1
|
Akizawa H, Lopes EM, Fissore RA. Zn 2+ is essential for Ca 2+ oscillations in mouse eggs. eLife 2023; 12:RP88082. [PMID: 38099643 PMCID: PMC10723796 DOI: 10.7554/elife.88082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in the intracellular concentration of free calcium (Ca2+) underpin egg activation and initiation of development in animals and plants. In mammals, the Ca2+ release is periodical, known as Ca2+ oscillations, and mediated by the type 1 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R1). Another divalent cation, zinc (Zn2+), increases exponentially during oocyte maturation and is vital for meiotic transitions, arrests, and polyspermy prevention. It is unknown if these pivotal cations interplay during fertilization. Here, using mouse eggs, we showed that basal concentrations of labile Zn2+ are indispensable for sperm-initiated Ca2+ oscillations because Zn2+-deficient conditions induced by cell-permeable chelators abrogated Ca2+ responses evoked by fertilization and other physiological and pharmacological agonists. We also found that chemically or genetically generated eggs with lower levels of labile Zn2+ displayed reduced IP3R1 sensitivity and diminished ER Ca2+ leak despite the stable content of the stores and IP3R1 mass. Resupplying Zn2+ restarted Ca2+ oscillations, but excessive Zn2+ prevented and terminated them, hindering IP3R1 responsiveness. The findings suggest that a window of Zn2+ concentrations is required for Ca2+ responses and IP3R1 function in eggs, ensuring optimal response to fertilization and egg activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Akizawa
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts AmherstAmherstUnited States
| | - Emily M Lopes
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts AmherstAmherstUnited States
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of MassachusettsAmherstUnited States
| | - Rafael A Fissore
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts AmherstAmherstUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zaher AR, AL-Rekabi FM, Akram Hatif S. Some Teratogenic Outcomes in Rats Exposed to Zinc Chloride Pre and Post Pregnancy. THE IRAQI JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.30539/ijvm.v45i2.1261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of present study was to evaluate the possibility of teratogenicity in rats when exposed to zinc chloride (ZnCl2) pre and post pregnancy. To achieve this goal, a total of 40 mature Albino Wistar female rats were divided equally into four groups as follows: T1, dosed 0.7 mg/day ZnCl2 for two months before mating and till to the day 5th of pregnancy, the females of this group were mated with males dosed 0.7 mg/day ZnCl2 for two weeks before mating; T2, dosed 0.7 mg/day ZnCl2 for two months before mating and till to the day 16th of pregnancy and then were mated with control males (not exposed to any level of ZnCl2); T3, dosed 0.7mg/day ZnCl2 for two months before mating and till the end of pregnancy and were mated with control males; Control, dosed with water free from ZnCl2 along the period of experiment and were mated with control males. At the end of each pregnancy phase, results revealed that alpha fetoprotein serum levels were significantly (P<0.05) higher in all treatment groups compared to the control group, and the most prominent increase was observed in the T3 group. All treatment groups showed a significant (P<0.05) decrease in gestation, viability, and lactation indices when compared to the control group, with the T3 group showing the most significant decrease. Additionally, on days 1, 4, 7, 14, and 21 of lactation period, there was a significant (P<0.05) decrease in mean pup body weights in treated groups compared to the control group, with T3 group having the most prominent body weight decrease. The findings of this study revealed that ZnCl2 at a daily dose of 0.7 mg may cause teratogenic defects in rats at various stages of pregnancy, particularly at the third stage. As high-risk groups, pregnant women and children should use Zn supplementation carefully, whether as a food additive or for self-medication. Simultaneously, evaluating effect of low-dose Zn supplementation over a longer duration is required.
Collapse
|
3
|
Huang H, Zhang W, Cai W, Liu J, Wang H, Qin T, Xu Z, Li B, Qu S, Pan L, Huang G, Gale RP, Xiao Z. VEXAS syndrome in myelodysplastic syndrome with autoimmune disorder. Exp Hematol Oncol 2021; 10:23. [PMID: 33741056 PMCID: PMC7976711 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-021-00217-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
VEXAS (vacuoles, E1 enzyme, X-linked, autoinflammatory, somatic) syndrome is a newly-described adult-onset inflammatory syndrome characterized by vacuoles in myeloid and erythroid precursor cells and somatic mutations affecting methionine-41 (p.Met41) in UBA1. The VEXAS syndrome often overlaps with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) with autoimmune disorders (AD). By screening the UBA1 gene sequences derived from MDS patients with AD from our center, we identified one patient with a p.Met41Leu missense mutation in UBA1, who should have been diagnosed as MDS comorbid with VEXAS syndrome. This patient respond poorly to immune suppressive drugs. Patients with MDS and AD who have characteristic vacuoles in myeloid and erythroid precursor cells should be screened for UBA1 mutation, these patients are likely to have VEXAS syndrome and unlikely to improve with immunosuppressive drugs and should be considered for other alternative therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Haematology, Institute of Haematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Haematology, Institute of Haematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenyu Cai
- Hematologic Pathology Center, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinqin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Haematology, Institute of Haematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Huijun Wang
- Hematologic Pathology Center, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Tiejun Qin
- MDS and MPN Centre, Institute of Haematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin, 300020, China
| | - Zefeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Haematology, Institute of Haematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China.,MDS and MPN Centre, Institute of Haematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin, 300020, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Bing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Haematology, Institute of Haematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China.,MDS and MPN Centre, Institute of Haematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin, 300020, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Shiqiang Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Haematology, Institute of Haematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China.,MDS and MPN Centre, Institute of Haematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin, 300020, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Lijuan Pan
- MDS and MPN Centre, Institute of Haematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin, 300020, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Gang Huang
- Divisions of Experimental Haematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Robert Peter Gale
