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Kuchling J, Jurek B, Kents M, Kreye J, Geis C, Wickel J, Mueller S, Koch SP, Boehm-Sturm P, Prüss H, Finke C. Impaired functional connectivity of the hippocampus in translational murine models of NMDA-receptor antibody associated neuropsychiatric pathology. Mol Psychiatry 2024; 29:85-96. [PMID: 37875549 PMCID: PMC11078734 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02303-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Decreased hippocampal connectivity and disruption of functional networks are established resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) features that are associated with neuropsychiatric symptom severity in human anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis. However, the underlying pathophysiology of NMDAR encephalitis remains poorly understood. Application of patient-derived monoclonal antibodies against the NR1 (GluN1) subunit of the NMDAR now allows for the translational investigation of functional connectivity in experimental murine NMDAR antibody disease models with neurodevelopmental disorders. Using rs-fMRI, we studied functional connectivity alterations in (1) adult C57BL/6 J mice that were intrathecally injected with a recombinant human NR1 antibody over 14 days (n = 10) and in (2) a newly established mouse model with in utero exposure to a human recombinant NR1 antibody (NR1-offspring) at the age of (2a) 8 weeks (n = 15) and (2b) 10 months (n = 14). Adult NR1-antibody injected mice showed impaired functional connectivity within the left hippocampus compared to controls, resembling impaired connectivity patterns observed in human NMDAR encephalitis patients. Similarly, NR1-offspring showed significantly reduced functional connectivity in the hippocampus after 8 weeks, and impaired connectivity in the hippocampus was likewise observed in NR1-offspring at the age of 10 months. We successfully reproduced functional connectivity changes within the hippocampus in different experimental murine systems that were previously observed in human NMDAR encephalitis patients. Translational application of this method within a combined imaging and histopathological framework will allow future experimental studies to identify the underlying biological mechanisms and may eventually facilitate non-invasive monitoring of disease activity and treatment responses in autoimmune encephalitis.
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Grants
- J.Ku is participant in the BIH-Charité Junior Clinician Scientist Program
- J.Kr is participant in the BIH-Charité Clinician Scientist Program funded by the Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin and the Berlin Institute of Health.
- C.G. is funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation: grant numbers GE2519/8-1, GE2519/9-1, FOR3004 and GE2519/11-1), by the German Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF: grant numbers 01EW1901, 01GM1908B), and receives funding from Hermann und Lilly Schilling Foundation.
- H.P. is funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation: grant numbers PR 1274/2-1, PR 1274/3-1, FOR3004 and PR 1274/5-1), by the German Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF: grant numbers 01GM1908D, CONNECT-GENERATE), and by the Helmholtz Association (HIL-A03).
- C.F. is funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation: grant numbers FI 2309/1-1 and FI 2309/2-1), and by the German Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF; grant numbers 01GM1908D, CONNECT-GENERATE)
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Kuchling
- Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Neurocure Cluster of Excellence, NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Betty Jurek
- Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mariya Kents
- Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jakob Kreye
- Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Geis
- Section of Translational Neuroimmunology, Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Jonathan Wickel
- Section of Translational Neuroimmunology, Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Susanne Mueller
- Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Neurocure Cluster of Excellence, Core Facility 7 T Experimental MRIs, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Center for Stroke Research, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Paul Koch
- Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Neurocure Cluster of Excellence, Core Facility 7 T Experimental MRIs, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Center for Stroke Research, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Boehm-Sturm
- Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Neurocure Cluster of Excellence, Core Facility 7 T Experimental MRIs, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Center for Stroke Research, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Harald Prüss
- Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Carsten Finke
- Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Berlin, Germany.
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Vinnakota C, Hudson MR, Jones NC, Sundram S, Hill RA. Potential Roles for the GluN2D NMDA Receptor Subunit in Schizophrenia. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11835. [PMID: 37511595 PMCID: PMC10380280 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) hypofunction has been proposed to underlie schizophrenia symptoms. This theory arose from the observation that administration of NMDAR antagonists, which are compounds that inhibit NMDAR activity, reproduces behavioural and molecular schizophrenia-like phenotypes, including hallucinations, delusions and cognitive impairments in healthy humans and animal models. However, the role of specific NMDAR subunits in these schizophrenia-relevant phenotypes is largely unknown. Mounting evidence implicates the GluN2D subunit of NMDAR in some of these symptoms and pathology. Firstly, genetic and post-mortem studies show changes in the GluN2D subunit in people with schizophrenia. Secondly, the psychosis-inducing effects of NMDAR antagonists are blunted in GluN2D-knockout mice, suggesting that the GluN2D subunit mediates NMDAR-antagonist-induced psychotomimetic effects. Thirdly, in the mature brain, the GluN2D subunit is relatively enriched in parvalbumin (PV)-containing interneurons, a cell type hypothesized to underlie the cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia. Lastly, the GluN2D subunit is widely and abundantly expressed early in development, which could be of importance considering schizophrenia is a disorder that has its origins in early neurodevelopment. The limitations of currently available therapies warrant further research into novel therapeutic targets such as the GluN2D subunit, which may help us better understand underlying disease mechanisms and develop novel and more effective treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chitra Vinnakota
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medical, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Matthew R Hudson
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medical, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Nigel C Jones
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medical, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Suresh Sundram
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medical, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
- Mental Health Program, Monash Health, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Rachel A Hill
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medical, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
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3
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Vengalil A, Nizamutdinov D, Su M, Huang JH. Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2-induced Encephalopathy and Encephalitis in COVID-19 Cases. Neurosci Insights 2023; 18:26331055231172522. [PMID: 37255742 PMCID: PMC10225804 DOI: 10.1177/26331055231172522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 virus caused an unprecedented pandemic around the globe, infecting 36.5 million people and causing the death of over 1 million in the United States of America alone. COVID-19 patients demonstrated respiratory symptoms, cardiovascular complications, and neurologic symptoms, which in most severe cases included encephalopathy and encephalitis. Hypoxia and the uncontrolled proliferation of cytokines are commonly recognized to cause encephalopathy, while the retrograde trans-synaptic spread of the virus is thought to cause encephalitis in SARS-CoV-2-induced pathogenesis. Although recent research revealed some mechanisms explaining the development of neurologic symptoms, it still remains unclear whether interactions between these mechanisms exist. This review focuses on the discussion and analysis of previously reported hypotheses of SARS-CoV-2-induced encephalopathy and encephalitis and looks into possible overlaps between the pathogenesis of both neurological outcomes of the disease. Promising therapeutic approaches to prevent and treat SARS-CoV-2-induced neurological complications are also covered. More studies are needed to further investigate the dominant mechanism of pathogenesis for developing more effective preventative measures in COVID-19 cases with the neurologic presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Vengalil
- Neurosurgery, Texas A&M University,
College of Medicine, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Damir Nizamutdinov
- Neurosurgery, Texas A&M University,
College of Medicine, Temple, TX, USA
- Neurosurgery, Baylor Scott and White
Health, Neuroscience Institute, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Matthew Su
- Department of BioSciences, Rice
University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jason H Huang
- Neurosurgery, Texas A&M University,
College of Medicine, Temple, TX, USA
- Neurosurgery, Baylor Scott and White
Health, Neuroscience Institute, Temple, TX, USA
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Li J, Zhou Y, Su T, Xu S. Perampanel therapy for intractable GRIN2D-related developmental and epileptic encephalopathy: A case report and literature review. Brain Dev 2023; 45:237-243. [PMID: 36567197 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2022.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are ligand-gated ion channels that mediate excitatory synaptic transmission and brain development in the central nervous system. Mutations in GRIN2D encoding the NMDAR subunit GluN2D are associated with a wide spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders. METHODS We report a novel de novo GRIN2D variant (NM_000836.2: c.2024C > T, p.Ala675Val) in an infant with severe developmental and epileptic encephalopathy. Clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of patients with GRIN2D-related developmental and epileptic encephalopathy were summarized by reviewing the literature. RESULTS In silico analysis suggested this p.Ala675Val variant residing in the highly conserved M3 helix of GluN2D would interfere with channel gating. Therapeutic options including multiple anticonvulsants, oral corticosteroid therapy, and ketogenic diet failed to achieve seizure control. Eventually, adjunctive therapy with perampanel led to marked electroclinical improvement. CONCLUSIONS Perampanel can be beneficial adjuvant therapy for patients with GRIN2D-related intractable epilepsy. Mechanistic understanding and case-per-se analysis are required to enable more individualized treatment for the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqing Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yalan Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tangfeng Su
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Sanqing Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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5
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A role for endothelial NMDA receptors in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2022; 249:63-73. [PMID: 33189520 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2020.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Numerous genetic and postmortem studies link N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) dysfunction with schizophrenia, forming the basis of the popular glutamate hypothesis. Neuronal NMDAR abnormalities are consistently reported from both basic and clinical experiments, however, non-neuronal cells also contain NMDARs, and are rarely, if ever, considered in the discussion of glutamate action in schizophrenia. We offer an examination of recent discoveries elucidating the actions and consequences of NMDAR activation in the neuroendothelium. While there has been mixed literature regarding blood flow alterations in the schizophrenia brain, in this review, we posit that some common findings may be explained by neuroendothelial NMDAR dysfunction. In particular, we emphasize that endothelial NMDARs are key mediators of neurovascular coupling, where increased neuronal activity leads to increased blood flow. Based on the broad conclusions that hypoperfusion is a neuroanatomical finding in schizophrenia, we discuss potential mechanisms by which endothelial NMDARs contribute to this disorder. We propose that endothelial NMDAR dysfunction can be a primary cause of neurovascular abnormalities in schizophrenia. Importantly, functional MRI studies using BOLD signal as a proxy for neuron activity should be considered in a new light if neurovascular coupling is impaired in schizophrenia. This review is the first to propose that NMDARs in non-excitable cells play a role in schizophrenia.
