of these species with specific endodontic signs and symptoms. Microbial samples were taken from 100 root canals, 50 with necrotic pulp tissues (NPT, primary infection), and 50 with failed endodontic treatment (FET, secondary infection). DNA was extracted from the samples, which were analyzed for the presence of three endodontic pathogens using species-specific primers and PCR. F. alocis were isolated from 23 canals with NPT and 12 canals with FET; T. forsythia from 12 canals with NPT and three canals with FET; T. denticola from 19 canals with NPT and 12 canals with TEP. Suggested associations were found between primary infection and the presence of F. alocis and T. forsythia (both p < 0.05). In particular, associations were found between: pain and F. alocis; swelling and F. alocis; tenderness to percussion and T. forsythia; mobility and T. forsythia and T. denticola; wet canals and F. alocis, T. forsythia, and T. denticola; purulent exsudate and F. alocis, T. forsythia and T. denticola; abscess and F. alocis, T. forsythia, and T. denticola (all p < 0.05). The findings of this study indicated that F. alocis, T. forsythia, and T. denticola seem to be associated with endodontic signs and symptoms. Additionally, F. alocis and T. forsythia were detected more frequently in teeth with necrotic pulp than in teeth with failing endodontic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda P F A Gomes
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontic Area, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
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331
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Rôças IN, Siqueira JF. Characterization of Dialister species in infected root canals. J Endod 2006; 32:1057-61. [PMID: 17055906 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2006.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2006] [Revised: 04/17/2006] [Accepted: 04/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Members of the Dialister genus are asaccharolytic obligately anaerobic gram-negative coccobacilli that are culture-difficult or remain uncultivated. Their participation in endodontic infections has been only consistently demonstrated after advent of molecular biology approaches. This study was undertaken to characterize Dialister species in samples from primary endodontic infections using a devised 16S rRNA gene-based group-specific heminested PCR assay followed by sequencing of PCR products. Genomic DNA was isolated directly from clinical samples and used as template for PCR. Amplicons from positive specimens were sequenced and phylogenetically analyzed to determine species identity. Ten of 21 clinical samples yielded sequences with the highest percent similarities to oral Dialister species/phylotypes. Seven sequences were from Dialister invisus, and the other three sequences belonged to Dialister pneumosintes, Dialister oral clone BS095 and Dialister sp. clone IS013B24. Findings demonstrated that different Dialister species can take part in the microbiota associated with apical periodontitis lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabela N Rôças
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Estácio de Sá University, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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332
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Tezal M, Scannapieco FA, Wactawski-Wende J, Grossi SG, Genco RJ. Supragingival plaque may modify the effects of subgingival bacteria on attachment loss. J Periodontol 2006; 77:808-13. [PMID: 16671872 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2006.050332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial interactions in response to local and systemic factors may explain important features of the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. This study evaluates the role of supragingival plaque level on the relationship between subgingival microorganisms and the risk of attachment loss. METHODS The study population consisted of 386 white women aged 45 years and older who had at least seven teeth. Subgingival plaque samples were taken from the mesio-buccal surface of six maxillary and six mandibular teeth using paper point technique. The samples were pooled, and immunofluorescence microscopy was performed to identify the following target microorganisms: Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), Tannerella forsythensis (Tf), Campylobacter rectus (Cr), Prevotella intermedia (Pi), Capnocytophaga species (Cs), Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), Eubacterium saburreum (Es), and Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn). The presence or absence of supragingival plaque and clinical attachment loss (CAL) were assessed at the same 12 sites where subgingival plaque samples were taken. The association of each microorganism with CAL was tested using multiple logistic regressions controlling for age, smoking status, and diabetes. Odds ratios (OR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. RESULTS At low supragingival plaque levels, only the presence of Pg was significantly associated with CAL (OR: 6.41, 95% CI: 1.30 to 31.70); all remaining microorganisms were also associated with increased but non-significant risk of CAL. At high supragingival plaque levels, the presence of Tf (OR: 2.40, 95% CI: 1.42 to 4.04) and Pg (OR: 3.71, 95% CI: 1.63 to 8.42) was significantly associated with increased risk of attachment loss. By contrast, the presence of Cs (OR: 0.55, 95% CI: 0.30 to 1.01) and Es (OR: 0.35, 95% CI: 0.15 to 0.82) was associated with decreased risk of attachment loss. Fn, Pi, and Cr were not significantly associated with CAL at either low or high supragingival plaque levels. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that the association of certain subgingival microorganisms with CAL changes in relation to supragingival plaque levels in older adult women. It also suggests that the overall effect of dental plaque is a function of the balance between pathogenic and other microorganisms that colonize this environment. Therefore, all microorganisms in the biofilm, including those with no apparent association with overt disease and those with negative associations, may play roles in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mine Tezal
- Department of Oral Biology, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA.