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Haematology Section, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Zhijian Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Haematology, Institute of Haematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China. .,MDS and MPN Centre, Institute of Haematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin, 300020, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lonergan ZR, Skaar EP. Nutrient Zinc at the Host-Pathogen Interface. Trends Biochem Sci 2019; 44:1041-1056. [PMID: 31326221 PMCID: PMC6864270 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2019.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Zinc is an essential cofactor required for life and, as such, mechanisms exist for its homeostatic maintenance in biological systems. Despite the evolutionary distance between vertebrates and microbial life, there are parallel mechanisms to balance the essentiality of zinc with its inherent toxicity. Vertebrates regulate zinc homeostasis through a complex network of metal transporters and buffering systems that respond to changes in nutritional zinc availability or inflammation. Fine-tuning of this network becomes crucial during infections, where host nutritional immunity attempts to limit zinc availability to pathogens. However, accumulating evidence demonstrates that pathogens have evolved mechanisms to subvert host-mediated zinc withholding, and these metal homeostasis systems are important for survival within the host. We discuss here the mechanisms of vertebrate and bacterial zinc homeostasis and mobilization, as well as recent developments in our understanding of microbial zinc acquisition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zachery R Lonergan
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Microbe-Host Interactions Training Program, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Eric P Skaar
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Landry GM, Furrow E, Holmes HL, Hirata T, Kato A, Williams P, Strohmaier K, Gallo CJR, Chang M, Pandey MK, Jiang H, Bansal A, Franz MC, Montalbetti N, Alexander MP, Cabrero P, Dow JAT, DeGrado TR, Romero MF. Cloning, function, and localization of human, canine, and Drosophila ZIP10 (SLC39A10), a Zn 2+ transporter. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 316:F263-F273. [PMID: 30520657 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00573.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc (Zn2+) is the second most abundant trace element, but is considered a micronutrient, as it is a cofactor for many enzymes and transcription factors. Whereas Zn2+ deficiency can cause cognitive immune or metabolic dysfunction and infertility, excess Zn2+ is nephrotoxic. As for other ions and solutes, Zn2+ is moved into and out of cells by specific membrane transporters: ZnT, Zip, and NRAMP/DMT proteins. ZIP10 is reported to be localized at the apical membrane of renal proximal tubules in rats, where it is believed to play a role in Zn2+ import. Renal regulation of Zn2+ is of particular interest in light of growing evidence that Zn2+ may play a role in kidney stone formation. The objective of this study was to show that ZIP10 homologs transport Zn2+, as well as ZIP10, kidney localization across species. We cloned ZIP10 from dog, human, and Drosophila ( CG10006), tested clones for Zn2+ uptake in Xenopus oocytes and localized the protein in renal structures. CG10006, rather than foi (fear-of-intimacy, CG6817) is the primary ZIP10 homolog found in Drosophila Malpighian tubules. The ZIP10 antibody recognizes recombinant dog, human, and Drosophila ZIP10 proteins. Immunohistochemistry reveals that ZIP10 in higher mammals is found not only in the proximal tubule, but also in the collecting duct system. These ZIP10 proteins show Zn2+ transport. Together, these studies reveal ZIP10 kidney localization, a role in renal Zn2+ transport, and indicates that CG10006 is a Drosophila homolog of ZIP10.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Greg M Landry
- Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science , Rochester, Minnesota.,Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science , Rochester, Minnesota.,O'Brien Urology Research Center, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science , Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Eva Furrow
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota , St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Heather L Holmes
- Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science , Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Taku Hirata
- Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science , Rochester, Minnesota.,Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science , Rochester, Minnesota.,O'Brien Urology Research Center, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science , Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Akira Kato
- Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science , Rochester, Minnesota.,Center for Biological Resources and Informatics and Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology , Yokohama , Japan
| | - Paige Williams
- Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science , Rochester, Minnesota.,Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science , Rochester, Minnesota.,O'Brien Urology Research Center, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science , Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Käri Strohmaier
- Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science , Rochester, Minnesota.,Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science , Rochester, Minnesota.,O'Brien Urology Research Center, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science , Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Chris J R Gallo
- Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science , Rochester, Minnesota.,O'Brien Urology Research Center, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science , Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Minhwang Chang
- Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science , Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Mukesh K Pandey
- Nuclear Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science , Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Huailei Jiang
- Nuclear Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science , Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Aditya Bansal
- Nuclear Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science , Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Marie-Christine Franz
- Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science , Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Nicolas Montalbetti
- Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science , Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Mariam P Alexander
- Laboratory of Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science , Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Pablo Cabrero
- Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow , Glasgow , United Kingdom
| | - Julian A T Dow
- Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow , Glasgow , United Kingdom
| | - Timothy R DeGrado
- Nuclear Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science , Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Michael F Romero
- Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science , Rochester, Minnesota.,Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science , Rochester, Minnesota.,O'Brien Urology Research Center, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science , Rochester, Minnesota
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Paskavitz AL, Quintana J, Cangussu D, Tavera-Montañez C, Xiao Y, Ortiz-Miranda S, Navea JG, Padilla-Benavides T. Differential expression of zinc transporters accompanies the differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2018; 49:27-34. [PMID: 29895369 PMCID: PMC6082398 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2018.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Zinc transporters facilitate metal mobilization and compartmentalization, playing a key role in cellular development. Little is known about the mechanisms and pathways of Zn movement between Zn transporters and metalloproteins during myoblast differentiation. We analyzed the differential expression of ZIP and ZnT transporters during C2C12 myoblast differentiation. Zn transporters account for a transient decrease of intracellular Zn upon myogenesis induction followed by a gradual increase of Zn in myotubes. Considering the subcellular localization and function of each of the Zn transporters, our findings indicate that a fine regulation is necessary to maintain correct metal concentrations in the cytosol and subcellular compartments to avoid toxicity, maintain homeostasis, and for loading metalloproteins needed during myogenesis. This study advances our basic understanding of the complex Zn transport network during muscle differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Paskavitz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA; Department of Chemistry, Skidmore College, 815 North Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA