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6
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Elmasri M, Hunter DW, Winchester G, Bates EE, Aziz W, Van Der Does DM, Karachaliou E, Sakimura K, Penn AC. Common synaptic phenotypes arising from diverse mutations in the human NMDA receptor subunit GluN2A. Commun Biol 2022; 5:174. [PMID: 35228668 PMCID: PMC8885697 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03115-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dominant mutations in the human gene GRIN2A, encoding NMDA receptor (NMDAR) subunit GluN2A, make a significant and growing contribution to the catalogue of published single-gene epilepsies. Understanding the disease mechanism in these epilepsy patients is complicated by the surprising diversity of effects that the mutations have on NMDARs. Here we have examined the cell-autonomous effect of five GluN2A mutations, 3 loss-of-function and 2 gain-of-function, on evoked NMDAR-mediated synaptic currents (NMDA-EPSCs) in CA1 pyramidal neurons in cultured hippocampal slices. Despite the mutants differing in their functional incorporation at synapses, prolonged NMDA-EPSC current decays (with only marginal changes in charge transfer) were a common effect for both gain- and loss-of-function mutants. Modelling NMDA-EPSCs with mutant properties in a CA1 neuron revealed that the effect of GRIN2A mutations can lead to abnormal temporal integration and spine calcium dynamics during trains of concerted synaptic activity. Investigations beyond establishing the molecular defects of GluN2A mutants are much needed to understand their impact on synaptic transmission. The cell-autonomous effect of five severe loss- or gain-of-function GluN2A (NMDA receptor) mutations is assessed on evoked NMDAR-mediated synaptic currents in CA1 pyramidal neurons in cultured mouse hippocampal slices. Data and modelling suggest that mutant-like NMDA-EPSCs can lead to abnormal temporal summation and spine calcium dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Elmasri
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Daniel William Hunter
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Giles Winchester
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Ella Emine Bates
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Wajeeha Aziz
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK
| | | | - Eirini Karachaliou
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Kenji Sakimura
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, 951-8585, Japan
| | - Andrew Charles Penn
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK.
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7
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Larkum ME, Wu J, Duverdin SA, Gidon A. The guide to dendritic spikes of the mammalian cortex in vitro and in vivo. Neuroscience 2022; 489:15-33. [PMID: 35182699 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Half a century since their discovery by Llinás and colleagues, dendritic spikes have been observed in various neurons in different brain regions, from the neocortex and cerebellum to the basal ganglia. Dendrites exhibit a terrifically diverse but stereotypical repertoire of spikes, sometimes specific to subregions of the dendrite. Despite their prevalence, we only have a glimpse into their role in the behaving animal. This article aims to survey the full range of dendritic spikes found in excitatory and inhibitory neurons, compare them in vivo versus in vitro, and discuss new studies describing dendritic spikes in the human cortex. We focus on dendritic spikes in neocortical and hippocampal neurons and present a roadmap to identify and understand the broader role of dendritic spikes in single-cell computation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Larkum
- Institute for Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany; NeuroCure Cluster, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Jiameng Wu
- Institute for Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Einstein Center for Neurosciences Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sarah A Duverdin
- Institute for Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Gidon
- Institute for Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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8
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Zick JL, Crowe DA, Blackman RK, Schultz K, Bergstrand DW, DeNicola AL, Carter RE, Ebner TJ, Lanier LM, Netoff TI, Chafee MV. Disparate insults relevant to schizophrenia converge on impaired spike synchrony and weaker synaptic interactions in prefrontal local circuits. Curr Biol 2022; 32:14-25.e4. [PMID: 34678162 PMCID: PMC10038008 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia results from hundreds of known causes, including genetic, environmental, and developmental insults that cooperatively increase risk of developing the disease. In spite of the diversity of causal factors, schizophrenia presents with a core set of symptoms and brain abnormalities (both structural and functional) that particularly impact the prefrontal cortex. This suggests that many different causal factors leading to schizophrenia may cause prefrontal neurons and circuits to fail in fundamentally similar ways. The nature of convergent malfunctions in prefrontal circuits at the cell and synaptic levels leading to schizophrenia are not known. Here, we apply convergence-guided search to identify core pathological changes in the functional properties of prefrontal circuits that lie downstream of mechanistically distinct insults relevant to the disease. We compare the impacts of blocking NMDA receptors in monkeys and deleting a schizophrenia risk gene in mice on activity timing and effective communication in prefrontal local circuits. Although these manipulations operate through distinct molecular pathways and biological mechanisms, we found they produced convergent pathophysiological effects on prefrontal local circuits. Both manipulations reduced the frequency of synchronous (0-lag) spiking between prefrontal neurons and weakened functional interactions between prefrontal neurons at monosynaptic lags as measured by information transfer between the neurons. The two observations may be related, as reduction in synchronous spiking between prefrontal neurons would be expected to weaken synaptic connections between them via spike-timing-dependent synaptic plasticity. These data suggest that the link between spike timing and synaptic connectivity could comprise the functional vulnerability that multiple risk factors exploit to produce disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Zick
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program (MD/PhD), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - David A Crowe
- Department of Biology, Augsburg University, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA
| | - Rachael K Blackman
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program (MD/PhD), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Kelsey Schultz
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | | | - Adele L DeNicola
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Russell E Carter
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Timothy J Ebner
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Lorene M Lanier
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Theoden I Netoff
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Matthew V Chafee
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Brain Sciences Center, VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA.
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9
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Chen QY, Li XH, Zhuo M. NMDA receptors and synaptic plasticity in the anterior cingulate cortex. Neuropharmacology 2021; 197:108749. [PMID: 34364898 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) plays an important role in pain modulation, and pain-related emotional disorders. In the ACC, two major forms of long-term potentiation (LTP) coexist in excitatory synapses and lay the basis of chronic pain and pain-related emotional disorders. The induction of postsynaptic LTP is dependent on the activation of postsynaptic NMDA receptors (NMDARs), while the presynaptic LTP is NMDAR-independent. Long-term depression (LTD) can also be divided into two types according to the degree of sensitivity to the inhibition of NMDARs. NMDAR heteromers containing GluN2A and GluN2B act as key molecules in both the NMDAR-dependent postsynaptic LTP and LTD. Additionally, NMDARs also exist in presynaptic terminals and modulate the evoked and spontaneous transmitter release. From a translational point of view, inhibiting subtypes of NMDARs and/or downstream signaling proteins may provide potential drug targets for chronic pain and its related emotional disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Yu Chen
- International Institute for Brain Research, Qingdao International Academician Park, Qingdao, China; Center for Neuron and Disease, Frontier Institutes of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xu-Hui Li
- International Institute for Brain Research, Qingdao International Academician Park, Qingdao, China; Center for Neuron and Disease, Frontier Institutes of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Min Zhuo
- International Institute for Brain Research, Qingdao International Academician Park, Qingdao, China; Center for Neuron and Disease, Frontier Institutes of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China; Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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10
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Seet D, Allameen NA, Tay SH, Cho J, Mak A. Cognitive Dysfunction in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Immunopathology, Clinical Manifestations, Neuroimaging and Management. Rheumatol Ther 2021; 8:651-679. [PMID: 33993432 PMCID: PMC8217391 DOI: 10.1007/s40744-021-00312-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive dysfunction (CD) is a common yet often clinically subtle manifestation that considerably impacts the health-related quality of life in patients with systemic lupus erythaematosus (SLE). Given the inconsistencies in CD assessment and challenges in its attribution to SLE, the reported prevalence of CD differs widely, ranging from 3 to 88%. The clinical presentation of CD in SLE is non-specific and may manifest concurrently with overt neuropsychiatric illness such as psychosis or mood disorders or as isolated impairment of attention, working memory, executive dysfunction or processing speed. Despite the lack of standardized and sensitive neuropsychological tests and validated diagnostic biomarkers of CD in SLE, significant progress has been made in identifying pathogenic neural pathways and neuroimaging. Furthermore, several autoantibodies, cytokines, pro-inflammatory mediators and metabolic factors have been implicated in the pathogenesis of CD in SLE. Abrogation of the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and ensuing autoantibody-mediated neurotoxicity, complement and microglial activation remains the widely accepted mechanism of SLE-related CD. Although several functional neuroimaging modalities have consistently demonstrated abnormalities that correlate with CD in SLE patients, a consensus remains to be reached as to their clinical utility in diagnosing CD. Given the multifactorial aetiology of CD, a multi-domain interventional approach that addresses the risk factors and disease mechanisms of CD in a concurrent fashion is the favourable therapeutic direction. While cognitive rehabilitation and exercise training remain important, specific pharmacological agents that target microglial activation and maintain the BBB integrity are potential candidates for the treatment of SLE-related CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Seet
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University Medicine Cluster, National University Health System, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Level 10, NUHS Tower Block, Singapore, 119228 Singapore
| | - Nur Azizah Allameen
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University Medicine Cluster, National University Health System, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Level 10, NUHS Tower Block, Singapore, 119228 Singapore
| | - Sen Hee Tay
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University Medicine Cluster, National University Health System, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Level 10, NUHS Tower Block, Singapore, 119228 Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jiacai Cho
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University Medicine Cluster, National University Health System, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Level 10, NUHS Tower Block, Singapore, 119228 Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anselm Mak
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University Medicine Cluster, National University Health System, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Level 10, NUHS Tower Block, Singapore, 119228 Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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11