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333
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Siqueira JF, Rôças IN. Catonella morbi and Granulicatella adiacens: new species in endodontic infections. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 102:259-64. [PMID: 16876072 DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2005.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2005] [Revised: 09/14/2005] [Accepted: 09/15/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study intended to examine samples from primary endodontic infections for the presence of Catonella morbi and Granulicatella adiacens, 2 species that have been recently suggested to be involved with infections in other oral sites. STUDY DESIGN Genomic DNA was isolated directly from samples taken from teeth with different forms of apical periodontitis, and a devised culture-independent 16S rRNA gene-based heminested PCR assay was used to determine the prevalence of these 2 target species. Species-specific primers were developed by aligning closely related 16S rRNA gene sequences. Species-specificity for each primer pair was confirmed by running PCR against a panel of oral bacteria and by sequencing of DNA from representative positive samples. RESULTS C morbi and G adiacens were detected in 33% and 19%, respectively, of the root canals associated with chronic apical periodontitis; 30% and 10%, respectively, of the cases diagnosed as acute apical periodontitis, and 16% and 11%, respectively, of the pus samples taken from acute apical abscesses. Overall, C morbi occurred in 26% and G adiacens in 14% of the samples taken from primary endodontic infections. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that C morbi and G adiacens can take part in the microbiota associated with primary endodontic infections, and their specific role in the disease process warrants further elucidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- José F Siqueira
- Department of Endodontics, Estácio de Sá University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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334
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Dahlén G, Leonhardt A. A new checkerboard panel for testing bacterial markers in periodontal disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 21:6-11. [PMID: 16390335 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.2005.00243.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Various microbiological methods have been used for testing bacterial markers for periodontitis and periodontal disease progression. Most studies have used only a limited number of well recognized bacterial species. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the association of 13 more recently identified bacterial species in a new panel in comparison with 12 previously more recognized periodontotopathogens ('old panel') using the 'checkerboard' DNA-DNA hybridization method. METHODS Fifty individuals were chosen who showed at least one site with a probing pocket depth of 6 mm or more (disease) and bleeding on probing and at least one site with a probing pocket depth of 3 mm and without bleeding on probing (health). One diseased and one healthy site on each individual were sampled with the paperpoint technique and the samples were processed in the checkerboard technique against deoxigenin-labeled whole genomic probes to 25 subgingival species representing 12 well recognized and 13 newly identified periodontitis associated species. RESULTS Twenty-four (out of 25) species were detected more frequently in the subgingival plaque of diseased than healthy sites both at score 1 (> 10(4)) and score 3 (> 10(5)). A significant difference at the higher score (score 3) was noticed for all species of the old panel except for three (Streptococcus intermedius, Selenomonas noxia, and Eikenella corrodens). Of the species in the new panel only Prevotella tannerae, Filifactor alocis, and Porphyromonas endodontalis showed a statistical significant difference between diseased and healthy sites. CONCLUSION It was concluded that P. tannerae, F. alocis, and P. endodontalis should be added to the 12 species used for routine diagnostics of periodontitis-associated bacterial flora.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Dahlén
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Faculty of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy of Göteborg University, Sweden.