| | - Julia Quintana
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA
| | - Daniella Cangussu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Cristina Tavera-Montañez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA
| | - Yao Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, Skidmore College, 815 North Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA
| | - Sonia Ortiz-Miranda
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Juan G Navea
- Department of Chemistry, Skidmore College, 815 North Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA
| | - Teresita Padilla-Benavides
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Johnsrud J, Abdallah AO, Schichman SA, Xiang Z. Image Diagnosis: Zinc-Induced Copper Deficiency Causing Pancytopenia Recognized on Bone Marrow Examination. Perm J 2017; 21:16-077. [PMID: 28241910 DOI: 10.7812/tpp/16-077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Johnsrud
- Internist at the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences in Little Rock.
| | - Al-Ola Abdallah
- Physician in the Division of Hematology and Oncology for the Winthrop P Rockefeller Cancer Institute at the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences in Little Rock.
| | - Steven A Schichman
- Pathologist at the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, and in the Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Service for the Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System in Little Rock.
| | - Zhifu Xiang
- Physician in the Division of Hematology and Oncology for the Winthrop P Rockefeller Cancer Institute at the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, and in the Division of Hematology and Oncology for the Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System in Little Rock.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Levine KE, Collins BJ, Stout MD, Wyde M, Afton SE, Essader AS, Ennis TJ, Amato KE, McWilliams AC, Fletcher BL, Fernando RA, Harrington JM, Catlin N, Robinson VG, Waidyanatha S. Characterization of Zinc Carbonate Basic as a Source of Zinc in a Rodent Study Investigating the Effects of Dietary Deficiency or Excess. ANAL LETT 2017; 50:2447-2464. [PMID: 30930463 DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2017.1293073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Zinc deficiency and excess can result in adverse health outcomes. There is conflicting evidence regarding whether excess or deficient zinc in the diet can contribute to carcinogenicity. The objective of this study was to characterize zinc carbonate basic for use as a source of dietary zinc in a rodent toxicity and carcinogenicity study investigating the effects of zinc deficiency and excess. Because of the complex chemistries of zinc carbonate basic compounds, inconsistent nomenclature, and literature and reference spectra gaps, it was necessary to employ multiple analytical techniques, including Karl Fischer titration, combustion analysis, inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, and thermogravimetric analysis to characterize the test article. Based on the collective evidence and through the process of elimination, the test article was found to be composed mainly of zinc carbonate basic with zinc oxide as a minor component. The zinc content was determined to be 56.6% (w/w) with heavy metals such as arsenic, cadmium, mercury and lead below the limit of quantitation of less than or equal to 0.01%. The test material was stable at ambient temperature. Based on the work described in this manuscript, the test article was suitable for use as a source of zinc in studies of deficiency and excess in the diet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keith E Levine
- RTI International, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Bradley J Collins
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, MD EC-06, P.O. Box 12233, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Matthew D Stout
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, MD EC-06, P.O. Box 12233, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Michael Wyde
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, MD EC-06, P.O. Box 12233, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Scott E Afton
- RTI International, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Amal S Essader
- RTI International, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Todd J Ennis
- RTI International, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Kelly E Amato
- RTI International, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Andrea C McWilliams
- RTI International, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Brenda L Fletcher
- RTI International, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Reshan A Fernando
- RTI International, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - James M Harrington
- RTI International, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Natasha Catlin
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, MD EC-06, P.O. Box 12233, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Veronica G Robinson
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, MD EC-06, P.O. Box 12233, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Suramya Waidyanatha
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, MD EC-06, P.O. Box 12233, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Copper economy in Chlamydomonas: prioritized allocation and reallocation of copper to respiration vs. photosynthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:2644-51. [PMID: 25646490 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1422492112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Inorganic elements, although required only in trace amounts, permit life and primary productivity because of their functions in catalysis. Every organism has a minimal requirement of each metal based on the intracellular abundance of proteins that use inorganic cofactors, but elemental sparing mechanisms can reduce this quota. A well-studied copper-sparing mechanism that operates in microalgae faced with copper deficiency is the replacement of the abundant copper protein plastocyanin with a heme-containing substitute, cytochrome (Cyt) c6. This switch, which is dependent on a copper-sensing transcription factor, copper response regulator 1 (CRR1), dramatically reduces the copper quota. We show here that in a situation of marginal copper availability, copper is preferentially allocated from plastocyanin, whose function is dispensable, to other more critical copper-dependent enzymes like Cyt oxidase and a ferroxidase. In the absence of an extracellular source, copper allocation to Cyt oxidase includes CRR1-dependent proteolysis of plastocyanin and quantitative recycling of the copper cofactor from plastocyanin to Cyt oxidase. Transcriptome profiling identifies a gene encoding a Zn-metalloprotease, as a candidate effecting copper recycling. One reason for the retention of genes encoding both plastocyanin and Cyt c6 in algal and cyanobacterial genomes might be because plastocyanin provides a competitive advantage in copper-depleted environments as a ready source of copper.
