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Shihui M, Shirong Y, Jing L, Jingjing H, Tongqian W, Tian T, Chenyu W, Fang Y. S100A4 reprofiles lipid metabolism in mast cells via RAGE and PPAR-γ signaling pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 128:111555. [PMID: 38280333 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
S100A4 is implicated in metabolic reprogramming across various cell types and is known to propel the progression of numerous diseases including allergies. Nonetheless, the influence of S100A4 on mast cell metabolic reprogramming during allergic disorders remains unexplored. Utilizing a mast cell line (C57), cells were treated with recombinant mouse S100A4 protein, with or without a PPAR-γ agonist (ROSI) or a RAGE inhibitor (FPS-ZM1). Subsequent assessments were conducted for mast cell activation and lipid metabolism. S100A4 induced mast cell activation and the release of inflammatory mediators, concurrently altering molecules involved in lipid metabolism and glycolysis over time. Furthermore, S100A4 stimulation resulted in cellular oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Alterations in the levels of pivotal molecules within the RAGE/Src/JAK2/STAT3/PPAR-γ and NF-κB signaling pathways were noted during this stimulation, which were partially counteracted by ROSI or FPS-ZMI. Additionally, a trend of metabolic alterations was identified in patients with allergic asthma who exhibited elevated serum S100A4 levels. Correlation analysis unveiled a positive association between serum S100A4 and serum IgE, implying an indirect association with asthma. Collectively, our findings suggest that S100A4 regulates the lipid-metabolic reprogramming of mast cells, potentially via the RAGE and PPAR-γ-involved signaling pathway, offering a novel perspective in the disease management in patients with allergic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Shihui
- Center for Clinical Laboratories, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China; School for Laboratory Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yan Shirong
- Center for Clinical Laboratories, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China; School for Laboratory Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Li Jing
- Center for Clinical Laboratories, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China; School for Laboratory Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - He Jingjing
- School for Laboratory Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Wu Tongqian
- Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Tao Tian
- School for Laboratory Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Wang Chenyu
- School for Laboratory Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yu Fang
- Center for Clinical Laboratories, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China; School for Laboratory Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.
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Martinez Naya N, Kelly J, Corna G, Golino M, Polizio AH, Abbate A, Toldo S, Mezzaroma E. An Overview of Cannabidiol as a Multifunctional Drug: Pharmacokinetics and Cellular Effects. Molecules 2024; 29:473. [PMID: 38257386 PMCID: PMC10818442 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychoactive compound derived from Cannabis Sativa, has garnered increasing attention for its diverse therapeutic potential. This comprehensive review delves into the complex pharmacokinetics of CBD, including factors such as bioavailability, distribution, safety profile, and dosage recommendations, which contribute to the compound's pharmacological profile. CBD's role as a pharmacological inhibitor is explored, encompassing interactions with the endocannabinoid system and ion channels. The compound's anti-inflammatory effects, influencing the Interferon-beta and NF-κB, position it as a versatile candidate for immune system regulation and interventions in inflammatory processes. The historical context of Cannabis Sativa's use for recreational and medicinal purposes adds depth to the discussion, emphasizing CBD's emergence as a pivotal phytocannabinoid. As research continues, CBD's integration into clinical practice holds promise for revolutionizing treatment approaches and enhancing patient outcomes. The evolution in CBD research encourages ongoing exploration, offering the prospect of unlocking new therapeutic utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Martinez Naya
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; (N.M.N.); (J.K.); (A.H.P.); (A.A.); (S.T.)
| | - Jazmin Kelly
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; (N.M.N.); (J.K.); (A.H.P.); (A.A.); (S.T.)
| | - Giuliana Corna
- Interventional Cardiology Department, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1199, Argentina;
| | - Michele Golino
- Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23220, USA;
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 2110 Varese, Italy
| | - Ariel H. Polizio
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; (N.M.N.); (J.K.); (A.H.P.); (A.A.); (S.T.)
| | - Antonio Abbate
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; (N.M.N.); (J.K.); (A.H.P.); (A.A.); (S.T.)
- Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23220, USA;
| | - Stefano Toldo
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; (N.M.N.); (J.K.); (A.H.P.); (A.A.); (S.T.)
| | - Eleonora Mezzaroma
- School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23220, USA
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Martinez Naya N, Kelly J, Corna G, Golino M, Abbate A, Toldo S. Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Action of Cannabidiol. Molecules 2023; 28:5980. [PMID: 37630232 PMCID: PMC10458707 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28165980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) is the primary non-psychoactive chemical from Cannabis Sativa, a plant used for centuries for both recreational and medicinal purposes. CBD lacks the psychotropic effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and has shown great therapeutic potential. CBD exerts a wide spectrum of effects at a molecular, cellular, and organ level, affecting inflammation, oxidative damage, cell survival, pain, vasodilation, and excitability, among others, modifying many physiological and pathophysiological processes. There is evidence that CBD may be effective in treating several human disorders, like anxiety, chronic pain, psychiatric pathologies, cardiovascular diseases, and even cancer. Multiple cellular and pre-clinical studies using animal models of disease and several human trials have shown that CBD has an overall safe profile. In this review article, we summarize the pharmacokinetics data, the putative mechanisms of action of CBD, and the physiological effects reported in pre-clinical studies to give a comprehensive list of the findings and major effects attributed to this compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Martinez Naya
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; (N.M.N.); (J.K.); (A.A.)
| | - Jazmin Kelly
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; (N.M.N.); (J.K.); (A.A.)
| | - Giuliana Corna
- Pauley Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 22903, USA; (G.C.); (M.G.)
- Interventional Cardiology Department, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1199, Argentina
| | - Michele Golino
- Pauley Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 22903, USA; (G.C.); (M.G.)
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 2110 Varese, Italy
| | - Antonio Abbate
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; (N.M.N.); (J.K.); (A.A.)
- Pauley Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 22903, USA; (G.C.); (M.G.)
| | - Stefano Toldo
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; (N.M.N.); (J.K.); (A.A.)
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Zeng J, Hao J, Yang Z, Ma C, Gao L, Chen Y, Li G, Li J. Anti-Allergic Effect of Dietary Polyphenols Curcumin and Epigallocatechin Gallate via Anti-Degranulation in IgE/Antigen-Stimulated Mast Cell Model: A Lipidomics Perspective. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13050628. [PMID: 37233669 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13050628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyphenol-rich foods exhibit anti-allergic/-inflammatory properties. As major effector cells of allergies, mast cells undergo degranulation after activation and then initiate inflammatory responses. Key immune phenomena could be regulated by the production and metabolism of lipid mediators by mast cells. Here, we analyzed the antiallergic activities of two representative dietary polyphenols, curcumin and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), and traced their effects on cellular lipidome rewiring in the progression of degranulation. Both curcumin and EGCG significantly inhibited degranulation as they suppressed the release of β-hexosaminidase, interleukin-4, and tumor necrosis factor-α from the IgE/antigen-stimulated mast cell model. A comprehensive lipidomics study involving 957 identified lipid species revealed that although the lipidome remodeling patterns (lipid response and composition) of curcumin intervention were considerably similar to those of EGCG, lipid metabolism was more potently disturbed by curcumin. Seventy-eight percent of significant differential lipids upon IgE/antigen stimulation could be regulated by curcumin/EGCG. LPC-O 22:0 was defined as a potential biomarker for its sensitivity to IgE/antigen stimulation and curcumin/EGCG intervention. The key changes in diacylglycerols, fatty acids, and bismonoacylglycerophosphates provided clues that cell signaling disturbances could be associated with curcumin/EGCG intervention. Our work supplies a novel perspective for understanding curcumin/EGCG involvement in antianaphylaxis and helps guide future attempts to use dietary polyphenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zeng
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Marine Functional Food, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Jingwen Hao
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Zhiqiang Yang
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Chunyu Ma
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Longhua Gao
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Yue Chen
- The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Guiling Li
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Marine Functional Food, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Jia Li
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
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Ballav S, Biswas B, Sahu VK, Ranjan A, Basu S. PPAR-γ Partial Agonists in Disease-Fate Decision with Special Reference to Cancer. Cells 2022; 11:3215. [PMID: 36291082 PMCID: PMC9601205 DOI: 10.3390/cells11203215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) has emerged as one of the most extensively studied transcription factors since its discovery in 1990, highlighting its importance in the etiology and treatment of numerous diseases involving various types of cancer, type 2 diabetes mellitus, autoimmune, dermatological and cardiovascular disorders. Ligands are regarded as the key determinant for the tissue-specific activation of PPAR-γ. However, the mechanism governing this process is merely a contradictory debate which is yet to be systematically researched. Either these receptors get weakly activated by endogenous or natural ligands or leads to a direct over-activation process by synthetic ligands, serving as complete full agonists. Therefore, fine-tuning on the action of PPAR-γ and more subtle modulation can be a rewarding approach which might open new avenues for the treatment of several diseases. In the recent era, researchers have sought to develop safer partial PPAR-γ agonists in order to dodge the toxicity induced by full agonists, akin to a balanced activation. With a particular reference to cancer, this review concentrates on the therapeutic role of partial agonists, especially in cancer treatment. Additionally, a timely examination of their efficacy on various other disease-fate decisions has been also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeta Ballav