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335
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Abstract
Previously, we reported that intracellular Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Tannerella forsythensis were present within buccal epithelial cells from human subjects, as lesser components of a polymicrobial flora. In this study, we further characterized that intracellular flora by using the same double-labeling techniques to identify Fusobacterium nucleatum, Prevotella intermedia, oral Campylobacter species, Eikenella corrodens, Treponema denticola, Gemella haemolysans, Granulicatella adiacens, and total streptococci within buccal epithelial cells. All those species were found within buccal cells. In every case, species recognized by green-labeled species-specific probes were accompanied by other bacteria recognized only by a red-labeled universal probe. Streptococci appeared to be a major component of the polymicrobial intracellular flora, being present at a level from one to two logs greater than the next most common species (G. adiacens). This is similar to what is observed in oral biofilms, where diverse species interact in complex communities that often are dominated by streptococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Rudney
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, 17-252 Moos Tower, 515 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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336
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Hasan A, Sadoh D, Palmer R, Foo M, Marber M, Lehner T. The immune responses to human and microbial heat shock proteins in periodontal disease with and without coronary heart disease. Clin Exp Immunol 2006; 142:585-94. [PMID: 16297172 PMCID: PMC1809534 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2005.02953.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The human 60 kDa and microbial 65 kDa heat shock proteins (HSP) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic periodontitis (P) and coronary heart disease (CHD). We have studied four male non-smoking cohorts of 81 subjects, matched for age. Group (a) consisted of a healthy group with minimal gingivitis (n = 18), group (b) were patients with P (n = 23), group (c) patients with CHD and minimal gingivitis (n = 20) and group (d) patients with CHD and P (n = 20). T cells separated from peripheral blood were found to be primed to both microbial HSP65 and human HSP60 but significant CD4, human leucocyte antigen (HLA) class II-restricted proliferative responses were found only with the human HSP60 in patients with P (P < 0.001) and CHD without (P < 0.001) or with (P < 0.00001) periodontitis. Dose-dependent inhibition of T cell proliferative responses was carried out to determine the receptors involved in recognition of HSP60 and HSP65. Monoclonal antibodies to CD14 showed inhibition of T cell proliferation stimulated by both HSP60 and HSP65, consistent with the role of CD14 as a receptor for these HSPs in P and CHD. The toll-like receptor 2 (TLR-) and TLR-4 were then studied and these showed that TLR-4 was recognized by microbial HSP65, whereas TLR-2 was recognised by human HSP60 in both P and CHD. However, a dissociation was found in the HSP60 and TLR4 interaction, as TLR4 appeared to have been recognized by HSP60 in P but not in CHD. The results suggest an autoimmune or cross-reactive CD4(+) class II-restricted T cell response to the human HSP60 in P and CHD. Further studies are required to determine if there is a common epitope within HSP60 that stimulates T cell proliferation in P and CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hasan
- Department of Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, GKT Dental Institute, Guy's Hospital, KCL, University of London, UK.
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337
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Rastall RA, Gibson GR, Gill HS, Guarner F, Klaenhammer TR, Pot B, Reid G, Rowland IR, Sanders ME. Modulation of the microbial ecology of the human colon by probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics to enhance human health: an overview of enabling science and potential applications. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2005; 52:145-52. [PMID: 16329901 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsec.2005.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2004] [Revised: 12/21/2004] [Accepted: 01/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of probiotics and prebiotics to the manipulation of the microbial ecology of the human colon has recently seen many scientific advances. The sequencing of probiotic genomes is providing a wealth of new information on the biology of these microorganisms. In addition, we are learning more about the interactions of probiotics with human cells and with pathogenic bacteria. An alternative means of modulating the colonic microbial community is by the use of prebiotic oligosaccharides. Increasing knowledge of the metabolism of prebiotics by probiotics is allowing us to consider specifically targeting such dietary intervention tools at specific population groups and specific disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Rastall
- School of Food Biosciences, The University of Reading, PO Box 226, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AP, UK.