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Chen QY, Li XH, Lu JS, Liu Y, Lee JHA, Chen YX, Shi W, Fan K, Zhuo M. NMDA GluN2C/2D receptors contribute to synaptic regulation and plasticity in the anterior cingulate cortex of adult mice. Mol Brain 2021; 14:60. [PMID: 33766086 PMCID: PMC7995764 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-021-00744-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) play a critical role in different forms of plasticity in the central nervous system. NMDARs are always assembled in tetrameric form, in which two GluN1 subunits and two GluN2 and/or GluN3 subunits combine together. Previous studies focused mainly on the hippocampus. The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is a key cortical region for sensory and emotional functions. NMDAR GluN2A and GluN2B subunits have been previously investigated, however much less is known about the GluN2C/2D subunits. RESULTS In the present study, we found that the GluN2C/2D subunits are expressed in the pyramidal cells of ACC of adult mice. Application of a selective antagonist of GluN2C/2D, (2R*,3S*)-1-(9-bromophenanthrene-3-carbonyl) piperazine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid (UBP145), significantly reduced NMDAR-mediated currents, while synaptically evoked EPSCs were not affected. UBP145 affected neither the postsynaptic long-term potentiation (post-LTP) nor the presynaptic LTP (pre-LTP). Furthermore, the long-term depression (LTD) was also not affected by UBP145. Finally, both UBP145 decreased the frequency of the miniature EPSCs (mEPSCs) while the amplitude remained intact, suggesting that the GluN2C/2D may be involved in presynaptic regulation of spontaneous glutamate release. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide direct evidence that the GluN2C/2D contributes to evoked NMDAR mediated currents and mEPSCs in the ACC, which may have significant physiological implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Yu Chen
- Center for Neuron and Disease, Frontier Institutes of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,International Institute for Brain Research, Qingdao International Academician Park, Qingdao, China
| | - Xu-Hui Li
- Center for Neuron and Disease, Frontier Institutes of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,International Institute for Brain Research, Qingdao International Academician Park, Qingdao, China.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jing-Shan Lu
- Center for Neuron and Disease, Frontier Institutes of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,International Institute for Brain Research, Qingdao International Academician Park, Qingdao, China
| | - Yinglu Liu
- Center for Neuron and Disease, Frontier Institutes of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jung-Hyun Alex Lee
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yu-Xin Chen
- Center for Neuron and Disease, Frontier Institutes of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wantong Shi
- Center for Neuron and Disease, Frontier Institutes of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Kexin Fan
- Center for Neuron and Disease, Frontier Institutes of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Min Zhuo
- Center for Neuron and Disease, Frontier Institutes of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China. .,International Institute for Brain Research, Qingdao International Academician Park, Qingdao, China. .,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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12
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Bo JZ, Xue L, Li S, Yin JW, Li ZY, Wang X, Wang JF, Zhang YS. D-serine reduces memory impairment and neuronal damage induced by chronic lead exposure. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:836-841. [PMID: 33229717 PMCID: PMC8178793 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.297086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Although exogenous D-serine has been applied as a neural regulatory intervention in many studies, the role played by D-serine in hippocampal injuries caused by lead exposure remains poorly understood. Rat models of chronic lead exposure were established through the administration of 0.05% lead acetate for 8 weeks. Simultaneously, rats were administered 30 or 60 mg/kg D-serine, intraperitoneally, twice a day. Our results showed that D-serine treatment shortened the escape latency from the Morris water maze, increased the number of times that mice crossed the original platform location, and alleviated the pathological damage experienced by hippocampal neurons in response to lead exposure. Although D-serine administration did not increase the expression levels of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subtype 2B (NR2B) in the hippocampi of lead-exposed rats, 60 mg/kg D-serine treatment restored the expression levels of NR2A, which are reduced by lead exposure. These findings suggested that D-serine can alleviate learning and memory impairments induced by lead exposure and that the underlying mechanism is associated with the increased expression of NR2A in the hippocampus. This study was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of North China University of Science and Technology, China (approval No. LX2018155) on December 21, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Zhu Bo
- College of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei Province, China
| | - Ling Xue
- College of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei Province, China
| | - Shuang Li
- Laboratory Animal Center, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei Province, China
| | - Jing-Wen Yin
- College of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei Province, China
| | - Zheng-Yao Li
- College of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei Province, China
| | - Xi Wang
- College of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei Province, China
| | - Jun-Feng Wang
- College of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yan-Shu Zhang
- College of Public Health; Laboratory Animal Center, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei Province, China
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13
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Sarigecili E, Arslan I, Ucar HK, Celik U. Pediatric anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis associated with COVID-19. Childs Nerv Syst 2021; 37:3919-3922. [PMID: 33852058 PMCID: PMC8045445 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-021-05155-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis is a clinical condition characterized by acute behavioral and mood changes, abnormal movements, autonomic instability, seizures, and encephalopathy. We describe a 7-year-old boy diagnosed with autoimmune encephalitis due to NMDAR antibody in association with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (coronavirus disease 2019) (COVID-19), without pulmonary involvement or fever. The patient presented with acute ataxia, rapidly developed encephalopathy, and autoimmune encephalitis was suspected. Steroid treatment was withheld because of lymphopenia and intravenous immunoglobulin was started. The absence of clinical response prompted plasmapheresis and, when lymphocyte counts improved, pulse steroid treatment was applied. The latter was followed by significant improvement and the patient was discharged in a conscious and ambulatory state. Autoimmune encephalitis should be considered in the presence of neurological symptoms accompanying SARS-CoV-2 infection and steroid treatment should be preferred unless limited by contraindications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Sarigecili
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Adana City Training and Research Hospital, Adana, Turkey
| | - Ilknur Arslan
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Adana City Training and Research Hospital, Adana, Turkey
| | - Habibe Koc Ucar
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Adana City Training and Research Hospital, Adana, Turkey
| | - Umit Celik
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Adana City Training and Research Hospital, Adana, Turkey
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14
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Kummerfeld E, Ma S, Blackman RK, DeNicola AL, Redish AD, Vinogradov S, Crowe DA, Chafee MV. Cognitive Control Errors in Nonhuman Primates Resembling Those in Schizophrenia Reflect Opposing Effects of NMDA Receptor Blockade on Causal Interactions Between Cells and Circuits in Prefrontal and Parietal Cortices. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2020; 5:705-714. [PMID: 32513554 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The causal biology underlying schizophrenia is not well understood, but it is likely to involve a malfunction in how neurons adjust synaptic connections in response to patterns of activity in networks. We examined statistical dependencies between neural signals at the cell, local circuit, and distributed network levels in prefrontal and parietal cortices of monkeys performing a variant of the AX continuous performance task paradigm. We then quantified changes in the pattern of neural interactions across levels of scale following NMDA receptor (NMDAR) blockade and related these changes to a pattern of cognitive control errors closely matching the performance of patients with schizophrenia. METHODS We recorded the spiking activity of 1762 neurons along with local field potentials at multiple electrode sites in prefrontal and parietal cortices concurrently, and we generated binary time series indicating the presence or absence of spikes in single neurons or local field potential power above or below a threshold. We then applied causal discovery analysis to the time series to detect statistical dependencies between the signals (causal interactions) and compared the pattern of these interactions before and after NMDAR blockade. RESULTS Global blockade of NMDAR produced distinctive and frequently opposite changes in neural interactions at the cell, local circuit, and network levels in prefrontal and parietal cortices. Cognitive control errors were associated with decreased interactions at the cell level and with opposite changes at the network level in prefrontal and parietal cortices. CONCLUSIONS NMDAR synaptic deficits change causal interactions between neural signals at different levels of scale that correlate with schizophrenia-like deficits in cognitive control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erich Kummerfeld
- Institute for Health Informatics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Sisi Ma
- Institute for Health Informatics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Rachael K Blackman
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Brain Sciences Center, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Adele L DeNicola
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Brain Sciences Center, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - A David Redish
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Sophia Vinogradov
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - David A Crowe
- Department of Biology, Augsburg University, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Matthew V Chafee
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Brain Sciences Center, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
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15
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GRIN2D/GluN2D NMDA receptor: Unique features and its contribution to pediatric developmental and epileptic encephalopathy. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2020; 24:89-99. [PMID: 31918992 PMCID: PMC7035963 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2019.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs), a subset of ligand-gated ionotropic glutamate receptors, are critical for learning, memory, and neuronal development. However, when NMDAR subunits are mutated, a host of neuropathological conditions can occur, including epilepsy. Recently, genetic variation within the GRIN2D gene, which encodes the GluN2D subunit of the NMDAR, has been associated with a set of early-onset neurological diseases, notably developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (DEE). Importantly, patients with GRIN2D variants are largely refractory to conventional anti-epileptic drug (AED) treatment, highlighting the need to further understand the distinctive characteristics of GluN2D in neurological and pathological functions. In this review, we first summarize GluN2D's unique spatial and temporal expression patterns, electrophysiological profiles, and contributions to both pre- and postsynaptic signaling. Next, we review thirteen unique case studies from DEE patients harboring ten different causal GRIN2D variants. These patients are highly heterogenous, manifesting multiple seizure types, electroencephalographic recordings, and neurological and developmental outcomes. Lastly, this review concludes by highlighting the difficulty in treating patients with DEE-associated GRIN2D variants, and stresses the need for selective therapeutic agents delivered within a precise time window.