- Cancer and Translational Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Tathawade, Pune 411033, India
| | - Bini Biswas
- Cancer and Translational Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Tathawade, Pune 411033, India
| | - Vishal Kumar Sahu
- Cancer and Translational Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Tathawade, Pune 411033, India
| | - Amit Ranjan
- Cancer and Translational Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Tathawade, Pune 411033, India
| | - Soumya Basu
- Cancer and Translational Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Tathawade, Pune 411033, India
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Castro Tejera V, Öhman L, Aabakken L, Fellström B, Hausken T, Hovde Ø, Hreinsson JP, Lindberg G, Venge P, Simrén M, Törnblom H. Randomised clinical trial and meta-analysis: mesalazine treatment in irritable bowel syndrome-effects on gastrointestinal symptoms and rectal biomarkers of immune activity. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2022; 56:968-979. [PMID: 35942522 PMCID: PMC9543538 DOI: 10.1111/apt.17182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low-grade immune activation in the gut is a potential treatment target in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). AIMS To determine improvement in IBS symptoms after mesalazine treatment, and the utility of measures of immune activity in the rectal mucosa METHODS: This was a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-arm, multicentre trial in subjects with IBS (Rome III criteria), with an eight-week treatment period of mesalazine 2400 mg or plcebo once-daily. The primary endpoint was the global assessment of satisfactory relief of IBS symptoms in ≥50% of weeks during intervention. IBS symptoms were also measured with the IBS severity scoring system; immune activity was measured by mucosal patch technology. A post hoc meta-analysis of randomised placebo-controlled trials of mesalazine in IBS was added. RESULTS Of 181 included patients, 91 received mesalazine and 90 received placebo. The primary endpoint was met by 32 (36%) patients after mesalazine and 27 (30%) after placebo (p = 0.40). There were no differences in response rates related to IBS subtype or post-infection symptom onset. More reduction of abdominal bloating was noted in the mesalazine group (p = 0.02). The meta-analysis showed no effect of mesalazine on IBS symptoms. No mucosal patch technology measure could predict response to mesalazine, and found no differences in the effects of intervention on levels of immune markers. CONCLUSIONS Mesalazine is ineffective in reducing IBS symptoms. Rectal measures of immune activity by the mucosal patch technology cannot predict a higher chance of response to mesalazine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Castro Tejera
- Department of Molecular and Clinical MedicineInstitute of MedicineSahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Lena Öhman
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyInstitute of BiomedicineUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Lars Aabakken
- Department of Transplantation MedicineOslo University HospitalRikshospitaletNorway
| | - Bengt Fellström
- Department of Medical SciencesUppsala UniversityUppsala University HospitalUppsalaSweden
| | - Trygve Hausken
- Department of Clinical MedicineHaukeland University HospitalUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - Øistein Hovde
- Department of MedicineInnlandet Hospital TrustGjøvikNorway
| | - Johann P. Hreinsson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical MedicineInstitute of MedicineSahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Greger Lindberg
- Karolinska InstitutetDepartment of MedicineKarolinska University Hospital HuddingeStockholmSweden
| | - Per Venge
- Department of Medical SciencesUppsala UniversityUppsala University HospitalUppsalaSweden,Diagnostics DevelopmentUppsalaSweden
| | - Magnus Simrén
- Department of Molecular and Clinical MedicineInstitute of MedicineSahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden,Center for Functional GI and Motility DisordersUniversity of North Carolina‐Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Hans Törnblom
- Department of Molecular and Clinical MedicineInstitute of MedicineSahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
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Hernandez S, Morales-Soto W, Grubišić V, Fried D, Gulbransen BD. Pyridostigmine bromide exposure creates chronic, underlying neuroimmune disruption in the gastrointestinal tract and brain that alters responses to palmitoylethanolamide in a mouse model of Gulf War Illness. Neuropharmacology 2020; 179:108264. [PMID: 32758565 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gulf War Illness (GWI) is a chronic multisymptom illness that includes gastrointestinal disorders. Although the exact etiology of GWI is unknown, exposure to the drug pyridostigmine bromide (PB) is considered a major factor. Exposure to PB drives enteric neuroinflammation, promotes immunosuppression, and alters physiological functions of the colon in the short term but whether exposure to PB is sufficient to promote long term dysfunction is not known. Here, we tested whether exposure to PB is sufficient to drive long term changes that reflect GWI, and whether the endogenous anti-inflammatory mediator palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) is sufficient to reduce the detrimental effects of PB in the gut and brain of mice. Exposure to PB alone was not sufficient to cause major changes in neuromuscular transmission but did drive major changes by altering the effects of PEA. Calcium imaging data show that the mechanisms responsible include a shift in receptor signaling mediated by TRPV1, endocannabinoids, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha (PPARα). Additional mechanisms include the development of glial reactivity and changes in enteric neurochemical coding and survival. PB and PEA caused major shifts in pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines in the brain and colon that persisted up to 5 months following exposure. Many of the effects of PB and PEA exhibit significant sex differences. Together, these results highlight novel mechanisms whereby PB promotes long-lasting changes in nervous system and immune function by inducing occult neuroplasticity that is revealed by subsequent exposure to unrelated drugs in a sex dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siomara Hernandez
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, 567 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Wilmarie Morales-Soto
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, 567 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Vladimir Grubišić
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, 567 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - David Fried
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, 567 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Brian D Gulbransen
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, 567 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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Nagata K, Kasakura K, Miura R, Yashiro T, Nishiyama C. Suppressive role of PPARγ in the IgE-dependent activation of mast cells. Int Immunol 2020; 32:143-150. [PMID: 31630176 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxz069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) play a central role in IgE-dependent immune responses. PPARγ is a nuclear receptor that is essential for adipocyte differentiation and insulin sensitivity. Although PPARγ is expressed in activated MCs, the effect of PPARγ suppression in IgE-mediated activation of MCs is largely unknown. In the current study, we evaluated the effect of PPARγ knockdown on the function of IgE plus antigen (Ag)-stimulated MCs using siRNA-transfected bone marrow-derived MCs (BMMCs). We found that the mRNA expression level of cytokines in IgE/Ag-stimulated BMMCs was significantly increased in PPARγ knockdown BMMCs, and IgE/Ag-mediated degranulation and the protein production level of TNF-α was moderately increased by PPARγ knockdown, whereas the cell surface expression level of FcεRI was not affected by PPARγ knockdown. Oral administration of pioglitazone (PPARγ agonist) significantly suppressed body temperature change of mice in passive systemic anaphylaxis, supporting the inhibitory functions of PPARγ in IgE/Ag-dependent activation of MCs in vivo. IgE-mediated up-regulation of mRNA levels of Ptgs2 (encoding COX-2) was drastically enhanced in PPARγ knockdown BMMCs. Although several prostaglandin (PG) derivatives are known to be ligands for PPARγ, treatment with a COX inhibitor, acetyl salicylic acid, up-regulated the IgE-mediated increase of Il13, Tnf and Ptgs2 mRNA levels in a synergistic manner with PPARγ siRNA. Knockdown of COX-1 and/or COX-2 by siRNA showed that suppression of IgE/Ag-mediated activation was mainly dependent on COX-1. Taken together, these results indicate that PPARγ suppresses IgE/Ag-induced transactivation of cytokine genes and the Ptgs2 gene in MCs in a manner distinguishable from that of PGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Nagata
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazumi Kasakura
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Miura
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuya Yashiro
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chiharu Nishiyama
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Shirinsky I, Shirinsky V. H 1-antihistamines are associated with lower prevalence of radiographic knee osteoarthritis: a cross-sectional analysis of the Osteoarthritis Initiative data. Arthritis Res Ther 2018; 20:116. [PMID: 29880063 PMCID: PMC5992840 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-018-1619-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is growing evidence that mast cells (MCs) play a role in knee osteoarthritis (OA). H1-antihistamines block H1-receptors of histamine, which is an important mediator of MCs. There is a lack of data on whether H1-antihistamines can influence OA. We hypothesized that the use of H1-antihistamines may be linked to the reduced prevalence of knee OA. Methods Baseline data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative cohort were analysed cross-sectionally. Unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression models were performed to compare the prevalence of knee OA in H1-antihistamine users and non-users. Generalized estimating equations were used to adjust for the correlation between knees. Knee OA was defined as (1) Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) grade ≥ 2 or total joint replacement or (2) KL grade ≥ 2 and joint space narrowing or total joint replacement. Results The analysed sample consisted of 8545 knees (664 knees of H1-antihistamine users and 7881 knees of H1-antihistamine non-users). The use of H1-antihistamines was associated with reduced prevalence of knee OA in unadjusted and adjusted models using both the first (adjusted OR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.62, 0.96; P < 0.02) and second (adjusted OR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.62, 0.93; P < 0.008) definitions of knee OA. Conclusions H1-antihistamines are associated with a reduced prevalence of knee OA. The findings indicate that this class of drugs should be further evaluated for possible structure-modifying properties in knee OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Shirinsky
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunopharmacology, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution, Research Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology, 6 Zalesskogo Street, 630047, Novosibirsk, Russia.