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338
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Aas JA, Paster BJ, Stokes LN, Olsen I, Dewhirst FE. Defining the normal bacterial flora of the oral cavity. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43:5721-32. [PMID: 16272510 PMCID: PMC1287824 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.43.11.5721-5732.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1912] [Impact Index Per Article: 100.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
More than 700 bacterial species or phylotypes, of which over 50% have not been cultivated, have been detected in the oral cavity. Our purposes were (i) to utilize culture-independent molecular techniques to extend our knowledge on the breadth of bacterial diversity in the healthy human oral cavity, including not-yet-cultivated bacteria species, and (ii) to determine the site and subject specificity of bacterial colonization. Nine sites from five clinically healthy subjects were analyzed. Sites included tongue dorsum, lateral sides of tongue, buccal epithelium, hard palate, soft palate, supragingival plaque of tooth surfaces, subgingival plaque, maxillary anterior vestibule, and tonsils. 16S rRNA genes from sample DNA were amplified, cloned, and transformed into Escherichia coli. Sequences of 16S rRNA genes were used to determine species identity or closest relatives. In 2,589 clones, 141 predominant species were detected, of which over 60% have not been cultivated. Thirteen new phylotypes were identified. Species common to all sites belonged to the genera Gemella, Granulicatella, Streptococcus, and Veillonella. While some species were subject specific and detected in most sites, other species were site specific. Most sites possessed 20 to 30 different predominant species, and the number of predominant species from all nine sites per individual ranged from 34 to 72. Species typically associated with periodontitis and caries were not detected. There is a distinctive predominant bacterial flora of the healthy oral cavity that is highly diverse and site and subject specific. It is important to fully define the human microflora of the healthy oral cavity before we can understand the role of bacteria in oral disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jørn A Aas
- Institute of Oral Biology, University of Oslo, Postbox 1052 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
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339
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Jenkinson HF, Lamont RJ. Oral microbial communities in sickness and in health. Trends Microbiol 2005; 13:589-95. [PMID: 16214341 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2005.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2005] [Revised: 09/06/2005] [Accepted: 09/22/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between humans and their oral microflora begins shortly after birth and lasts a lifetime. Up until fairly recently, the associations between the host and oral bacteria were considered in terms of a multiplicity of single species interactions. However, it is becoming more apparent that the oral microbes comprise a complex community, and that oral health or disease depends on the interface between the host and the microbial community as a whole. Although it is important to continue studies of the pathogenic properties of specific microbes, these are relevant only in the context of the properties of the community within which they reside. Understanding the microbial communities that drive sickness or health is a key to combating human oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard F Jenkinson
- Department of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 2LY, UK.
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340
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Kumar PS, Griffen AL, Moeschberger ML, Leys EJ. Identification of candidate periodontal pathogens and beneficial species by quantitative 16S clonal analysis. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43:3944-55. [PMID: 16081935 PMCID: PMC1233920 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.43.8.3944-3955.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 342] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Most studies of the bacterial etiology of periodontitis have used either culture-based or targeted DNA approaches, and so it is likely that pathogens remain undiscovered. The purpose of this study was to use culture-independent, quantitative analysis of biofilms associated with chronic periodontitis and periodontal health to identify pathogens and beneficial species. Samples from subjects with periodontitis and controls were analyzed using ribosomal 16S cloning and sequencing. Several genera, many of them uncultivated, were associated with periodontitis, the most numerous of which were gram positive, including Peptostreptococcus and Filifactor. The genera Megasphaera and Desulfobulbus were elevated in periodontitis, and the levels of several species or phylotypes of Campylobacter, Selenomonas, Deferribacteres, Dialister, Catonella, Tannerella, Streptococcus, Atopobium, Eubacterium, and Treponema were elevated in disease. Streptococcus and Veillonella spp. were found in high numbers in all samples and accounted for a significantly greater fraction of the microbial community in healthy subjects than in those with periodontitis. The microbial profile of periodontal health also included the less-abundant genera Campylobacter, Abiotrophia, Gemella, Capnocytophaga, and Neisseria. These newly identified candidates outnumbered Porphyromonas gingivalis and other species previously implicated as periodontopathogens, and it is not clear if newly identified and more numerous species may play a more important role in pathogenesis. Finally, more differences were found in the bacterial profile between subjects with periodontitis and healthy subjects than between deep and shallow sites within the same subject. This suggests that chronic periodontitis is the result of a global perturbation of the oral bacterial ecology rather than a disease-site specific microbial shift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purnima S. Kumar