Collapse
|
10
|
Park HS, Shin SS, Meang EH, Hong JS, Park JI, Kim SH, Koh SB, Lee SY, Jang DH, Lee JY, Sun YS, Kang JS, Kim YR, Kim MK, Jeong J, Lee JK, Son WC, Park JH. A 90-day study of subchronic oral toxicity of 20 nm, negatively charged zinc oxide nanoparticles in Sprague Dawley rats. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 9 Suppl 2:79-92. [PMID: 25565828 PMCID: PMC4279770 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s57926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The widespread use of nanoparticles (NPs) in industrial and biomedical applications has prompted growing concern regarding their potential toxicity and impact on human health. This study therefore investigated the subchronic, systemic oral toxicity and no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of 20 nm, negatively charged zinc oxide (ZnO(SM20(-))) NPs in Sprague Dawley rats for 90 days. METHODS The high-dose NP level was set at 500 mg/kg of bodyweight, and the mid- and low-dose levels were set at 250 and 125 mg/kg, respectively. The rats were observed during a 14-day recovery period after the last NP administration for the persistence or reduction of any adverse effects. Toxicokinetic and distribution studies were also conducted to determine the systemic distribution of the NPs. RESULTS No rats died during the test period. However, ZnO(SM20(-)) NPs (500 mg/kg) induced changes in the levels of anemia-related factors, prompted acinar cell apoptosis and ductular hyperplasia, stimulated periductular lymphoid cell infiltration and excessive salivation, and increased the numbers of regenerative acinar cells in the pancreas. In addition, stomach lesions were seen at 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg, and retinal atrophy was observed at 250 and 500 mg/kg. The Zn concentration was dose-dependently increased in the liver, kidney, intestines, and plasma, but not in other organs investigated. CONCLUSION A ZnO(SM20(-)) NP NOAEL could not be established from the current results, but the lowest-observed-adverse-effect level was 125 mg/kg. Furthermore, the NPs were associated with a number of undesirable systemic actions. Thus, their use in humans must be approached with caution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hark-Soo Park
- General Toxicology Team, Korea Testing and Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung-Sup Shin
- General Toxicology Team, Korea Testing and Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Ho Meang
- General Toxicology Team, Korea Testing and Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong-sup Hong
- General Toxicology Team, Korea Testing and Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Il Park
- General Toxicology Team, Korea Testing and Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Su-Hyon Kim
- General Toxicology Team, Korea Testing and Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Bum Koh
- General Toxicology Team, Korea Testing and Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Young Lee
- General Toxicology Team, Korea Testing and Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Hyouk Jang
- General Toxicology Team, Korea Testing and Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Yun Lee
- General Toxicology Team, Korea Testing and Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yle-Shik Sun
- General Toxicology Team, Korea Testing and Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Seok Kang
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Namseoul University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Yu-Ri Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Korea University Medical School and College, Seoul, Korea
| | - Meyoung-Kon Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Korea University Medical School and College, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jayoung Jeong
- National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Kwon Lee
- National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woo-Chan Son
- Department of Pathology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Hak Park
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Park HS, Kim SJ, Lee TJ, Kim GY, Meang E, Hong JS, Kim SH, Koh SB, Hong SG, Sun YS, Kang JS, Kim YR, Kim MK, Jeong J, Lee JK, Son WC, Park JH. A 90-day study of sub-chronic oral toxicity of 20 nm positively charged zinc oxide nanoparticles in Sprague Dawley rats. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 9 Suppl 2:93-107. [PMID: 25565829 PMCID: PMC4279754 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s57927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The study reported here was conducted to determine the systemic oral toxicity and to find the no-observed-adverse-effect level of 20 nm positively charged zinc oxide (ZnOSM20(+)) nanoparticles in Sprague Dawley rats for 90 days. Methods For the 90-day toxicity study, the high dose was set as 500 mg per kg of body weight (mg/kg) and the middle and low dose were set to 250 mg/kg and 125 mg/kg, respectively. The rats were held for a 14-day recovery period after the last administration, to observe for the persistence or reduction of any toxic effects. A distributional study was also carried out for the systemic distribution of ZnOSM20(+) NPs. Results No rats died during the test period. There were no significant clinical changes due to the test article during the experimental period in functional assessment, body weight, food and water consumption, ophthalmological testing, urine analysis, necropsy findings, or organ weights, but salivation was observed immediately after administration in both sexes. The total red blood cell count was increased, and hematocrit, albumin, mean cell volume, mean cell hemoglobin, and mean cell hemoglobin concentration were decreased significantly compared with control in both 500 mg/kg groups. Total protein and albumin levels were decreased significantly in both sexes in the 250 and 500 mg/kg groups. Histopathological studies revealed acinar cell apoptosis in the pancreas, inflammation and edema in stomach mucosa, and retinal atrophy of the eye in the 500 mg/kg group. Conclusion There were significant parameter changes in terms of anemia in the hematological and blood chemical analyses in the 250 and 500 mg/kg groups. The significant toxic change was observed to be below 125 mg/kg, so the no-observed-adverse-effect level was not determined, but the lowest-observed-adverse-effect level was considered to be 125 mg/kg in both sexes and the target organs were found to be the pancreas, eye, and stomach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hark-Soo Park