| | - Valery Shirinsky
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunopharmacology, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution, Research Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology, 6 Zalesskogo Street, 630047, Novosibirsk, Russia
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10
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Redegeld FA, Yu Y, Kumari S, Charles N, Blank U. Non-IgE mediated mast cell activation. Immunol Rev 2018; 282:87-113. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank A. Redegeld
- Division of Pharmacology; Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences; Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Division of Pharmacology; Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences; Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Sangeeta Kumari
- Division of Pharmacology; Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences; Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Nicolas Charles
- INSERM U1149; Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation; Paris France
- CNRS ERL8252; Paris France
- Université Paris-Diderot; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Faculté de Médecine; Site Xavier Bichat; Paris France
| | - Ulrich Blank
- INSERM U1149; Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation; Paris France
- CNRS ERL8252; Paris France
- Université Paris-Diderot; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Faculté de Médecine; Site Xavier Bichat; Paris France
- Inflamex Laboratory of Excellence; Paris France
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11
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Shimanaka Y, Kono N, Taketomi Y, Arita M, Okayama Y, Tanaka Y, Nishito Y, Mochizuki T, Kusuhara H, Adibekian A, Cravatt BF, Murakami M, Arai H. Omega-3 fatty acid epoxides are autocrine mediators that control the magnitude of IgE-mediated mast cell activation. Nat Med 2017; 23:1287-1297. [DOI: 10.1038/nm.4417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Yao PL, Morales JL, Gonzalez FJ, Peters JM. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-β/δ modulates mast cell phenotype. Immunology 2017; 150:456-467. [PMID: 27935639 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-β/δ (PPARβ/δ) is known to have multiple anti-inflammatory effects, typically observed in endothelial cells, macrophages, T cells and B cells. Despite the fact that mast cells are important mediators of inflammation, to date, the role of PPARβ/δ in mast cells has not been examined. Hence, the present study examined the hypothesis that PPARβ/δ modulates mast cell phenotype. Bone-marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs) and peritoneal mast cells from Pparβ/δ+/+ mice expressed higher levels of high-affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI) compared with Pparβ/δ-/- mice. BMMCs from Pparβ/δ+/+ mice also exhibited dense granules, associated with higher expression of enzymes and proteases compared with Pparβ/δ-/- mice. Resting BMMCs from Pparβ/δ+/+ mice secreted lower levels of inflammatory cytokines, associated with the altered activation of phospholipase Cγ1 and extracellular signal-regulated kinases compared with Pparβ/δ-/- mice. Moreover, the production of cytokines by mast cells induced by various stimuli was highly dependent on PPARβ/δ expression. This study demonstrates that PPARβ/δ is an important regulator of mast cell phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Li Yao
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Center of Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Jose L Morales
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Center of Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Peters
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Center of Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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Ramot Y, Mastrofrancesco A, Camera E, Desreumaux P, Paus R, Picardo M. The role of PPARγ-mediated signalling in skin biology and pathology: new targets and opportunities for clinical dermatology. Exp Dermatol 2016; 24:245-51. [PMID: 25644500 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand-activated transcription factors that modulate the expression of multiple different genes involved in the regulation of lipid, glucose and amino acid metabolism. PPARs and cognate ligands also regulate important cellular functions, including cell proliferation and differentiation, as well as inflammatory responses. This includes a role in mediating skin and pilosebaceous unit homoeostasis: PPARs appear to be essential for maintaining skin barrier permeability, inhibit keratinocyte cell growth, promote keratinocyte terminal differentiation and regulate skin inflammation. They also may have protective effects on human hair follicle (HFs) epithelial stem cells, while defects in PPARγ-mediated signalling may promote the death of these stem cells and thus facilitate the development of cicatricial alopecia (lichen planopilaris). Overall, however, selected PPARγ modulators appear to act as hair growth inhibitors that reduce the proliferation and promote apoptosis of hair matrix keratinocytes. The fact that commonly prescribed PPARγ-modulatory drugs of the thiazolidine-2,4-dione class can exhibit a battery of adverse cutaneous effects underscores the importance of distinguishing beneficial from clinically undesired cutaneous activities of PPARγ ligands and to better understand on the molecular level how PPARγ-regulated cutaneous lipid metabolism and PPARγ-mediated signalling impact on human skin physiology and pathology. Surely, the therapeutic potential that endogenous and exogenous PPARγ modulators may possess in selected skin diseases, ranging from chronic inflammatory hyperproliferative dermatoses like psoriasis and atopic dermatitis, via scarring alopecia and acne can only be harnessed if the complexities of PPARγ signalling in human skin and its appendages are systematically dissected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuval Ramot
- Department of Dermatology, Hadassah - Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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14
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n-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids inhibit Fc ε receptor I-mediated mast cell activation. J Nutr Biochem 2015; 26:1580-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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El-Naa MM, El-Refaei MF, Nasif WA, Abduljawad SH, El-Brairy AI, El-Readi MZ. In-vivo antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of rosiglitazone, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ) agonists in animal model of bronchial asthma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 67:1421-30. [PMID: 26099551 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ) has been shown to play an important role in the control of immunological and inflammatory responses. This study aims at investigating the potential role of rosiglitazone, a strong PPAR-γ agonist in a murine model of bronchial asthma. METHODS Adult male guinea pigs were administered ovalbumin 100 mg/kg subcutaneous (SC) and 100 mg/kg intraperitoneal (IP). Treatment with rosiglitazone [5 mg/kg/day, per oral (PO)] was assessed for 21 days. On day 21, the animals were challenged with the same dose of ovalbumin. The forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1 ) to forced vital capacity (FVC), FEV1 /FVC, was measured using a spirometer to diagnosis lung obstruction. Serum levels of interleukin-5 (IL-5) and immunoglobulin E (IgE) were assessed. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase and the level of reduced glutathione (GSH) were determined in lung tissue homogenates. KEY FINDINGS Our results demonstrated that treatment with rosiglitazone resulted in a statistically significant improvement in lung function and histopathological features. Significant decrease in the serum levels of IL-5 and IgE were observed. The activity of SOD and catalase as well as the GSH level were significantly increased in the lung tissues of treated animals compared with untreated asthmatic animals. Serum IgE concentrations and IL-5 levels were directly correlated to each other and inversely correlated to the SOD, GSH and catalase levels in the all studied guinea pigs. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide evidence that the PPAR-γ agonist rosiglitazone may have potential in the development of therapies for bronchial asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona M El-Naa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, 6 October City, Egypt
| | - Mohamed F El-Refaei
- Molecular Biology Department, Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Sadat City University, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Wesam A Nasif
- Molecular Biology Department, Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Sadat City University, Sadat City, Egypt.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Suha H Abduljawad
- Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Family Science, Taibah University, Al Madinah Al-Munawarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amany I El-Brairy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, 6 October City, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Z El-Readi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
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16
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Wang X, Kulka M. n-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids and mast cell activation. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 97:859-871. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.2ru0814-388r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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Chang YY, Hsu WH, Pan TM. Monascus secondary metabolites monascin and ankaflavin inhibit activation of RBL-2H3 cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:192-199. [PMID: 25525886 DOI: 10.1021/jf504013n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Monascus-fermented products have been used as dietary food and traditional medicine due to their beneficial effects on circulation and digestive systems in Asia for thousands of years. Besides, monascin and ankaflavin, secondary metabolites from Monascus-fermented products, have proven anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. In previous research, monascin and ankaflavin ameliorated ovalbumin-induced airway allergic reaction often used as a type I allergy asthma model. Additionally, mast cells play critical roles in type I allergy. Therefore, RBL-2H3 cells were used as the mast cell model to determine whether the improving effects on asthma of monascin and ankaflavin came from influencing mast cells. PMA and ionomycin are common activators of mast cells because they stimulate the main signaling molecules during mast cell activation. Forty micromolar monascin and ankaflavin inhibited PMA/ionomycin-induced mast cell degranulation and TNF-α secretion through suppressing the phosphorylation of PKC and MAPK family ERK, JNK, and p38. Consequently, monascin and ankaflavin affected the activation of mast cells and may have the potential to improve type I allergy.