- Section of Periodontology, Section of Pediatric Dentistry, Section of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Medicine and Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43218
| | - Ann L. Griffen
- Section of Periodontology, Section of Pediatric Dentistry, Section of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Medicine and Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43218
- Corresponding author. Mailing address: The Ohio State University, Section of Pediatric Dentistry, 305 W. 12th Ave., Columbus, OH 43218. Phone: (614) 292-1150. Fax: (614) 292-1125. E-mail:
| | - Melvin L. Moeschberger
- Section of Periodontology, Section of Pediatric Dentistry, Section of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Medicine and Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43218
| | - Eugene J. Leys
- Section of Periodontology, Section of Pediatric Dentistry, Section of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Medicine and Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43218
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341
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Rôças IN, Siqueira JF. Detection of novel oral species and phylotypes in symptomatic endodontic infections including abscesses. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2005; 250:279-85. [PMID: 16099112 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsle.2005.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2005] [Revised: 07/04/2005] [Accepted: 07/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was undertaken to investigate the occurrence of several uncultivated phylotypes and newly named bacterial species in symptomatic endodontic infections. Samples taken from cases clinically diagnosed as acute periradicular abscesses or acute periradicular periodontitis were surveyed for the presence of 12 taxa by means of a 16S rRNA-gene-based nested or hemi-nested PCR assay. The most prevalent of the target taxa were Dialister invisus, Olsenella uli, Granulicatella adiacens, and Synergistes clones BA121 and E3_33. Findings revealed that novel phylotypes and newly named species can take part in the microbiota associated with symptomatic endodontic infections and a pathogenetic role is suspected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabela N Rôças
- Department of Endodontics, Estácio de Sá University, Av. Almte Ary Parreiras 311/1001, Icaraí, Niterói, RJ 24230-322, Brazil
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342
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Siqueira JF, Rôças IN. Uncultivated phylotypes and newly named species associated with primary and persistent endodontic infections. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43:3314-9. [PMID: 16000454 PMCID: PMC1169097 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.43.7.3314-3319.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Endodontic infections have been traditionally studied by culture methods, but recent reports showing that over 50% of the oral microbiota is still uncultivable (B. J. Paster et al., J. Bacteriol. 183:3770-3783, 2001) raise the possibility that many endodontic pathogens remain unknown. This study intended to investigate the prevalence of several uncultivated oral phylotypes, as well as newly named species in primary or persistent endodontic infections associated with chronic periradicular diseases. Samples were taken from the root canals of 21 untreated teeth and 22 root-filled teeth, all of them with radiographic evidence of periradicular bone destruction. Genomic DNA was isolated directly from each sample, and 16S rRNA gene-based nested or heminested PCR assays were used to determine the presence of 13 species or phylotypes of bacteria. Species-specific primers had already been validated in the literature or were developed by aligning closely related 16S rRNA gene sequences. Species specificity for each primer pair was confirmed by running PCRs against a panel of several oral bacteria and by sequencing DNA from representative positive samples. All species or phylotypes were detected in at least one case of primary infections. The most prevalent species or phylotypes found in primary infections were Dialister invisus (81%), Synergistes oral clone BA121 (33%), and Olsenella uli (33%). Of the target bacteria, only these three species were detected in persistent infections. Detection of uncultivated phylotypes and newly named species in infected root canals suggests that there are previously unrecognized bacteria that may play a role in the pathogenesis of periradicular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Siqueira
- Department of Endodontics, Estácio de Sá University, Av. Almte Ary Parreiras 311/1001 Icaraí, Niterói, RJ Brazil 24230-322.