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16
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Russo M, Carrarini C, Dono F, Rispoli MG, Di Pietro M, Di Stefano V, Ferri L, Bonanni L, Sensi SL, Onofrj M. The Pharmacology of Visual Hallucinations in Synucleinopathies. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1379. [PMID: 31920635 PMCID: PMC6913661 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Visual hallucinations (VH) are commonly found in the course of synucleinopathies like Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. The incidence of VH in these conditions is so high that the absence of VH in the course of the disease should raise questions about the diagnosis. VH may take the form of early and simple phenomena or appear with late and complex presentations that include hallucinatory production and delusions. VH are an unmet treatment need. The review analyzes the past and recent hypotheses that are related to the underlying mechanisms of VH and then discusses their pharmacological modulation. Recent models for VH have been centered on the role played by the decoupling of the default mode network (DMN) when is released from the control of the fronto-parietal and salience networks. According to the proposed model, the process results in the perception of priors that are stored in the unconscious memory and the uncontrolled emergence of intrinsic narrative produced by the DMN. This DMN activity is triggered by the altered functioning of the thalamus and involves the dysregulated activity of the brain neurotransmitters. Historically, dopamine has been indicated as a major driver for the production of VH in synucleinopathies. In that context, nigrostriatal dysfunctions have been associated with the VH onset. The efficacy of antipsychotic compounds in VH treatment has further supported the notion of major involvement of dopamine in the production of the hallucinatory phenomena. However, more recent studies and growing evidence are also pointing toward an important role played by serotonergic and cholinergic dysfunctions. In that respect, in vivo and post-mortem studies have now proved that serotonergic impairment is often an early event in synucleinopathies. The prominent cholinergic impairment in DLB is also well established. Finally, glutamatergic and gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic modulations and changes in the overall balance between excitatory and inhibitory signaling are also contributing factors. The review provides an extensive overview of the pharmacology of VH and offers an up to date analysis of treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirella Russo
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Claudia Carrarini
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Fedele Dono
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Marianna Gabriella Rispoli
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Martina Di Pietro
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Stefano
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Laura Ferri
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Laura Bonanni
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Stefano Luca Sensi
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Behavioral Neurology and Molecular Neurology Units, Center of Excellence on Aging and Translational Medicine—CeSI-MeT, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Departments of Neurology and Pharmacology, Institute for Mind Impairments and Neurological Disorders—iMIND, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Marco Onofrj
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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Dissociation of LFP Power and Tuning in the Frontal Cortex during Memory. J Neurosci 2018; 38:8177-8186. [PMID: 30093534 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3629-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Working memory, the ability to maintain and manipulate information in the brain, is critical for cognition. During the memory period of spatial memory tasks, neurons in the prefrontal cortex code for memorized locations via persistent, spatially tuned increases in activity. Local field potentials (LFPs) are understood to reflect summed synaptic activity of local neuron populations and may offer a window into network-level processing. We recorded LFPs from areas 8A and 9/46 while two male cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) performed a long duration (5.1-15.6 s) memory-guided saccade task. Greater than ∼16 Hz, LFP power was contralaterally tuned throughout the memory period. Yet power for both contralateral and ipsilateral targets fell gradually after the first second of the memory period, dropping below baseline after a few seconds. Our results dissociate absolute LFP power from mnemonic tuning and are consistent with modeling work that suggests that decreasing synchronization within a network may improve the stability of memory coding.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The frontal cortex is an important site for working memory. There, individual neurons reflect memorized information with selective increases in activity, but how collections of neurons work together to achieve memory is not well understood. In this work, we examined rhythmic electrical activity surrounding these neurons, which may reflect the operation of recurrent circuitry that could underlie memory. This rhythmic activity was spatially tuned with respect to memorized locations as long as memory was tested (∼7.5 s). Surprisingly, however, the overall magnitude of rhythmic activity decreased steadily over this period, dropping below baseline levels after a few seconds. These findings suggest that collections of neurons may actively desynchronize to promote stability in memory circuitry.
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Alsaad HA, DeKorver NW, Mao Z, Dravid SM, Arikkath J, Monaghan DT. In the Telencephalon, GluN2C NMDA Receptor Subunit mRNA is Predominately Expressed in Glial Cells and GluN2D mRNA in Interneurons. Neurochem Res 2018; 44:61-77. [PMID: 29651654 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2526-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are widely distributed in the brain with high concentrations in the telencephalon where they modulate synaptic plasticity, working memory, and other functions. While the actions of the predominate GluN2 NMDAR subunits, GluN2A and GluN2B are relatively well understood, the function of GluN2C and GluN2D subunits in the telencephalon is largely unknown. To better understand the possible role of GluN2C subunits, we used fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) together with multiple cell markers to define the distribution and type of cells expressing GluN2C mRNA. Using a GluN2C-KO mouse as a negative control, GluN2C mRNA expression was only found in non-neuronal cells (NeuN-negative cells) in the hippocampus, striatum, amygdala, and cerebral cortex. For these regions, a significant fraction of GFAP-positive cells also expressed GluN2C mRNA. Overall, for the telencephalon, the globus pallidus and olfactory bulb were the only regions where GluN2C was expressed in neurons. In contrast to GluN2C, GluN2D subunit mRNA colocalized with neuronal and not astrocyte markers or GluN2C mRNA in the telencephalon (except for the globus pallidus). GluN2C mRNA did, however, colocalize with GluN2D in the thalamus where neuronal GluN2C expression is found. These findings strongly suggest that GluN2C has a very distinct function in the telencephalon compared to its role in other brain regions and compared to other GluN2-containing NMDARs. NMDARs containing GluN2C may have a specific role in regulating L-glutamate or D-serine release from astrocytes in response to L-glutamate spillover from synaptic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan A Alsaad
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5800, USA
| | - Nicholas W DeKorver
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5800, USA
| | - Zhihao Mao
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5800, USA
| | | | - Jyothi Arikkath
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Monroe Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Daniel T Monaghan
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5800, USA.
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Bagasrawala I, Memi F, V. Radonjić N, Zecevic N. N-Methyl d-Aspartate Receptor Expression Patterns in the Human Fetal Cerebral Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2017; 27:5041-5053. [PMID: 27664962 PMCID: PMC6077866 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
N-methyl d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs), a subtype of glutamate receptor, have important functional roles in cellular activity and neuronal development. They are well-studied in rodent and adult human brains, but limited information is available about their distribution in the human fetal cerebral cortex. Here we show that 3 NMDAR subunits, NR1, NR2A, and NR2B, are expressed in the human cerebral cortex during the second trimester of gestation, a period of intense neurogenesis and synaptogenesis. With increasing fetal age, expression of the NMDAR-encoding genes Grin1 (NR1) and Grin2a (NR2A) increased while Grin2b (NR2B) expression decreased. The protein levels of all 3 subunits paralleled the changes in gene expression. On cryosections, all 3 subunits were expressed in proliferative ventricular and subventricular zones, in radial glia, and in intermediate progenitor cells, consistent with their role in the proliferation of cortical progenitor cells and in the determination of their respective fates. The detection of NR1, NR2A, and NR2B in both glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons of the cortical plate suggests the involvement of NMDARs in the maturation of human cortical neurons and in early synapse formation. Our results and previous studies in rodents suggest that NMDAR expression in the developing human brain is evolutionarily conserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inseyah Bagasrawala
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Fani Memi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Nevena V. Radonjić
- Psychiatry Department, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Nada Zecevic
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
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Development of Glutamatergic Proteins in Human Visual Cortex across the Lifespan. J Neurosci 2017; 37:6031-6042. [PMID: 28554889 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2304-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, human primary visual cortex (V1) has been thought to mature within the first few years of life, based on anatomical studies of synapse formation, and establishment of intracortical and intercortical connections. Human vision, however, develops well beyond the first few years. Previously, we found prolonged development of some GABAergic proteins in human V1 (Pinto et al., 2010). Yet as >80% of synapses in V1 are excitatory, it remains unanswered whether the majority of synapses regulating experience-dependent plasticity and receptive field properties develop late, like their inhibitory counterparts. To address this question, we used Western blotting of postmortem tissue from human V1 (12 female, 18 male) covering a range of ages. Then we quantified a set of postsynaptic glutamatergic proteins (PSD-95, GluA2, GluN1, GluN2A, GluN2B), calculated indices for functional pairs that are developmentally regulated (GluA2:GluN1; GluN2A:GluN2B), and determined interindividual variability. We found early loss of GluN1, prolonged development of PSD-95 and GluA2 into late childhood, protracted development of GluN2A until ∼40 years, and dramatic loss of GluN2A in aging. The GluA2:GluN1 index switched at ∼1 year, but the GluN2A:GluN2B index continued to shift until ∼40 year before changing back to GluN2B in aging. We also identified young childhood as a stage of heightened interindividual variability. The changes show that human V1 develops gradually through a series of five orchestrated stages, making it likely that V1 participates in visual development and plasticity across the lifespan.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Anatomical structure of human V1 appears to mature early, but vision changes across the lifespan. This discrepancy has fostered two hypotheses: either other aspects of V1 continue changing, or later changes in visual perception depend on extrastriate areas. Previously, we showed that some GABAergic synaptic proteins change across the lifespan, but most synapses in V1 are excitatory leaving unanswered how they change. So we studied expression of glutamatergic proteins in human V1 to determine their development. Here we report prolonged maturation of glutamatergic proteins, with five stages that map onto life-long changes in human visual perception. Thus, the apparent discrepancy between development of structure and function may be explained by life-long synaptic changes in human V1.