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El-Sisi AE, Sokar SS, Salem TA, Abu Risha SE. PPARγ-dependent anti-tumor and immunomodulatory actions of pioglitazone. J Immunotoxicol 2014; 12:308-16. [PMID: 25425470 DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2014.978055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) has been reported to play important roles in carcinogenesis. The current study was carried out to assess the possible anti-tumor effects of pioglitazone (PIO), a PPARγ agonist, in a mouse mammary carcinoma model, i.e. a solid Ehrlich carcinoma (SEC). Effects of PIO on tumor-induced immune dysfunction, and the possibility that PIO may modulate the anti-tumor and immunomodulatory effects of doxorubicin (DOX) were also studied. The effects in tumor-bearing hosts of several doses of PIO (100 mg/kg, per os), with and without the added presence of DOX (2 mg/kg, IP), was investigated in vivo; end-points evaluated included assessment of tumor volume, splenic lymphocyte profiles/functionality, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α content, as well as apoptosis and expression of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) among the tumor cells. The data indicate that PIO induced significant anti-tumor activity against the SEC. PIO treatments also significantly mitigated both tumor- and doxorubicin-induced declines in immune parameters assessed here. Moreover, PIO led to decreased NF-κB nuclear expression, and, in doing so, appeared to chemo-sensitize these tumor cells to DOX-induced apoptosis. All pioglitazone-studied effects were antagonized by GW9662, a selective PPARγ antagonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa E El-Sisi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University , Tanta , Egypt and
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Chen SM, Tsai YS, Lee SW, Liu YH, Liao SK, Chang WW, Tsai PJ. Astragalus membranaceus modulates Th1/2 immune balance and activates PPARγ in a murine asthma model. Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 92:397-405. [PMID: 25264079 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2014-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Astragalus membranaceus, a traditional Chinese herb, has been used to improve airway inflammation and asthma. The present study investigated whether A. membranaceus has immunotherapeutic effects on asthma, a chronic inflammatory mucosal disease that is associated with excess production of IgE, eosinophilia, T helper 2 (Th2) cytokines, and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. An ovalbumin (OVA)-induced, chronic inflammatory airway murine asthma model was used to examine the status of pulmonary inflammation after the administration of A. membranaceus. The IgE levels in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid showed a tendency to decrease after the administration of A. membranaceus. The number of eosinophils decreased and infiltration of inflammatory cells and collagen deposition declined in lung sections after A. membranaceus administration. The RNA and protein levels of Th2 cytokines and the ratio of the GATA3/T-bet mRNA levels decreased after A. membranaceus treatment. Furthermore, the mRNA level of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), a nuclear hormone receptor, increased in the lung tissues of A. membranaceus-treated mice. Finally, an A. membranaceus water extract activated PPARγ activity in either human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) or A549 cells in a PPARγ-responsive element-containing luciferase reporter assay. These results indicate that A. membranaceus has an inhibitory effect on airway inflammation in a murine model of asthma through modulating the imbalanced relationship between Th1 and Th2 cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Ming Chen
- a Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
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20
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Preclinical Studies of a Specific PPARγ Modulator in the Control of Skin Inflammation. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 134:1001-1011. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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21
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Xu N, Zhang L, Dong J, Zhang X, Chen YG, Bao B, Liu J. Low-dose diet supplement of a natural flavonoid, luteolin, ameliorates diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance in mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2014; 58:1258-68. [PMID: 24668788 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201300830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Mast cells play important roles in diet-induced obesity and diabetes, and some synthetic mast cell stabilizers can improve related metabolic disturbances in mice. Luteolin (LU) is a potent natural mast cell stabilizer. However, a direct correlation between LU and these common metabolic diseases is not established. METHODS AND RESULTS Male C57BL/6 mice were fed low-fat diet, high-fat diet (HFD), HFD with 0.002 and 0.01% LU for 12 wk, respectively. Dietary LU suppressed HFD-induced body weight gain, fat deposition, and adipocyte hypertrophy. Meanwhile, glucose intolerance and insulin sensitivity was also improved. Interestingly, dietary LU ameliorated angiogenesis and associated cell apoptosis and cathepsin activity in epididymis adipose tissues, which is a critical mechanism that mast cells are involved in diet-induced obesity and diabetes. Further, we showed dietary LU reduced mast cell and macrophage infiltrations and inflammatory cytokine levels in epididymis adipose tissues. Finally, LU inhibited mast cell-derived IL-6 expression, which is a key cytokine that contributes to mast cell-associated metabolic derangements, and protein kinase C activator phorbol myristoyl acetate reversed the inhibitory effects. CONCLUSIONS As a natural flavonoid, low-dose diet supplement of LU ameliorates diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance in mice, suggesting a new therapeutic and interventional approach for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Xu
- School of Biotechnology & Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, P. R. China; School of Life Science, University of Anhui Science & Technology, Fengyang, P. R. China
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Schmuth M, Moosbrugger-Martinz V, Blunder S, Dubrac S. Role of PPAR, LXR, and PXR in epidermal homeostasis and inflammation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1841:463-73. [PMID: 24315978 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal lipid synthesis and metabolism are regulated by nuclear hormone receptors (NHR) and in turn epidermal lipid metabolites can serve as ligands to NHR. NHR form a large superfamily of receptors modulating gene transcription through DNA binding. A subgroup of these receptors is ligand-activated and heterodimerizes with the retinoid X receptor including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR), liver X receptor (LXR) and pregnane X receptor (PXR). Several isotypes of these receptors exist, all of which are expressed in skin. In keratinocytes, ligand activation of PPARs and LXRs stimulates differentiation, induces lipid accumulation, and accelerates epidermal barrier regeneration. In the cutaneous immune system, ligand activation of all three receptors, PPAR, LXR, and PXR, has inhibitory properties, partially mediated by downregulation of the NF-kappaB pathway. PXR also has antifibrotic effects in the skin correlating with TGF-beta inhibition. In summary, ligands of PPAR, LXR and PXR exert beneficial therapeutic effects in skin disease and represent promising targets for future therapeutic approaches in dermatology. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled The Important Role of Lipids in the Epidermis and their Role in the Formation and Maintenance of the Cutaneous Barrier. Guest Editors: Kenneth R. Feingold and Peter Elias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schmuth
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | | | - Stefan Blunder
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sandrine Dubrac
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.
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PPARγ Ligands Regulate Noncontractile and Contractile Functions of Airway Smooth Muscle: Implications for Asthma Therapy. PPAR Res 2012; 2012:809164. [PMID: 22966222 PMCID: PMC3431171 DOI: 10.1155/2012/809164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In asthma, the increase in airway smooth muscle (ASM) can contribute to inflammation, airway wall remodeling and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR). Targetting peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), a receptor upregulated in ASM in asthmatic airways, may provide a novel approach to regulate these contributions. This review summarises experimental evidence that PPARγ ligands, such as rosiglitazone (RGZ) and pioglitazone (PGZ), inhibit proliferation and inflammatory cytokine production from ASM in vitro. In addition, inhaled administration of these ligands reduces inflammatory cell infiltration and airway remodelling in mouse models of allergen-induced airways disease. PPARγ ligands can also regulate ASM contractility, with acute treatment eliciting relaxation of mouse trachea in vitro through a PPARγ-independent mechanism. Chronic treatment can protect against the loss of bronchodilator sensitivity to β2-adrenoceptor agonists and inhibit the development of AHR associated with exposure to nicotine in utero or following allergen challenge. Of particular interest, a small clinical trial has shown that oral RGZ treatment improves lung function in smokers with asthma, a group that is generally unresponsive to conventional steroid treatment. These combined findings support further investigation of the potential for PPARγ agonists to target the noncontractile and contractile functions of ASM to improve outcomes for patients with poorly controlled asthma.
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Torres RC, Batista MM, Pons AH, Silva AR, Cordeiro RSB, Martins MA, E Silva PMR, Carvalho VF. Activation of PPARγ by restores mast cell numbers and reactivity in alloxan-diabetic rats by reducing the systemic glucocorticoid levels. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 691:261-7. [PMID: 22713549 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Mast cell function and survival have been shown to be down-regulated under diabetic conditions. This study investigates the role of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ in reducing mast cell number and reactivity in diabetic rats. The effect of rosiglitazone on mast cell apoptosis was also evaluated. Diabetes was induced by intravenous injection of alloxan into fasted rats and PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone and/or specific antagonist 2-chloro-5-nitrobenzanilide (GW9662) were administered 3 day after diabetes induction, once daily for 18 consecutive days. Mast cell apoptosis and plasma corticosterone levels were evaluated by TUNEL and radioimmunoassay, respectively. Treatment with rosiglitazone restored mast cell numbers in the pleural cavity and mesenteric tissue of diabetic rats. Rosiglitazone also significantly reversed the diabetes-induced reduction of histamine release by mast cells, as measured by fluorescence, following activation with the antigen in vitro. Increased apoptosis in mast cells from diabetic rats were inhibited by rosiglitazone. Moreover, we noted that the increase in plasma corticosterone levels in diabetic rats was inhibited by rosiglitazone. In addition, GW9662 blocked the ability of rosiglitazone to restore baseline numbers of mast cells and plasma corticosterone in diabetic rats. In conclusion, our findings showed that rosiglitazone restored the number and reactivity of mast cells in diabetic rats, accompanied with a suppression of apoptosis, in parallel with impairment of diabetes hypercorticolism, indicating that PPARγ has an important role in these phenomena.