- General Toxicology Team, Korea Testing and Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seon-Ju Kim
- General Toxicology Team, Korea Testing and Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Taek-Jin Lee
- General Toxicology Team, Korea Testing and Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Geon-Yong Kim
- General Toxicology Team, Korea Testing and Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - EunHo Meang
- General Toxicology Team, Korea Testing and Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong-Sup Hong
- General Toxicology Team, Korea Testing and Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Su-Hyon Kim
- General Toxicology Team, Korea Testing and Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Bum Koh
- General Toxicology Team, Korea Testing and Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Guk Hong
- General Toxicology Team, Korea Testing and Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yle-Shik Sun
- General Toxicology Team, Korea Testing and Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Seok Kang
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Namseoul University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Yu-Ri Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Korea University Medical School and College, Seoul, Korea
| | - Meyoung-Kon Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Korea University Medical School and College, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jayoung Jeong
- National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Kwon Lee
- National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woo-Chan Son
- Department of Pathology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Hak Park
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Cytopenia and Bone Marrow Dysplasia in a Case of Wilson's Disease. Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus 2014; 30:433-6. [PMID: 25332639 DOI: 10.1007/s12288-014-0456-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a sixteen year old with Wilson's disease on copper chelation and subsequent high dose oral zinc who developed severe anemia and neutropenia. Bone marrow aspirate done to evaluate the cause of bicytopenia revealed trilineage dysplasia. Correlating the clinical context with bone marrow and biochemical parameters, copper deficiency was suspected and he was given a trial of therapy, following which the hematological parameters improved. This case highlights hypocupremia as a reversible cause of bone marrow dysplasia in patients with Wilson's disease on chelation, where serum copper levels are not useful in the diagnosis. We also believe that monitoring of the blood counts in patients on copper chelation may provide a clue to impending copper deficiency.
Collapse
|
13
|
Ok CY, Medeiros LJ, Hu Y, Bueso-Ramos CE, Wang SA. Transient/reversible ring sideroblasts in bone marrow of patients post cytotoxic therapies for primary malignancies. Leuk Res 2011; 35:1605-10. [PMID: 21596435 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2011.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The diagnosis of therapy-related myelodysplastic syndrome (t-MDS) in the absence of increased myeloblasts or cytogenetic abnormalities is challenging. The presence of ring sideroblasts (RS) in this setting is often used to support the diagnosis of t-MDS. In this study, we reviewed 843 patients initially classified as therapy-related myeloid neoplasm in our hospital over 10 years. Nineteen (2.3%) patients had a normal karyotype, <5% bone marrow (BM) blasts, and ≥15% RS (17-70%), forming this study group. After reviewing clinical charts and follow-up BM specimens, we confirmed the diagnosis of MDS in 13 patients, but in 6 patients the blood counts returned to normal and RS and associated dyserythropoiesis disappeared in the follow-up BM biopsy. With a median follow-up of 21 months, none of these 6 patients died of BM causes. Compared with t-MDS cases, the 6 patients with transient/reversible RS showed comparable numbers of RS and BM blasts, but infrequent dysplasia involving non-erythroid lineages. We conclude that the presence of ≥15% RS in the post-therapy setting is not necessarily indicative of a clonal stem cell neoplasm. Four patients with transient/reversible RS received α-interferon therapy which may contribute to RS formation in this setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chi Young Ok
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Yeh YH, Lee YT, Hsieh YL, Hwang DF. Dietary Taurine Reduces Zinc-Induced Toxicity in Male Wistar Rats. J Food Sci 2011; 76:T90-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2011.02110.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
15
|
Plum LM, Rink L, Haase H. The essential toxin: impact of zinc on human health. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2010; 7:1342-65. [PMID: 20617034 PMCID: PMC2872358 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph7041342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 715] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2010] [Revised: 03/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Compared to several other metal ions with similar chemical properties, zinc is relatively harmless. Only exposure to high doses has toxic effects, making acute zinc intoxication a rare event. In addition to acute intoxication, long-term, high-dose zinc supplementation interferes with the uptake of copper. Hence, many of its toxic effects are in fact due to copper deficiency. While systemic homeostasis and efficient regulatory mechanisms on the cellular level generally prevent the uptake of cytotoxic doses of exogenous zinc, endogenous zinc plays a significant role in cytotoxic events in single cells. Here, zinc influences apoptosis by acting on several molecular regulators of programmed cell death, including caspases and proteins from the Bcl and Bax families. One organ where zinc is prominently involved in cell death is the brain, and cytotoxicity in consequence of ischemia or trauma involves the accumulation of free zinc. Rather than being a toxic metal ion, zinc is an essential trace element. Whereas intoxication by excessive exposure is rare, zinc deficiency is widespread and has a detrimental impact on growth, neuronal development, and immunity, and in severe cases its consequences are lethal. Zinc deficiency caused by malnutrition and foods with low bioavailability, aging, certain diseases, or deregulated homeostasis is a far more common risk to human health than intoxication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Plum