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21
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Toward understanding thalamocortical dysfunction in schizophrenia through computational models of neural circuit dynamics. Schizophr Res 2017; 180:70-77. [PMID: 27784534 PMCID: PMC5263120 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2016.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The thalamus is implicated in the neuropathology of schizophrenia, and multiple modalities of noninvasive neuroimaging provide converging evidence for altered thalamocortical dynamics in the disorder, such as functional connectivity and oscillatory power. However, it remains a challenge to link these neuroimaging biomarkers to underlying neural circuit mechanisms. One potential path forward is a "Computational Psychiatry" approach that leverages computational models of neural circuits to make predictions for the dynamical impact dynamical impact on specific thalamic disruptions hypothesized to occur in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Here we review biophysically-based computational models of neural circuit dynamics for large-scale resting-state networks which have been applied to schizophrenia, and for thalamic oscillations. As a key aspect of thalamocortical dysconnectivity in schizophrenia is its regional specificity, it is important to consider potential sources of intrinsic heterogeneity of cellular and circuit properties across cortical and thalamic structures.
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Hadzic M, Jack A, Wahle P. Ionotropic glutamate receptors: Which ones, when, and where in the mammalian neocortex. J Comp Neurol 2016; 525:976-1033. [PMID: 27560295 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A multitude of 18 iGluR receptor subunits, many of which are diversified by splicing and RNA editing, localize to >20 excitatory and inhibitory neocortical neuron types defined by physiology, morphology, and transcriptome in addition to various types of glial, endothelial, and blood cells. Here we have compiled the published expression of iGluR subunits in the areas and cell types of developing and adult cortex of rat, mouse, carnivore, bovine, monkey, and human as determined with antibody- and mRNA-based techniques. iGluRs are differentially expressed in the cortical areas and in the species, and all have a unique developmental pattern. Differences are quantitative rather than a mere absence/presence of expression. iGluR are too ubiquitously expressed and of limited use as markers for areas or layers. A focus has been the iGluR profile of cortical interneuron types. For instance, GluK1 and GluN3A are enriched in, but not specific for, interneurons; moreover, the interneurons expressing these subunits belong to different types. Adressing the types is still a major hurdle because type-specific markers are lacking, and the frequently used neuropeptide/CaBP signatures are subject to regulation by age and activity and vary as well between species and areas. RNA-seq reveals almost all subunits in the two morphofunctionally characterized interneuron types of adult cortical layer I, suggesting a fairly broad expression at the RNA level. It remains to be determined whether all proteins are synthesized, to which pre- or postsynaptic subdomains in a given neuron type they localize, and whether all are involved in synaptic transmission. J. Comp. Neurol. 525:976-1033, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minela Hadzic
- Developmental Neurobiology, Faculty for Biology and Biotechnology ND 6/72, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Alexander Jack
- Developmental Neurobiology, Faculty for Biology and Biotechnology ND 6/72, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Petra Wahle
- Developmental Neurobiology, Faculty for Biology and Biotechnology ND 6/72, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
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Anaparti V, Pascoe CD, Jha A, Mahood TH, Ilarraza R, Unruh H, Moqbel R, Halayko AJ. Tumor necrosis factor regulates NMDA receptor-mediated airway smooth muscle contractile function and airway responsiveness. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 311:L467-80. [PMID: 27371735 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00382.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We have shown that N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDA-Rs) are receptor-operated calcium entry channels in human airway smooth muscle (HASM) during contraction. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) augments smooth muscle contractility by influencing pathways that regulate intracellular calcium flux and can alter NMDA-R expression and activity in cortical neurons and glial cells. We hypothesized that NMDA-R-mediated Ca(2+) and contractile responses of ASM can be altered by inflammatory mediators, including TNF. In cultured HASM cells, we assessed TNF (10 ng/ml, 48 h) effect on NMDA-R subunit abundance by quantitative PCR, confocal imaging, and immunoblotting. We observed dose- and time-dependent changes in NMDA-R composition: increased obligatory NR1 subunit expression and altered regulatory NR2 and inhibitory NR3 subunits. Measuring intracellular Ca(2+) flux in Fura-2-loaded HASM cultures, we observed that TNF exposure enhanced cytosolic Ca(2+) mobilization and changed the temporal pattern of Ca(2+) flux in individual myocytes induced by NMDA, an NMDA-R selective analog of glutamate. We measured airway responses to NMDA in murine thin-cut lung slices (TCLS) from allergen-naive animals and observed significant airway contraction. However, NMDA acted as a bronchodilator in TCLS from house dust mice-challenged mice and in allergen-naive TCLS subjected to TNF exposure. All contractile or bronchodilator responses were blocked by a selective NMDA-R antagonist, (2R)-amino-5-phosphonopentanoate, and bronchodilator responses were prevented by N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (nitric oxide synthase inhibitor) or indomethacin (cyclooxygenase inhibitor). Collectively, we show that TNF augments NMDA-R-mediated Ca(2+) mobilization in HASM cells, whereas in multicellular TCLSs allergic inflammation and TNF exposure leads to NMDA-R-mediated bronchodilation. These findings reveal the unique contribution of ionotrophic NMDA-R to airway hyperreactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidyanand Anaparti
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Biology of Breathing Theme, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; and
| | - Christopher D Pascoe
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Biology of Breathing Theme, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Aruni Jha
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Biology of Breathing Theme, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Thomas H Mahood
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Biology of Breathing Theme, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Ramses Ilarraza
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Helmut Unruh
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; and Section of Thoracic Surgery, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Redwan Moqbel
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Biology of Breathing Theme, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Andrew J Halayko
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Biology of Breathing Theme, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; and
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Turner SJ, Morgan AT, Perez ER, Scheffer IE. New genes for focal epilepsies with speech and language disorders. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2016; 15:35. [PMID: 25921602 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-015-0554-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The last 2 years have seen exciting advances in the genetics of Landau-Kleffner syndrome and related disorders, encompassed within the epilepsy-aphasia spectrum (EAS). The striking finding of mutations in the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunit gene GRIN2A as the first monogenic cause in up to 20% of patients with EAS suggests that excitatory glutamate receptors play a key role in these disorders. Patients with GRIN2A mutations have a recognizable speech and language phenotype that may assist with diagnosis. Other molecules involved in RNA binding and cell adhesion have been implicated in EAS; copy number variations are also found. The emerging picture highlights the overlap between the genetic determinants of EAS with speech and language disorders, intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorders and more complex developmental phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J Turner
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia,
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Zhang T, Hu H, Tao Z, Niu B, Jiao S, Zhang J, Li Y, Cao B. A novel method for primary neuronal culture and characterization under different high temperature. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2016; 52:823-8. [PMID: 27130681 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-016-0047-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Heatstroke is a big threat to human health; however, the characteristic of pathological changes of neurons during heatstroke development remains unclear. Here, using an in vitro model of primary cultured neurons from newborn Wistar rats, we investigated the effects of the different combinations of high temperature (37, 39, 41, 43, 45, and 47°C) and exposure time (45 min and 1 h) on the neurons. We found that, under the treatment of 45 min-heat, the neurons could resist high temperature up to 45°C, and under the treatment of 1 h-heat, the mortality of neurons increased as the temperature rises. After heating for 1 h, only a small minority of the neurons died under 41 and 43°C, which primarily occurred in the form of apoptosis. Up to 45°C for 1 h, most neurons occurred to necrosis. Meaningfully, some necrotic neurons expressed specific fried egg-like morphology. Our findings suggest that different high temperatures and exposure times were two key factors influencing the death of neurons. Under the high temperature (below 43°C for 1 h) similar to heatstroke, it just led a small percentage of neurons to apoptosis, and anti-apoptosis controls for preventing and treating heatstroke are promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Jinan Military Command of PLA, 25 Shifan Road, Jinan, 250031, China.,Department of Neurology, The 303th Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Nanning, China
| | - Huaiqiang Hu
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Jinan Military Command of PLA, 25 Shifan Road, Jinan, 250031, China
| | - Zhen Tao
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Jinan Military Command of PLA, 25 Shifan Road, Jinan, 250031, China
| | - Bing Niu
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Jinan Military Command of PLA, 25 Shifan Road, Jinan, 250031, China
| | - Shusheng Jiao
- Department of Neurology, Bethune International Peace Hospital of the Chinese PLA, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, The 205th Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Jinzhou, China
| | - Yiyang Li
- Department of Cardiology, The National Hospital of Guangxi Province, Nanning, China
| | - Bingzhen Cao
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Jinan Military Command of PLA, 25 Shifan Road, Jinan, 250031, China.