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The modulation of PPARγ1 and PPARγ2 mRNA expression by ciglitazone in CD3/CD28-activated naïve and memory CD4+ T cells. Clin Dev Immunol 2012; 2012:849195. [PMID: 22548115 PMCID: PMC3323850 DOI: 10.1155/2012/849195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Revised: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Given their roles in immune regulation, the expression of the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) 1 and 2 isoforms was investigated in human naïve (CD45RA+) and memory (CD45RO+) CD4+ T cells. Stimulation of both types of cells via the CD3/CD28 pathway resulted in high expression of both PPARγ receptors as measured by real-time PCR. Treatment with the PPARγ agonist, ciglitazone, increased PPARγ1 expression but decreased PPARγ2 expression in stimulated naïve and memory cells. Furthermore, when present, the magnitude of both PPARγ receptors expression was lower in naïve cells, perhaps suggesting a lower regulatory control of these cells. Similar profiles of selected proinflammatory cytokines were expressed by the two cell types following stimulation. The induction of PPARγ1 and suppression of PPARγ2 expressions in naïve and memory CD4+ T cells in the presence of ciglitazone suggest that the PPARγ subtypes may have different roles in the regulation of T-cell function.
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A Role for PPARgamma in the Regulation of Cytokines in Immune Cells and Cancer. PPAR Res 2011; 2008:961753. [PMID: 18566687 PMCID: PMC2430015 DOI: 10.1155/2008/961753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2008] [Accepted: 05/22/2008] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is a ligand-activated transcription factor and a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily. PPARγ and its ligands appear to serve diverse biological functions. In addition to the well-studied effects of PPARγ on metabolism and cellular differentiation, abundant evidence suggests that PPARγ is an important regulator of the immune system and cancers. Since cytokines are not only key modulators of inflammation with pro- and anti-inflammatory functions but they also can either stimulate or inhibit tumor growth and progression, this review summarizes the role for PPARγ in the regulation of cytokine production and cytokine-mediated signal transduction pathways in immune cells and cancer.
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Abstract
PPARs, most notably PPAR-gamma, play a crucial role in regulating the activation of alveolar macrophages, which in turn occupy a pivotal place in the immune response to pathogens and particulates drawn in with inspired air. In this review, we describe the dual role of the alveolar macrophage as both a first-line defender through its phagocytotic activity and a regulator of the immune response. Depending on its state of activation, the alveolar macrophage may either enhance or suppress different aspects of immune function in the lung. We then review the role of PPAR-gamma and its ligands in deactivating alveolar macrophages-thus limiting the inflammatory response that, if unchecked, could threaten the essential respiratory function of the alveolus-while upregulating the cell's phagocytotic activity. Finally, we examine the role that inadequate or inappropriate PPAR-gamma responses play in specific lung diseases.
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28
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Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor ligands as regulators of airway inflammation and remodelling in chronic lung disease. PPAR Res 2011; 2007:14983. [PMID: 18000530 PMCID: PMC2065911 DOI: 10.1155/2007/14983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2007] [Accepted: 06/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a major component in the pathology of chronic lung diseases, including asthma. Anti-inflammatory treatment with corticosteroids is not effective in all patients. Thus, new therapeutic options are required to control diverse cellular functions that are currently not optimally targeted by these drugs in order to inhibit inflammation and its sequelae in lung disease. Peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs), originally characterised as regulators of lipid and glucose metabolism, offer marked potential in this respect. PPARs are expressed in both lung infiltrating and resident immune and inflammatory cells, as well as in resident and structural cells in the lungs, and play critical roles in the regulation of airway inflammation. In vitro, endogenous and synthetic ligands for PPARs regulate expression and release of proinflammatory cytokines and chemoattractants, and cell proliferation and survival. In murine models of allergen-induced inflammation, PPARα and PPARγ ligands reduce the influx of inflammatory cells, cytokine and mucus production, collagen deposition, and airways hyperresponsiveness. The activity profiles of PPAR ligands differ to corticosteroids, supporting the hypothesis that PPARs comprise additional therapeutic targets to mimimise the contribution of inflammation to airway remodelling and dysfunction.
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Raman P, Kaplan BLF, Thompson JT, Vanden Heuvel JP, Kaminski NE. 15-Deoxy-delta12,14-prostaglandin J2-glycerol ester, a putative metabolite of 2-arachidonyl glycerol, activates peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma. Mol Pharmacol 2011; 80:201-9. [PMID: 21511917 DOI: 10.1124/mol.110.070441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
2-Arachidonyl glycerol (2-AG) is an endogenous arachidonic acid derivative capable of suppressing interleukin (IL)-2 production by activated T cells. 2-AG-mediated IL-2 suppression is dependent on cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) metabolism and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ) activation. The objective of the present studies was to examine whether 15-deoxy-Δ(12,14)-PGJ(2)-glycerol ester (15d-PGJ(2)-G), a putative metabolite of 2-AG, can mimic the actions of 2-AG on IL-2 regulation through PPARγ activation. 15d-PGJ(2)-G bound PPARγ-ligand binding domain in a PPARγ competitive binding assay. 15d-PGJ(2)-G treatment activated PPARγ in a reporter assay, and PPARγ activation was attenuated when a PPARγ antagonist, 2-chloro-5-nitro-N-4-pyridinylbenzamide (T0070907), was present. 15d-PGJ(2)-G treatment suppressed IL-2 production by activated Jurkat cells, which was partially attenuated when pretreated with T0070907. Moreover, IL-2 suppression was pronounced when 15d-PGJ(2)-G was present 30 min before or after T-cell activation. Concordant with IL-2 suppression, 15d-PGJ(2)-G treatment decreased nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) transcriptional activity in transiently transfected Jurkat cells. It is noteworthy that T0070907 alone markedly increased NFAT reporter activity, suggesting the existence of endogenous PPARγ activation and modulation of NFAT. Because COX-2 metabolism of 2-AG is important for IL-2 suppression, the effect of 2-AG on COX-2 and PPARγ mRNA expression was investigated. 2-AG treatment decreased the up-regulation of COX-2 mRNA after T-cell activation, which suggests negative feedback limiting COX-2-mediated metabolism of 2-AG. PPARγ mRNA expression was increased upon activation, and 2-AG treatment produced a modest decrease in PPARγ mRNA expression. Collectively, our findings suggest that 15d-PGJ(2)-G activates PPARγ to decrease NFAT transcriptional activity and IL-2 expression in activated T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyadarshini Raman
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology and the Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1317, USA
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Peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor γ–mediated suppression of dendritic cell function prevents the onset of atopic dermatitis in NC/Tnd mice. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 127:420-429.e1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Revised: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Effect of 5-aminosalicylate on allergic rhinitis model in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2010; 10:713-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2010.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2009] [Revised: 02/27/2010] [Accepted: 03/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Fukui N, Honda K, Ito E, Ishikawa K. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma negatively regulates allergic rhinitis in mice. Allergol Int 2009; 58:247-53. [PMID: 19307774 DOI: 10.2332/allergolint.08-oa-0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2008] [Accepted: 10/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma(PPAR-gamma) has been shown to play an important role in the control of inflammatory responses acting on macrophages, mast cells, T cells, and eosinophils. The present study was aimed at investigating the effects of PPAR-gamma agonist on nasal symptoms and eosinophil accumulations in nasal mucosa by using a murine allergic rhinitis model. Furthermore, we examined the expression of PPAR-gamma in the nasal mucosa in mice. METHODS BALB/c mice were sensitized and challenged intranasally with ovalbumin. Ciglitazone, a PPAR-gamma agonist, was administered orally 6 hours before each nasal challenge. RESULTS Administration of PPAR-gamma agonist significantly decreased the number of nasal rubs, nasal histamine responsiveness, serum IgE, IL-5 production from the spleen, and eosinophilic infiltration in the nasal mucosa. Furthermore, PPAR-gamma was expressed in eosinophils and epithelial cells in the nasal mucosa by immunohistochemistry. CONCLUSIONS PPAR-gamma was expressed in eosinophils and epithelial cells in the nasal mucosa. Also, the oral administration of ciglitazone is effective in upper airway allergic inflammation in mice.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/administration & dosage
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/pharmacology
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/therapeutic use
- Behavior, Animal/drug effects
- Eosinophils/metabolism
- Eosinophils/pathology
- Epithelial Cells/metabolism
- Female
- Histamine/pharmacology
- Immunoglobulin E/blood
- Immunoglobulin E/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interleukin-13/metabolism
- Interleukin-5/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Nasal Mucosa/drug effects
- Nasal Mucosa/metabolism
- Nasal Mucosa/pathology
- Ovalbumin/immunology
- Ovalbumin/pharmacology
- PPAR gamma/agonists
- PPAR gamma/metabolism
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial/drug therapy
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial/immunology
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial/metabolism
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial/pathology
- Sneezing/drug effects
- Spleen/drug effects
- Spleen/metabolism
- Thiazolidinediones/administration & dosage
- Thiazolidinediones/pharmacology
- Thiazolidinediones/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Fukui
- Department of Sensory Medicine, Division of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Akita University, School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