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343
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Gomes BPFA, Jacinto RC, Pinheiro ET, Sousa ELR, Zaia AA, Ferraz CCR, Souza-Filho FJ. Porphyromonas gingivalis, Porphyromonas endodontalis, Prevotella intermedia and Prevotella nigrescens in endodontic lesions detected by culture and by PCR. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 20:211-5. [PMID: 15943764 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.2005.00214.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
he aim of this study was to investigate the presence of four black-pigmented bacteria, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Porphyromonas endodontalis, Prevotella intermedia and Prevotella nigrescens, in endodontic infections by culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses. Microbial samples were obtained from 50 teeth with untreated necrotic pulps (primary infection) and from 50 teeth with failing endodontic treatment (secondary infection). Microbiological strict anaerobic techniques were used for serial dilution, plating, incubation, and identification. For PCR detection, the samples were analyzed using species-specific primers of 16S rDNA and the downstream intergenic spacer region. Culture and PCR detected the test species in 13/100 and 50/100 of the study teeth, respectively. The organisms were cultured from 11/50 (22%) of primarily infected root canal samples and from 2/50 (4%) of secondary root canal samples. PCR detection identified the target species in 32/50 (64%) and 18/50 (36%) of primary and secondary infections, respectively. P. gingivalis was rarely isolated by culture methods (1%), but was the most frequently identified test species by PCR (38%). Similarly, P. endodontalis was not recovered by culture from any tooth studied, but was detected by PCR in 25% of the sampled teeth. PCR-based identification also showed higher detection rates of P. intermedia (33%) and P. nigrescens (22%) than culture (13%). In conclusion, P. gingivalis, P. endodontalis, P. intermedia, and P. nigrescens were identified more frequently in teeth with necrotic pulp than in teeth with failing endodontic treatment. Also, a higher frequency of black-pigmented species was detected by PCR than by culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- B P F A Gomes
- Endodontic Area, Dental School of Piracicaba, State University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
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344
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Abstract
The two most prevalent and most investigated periodontal diseases are dental plaque-induced gingivitis and chronic periodontitis. The last 10 to 15 years have seen the emergence of several important new findings and concepts regarding the etiopathogenesis of periodontal diseases. These findings include the recognition of dental bacterial plaque as a biofilm, identification and characterization of genetic defects that predispose individuals to periodontitis, host-defense mechanisms implicated in periodontal tissue destruction, and the interaction of risk factors with host defenses and bacterial plaque. This article reviews current aspects of the etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris N Tatakis
- Section of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43218-2357, USA.
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345
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346
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES The application of molecular, mainly 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA)-based approaches enables researchers to bypass the cultivation step and has proven its usefulness in studying the microbial composition in a variety of ecosystems, including the human oral cavity. In this mini-review, we describe the impact of these culture-independent approaches on our knowledge of the ecology of the human oral cavity and provide directions for future studies that should emphasize the role of specific strains, species and groups of microbes in periodontal disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS Recent findings are summarized to elucidate the relationship between periodontal disease and human oral microbiota, including as-yet-to-be-cultured organisms. RESULTS The real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method was developed to detect and quantify periodontopathic bacteria, such as Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Tannerella forsythensis (formerly Bacteroides forsythus) and Treponema denticola. The checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization technique allowed enumeration of large numbers of species in very large numbers of samples. 16S rRNA gene clone library analysis revealed the diversity of human oral microbiota and the existence of as-yet-to-be-cultured organisms that are presumed periodontal pathogens. In addition, terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis was applied for assessment of diversity of human oral microbiota. CONCLUSION Culture-independent approaches are useful for studying the microbial ecology in the human oral cavity and should be useful in the future to elucidate the etiology of periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuo Sakamoto
- Microbe Division/Japan Collection of Microorganisms, RIKEN BioResource Center, Wako, Saitama, Japan.