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Dean B, Gibbons AS, Boer S, Uezato A, Meador-Woodruff J, Scarr E, McCullumsmith RE. Changes in cortical N-methyl- d-aspartate receptors and post-synaptic density protein 95 in schizophrenia, mood disorders and suicide. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2016; 50:275-83. [PMID: 26013316 PMCID: PMC7683009 DOI: 10.1177/0004867415586601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In humans, depending on dose, blocking the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) with ketamine can cause psychomimetic or antidepressant effects. The overall outcome for drugs such as ketamine depends on dose and the number of its available binding sites in the central nervous system, and to understand something of the latter variable we measure NMDAR in the frontal pole, dorsolateral prefrontal, anterior cingulate and parietal cortices from people with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorders and age/sex matched controls. METHOD We measured levels of NMDARs (using [(3)H]MK-801 binding) and NMDAR sub-unit mRNAs (GRINs: using in situ hybridisation) as well as post-synaptic density protein 95 (anterior cingulate cortex only; not major depressive disorders: an NMDAR post-synaptic associated protein) in bipolar disorder, schizophrenia and controls. RESULTS Compared to controls, levels of NMDAR were lower in the outer laminae of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (-17%, p = 0.01) in people with schizophrenia. In bipolar disorder, levels of NMDAR binding (laminae IV-VI; -19%, p < 0.01) and GRIN2C mRNA (laminae I-VI; -27%, p < 0.05) were lower in the anterior cingulate cortex and NMDAR binding was lower in the outer lamina IV of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (-19%, p < 0.01). In major depressive disorders, levels of GRIN2D mRNA were higher in frontal pole (+22%, p < 0.05). In suicide completers, levels of GRIN2B mRNA were higher in parietal cortex (+20%, p < 0.01) but lower (-35%, p = 0.02) in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex while post-synaptic density protein 95 was higher (+26%, p < 0.05) in anterior cingulate cortex. CONCLUSION These data suggest that differences in cortical NMDAR expression and post-synaptic density protein 95 are present in psychiatric disorders and suicide completion and may contribute to different responses to ketamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Dean
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia,Psychiatric Neuropathology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew S Gibbons
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia,Psychiatric Neuropathology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Simone Boer
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Akihito Uezato
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Elizabeth Scarr
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia,Psychiatric Neuropathology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Pilot Study of D-Cycloserine in Chronic Stroke. Rehabil Res Pract 2015; 2015:534239. [PMID: 26587287 PMCID: PMC4637506 DOI: 10.1155/2015/534239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability in the USA. Up to 60% of patients do not fully recover despite intensive physical therapy treatment. N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDA-R) have been shown to play a role in synaptic plasticity when activated. D-Cycloserine promotes NMDA receptor function by binding to receptors with unoccupied glycine sites. These receptors are involved in learning and memory. We hypothesized that D-cycloserine, when combined with robotic-assisted physiotherapy (RAP), would result in greater gains compared with placebo + RAP in stroke survivors. Participants (n = 14) were randomized to D-cycloserine plus RAP or placebo plus RAP. Functional, cognitive, and quality-of-life measures were used to assess recovery. There was significant improvement in grip strength of the affected hand within both groups from baseline to 3 weeks (95% confidence interval for mean change, 3.95 ± 2.96 to 4.90 ± 3.56 N for D-cycloserine and 5.72 ± 3.98 to 8.44 ± 4.90 N for control). SIS mood domain showed improvement for both groups (95% confidence interval for mean change, 72.6 ± 16.3 to 82.9 ± 10.9 for D-cycloserine and 82.9 ± 13.5 to 90.3 ± 9.9 for control). This preliminary study does not provide evidence that D-cycloserine can provide greater gains in learning compared with placebo for stroke survivors.
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28
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von Engelhardt J, Bocklisch C, Tönges L, Herb A, Mishina M, Monyer H. GluN2D-containing NMDA receptors-mediate synaptic currents in hippocampal interneurons and pyramidal cells in juvenile mice. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:95. [PMID: 25859181 PMCID: PMC4373385 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The differential regulation of the two major N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) subunits GluN2A and GluN2B during development in forebrain pyramidal cells has been thoroughly investigated. In contrast, much less is known about the role of GluN2D, which is expressed at low levels and is downregulated following the second postnatal week. However, it appears that few cells, presumably interneurons, continue to express GluN2D also in juvenile mice. To investigate which hippocampal cell types express this subunit, we generated transgenic mice with EGFP-tagged GluN2D receptors. The expression of the transgene was confined to hippocampal interneurons, most of which were parvalbumin- and/or somatostatin-positive. Electrophysiological and morphological analyses showed that GluN2D was present mainly in fast spiking basket and axo-axonic cells. Based on pharmacological evidence and electrophysiological analysis of GluN2D knockout mice, we conclude that GluN2D-containing NMDARs mediate synaptic currents in hippocampal interneurons of young and juvenile mice and in CA1 pyramidal neurons of newborn mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob von Engelhardt
- Synaptic Signalling and Neurodegeneration, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Germany ; Synaptic Signalling and Neurodegeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Bonn, Germany
| | - Christina Bocklisch
- Department of Clinical Neurobiology, Medical Faculty of Heidelberg University and DKFZ Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lars Tönges
- Department of Clinical Neurobiology, Medical Faculty of Heidelberg University and DKFZ Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anne Herb
- Department of Clinical Neurobiology, Medical Faculty of Heidelberg University and DKFZ Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Masayoshi Mishina
- Brain Science Laboratory, The Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Hannah Monyer
- Department of Clinical Neurobiology, Medical Faculty of Heidelberg University and DKFZ Heidelberg, Germany
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Suryavanshi PS, Ugale RR, Yilmazer-Hanke D, Stairs DJ, Dravid SM. GluN2C/GluN2D subunit-selective NMDA receptor potentiator CIQ reverses MK-801-induced impairment in prepulse inhibition and working memory in Y-maze test in mice. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:799-809. [PMID: 24236947 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Despite ample evidence supporting the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) hypofunction hypothesis of schizophrenia, progress in the development of effective therapeutics based on this hypothesis has been limited. Facilitation of NMDA receptor function by co-agonists (D-serine or glycine) only partially alleviates the symptoms in schizophrenia; other means to facilitate NMDA receptors are required. NMDA receptor sub-types differ in their subunit composition, with varied GluN2 subunits (GluN2A-GluN2D) imparting different physiological, biochemical and pharmacological properties. CIQ is a positive allosteric modulator that is selective for GluN2C/GluN2D-containing NMDA receptors (Mullasseril et al.). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The effect of systemic administration of CIQ was tested on impairment in prepulse inhibition (PPI), hyperlocomotion and stereotypy induced by i.p. administration of MK-801 and methamphetamine. The effect of CIQ was also tested on MK-801-induced impairment in working memory in Y-maze spontaneous alternation test. KEY RESULTS We found that systemic administration of CIQ (20 mg·kg⁻¹, i.p.) in mice reversed MK-801 (0.15 mg·kg⁻¹, i.p.)-induced, but not methamphetamine (3 mg·kg⁻¹, i.p.)-induced, deficit in PPI. MK-801 increased the startle amplitude to pulse alone, which was not reversed by CIQ. In contrast, methamphetamine reduced the startle amplitude to pulse alone, which was reversed by CIQ. CIQ also partially attenuated MK-801- and methamphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion and stereotyped behaviours. Additionally, CIQ reversed the MK-801-induced working memory deficit in spontaneous alternation in a Y-maze. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Together, these results suggest that facilitation of GluN2C/GluN2D-containing receptors may serve as an important therapeutic strategy for treating positive and cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Suryavanshi
- Department of Pharmacology, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA
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Acamprosate produces its anti-relapse effects via calcium. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:783-91. [PMID: 24081303 PMCID: PMC3924515 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2013.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Alcoholism is one of the most prevalent neuropsychiatric diseases, having an enormous health and socioeconomic impact. Along with a few other medications, acamprosate (Campral-calcium-bis (N-acetylhomotaurinate)) is clinically used in many countries for relapse prevention. Although there is accumulated evidence suggesting that acamprosate interferes with the glutamate system, the molecular mode of action still remains undefined. Here we show that acamprosate does not interact with proposed glutamate receptor mechanisms. In particular, acamprosate does not interact with NMDA receptors or metabotropic glutamate receptor group I. In three different preclinical animal models of either excessive alcohol drinking, alcohol-seeking, or relapse-like drinking behavior, we demonstrate that N-acetylhomotaurinate by itself is not an active psychotropic molecule. Hence, the sodium salt of N-acetylhomotaurinate (i) is ineffective in alcohol-preferring rats to reduce operant responding for ethanol, (ii) is ineffective in alcohol-seeking rats in a cue-induced reinstatement paradigm, (iii) and is ineffective in rats with an alcohol deprivation effect. Surprisingly, calcium salts produce acamprosate-like effects in all three animal models. We conclude that calcium is the active moiety of acamprosate. Indeed, when translating these findings to the human situation, we found that patients with high plasma calcium levels due to acamprosate treatment showed better primary efficacy parameters such as time to relapse and cumulative abstinence. We conclude that N-acetylhomotaurinate is a biologically inactive molecule and that the effects of acamprosate described in more than 450 published original investigations and clinical trials and 1.5 million treated patients can possibly be attributed to calcium.