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Jeon EJ, Lee SK, Park YS, Kim DH, Yum JH, Park CS. The effects of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ agonist on a murine model of experimental allergic rhinitis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2008; 139:124-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.otohns.2008.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2008] [Revised: 03/21/2008] [Accepted: 03/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Objectives To investigate the effect of rosiglitazone, a synthetic selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ agonist, for cytokine production and PPAR-γ expression in nasal mucosa. Methods Mice in allergic rhinitis group received ovalbumin sensitization followed by ovalbumin intranasal challenge. Mice in the rosiglitazone group received rosiglitazone treatment additionally. Various allergic responses were then assessed. Results The frequency of nasal rubs and ovalbumin-specific immunoglobulin E decreased significantly in the rosiglitazone group compared with the allergic rhinitis group. The rosiglitazone group also showed that inflammation was markedly reduced by rosiglitazone administration. Immunohistochemistry showed that PPAR-γ protein expression in nasal mucosa was enhanced in the allergic rhinitis group and the rosiglitazone group compared with control mice. Conclusion PPAR-γ activation with rosiglitazone effectively inhibited allergic symptom development, nasal mucosal inflammation, and production of ovoalbumin-specific immunoglobulin E and Th2-type cytokine. Our results provide evidence of the therapeutic potential of PPAR-γ agonist for the treatment of allergic rhinitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ju Jeon
- Department of Otolaryngology-HNS, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Kyun Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology-HNS, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong-Soo Park
- Department of Otolaryngology-HNS, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Hyun Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology-HNS, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Ho Yum
- Department of Otolaryngology-HNS, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chan-Soon Park
- Department of Otolaryngology-HNS, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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Park SJ, Lee YC. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma as a novel therapeutic target in asthma. J Asthma 2008; 45:1-8. [PMID: 18259989 DOI: 10.1080/02770900701247319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) has been characterized as a regulator of adipocyte differentiation and lipid metabolism. However, in the last few years growing evidence indicates that PPARgamma plays an important role in controlling immune and inflammatory responses. Upregulation of PPARgamma expression is observed in asthmatic airways, and an involvement of PPARgamma in airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness in asthma has been reported. Recent studies have demonstrated that PPARgamma ligands may have a therapeutic effect in asthma. This article reviews the latest knowledge and studies on the roles and mechanisms of PPARgamma and PPARgamma ligands in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seoung Ju Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Airway Remodeling Laboratory, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, South Korea
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Narala VR, Ranga R, Smith MR, Berlin AA, Standiford TJ, Lukacs NW, Reddy RC. Pioglitazone is as effective as dexamethasone in a cockroach allergen-induced murine model of asthma. Respir Res 2007; 8:90. [PMID: 18053220 PMCID: PMC2231357 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-8-90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2007] [Accepted: 12/04/2007] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background While glucocorticoids are currently the most effective therapy for asthma, associated side effects limit enthusiasm for their use. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) activators include the synthetic thiazolidinediones (TZDs) which exhibit anti-inflammatory effects that suggest usefulness in diseases such as asthma. How the ability of TZDs to modulate the asthmatic response compares to that of glucocorticoids remains unclear, however, because these two nuclear receptor agonists have never been studied concurrently. Additionally, effects of PPAR-γ agonists have never been examined in a model involving an allergen commonly associated with human asthma. Methods We compared the effectiveness of the PPAR-γ agonist pioglitazone (PIO) to the established effectiveness of a glucocorticoid receptor agonist, dexamethasone (DEX), in a murine model of asthma induced by cockroach allergen (CRA). After sensitization to CRA and airway localization by intranasal instillation of the allergen, Balb/c mice were challenged twice at 48-h intervals with intratracheal CRA. Either PIO (25 mg/kg/d), DEX (1 mg/kg/d), or vehicle was administered throughout the period of airway CRA exposure. Results PIO and DEX demonstrated similar abilities to reduce airway hyperresponsiveness, pulmonary recruitment of inflammatory cells, serum IgE, and lung levels of IL-4, IL-5, TNF-α, TGF-β, RANTES, eotaxin, MIP3-α, Gob-5, and Muc5-ac. Likewise, intratracheal administration of an adenovirus containing a constitutively active PPAR-γ expression construct blocked CRA induction of Gob-5 and Muc5-ac. Conclusion Given the potent effectiveness shown by PIO, we conclude that PPAR-γ agonists deserve investigation as potential therapies for human asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkata R Narala
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA.
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Abstract
Mast cells play an important role in the immune system by interacting with B and T cells and by releasing several mediators involved in activating other cells. Hyperreactivity of mast cells and their uncontrolled accumulation in tissues lead to increased release of inflammatory mediators contributing to the pathogenesis of several diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, multiple sclerosis, and allergic disorders such as asthma and allergic rhinitis. Interference with mast cell proliferation, survival, degranulation, and migration by synthetic or natural compounds may represent a preventive strategy for the management of these diseases. Natural vitamin E covers a group of eight analogues-the alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherols and the alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocotrienols, but only alpha-tocopherol is efficiently retained by the liver and distributed to peripheral tissues. Mast cells preferentially locate in the proximity of tissues that interface with the external environment (the epithelial surface of the skin, the gastrointestinal mucosa, and the respiratory system), what may render them accessible to treatments with inefficiently retained natural vitamin E analogues and synthetic derivatives. In addition to scavenging free radicals, the natural vitamin E analogues differently modulate signal transduction and gene expression in several cell lines; in mast cells, protein kinase C, protein phosphatase 2A, and protein kinase B are affected by vitamin E, leading to the modulation of proliferation, apoptosis, secretion, and migration. In this chapter, the possibility that vitamin E can prevent diseases with mast cells involvement by modulating signal transduction and gene expression is evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc Zingg
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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Spears M, McSharry C, Thomson NC. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonists as potential anti-inflammatory agents in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clin Exp Allergy 2007; 36:1494-504. [PMID: 17177672 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2006.02604.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Inhaled corticosteroids are the most effective therapy for chronic persistent asthma and have a role in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, corticosteroids have reduced efficacy in some patients with asthma and fail to halt the progressive deterioration in lung function characteristic of COPD. Additional or alternative drug treatments to corticosteroids are required to improve control of inflammation in patients with therapy resistant airway disease. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) agonists have displayed potent anti-inflammatory properties in experimental models of asthma and other airway diseases and as a result have the potential to become an additional treatment for asthma and COPD. We review the evidence from these experimental models and their applicability to asthma and COPD and the requirements for future clinical and experimental research.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Spears
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Division of Immunology, Infection and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Yamashita M. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha-independent effects of peroxisome proliferators on cysteinyl leukotriene production in mast cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 556:172-80. [PMID: 17113579 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2006] [Revised: 10/06/2006] [Accepted: 10/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The effects of peroxisome proliferators, the ligands of a nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) alpha, on cysteinyl leukotriene production were investigated in rodent mast cells. Peroxisome proliferators Wy-14,643 (30 microM) and fenofibrate (100 microM) significantly inhibited the cysteinyl leukotriene production that was induced by antigen (Ag) treatment after overnight sensitization to Ag specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) in a rat basophilic leukemia (RBL)-2H3 mast cell line. Similar inhibition by these drugs was observed in IgE and Ag-treated mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells, A23187-treated RBL-2H3 and A23187-treated mouse peritoneal macrophages. Wy-14,643 (30 microM) and fenofibrate (100 microM) did not affect the release of radioactivity from RBL-2H3 pre-incubated with [(3)H]-arachidonic acid, which is considered an index of phospholipase A(2) activity. Wy-14,643 (30 microM) and fenofibrate (100 microM) did not directly inhibit 5-lipoxygenase activity. Troglitazone was found to directly inhibit the activity of 5-lipoxygenase. The PPARalpha mRNA level was at less than the limit of detection for the realtime polymerase chain reaction both in RBL-2H3 and bone marrow-derived mast cells. Wy-14,643 (30 microM) and fenofibrate (100 microM) did not induce acyl-CoA oxidase mRNA in RBL-2H3, which was reported to be induced by peroxisome proliferators via PPARalpha in hepatocytes. Wy-14,643 (30 microM) and fenofibrate (100 microM) inhibited the cysteinyl leukotriene production in bone marrow-derived mast cells from PPARalpha-null mice. It was concluded that the inhibitory effects of these peroxisome proliferators on cysteinyl leukotriene production are independent of PPARalpha in mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masamichi Yamashita
- Department of Pathophysiology, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8558, Japan.