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hedera P, Peltier A, Fink JK, Wilcock S, London Z, Brewer GJ. Myelopolyneuropathy and pancytopenia due to copper deficiency and high zinc levels of unknown origin II. The denture cream is a primary source of excessive zinc. Neurotoxicology 2009; 30:996-9. [PMID: 19732792 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2009.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2009] [Accepted: 08/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegeneration of the central and peripheral nervous system associated with hypocupremia and hyperzincinemia has been widely recognized but the origin of high zinc remained unknown. Denture cream has been recently suggested as one possible source of zinc, but the frequency with which denture fixative alone accounts for this syndrome is unknown. We analyzed the origin of excessive zinc in eleven patients with a progressive myelopolyneuropathy and unexplained hypocupremia with hyperzincinemia. These patients had a detailed clinical assessment, determination of zinc and copper levels, and analyzed use of denture cream with the estimates of daily zinc exposure. We identified denture cream as a source of excessive zinc in 100% patients in our cohort. They all had a history of ill-fitting dentures requiring large amounts of denture cream, resulting in significant zinc exposure. Their copper and zinc normalized after stopping denture cream, further confirming that this is the source of high zinc. Inappropriate use of denture cream appears to be the sole source of excessive zinc in these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hedera
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-8552, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Dhawan SS, Ryder KM, Pritchard E. Massive Penny Ingestion: The Loot with Local and Systemic Effects. J Emerg Med 2008; 35:33-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2007.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2006] [Revised: 10/28/2006] [Accepted: 11/08/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
18
|
Danzeisen R, Araya M, Harrison B, Keen C, Solioz M, Thiele D, McArdle HJ. How reliable and robust are current biomarkers for copper status? Br J Nutr 2007; 98:676-83. [PMID: 17666147 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114507798951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Cu is an essential nutrient for man, but can be toxic if intakes are too high. In sensitive populations, marginal over- or under-exposure can have detrimental effects. Malnourished children, the elderly, and pregnant or lactating females may be susceptible for Cu deficiency. Cu status and exposure in the population can currently not be easily measured, as neither plasma Cu nor plasma cuproenzymes reflect Cu status precisely. Some blood markers (such as ceruloplasmin) indicate severe Cu depletion, but do not inversely respond to Cu excess, and are not suitable to indicate marginal states. A biomarker of Cu is needed that is sensitive to small changes in Cu status, and that responds to Cu excess as well as deficiency. Such a marker will aid in monitoring Cu status in large populations, and will help to avoid chronic health effects (for example, liver damage in chronic toxicity, osteoporosis, loss of collagen stability, or increased susceptibility to infections in deficiency). The advent of high-throughput technologies has enabled us to screen for potential biomarkers in the whole proteome of a cell, not excluding markers that have no direct link to Cu. Further, this screening allows us to search for a whole group of proteins that, in combination, reflect Cu status. The present review emphasises the need to find sensitive biomarkers for Cu, examines potential markers of Cu status already available, and discusses methods to identify a novel suite of biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Danzeisen
- International Copper Association, 260 Madison Avenue (FL 16), New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
|
20
|
Kohda Y, Matsunaga Y, Shiota R, Satoh T, Kishi Y, Kawai Y, Gemba M. Involvement of Raf-1/MEK/ERK1/2 signaling pathway in zinc-induced injury in rat renal cortical slices. J Toxicol Sci 2006; 31:207-17. [PMID: 16960431 DOI: 10.2131/jts.31.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Zinc is an essential nutrient that can also be toxic. We have previously reported that zinc-related renal toxicity is due, in part, to free radical generation in the renal epithelial cell line, LLC-PK(1) cells. We have also shown that an MEK1/2 inhibitor, U0126, markedly inhibits zinc-induced renal cell injury. In this study, we investigated the role of an upstream MEK/ERK pathway, Raf-1 kinase pathway, and the transcription factor and ERK substrate Elk-1, in rat renal cortical slices exposed to zinc. Immediately after preparing slices from rat renal cortex, the slices were incubated in medium containing Raf-1 and MEK inhibitors. ERK1/2 and Elk-1 activation were determined by Western blot analysis for phosphorylated ERK (pERK) 1/2 and phosphorylated Elk-1 (pElk-1) in nuclear fractions prepared from slices exposed to zinc. Zinc caused not only increases in 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) modified protein and lipid peroxidation, as an index of oxidant stress, and decreases in PAH accumulation, as that of renal cell injury in the slices. Zinc also induced a rapid increase in ERK/Elk-1 activity accompanied by increased expressions of pERK and pElk-1 in the nuclear fraction. A Raf-1 kinase inhibitor and an MEK1/2 inhibitor U0126 significantly attenuated zinc-induced decreases PAH accumulation in the slices. The Raf-1 kinase inhibitor and U0126 also suppressed ERK1/2 activation in nuclear fractions prepared from slices treated with zinc. The present results suggest that a Raf-1/MEK/ERK1/2 pathway and the ERK substrate Elk-1 are involved in free radical-induced injury in rat renal cortical slices exposed to zinc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Kohda