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347
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Siqueira JF, Rôças IN. Exploiting Molecular Methods to Explore Endodontic Infections: Part 1—Current Molecular Technologies for Microbiological Diagnosis. J Endod 2005; 31:411-23. [PMID: 15917679 DOI: 10.1097/01.don.0000157989.44949.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Endodontic infections have been traditionally studied by culture-dependent methods. However, as with other areas of clinical microbiology, culture-based investigations are plagued by significant problems, including the probable involvement of viable but uncultivable micro-organisms with disease causation and inaccurate microbial identification. Innumerous molecular technologies have been used for microbiological diagnosis in clinical microbiology, but only recently some of these techniques have been applied in endodontic microbiology research. This paper intended to review the main molecular methods that have been used or have the potential to be used in the study of endodontic infections. Moreover, advantages and limitations of current molecular techniques when compared to conventional methods for microbial identification are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Siqueira
- Department of Endodontics, Estácio de Sá University, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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348
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Perea EJ. La microbiología oral en la era de la genómica y la proteómica. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2005; 23:113-5. [PMID: 15757580 DOI: 10.1157/13072158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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349
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de Lillo A, Booth V, Kyriacou L, Weightman AJ, Wade WG. Culture-independent identification of periodontitis-associated Porphyromonas and Tannerella populations by targeted molecular analysis. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 42:5523-7. [PMID: 15583276 PMCID: PMC535285 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.42.12.5523-5527.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is the commonest bacterial disease of humans and is the major cause of adult tooth loss. About half of the oral microflora is unculturable; and 16S rRNA PCR, cloning, and sequencing techniques have demonstrated the high level of species richness of the oral microflora. In the present study, a PCR primer set specific for the genera Porphyromonas and Tannerella was designed and used to analyze the bacterial populations in subgingival plaque samples from inflamed shallow and deep sites in subjects with periodontitis and shallow sites in age- and sex-matched controls. A total of 308 clones were sequenced and found to belong to one of six Porphyromonas or Tannerella species or phylotypes, one of which, Porphyromonas P3, was novel. Tannerella forsythensis was found in significantly higher proportions in patients than in controls. Porphyromonas catoniae and Tannerella phylotype BU063 appeared to be associated with shallow sites. Targeted culture-independent molecular ecology studies have a valuable role to play in the identification of bacterial targets for further investigations of the pathogenesis of bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- A de Lillo
- Infection Research Group, Dental Institute, King's College London, United Kingdom
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350
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Siqueira JF, Rôças IN. Simultaneous Detection of Dialister pneumosintes and Filifactor alocis in Endodontic Infections by 16S rDNA-directed Multiplex PCR. J Endod 2004; 30:851-4. [PMID: 15564862 DOI: 10.1097/01.don.0000132300.13023.5d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Dialister pneumosintes and Filifactor alocis have been recently considered as candidate endodontic pathogens. In this study, we devised a 16S rDNA-directed multiplex PCR protocol for simultaneous detection of these two bacterial species in endodontic infections. Samples were taken from infected root canals associated with asymptomatic periradicular lesions as well as from cases of acute periradicular abscesses. DNA extracted from the samples was used as template for simultaneous detection of D. pneumosintes and F. alocis through a multiplex PCR assay. Two fragments of the expected sizes, one specific for D. pneumosintes and the other for F. alocis, were simultaneously amplified from a mixture of reference genomic DNA containing DNA from both species. Clinical samples that were positive for the target species showed a single band of the predicted size for each species. D. pneumosintes was detected by multiplex PCR in 11 samples (7 asymptomatic and 4 abscesses) and F. alocis was identified in 9 cases (6 asymptomatic and 3 abscesses). Six samples (3 asymptomatic and 3 abscesses) shared the two species. Data from the present study confirmed that D. pneumosintes and F. alocis are common members of the microbiota present in primary endodontic infections and thereby may participate in the pathogenesis of periradicular lesions. The proposed multiplex PCR assay is a simple, rapid, and accurate method for the simultaneous detection of these two candidate endodontic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- José F Siqueira
- Department of Endodtics, Faculty of Dentistry, Estácio de Sá University, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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