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Ueki S, Usami A, Oyamada H, Saito N, Chiba T, Mahemuti G, Ito W, Kato H, Kayaba H, Chihara J. Procaterol upregulates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma expression in human eosinophils. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2006; 140 Suppl 1:35-41. [PMID: 16772725 DOI: 10.1159/000092709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) is a nuclear receptor that regulates immune reaction. We have previously demonstrated that human eosinophils express PPARgamma and that stimulation with a synthetic agonist for PPARgamma attenuated the factor-induced eosinophil activations. However, the modulator of PPARgamma expression in eosinophils has not yet been studied. In this study, we investigated the effect of procaterol, the synthetic beta2-adrenoceptor agonist widely used as bronchodilators in asthma, on the PPARgamma expression in eosinophils. Purified human peripheral blood eosinophil and the eosinophilic cell line EoL-1 were cultured with procaterol. This was followed by PPARgamma measurement using flow cytometer and quantitative real-time RT-PCR. We observed that PPARgamma was constitutively expressed by EoL-1 and the purified eosinophils and that the therapeutic concentration (10(-9)M) of procaterol markedly enhanced PPARgamma protein expression, which was reversed by the selective beta2-adrenoceptor antagonist ICI-118551. The PPARgamma mRNA expression in EoL-1 and eosinophils was also induced by procaterol. These findings suggest that procaterol could modulate the eosinophil function by increasing the expression of PPARgamma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeharu Ueki
- Department of Clinical and Laboratory Medicine, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
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40
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Usami A, Ueki S, Ito W, Kobayashi Y, Chiba T, Mahemuti G, Oyamada H, Kamada Y, Fujita M, Kato H, Saito N, Kayaba H, Chihara J. Theophylline and dexamethasone induce peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma expression in human eosinophils. Pharmacology 2006; 77:33-7. [PMID: 16569937 DOI: 10.1159/000092376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2006] [Accepted: 02/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophils are major effector cells in allergic diseases including asthma. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) is a nuclear receptor that regulates immune reaction. We have previously demonstrated that human eosinophils express PPARgamma and that stimulation with a synthetic agonist for PPARgamma attenuated the factor-induced eosinophil survival and chemotaxis. However, the modulator of the eosinophil PPARgamma expression has not yet been studied. In this study, we investigated the effect of theophylline and dexamethasone (widely used drugs in the treatment of asthma) on PPARgamma expression in eosinophils. Purified human peripheral blood eosinophils were cultured, and therapeutic concentrations of theophylline and dexamethasone were added. Subsequently, PPARgamma was measured using quantitative real-time RT-PCR and flow cytometry. Theophylline and dexamethasone markedly enhanced both mRNA and protein levels of PPARgamma. These findings suggest that the increase in PPARgamma expression on eosinophils may play a role in the anti-inflammatory effects of theophylline and dexamethasone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Usami
- Department of Clinical and Laboratory Medicine, Akita University School of Medicine, Hondo, Akita, Japan
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41
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Denning GM, Stoll LL. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors: potential therapeutic targets in lung disease? Pediatr Pulmonol 2006; 41:23-34. [PMID: 16267824 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.20338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a family of nuclear hormone receptors that play central roles in lipid and glucose homeostasis, cellular differentiation, and the immune/inflammatory response. Growing evidence indicates that changes in expression and activation of PPARs likely modulate conditions as diverse as diabetes, atherosclerosis, cancer, asthma, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease. Activation of these receptors by natural or pharmacologic ligands leads to both gene-dependent and gene-independent effects that alter the expression of a wide array of proteins. In the lung, PPARs are expressed by alveolar macrophages, as well as by epithelial, endothelial, and smooth muscle cells. Studies both in vitro and in vivo suggest that PPAR ligands may have anti-inflammatory effects in asthma, pulmonary sarcoidosis, and pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, as well as antiproliferative and antiangiogenic effects in epithelial lung cancers. Further studies to understand the contribution of these receptors to health and disease will be important for determining whether they represent a promising target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerene M Denning
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
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42
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Cardell LO, Hägge M, Uddman R, Adner M. Downregulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) in nasal polyposis. Respir Res 2005; 6:132. [PMID: 16271155 PMCID: PMC1298337 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-6-132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2005] [Accepted: 11/07/2005] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) α, βδ and γ are nuclear receptors activated by fatty acid metabolites. An anti-inflammatory role for these receptors in airway inflammation has been suggested. Methods Nasal biopsies were obtained from 10 healthy volunteers and 10 patients with symptomatic allergic rhinitis. Nasal polyps were obtained from 22 patients, before and after 4 weeks of local steroid treatment (fluticasone). Real-time RT-PCR was used for mRNA quantification and immunohistochemistry for protein localization and quantification. Results mRNA expression of PPARα, PPARβδ, PPARγ was found in all specimens. No differences in the expression of PPARs were obtained in nasal biopsies from patients with allergic rhinitis and healthy volunteers. Nasal polyps exhibited lower levels of PPARα and PPARγ than normal nasal mucosa and these levels were, for PPARγ, further reduced following steroid treatment. PPARγ immunoreactivity was detected in the epithelium, but also found in smooth muscle of blood vessels, glandular acini and inflammatory cells. Quantitative evaluation of the epithelial immunostaining revealed no differences between nasal biopsies from patients with allergic rhinitis and healthy volunteers. In polyps, the PPARγ immunoreactivity was lower than in nasal mucosa and further decreased after steroid treatment. Conclusion The down-regulation of PPARγ, in nasal polyposis but not in turbinates during symptomatic seasonal rhinitis, suggests that PPARγ might be of importance in long standing inflammations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars-Olaf Cardell
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Allergy Research, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Lund University, Malmö University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Magnus Hägge
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Allergy Research, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Lund University, Malmö University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Rolf Uddman
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Allergy Research, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Lund University, Malmö University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Mikael Adner
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Allergy Research, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Lund University, Malmö University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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Okuyama K, Yamashita M, Kitabatake Y, Kawamura S, Takayanagi M, Ohno I. Ciglitazone inhibits the antigen-induced leukotrienes production independently of PPARgamma in RBL-2H3 mast cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2005; 521:21-8. [PMID: 16171799 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2005] [Accepted: 08/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome prolifelator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) is a ligand-activated transcription factor, through which PPARgamma agonists have been demonstrated to down-regulate inflammatory cell functions. Recently, the agonists are reported to exert, in some conditions, their inhibitory actions independently of PPARgamma. Previously, we showed that a PPARgamma agonist, troglitazone, inhibited cysteinyl (Cys)-leukotrienes production in RBL-2H3 cells after IgE receptor triggering. Here we examined whether the inhibition of cycteinyl-leukotrienes production in the cells was dependent on the activation of PPARgamma. A PPARgamma agonist, ciglitazone, significantly inhibited Cys-leukotrienes, but not prostaglandin D2, production. The inhibition was not attenuated by the pretreatment with a PPARgamma antagonist. Ciglitazone did not alter the mRNA expression of acyl-coenzyme A binding protein, the gene expression of which is up-regulated by PPARgamma, nor induce the nucleus translocation of PPARgamma. These results suggest that the inhibition by PPARgamma agonists of Cys-leukotrienes production in RBL-2H3 cells after IgE receptor triggering is not through the activation of PPARgamma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Okuyama
- Department of Pathophysiology, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Sendai 981-8558, Japan
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Hashimoto T, Ohata H, Momose K, Honda K. Lysophosphatidic acid induces histamine release from mast cells and skin fragments. Pharmacology 2005; 75:13-20. [PMID: 15897679 DOI: 10.1159/000085784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2005] [Accepted: 03/18/2005] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined whether lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) induces histamine release and the role of Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) in histamine release utilizing Y-27632, an inhibitor of ROCK. Rat peritoneal mast cells and mouse skin fragments were challenged with LPA; subsequently, histamine contents were measured by spectrofluorometric assay. LPA-induced histamine release from mast cells and skin fragments occurred in a time- and dose-dependent manner Pretreatment with Y-27632 inhibited LPA-induced histamine release in a dose-dependent fashion. LPA-induced histamine release was not influenced by calcium-free conditions; however, A23187-induced histamine release decreased significantly. TMB-8, an intracellular calcium antagonist, dose-dependently inhibited the histamine release under these conditions. Additionally, Y-27632 scarcely affected A23187-induced histamine release. These findings suggest that LPA-induced histamine release may be attributable to calcium release from intracellular stores. Moreover, ROCK participates in the extracellular calcium-independent process of LPA-induced histamine release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terumasa Hashimoto