- Division of Pharmacology, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-21-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Iskandar M, Swist E, Trick KD, Wang B, L'Abbé MR, Bertinato J. Copper chaperone for Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase is a sensitive biomarker of mild copper deficiency induced by moderately high intakes of zinc. Nutr J 2005; 4:35. [PMID: 16307684 PMCID: PMC1315358 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-4-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2005] [Accepted: 11/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small increases in zinc (Zn) consumption above recommended amounts have been shown to reduce copper (Cu) status in experimental animals and humans. Recently, we have reported that copper chaperone for Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (CCS) protein level is increased in tissues of overtly Cu-deficient rats and proposed CCS as a novel biomarker of Cu status. METHODS Weanling male Wistar rats were fed one of four diets normal in Cu and containing normal (30 mg Zn/kg diet) or moderately high (60, 120 or 240 mg Zn/kg diet) amounts of Zn for 5 weeks. To begin to examine the clinical relevance of CCS, we compared the sensitivity of CCS to mild Cu deficiency, induced by moderately high intakes of Zn, with conventional indices of Cu status. RESULTS Liver and erythrocyte CCS expression was significantly (P < 0.05) increased in rats fed the Zn-60 and/or Zn-120 diet compared to rats fed normal levels of Zn (Zn-30). Erythrocyte CCS expression was the most sensitive measure of reduced Cu status and was able to detect a decrease in Cu nutriture in rats fed only twice the recommended amount of Zn. Liver, erythrocyte and white blood cell CCS expression showed a significant (P < 0.05) inverse correlation with plasma and liver Cu concentrations and caeruloplasmin activity. Unexpectedly, rats fed the highest level of Zn (Zn-240) showed overall better Cu status than rats fed a lower level of elevated Zn (Zn-120). Improved Cu status in these rats correlated with increased duodenal mRNA expression of several Zn-trafficking proteins (i.e. MT-1, ZnT-1, ZnT-2 and ZnT-4). CONCLUSION Collectively, these data show that CCS is a sensitive measure of Zn-induced mild Cu deficiency and demonstrate a dose-dependent biphasic response for reduced Cu status by moderately high intakes of Zn.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Iskandar
- Nutrition Research Division, Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, 2203C Banting Research Centre, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0L2, Canada
| | - Eleonora Swist
- Nutrition Research Division, Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, 2203C Banting Research Centre, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0L2, Canada
| | - Keith D Trick
- Nutrition Research Division, Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, 2203C Banting Research Centre, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0L2, Canada
| | - Bingtuan Wang
- Nutrition Research Division, Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, 2203C Banting Research Centre, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0L2, Canada
| | - Mary R L'Abbé
- Nutrition Research Division, Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, 2203C Banting Research Centre, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0L2, Canada
| | - Jesse Bertinato
- Nutrition Research Division, Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, 2203C Banting Research Centre, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0L2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Bartlett H, Eperjesi F. Possible contraindications and adverse reactions associated with the use of ocular nutritional supplements. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2005; 25:179-94. [PMID: 15854063 DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-1313.2005.00294.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The role of oxidation in the development of age-related eye disease has prompted interest in the use of nutritional supplementation for prevention of onset and progression. Our aim is to highlight possible contraindications and adverse reactions of isolated or high dose ocular nutritional supplements. Web of Science and PubMed database searches were carried out, followed by a manual search of the bibliographies of retrieved articles. Vitamin A should be avoided in women who may become pregnant, in those with liver disease, and in people who drink heavily. Relationships have been found between vitamin A and reduced bone mineral density, and beta-carotene and increased risk of lung cancer in smoking males. Vitamin E and Ginkgo biloba have anticoagulant and anti-platelet effects respectively, and high doses are contraindicated in those being treated for vascular disorders. Those patients with contraindications or who are considered at risk of adverse reactions should be advised to seek specialist dietary advice via their medical practitioner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Bartlett
- Neurosciences Research Institute, Aston University, Birmingham, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Puig S, Scharitzer M, Cengiz K, Jetzinger E, Rupprecht L. Effects of gastric acid on euro coins: chemical reaction and radiographic appearance after ingestion by infants and children. Emerg Med J 2005; 21:553-6. [PMID: 15333527 PMCID: PMC1726428 DOI: 10.1136/emj.2002.004879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study investigated whether coins of the new European currency (euro) corrode when they are exposed to gastric acid, and whether this change can be detected radiographically. METHODS The eight different denominations of coins were immersed for seven days in 0.15 N hydrochloride acid (HCl), which corresponds to the level of post-prandial gastric acid. A Swedish crown coin and three different Austrian schilling coins were used as controls. The coins were weighed and radiographed daily to evaluate visible corrosions and HCl was analysed daily for possible dissolved substances. RESULTS All coins lost weight within 24 hours after exposure to HCl. The 1, 2, and 5 euro cent coins developed changes that were visible on radiographs. The weights of all coins decreased by 0.43% to 11.30% during one week. The dissolved substances measured in the HCl corresponded to the different metals and alloys of the coins, except for copper, which does not dissolve in HCl. The highest absolute weight loss was observed in the Swedish crown coin (0.67 g), and the highest relative weight loss in the 1 Austrian schilling coin (11.30%). The two coins that showed the highest absolute and relative weight losses were the 2 euro (0.54 g or 6.35%) and the 1 euro (0.48 g or 6.39%) coin. CONCLUSIONS A higher rate of toxicity for the new European coins compared with coins of other currencies is not expected, unless a massive coin ingestion occurs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Puig