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31
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Nikandrov V, Balashevich T. Glycine receptors in nervous tissue and their functional role. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 60:403-15. [DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20146004403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The literature data on glycine metabolism in neural tissue, mitochondrial Gly-cleaving system, Gly-catching system in neural and glial cells are summarized. The peculiarities of localization and distribution of specific glycine receptors and binding-sites in nervous tissue of mammals are described. Four types of glycine-binding receptors are described: own specific glycine receptor (Gly-R), ionotropic receptor, which binds N-methyl-D-aspartate selectively (NMDA-R), and ionotropic receptors of g-aminobutyrate (GABA A -R, GABA С -R). The feutures of glycine effects in neuroglial cultures are discussed
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Giles BM, Boackle SA. Linking complement and anti-dsDNA antibodies in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunol Res 2013; 55:10-21. [PMID: 22941560 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-012-8345-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus is a severe autoimmune disease that affects multiple organ systems resulting in diverse symptoms and outcomes. It is characterized by antibody production to a variety of self-antigens, but it is specifically associated with those against anti-dsDNA. Anti-dsDNA antibodies are present before the onset of clinical disease and are associated with severe manifestations of lupus such as glomerulonephritis. Their levels fluctuate with changes in disease activity and, in combination with the levels of complement proteins C3 and C4, are strong indicators of disease flare and treatment response in patients with lupus. The decreased complement levels that are noted during flares of lupus activity are believed to be secondary to increased autoantibody production and immune complex formation that results in tissue damage; however, recent data suggest that complement activation can also drive development of these pathogenic autoantibodies. This review will explore the various roles of complement in the development and pathogenesis of anti-dsDNA antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan M Giles
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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He S, Shao LR, Wang Y, Bausch SB. Synaptic and extrasynaptic plasticity in glutamatergic circuits involving dentate granule cells following chronic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor inhibition. J Neurophysiol 2013; 109:1535-47. [PMID: 23255721 PMCID: PMC3602941 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00667.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic global N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) blockade leads to changes in glutamatergic transmission. The impact of more subunit-selective NMDAR inhibition on glutamatergic circuits remains incomplete. To this end, organotypic hippocampal slice cultures were treated for 17-21 days with the high-affinity competitive antagonist d-aminophosphonovaleric acid (d-APV), the allosteric GluN2B-selective antagonist Ro25-6981, or the newer competitive GluN2A-preferring antagonist NVP-AAM077. Electrophysiological recordings from dentate granule cells revealed that chronic d-APV treatment increased, whereas chronic Ro25-6981 reduced, epileptiform event-associated large-amplitude spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSC) compared with all other treatment groups, consistent with opposite effects on glutamatergic networks. Presynaptically, chronic d-APV or Ro25-6981 increased small-amplitude sEPSCs and AMPA/kainate receptor-mediated miniature EPSCs (mEPSCAMPAR) frequency. Chronic d-APV or NVP-AAM077, but not Ro25-6981, increased putative vGlut1-positive glutamatergic synapses. Postsynaptically, chronic d-APV dramatically increased mEPSCAMPAR and profoundly decreased NMDAR-mediated mEPSC (mEPSCNMDAR) measures, suggesting increased AMPAR/NMDAR ratio. Ro25-6981 decreased mEPSCAMPAR charge transfer and modestly decreased mEPSCNMDAR frequency and decay, suggesting downward scaling of AMPAR and NMDAR function without dramatically altering AMPAR/NMDAR ratio. Extrasynaptically, threo-β-benzyloxyaspartate-enhanced "tonic" NMDAR current amplitude and activated channel number estimates were significantly increased only by chronic Ro25-6981. For intrinsic excitability, action potential threshold was slightly more negative following chronic d-APV or NVP-AAM077. The predominant pro-excitatory effects of chronic d-APV are consistent with increased glutamatergic transmission and network excitability. The minor effects of chronic NVP-AAM077 on action potential threshold and synapse number are consistent with minimal effects on circuit function. The chronic Ro25-6981-induced downward scaling of synaptic AMPAR and NMDAR function is consistent with decreased postsynaptic glutamate receptors and reduced network excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuijin He
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University School of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-4799, USA
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Nishida S, Tanaka T, Shibata T, Ikeda K, Aso T, Ogawa T. Discharge-rate persistence of baseline activity during fixation reflects maintenance of memory-period activity in the macaque posterior parietal cortex. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 24:1671-85. [PMID: 23395848 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bht031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence has demonstrated that spatiotemporal patterns of spontaneous activity reflect the patterns of activity evoked by sensory stimuli. However, few studies have examined whether response profiles of task-evoked activity, which is not related to external sensory stimuli but rather to internal processes, are also reflected in those of spontaneous activity. To address this, we recorded activity of neurons in the lateral intraparietal area (LIP) when monkeys performed reaction-time and delayed-response visual-search tasks. We particularly focused on the target location-dependent modulation of delay-period activity (delay-period modulation) in the delayed-response task, and the discharge-rate persistency in fixation-period activity (baseline-activity maintenance) in the reaction-time task. Baseline-activity maintenance was assessed by the correlation between the spike counts of 2 separate bins. We found that baseline-activity maintenance, calculated from bins separated by a long interval (200-500 ms), was correlated with delay-period modulation, whereas that calculated from bins separated by a short interval (~100 ms) was correlated with trial-to-trial fluctuations in baseline activity, suggesting a link between the capability to hold task-related information in delay-period activity and the degree of baseline-activity maintenance in a timescale-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Nishida
- Department of Integrative Brain Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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35
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Cognitive impairment in non-neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus. EGYPTIAN RHEUMATOLOGIST 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejr.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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36
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Das SR, Jensen R, Kelsay R, Shumaker M, Bochart R, Brim B, Zamzow D, Magnusson KR. Reducing expression of GluN1(0XX) subunit splice variants of the NMDA receptor interferes with spatial reference memory. Behav Brain Res 2012; 230:317-24. [PMID: 22360858 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The GluN1 subunit of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor shows age-related changes in its expression pattern, some of which correlate with spatial memory performance in mice. Aged C57BL/6 mice show an age-related increase in mRNA expression of GluN1 subunit splice variants that lack the N terminal splice cassette, GluN1(0XX) (GluN1-a). This increase in expression is associated with good performance in reference and working memory tasks. The present study was undertaken to determine if GluN1(0XX) splice variants are required for good performance in reference memory tasks in young mice. Mice were bilaterally injected with either siRNA specific for GluN1(0XX) splice variants, control siRNA or vehicle alone into ventro-lateral orbital cortices. A fourth group of mice did not receive any injections. Starting five days post-injection, mice were tested for their performance in spatial reference memory, associative memory and cognitive flexibility tasks over four days in the Morris water maze. There was a 10-19% reduction in mRNA expression for GluN1(0XX) splice variants within the ventro-lateral orbital cortices in mice following GluN1(0XX) siRNA treatment. Declines in performance within the first half of reference memory testing were seen in the mice receiving siRNA against the GluN1(0XX) splice variants, as compared to the mice injected with control siRNA, vehicle and/or no treatment. These results suggest a role for the GluN1(0XX) splice variants in orbital regions for early acquisition and/or consolidation of spatial reference memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siba R Das
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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37
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Itskov V, Hansel D, Tsodyks M. Short-Term Facilitation may Stabilize Parametric Working Memory Trace. Front Comput Neurosci 2011; 5:40. [PMID: 22028690 PMCID: PMC3199447 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2011.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Networks with continuous set of attractors are considered to be a paradigmatic model for parametric working memory (WM), but require fine tuning of connections and are thus structurally unstable. Here we analyzed the network with ring attractor, where connections are not perfectly tuned and the activity state therefore drifts in the absence of the stabilizing stimulus. We derive an analytical expression for the drift dynamics and conclude that the network cannot function as WM for a period of several seconds, a typical delay time in monkey memory experiments. We propose that short-term synaptic facilitation in recurrent connections significantly improves the robustness of the model by slowing down the drift of activity bump. Extending the calculation of the drift velocity to network with synaptic facilitation, we conclude that facilitation can slow down the drift by a large factor, rendering the network suitable as a model of WM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Itskov
- Department of Mathematics, University of Nebraska-Lincoln Lincoln, NE, USA
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38
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O'Donnell P. Cortical disinhibition in the neonatal ventral hippocampal lesion model of schizophrenia: new vistas on possible therapeutic approaches. Pharmacol Ther 2011; 133:19-25. [PMID: 21839776 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The neonatal ventral hippocampal lesion (NVHL) model of schizophrenia has been extensively used in many laboratories over the past couple of decades. With more than 120 publications from over 15 research groups, this developmental model yields a number of schizophrenia-relevant behavioral, neurochemical and electrophysiological deficits. An important aspect of this model is the delayed emergence of alterations, typically during adolescence despite the manipulation that causes them having been performed during the first postnatal week. Such delayed timing reflects the periadolescent onset of schizophrenia symptoms and may be related to the protracted maturation of cortical circuits, affected in both the disease and the NVHL model. Here, I will review the work we have done regarding the maturation of prefrontal cortical-accumbens circuits during adolescence, and how this maturation is affected in rats with a NVHL. One of the principal elements affected in NVHL rats is the dopamine modulation of prefrontal cortical interneurons, and this finding is convergent with data from many other developmental, genetic and pharmacological models. An altered maturation of interneuron function would yield a disinhibited cortex, and this opens the way to novel therapeutic approaches for treatment and even prevention of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio O'Donnell
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, United States.
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39
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Perceptual priming leads to reduction of gamma frequency oscillations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:5640-5. [PMID: 20212165 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0907525107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oscillations of neural activity are ubiquitous in the brain and are critical for normal cognitive function. In the visual system, repetitive presentation of a stimulus results in the reduction of power elicited in the gamma frequency band. However, this reduction does not result in degradation of perception; on the contrary, perception is improved by prior experience with the stimulus. To explain how reduction of gamma frequency oscillations, observed in priming experiments, can lead to improvement in behavior, we assume that visual processing takes place in two distinct stages: representation sharpening in the early visual areas and competitive interaction among representations in the higher visual areas and the prefrontal cortex. Here, we present a network model of spiking neurons that demonstrates how stimulus repetition leads to a decrease in power of the local field potential oscillations in the gamma frequency range in the early layer and also improves network response by reducing the latency to reach a decision in the higher area.