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
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45
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Matsuwaki Y, Ueki S, Adachi T, Oyamada H, Kamada Y, Yamaguchi K, Kanda A, Hamada K, Kayaba H, Chihara J. The synthetic PPARgamma agonist troglitazone inhibits IL-5-induced CD69 upregulation and eosinophil-derived neurotoxin release from eosinophils. Pharmacology 2005; 74:169-73. [PMID: 15818060 DOI: 10.1159/000085034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2004] [Accepted: 02/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) is a nuclear receptor that regulates lipid metabolism. Recently, PPARgamma was reported to be a negative regulator in the immune system. Eosinophils also express PPARgamma, however, the role of PPARgamma in eosinophil functions is not well understood. Surface expression of CD69 and eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN) release are well-known activation markers of eosinophils. We investigated the effect of a PPARgamma agonist on human eosinophil functions such as IL-5-induced CD69 surface expression and EDN release. IL-5 significantly induced eosinophil CD69 surface expression analyzed using flow cytometry and EDN release measured by ELISA. IL-5-induced eosinophil CD69 surface expression and EDN release were significantly inhibited by the synthetic PPARgamma agonist troglitazone, and these effects were reversed by a PPARgamma antagonist. The PPARgamma agonist troglitazone has a potent inhibitory effect on activation and degranulation of eosinophils, and it may be a therapeutic modality for the treatment of allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Matsuwaki
- Department of Clinical and Laboratory Medicine, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
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Maeyama K, Emi M, Tachibana M. Nuclear receptors as targets for drug development: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma in mast cells: its roles in proliferation and differentiation. J Pharmacol Sci 2005; 97:190-4. [PMID: 15725699 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.fmj04008x6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are derived from stem cells in bone marrow and their proliferation and differentiation are regulated by stimulation of stem cell factor derived from fibroblasts and/or IL-3 from T lymphocytes. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are members of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily and ligand-activated transcription factors. It has been reported that PPARgamma is expressed in mast cells, but its roles remain uncertain. Since mast cells produce and release prostaglandin D(2), which is metabolized to 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J(2), a candidate for the endogenous PPARgamma agonist, mast cells play roles in inflammation and immunological response via the PPARgamma pathway. We will mainly discuss the contribution of PPARgamma to the proliferation and functions in murine cultured bone marrow derived mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutaka Maeyama
- Department of Pharmacology, Ehime University School of Medicine, Japan.
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Emi M, Maeyama K. The biphasic effects of cyclopentenone prostaglandins, prostaglandin J2 and 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 on proliferation and apoptosis in rat basophilic leukemia (RBL-2H3) cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2004; 67:1259-67. [PMID: 15013841 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2003.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2003] [Accepted: 10/30/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells produce chemical mediators, including histamine and arachidonate metabolites such as prostaglandin D(2) (PGD(2)) after antigen stimulation. Cyclopentenone prostaglandins of the J series, prostaglandin J(2) (PGJ(2)) and 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J(2) (15d-PGJ(2)), are thought to be derivatives of PGD(2). In this study, the biphasic effects of the PGJ(2) and 15d-PGJ(2) on proliferation and apoptosis in rat basophilic leukemia cells (RBL-2H3), a tumor analog of mast cells, were examined. At low concentrations, 1 or 3 microM PGJ(2) and 15d-PGJ(2) induced cell proliferation, respectively. At high concentrations (10-30 microM) both the inhibition of viability and decrease in histamine content in RBL-2H3 cells were dose dependent. These effects were independent of the nuclear hormone receptor, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma), since troglitazone, an agonist of PPARgamma did not cause any effects in RBL-2H3 cells. Cell death induced by PGJ(2) and 15d-PGJ(2) was the result of apoptotic processes, since RBL-2H3 cells treated with 30 microM of the prostaglandins had condensed nuclei, DNA fragmentation and increase in activities of caspase-3 and -9. Moreover, PGJ(2) or 15d-PGJ(2)-induced apoptotic effects were prevented by the caspase inhibitor, z-VAD-fmk. In conclusion, the PGJ(2) or 15d-PGJ(2)-induced apoptosis in RBL-2H3 cells occurs mainly via mitochondrial pathways instead of by PPARgamma-dependent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiko Emi
- Department of Pharmacology, Ehime University School of Medicine, Sigenobu-cho, Onsen-gun, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
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Maeyama K, Emi M, Chihara K. [Role of PPARgamma in inflammatory response related to mast cells]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2003; 122:325-30. [PMID: 14501168 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.122.325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are members of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily and ligand-activated transcription factors. The activation of PPARgamma regulates lipid and glucose homeostasis and its agonists have been developed as novel antidiabetic drugs. Recently, it has been reported that PPARgamma plays roles in inflammatory and immunological responses. Especially in monocyte/macrophage system, the expression of PPARgamma and the negative regulation of cytokine production has been reported. Mast cells are derived from stem cells in bone marrow, and their proliferation and differentiation are regulated by stimulation of stem cell factor from fibroblasts and/or IL-3 from T lymphocytes. Recently, it was reported that PPARgamma is expressed in mast cells, but its roles remain uncertain. After antigen stimulation, mast cells produce and release prostaglandin D(2) which is metabolized to 15-deoxy Delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J(2) (15d-PGJ(2)). Because 15d-PGJ(2) acts potently as an endogenous PPARgamma agonist, mast cells might play roles in inflammation and immunological responses via the PPARgamma pathway. In this paper we will discuss PPARgamma function in mast cells using cultured bone marrow derived mast cells obtained from heterozygous PPARgamma-deficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutaka Maeyama
- Department of Pharmacology, Ehime University School of Medicine, Onsen-gun, Ehime, Japan
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Woerly G, Honda K, Loyens M, Papin JP, Auwerx J, Staels B, Capron M, Dombrowicz D. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha and gamma down-regulate allergic inflammation and eosinophil activation. J Exp Med 2003; 198:411-21. [PMID: 12900517 PMCID: PMC2194090 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20021384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic asthma is characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness, eosinophilia, and mucus accumulation and is associated with increased IgE concentrations. We demonstrate here that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), PPAR-alpha and PPAR-gamma, which have been shown recently to be involved in the regulation of various cell types within the immune system, decrease antigen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness, lung inflammation, eosinophilia, cytokine production, and GATA-3 expression as well as serum levels of antigen-specific IgE in a murine model of human asthma. In addition, we demonstrate that PPAR-alpha and -gamma are expressed in eosinophils and their activation inhibits in vitro chemotaxis and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Thus, PPAR-alpha and -gamma (co)agonists might be of therapeutic interest for the regulation of allergic or inflammatory reactions by targeting both regulatory and effector cells involved in the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetane Woerly
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U547-IFR17, Institut Pasteur de Lille, France
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Escoubet-Lozach L, Glass CK, Wasserman SI. The role of transcription factors in allergic inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002; 110:553-64. [PMID: 12373260 DOI: 10.1067/mai.2002.128076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The induction of allergic inflammation and the expression of allergic disorders are dependent on the coordinated regulation of numerous genes. The products of these genes determine lymphocyte phenotype, immunologic responsiveness, eosinophil and mast cell development, activation, migration and life span, adhesion molecule expression, cytokine synthesis, cell-surface receptor display, and processes governing fibrosis and tissue repair. Although the expression of gene products involved in these processes is regulated at multiple levels (eg, transcription, mRNA processing, translation, phosphorylation, and degradation), transcription represents an essential and often the most important determinant of their contribution to cellular function. Signal-dependent and cell type-specific regulation of gene expression is generally achieved by means of combinatorial interactions between sequence-specific transcription factors that recruit chromatin remodeling machinery and general transcription factors to promoter and enhancer regions of RNA polymerase II-dependent genes. As targets of signal-transduction pathways, transcription factors integrate the response of the cell to the myriad of inputs it receives. This integration can be accomplished by the effect of signaling cascades on the activation status or subcellular locus of transcription factors or by transcription factor dimerization induced by means of ligand binding. This review will identify the major families of transcription factors important in allergic mechanisms and discuss their interactions, their mechanisms of action, and their interrelated and competitive actions, as well as implications for therapy of allergic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Escoubet-Lozach
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0637, USA
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