- Department of Radiology, University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Piao F, Yokoyama K, Ma N, Yamauchi T. Subacute toxic effects of zinc on various tissues and organs of rats. Toxicol Lett 2003; 145:28-35. [PMID: 12962971 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4274(03)00261-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In order to expand our knowledge of zinc toxicity and to assess further the toxicities of zinc systematically, we observed the toxic effects of zinc on the functions of various tissues and organs in rats. The rats were randomly divided into four groups (14 in each group), viz. one normal control group (received saline), two zinc groups (Znlow: 4 mg/kg of zinc acetate; Znhigh: 8 mg/kg of zinc acetate), and one cyclophosphamide group (50 mg/kg, as positive control of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MPCEs)). Saline and zinc acetate were administered intraperitoneally to the rats once every 2 days, seven times in total. Cyclophosphamide was given intraperitoneally to the rats once. The concentration of blood zinc was determined and accumulation of zinc was not observed in the experimental groups. The frequencies of basophilic stippled erythrocyte (BSE) and MPCEs in the Znhigh group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). The levels of serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (GOT) and serum triiodothyronine (T3) in the Znhigh groups decreased significantly, compared with the control group (P<0.01 or 0.05). Moreover, we also observed that the level of serum cortisol, another adrenal corticoid hormone in rats, was increased by zinc acetate in a dose-dependent manner. According to the literature and our findings, exposure to zinc, especially at higher doses, may produce toxic effects on various tissues and organs including the hematopoietic system, cytogenetics, biochemistry and endocrine system function. Therefore, it is suggested that zinc should be used carefully, especially by high risk groups such as children and pregnant women despite its use as a food additive or in self-medication. At the same time, it is necessary to investigate and research further these toxicities of zinc with long-term administration of low dosage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengyuan Piao
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Mie University, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie-Pref. 514-8507, Japan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
The use of megadoses of vitamin and mineral supplements has become common. The authors describe a 17-year-old boy who presented with fatigue after taking large daily doses of zinc supplements for 6 to 7 months in an attempt to treat his acne. A zinc-induced hypocupremia developed, causing anemia, leukopenia, and neutropenia. Anemia and neutropenia resolved 6 months after he stopped taking the zinc. Excessive zinc intake can have toxic effects, and questions about patients' use of vitamin and mineral supplements should be asked when medication histories are taken.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark B Salzman
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaiser Permanente West Los Angeles Medical Center, California 90034, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
In humans, acquired copper deficiency anemia is rare. This report describes a 58-yr-old man with metal pica, especially coins, who presented with symptomatic anemia. His workup led to the diagnosis of zinc-induced copper deficiency. We believe that, in this man, leaching of zinc from pennies explained the clinical and laboratory findings. This case demonstrates that health care workers should consider the possibility of zinc-induced copper deficiency when confronted with patients with unexplained anemia who have ingested coins or other zinc-containing metals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H A Hassan
- Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, John L. McClellan Memorial Veterans Hospital, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Bennett DR, Baird CJ, Chan KM, Crookes PF, Bremner CG, Gottlieb MM, Naritoku WY. Zinc toxicity following massive coin ingestion. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1997; 18:148-53. [PMID: 9185931 DOI: 10.1097/00000433-199706000-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This is the first reported case of human fatality associated with zinc intoxication following a massive ingestion of coins. Four hundred and sixty-one coins were removed form the gastrointestinal tract of a schizophrenic patient during the course of hospitalization. Many of the post-1981 pennies, which consist primarily of zinc, showed severe corrosion due to their prolonged contact with acidic gastric juice. The patient presented with clinical manifestations consistent with the local corrosive as well as systemic effects of zinc intoxication and died 40 days after admission with multi-system organ failure. Tissue samples of the kidneys, pancreas, and liver obtained at autopsy revealed acute tubular necrosis, mild fibrosis, and acute massive necrosis, respectively, and contained high levels of zinc. The overall effects of zinc intoxication on the various organ systems, possible hematological derangement, and the impairment of copper absorption as well as the outcome with treatment are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D R Bennett
- Department of Pathology, Los Angeles County-University of Southern California Medical Center 90033, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Odeh M. Serum zinc and protein status in AIDS patients. Nutrition 1996; 12:551-3. [PMID: 8878155 DOI: 10.1016/s0899-9007(97)85092-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|
29
|
Abstract
The safety of 'health' foods and complementary medicine products is increasingly questioned. We report a case of pure white cell aplasia developing in a patient who took a variety of such products leading to an excessive intake of zinc. Recovery was complete following the withdrawal of her 'medications'. The aetiology of the pure white cell aplasia is discussed with respect to the ingredients of the products ingested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P D Forsyth
- Department of Haematology, University Hospital, Nottingham, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|