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Expression of the Hippocampal NMDA Receptor GluN1 Subunit and Its Splicing Isoforms in Schizophrenia: Postmortem Study. Neurochem Res 2010; 35:994-1002. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-010-0145-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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41
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Faber ESL. Functional interplay between NMDA receptors, SK channels and voltage-gated Ca2+ channels regulates synaptic excitability in the medial prefrontal cortex. J Physiol 2010; 588:1281-92. [PMID: 20194128 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2009.185645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic activity in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is fundamental for higher cognitive functions such as working memory. The present study shows that small conductance (SK) calcium-activated potassium channels attenuate excitatory synaptic transmission at layer 2/3 and layer 5 inputs to layer 5 pyramidal neurons in the mPFC. SK channels are located postsynaptically at synapses where they are activated during synaptic transmission by calcium influx through NMDA receptors, L-type calcium channels, R-type calcium channels and by calcium release from IP(3)-sensitive stores. Removal of the SK channel-mediated shunt of synaptic transmission reveals significant NMDA receptor-mediated activation during basal synaptic transmission, which is greater at layer 5 inputs (approximately 30%) than at layer 2/3 inputs (approximately 20%). These findings show that interactions between NMDA receptors, SK channels and voltage-gated calcium channels play a critical role in regulating excitatory synaptic transmission in layer 5 pyramidal neurons in the mPFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S L Faber
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
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42
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Jiang J, Yan M, Lv Q, Cheng C, Li X, Guo Z, Tao T, Shen A. Inhibition of nitric oxide-induced nuclear localization of CAPON by NMDA receptor antagonist in cultured rat primary astrocytes. Neurochem Int 2010; 56:561-8. [PMID: 20064573 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2009.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2009] [Revised: 12/19/2009] [Accepted: 12/31/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes play a key role in regulating aspects of inflammation in the central nervous system. It was observed that nNOS had located in the nucleus of cultured cerebral cortical astrocytes of 7 days. In the present study, we found that carboxy-terminal PDZ ligand of nNOS (CAPON) mainly located in the nucleus of astrocytes stimulated with NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) or GSNO or N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor agonist-NMDA. However, originally, it was localized mostly in the cytoplasm of normal astrocytes. Immunocytochemistry showed that nNOS was co-localized with CAPON in the nucleus of astrocytes stimulated with SNP. In addition to the nuclear localization, treatment with SNP increased the mRNA and protein expression of CAPON. When SNP was removed from media, CAPON accumulated in nucleus transported back to cytoplasm. MK801, an inhibitor of NMDA receptor, was able to reverse the nuclear localization of CAPON resulted from SNP, suggesting that there is a functional relationship of NO with NMDA receptor in the regulation of the nuclear localization of CAPON. These findings provide a new insight in the understanding of the physical and pathological significances of CAPON/nNOS/NMDA receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, PR China
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43
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Durstewitz D. Implications of synaptic biophysics for recurrent network dynamics and active memory. Neural Netw 2009; 22:1189-200. [PMID: 19647396 DOI: 10.1016/j.neunet.2009.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2009] [Revised: 06/17/2009] [Accepted: 07/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In cortical networks, synaptic excitation is mediated by AMPA- and NMDA-type receptors. NMDA differ from AMPA synaptic potentials with regard to peak current, time course, and a strong voltage-dependent nonlinearity. Here we illustrate based on empirical and computational findings that these specific biophysical properties may have profound implications for the dynamics of cortical networks, and via dynamics on cognitive functions like active memory. The discussion will be led along a minimal set of neural equations introduced to capture the essential dynamics of the various phenomena described. NMDA currents could establish cortical bistability and may provide the relatively constant synaptic drive needed to robustly maintain enhanced levels of activity during working memory epochs, freeing fast AMPA currents for other computational purposes. Perhaps more importantly, variations in NMDA synaptic input-due to their biophysical particularities-control the dynamical regime within which single neurons and networks reside. By provoking bursting, chaotic irregularity, and coherent oscillations their major effect may be on the temporal pattern of spiking activity, rather than on average firing rate. During active memory, neurons may thus be pushed into a spiking regime that harbors complex temporal structure, potentially optimal for the encoding and processing of temporal sequence information. These observations provide a qualitatively different view on the role of synaptic excitation in neocortical dynamics than entailed by many more abstract models. In this sense, this article is a plead for taking the specific biophysics of real neurons and synapses seriously when trying to account for the neurobiology of cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Durstewitz
- Central Institute of Mental Health, RG Computational Neuroscience, and Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
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44
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Kozora E, Hanly JG, Lapteva L, Filley CM. Cognitive dysfunction in systemic lupus erythematosus: past, present, and future. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 58:3286-98. [PMID: 18975345 DOI: 10.1002/art.23991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Kozora
- National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, Colorado 80206, USA.
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45
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Activation of protein kinase C enhances NMDA-induced currents in primary cultured cerebellar granule cells: Effect of temperature and NMDA NR2 subunit composition. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 599:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2008] [Revised: 07/28/2008] [Accepted: 08/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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46
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A specialized NMDA receptor function in layer 5 recurrent microcircuitry of the adult rat prefrontal cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:16791-6. [PMID: 18922773 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0804318105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the prefrontal cortex, NMDA receptors are important for normal prefrontal functions such as working memory, and their dysfunction plays a key role in the pathological processes of psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia. Little is known, however, about the synaptic properties of NMDA receptors in the local circuits of recurrent excitation, a leading candidate mechanism underlying working memory. We investigated the NMDA receptor-mediated currents at monosynaptic connections between pairs of layer 5 pyramidal neurons. We found that NMDA receptor-mediated currents at prefrontal synapses in the adult, but not young, rats exhibit a twofold longer decay time-constant and temporally summate a train of stimuli more effectively, compared to those in the primary visual cortex. Experiments with pharmacological, immunocytochemical, and biochemical approaches further suggest that, in the adult animals, neurons express significantly more NR2B subunits in the prefrontal cortex than the visual cortex. The NR2B-rich synapses in the prefrontal circuitry may be critically implicated in online cognitive computations and plasticity in learning, as well as psychiatric disorders.
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Popp RL, Reneau JC, Dertien JS. Cerebellar granule cells cultured from adolescent rats express functional NMDA receptors: an in vitro model for studying the developing cerebellum. J Neurochem 2008; 106:900-11. [PMID: 18466339 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05464.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the developing rat cerebellum functional NMDA receptors (NMDARs) expressing the NR2C subunit have been identified on or after postnatal day 19. We obtained primary cultured cells from 19- to 35-day-old rat cerebellum that expressed few oligodendrocytes or astrocytes. Cultured cells were immunoreactive for neuron-specific proteins thus indicating a neuronal population. The primary neuron present was the granule cell as indicated by immunofluorescence for the GABA(A) alpha 6 subunit. Whole-cell patch-clamp experiments indicated that functional NMDARs were present. Functional characteristics of NMDARs expressed in cerebellar granule cells (CGCs) obtained from adolescent animals were similar to those previously reported for NMDARs expressed in CGCs obtained from neonatal rats. Cultured CGCs obtained from older animals contained NMDARs that were inhibited by EtOH and were less sensitive to the NR2B subunit-specific antagonist Ro 25-6981. Furthermore, NMDA-induced currents were smaller than those observed in CGCs. Western blot analysis indicated the presence of the NMDA NR2A and NR2C subunits, but not the NR2B in cultures obtained from the adolescent rats. CGCs obtained from adolescent rats express functional NMDARs consistent with a developmental profile observed in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lisa Popp
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, and South Plains Alcohol and Addiction Center, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, USA.
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49
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Das SR, Magnusson KR. Relationship between mRNA expression of splice forms of the zeta1 subunit of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor and spatial memory in aged mice. Brain Res 2008; 1207:142-54. [PMID: 18374315 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2007] [Revised: 02/05/2008] [Accepted: 02/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Age-related changes in the protein and mRNA expression of some of the splice forms of the zeta1 (NR1) subunit of the NMDA receptor have been seen in mice and rats. The present study was designed to determine whether individual splice forms of the zeta1 subunit of the NMDA receptor within prefrontal/frontal cortical regions contribute to memory deficits during aging and whether experience in learning tasks can influence the expression of the splice forms. mRNA expression of 4 splice forms (zeta1-1, zeta1-3, zeta1-a and zeta1-b) and mRNA for all known splice forms (zeta1-pan) were examined by in situ hybridization. mRNA for C-terminal splice forms, zeta1-1 (+ C1 and + C2 cassettes) and zeta1-3 (+ C1 and + C2'), showed significant declines during aging in several brain regions even though overall zeta1-pan mRNA expression was not significantly affected by aging. This suggests that these splice forms are more influenced by aging than the subunit as a whole. There was an increase in the expression of zeta1-a (-N1 cassette) splice form in the behaviorally-experienced old mice relative to the younger groups. Old mice with high levels of mRNA expression for the zeta1-a splice form in orbital cortex showed the best performances in the working memory task, but the poorest performances in the cued, associative learning task. These results suggest that there is a complex interaction between zeta1 splice form expression and performance of memory tasks during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siba R Das
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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50
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Henson MA, Roberts AC, Salimi K, Vadlamudi S, Hamer RM, Gilmore JH, Jarskog LF, Philpot BD. Developmental regulation of the NMDA receptor subunits, NR3A and NR1, in human prefrontal cortex. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 18:2560-73. [PMID: 18296432 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhn017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Subunit composition of N-methyl-D-aspartate-type glutamate receptors (NMDARs) dictates their function, yet the ontogenic profiles of human NMDAR subunits from gestation to adulthood have not been determined. We examined NMDAR mRNA and protein development in human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), an area in which NMDARs are critical for higher cognitive processing and NMDAR hypofunction is hypothesized in schizophrenia. Using quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and western blotting, we found NR1 expression begins low prenatally, peaks in adolescence, yet remains high throughout life, suggesting lifelong importance of NMDAR function. In contrast, NR3A levels are low during gestation, surge soon after birth, and decline progressively through adolescence and into adulthood. Because NR3A subunits uniquely attenuate NMDAR-mediated currents, limit calcium influx, and suppress dendritic spine formation, high levels during early childhood may be important for regulating neuroprotection and activity-dependent sculpting of synapses. We also examined whether subunit changes underlie reduced NMDAR activity in schizophrenia. Our results reveal normal NR1 and NR3A protein levels in DLPFC from schizophrenic patients, indicating that NMDAR hypofunction is unlikely to be maintained by gross changes in NR3A-containing NMDARs or overall NMDAR numbers. These data provide insights into NMDAR functions in the developing CNS and will contribute to designing pharmacotherapies for neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maile A Henson
- Curriculum in Neurobiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27705, USA
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