Understanding scoping reviews: Definition, purpose, and process

Elements of Post-Transplant Recovery in Lung Transplant Recipients: A Scoping Review

To clarify and refine the specific elements of post-transplant recovery in lung transplant recipients, we explored the four dimensions of recovery: physiological, psychological, social, and habitual. This study is a scoping review. Two authors conducted a comprehensive electronic literature search to identify studies published from the establishment of the database to August 2022. Deductive coding was utilized to identify and categorize elements using a predefined list of the four components (physiological, psychological, social, and habitual recovery) based on the framework of post-transplant recovery proposed by Lundmark et al. Inductive coding was applied for concepts requiring further classification. The review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews guideline. Systematic searching identified 8,616 potential records, of which 51 studies met the inclusion criteria. Ten subdimensions and their corresponding elements were identified and categorized into four dimensions of recovery following lung transplantation. The subdimensions included physiological recovery (including symptom experience, complications, physical function, and energy reserve), psychological recovery (encompassing affective distress, psychological adaptation, and transition from illness to health), social recovery (involving family adaptation and social adaptation), and habit recovery (focusing on health behavior).

Neglecting the impact of childhood neglect: A scoping review of the relation between child neglect and emotion regulation in adulthood

BACKGROUND

Childhood neglect, a prevalent form of child abuse, has significant short-term and long-term consequences on mental health.

OBJECTIVE

This scoping review aimed to provide an overview of existing evidence on childhood neglect in relation to emotion regulation in adulthood.

PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING

Participants were not individually evaluated but we provided future directions for research based on the overview of studies.

METHODS

A systematic search strategy was conducted, resulting in the analysis of 25 selected articles. We performed an inventory of existing evidence to identify knowledge gaps.

RESULTS

The review identified the need for future research to differentiate neglect from other forms of child abuse. Longitudinal studies tracking individuals from childhood to adulthood are recommended to understand developmental trajectories and continuity. Diverse samples, with various ages, genders, and (socio-economic) backgrounds, should be included for enhanced generalizability. Geographical representation should be expanded to capture cultural variations in the association between neglect and adult emotion regulation. Furthermore, investigating other psychopathologies beyond depression in relation to neglect and emotion regulation is suggested.

CONCLUSIONS

Overall, this scoping review highlights the limited knowledge regarding the link between childhood neglect and adult emotion regulation and provides valuable recommendations for advancing research in this field.

How to undertake a scoping review

RATIONALE AND KEY POINTS

Scoping reviews have become a popular approach for exploring what literature has been published on a particular field of interest. They can enable nurses to gain an overview of the contemporary evidence base relating to a practice area, treatment or specific patient demographic, for example. This article provides a concise guide for nurses planning to undertake a scoping review, explaining the various steps involved. REFLECTIVE ACTIVITY: 'How to' articles can help to update your practice and ensure it remains evidence-based. Apply this article to your practice. Reflect on and write a short account of: • How this article might improve your practice when undertaking a scoping review.• How you could use this information to educate nursing students and colleagues on the appropriate techniques and evidence base required for scoping the literature.

Application of exercise therapy in patients with chronic kidney disease-induced muscle atrophy: a scoping review

BACKGROUND

The prevalence of muscle atrophy in patients suffering from chronic kidney disease (CKD) presents a significant challenge to healthcare providers, necessitating innovative approaches to management and care. Against this backdrop, this study embarks on a comprehensive review of literature concerning the application of exercise interventions in the nursing care of these patients. Such interventions are critical in addressing the debilitating effects of the condition, which include progressive loss of muscle mass and strength, adversely affecting patient mobility, quality of life, and overall survival. This review aims to identify the specific exercise modalities, contents, outcome indicators, and application effects associated with this intervention, in the context of the complex interplay of metabolic, inflammatory, and hormonal factors contributing to muscle wasting in CKD patients. By examining the efficacy of various exercise interventions, this study seeks to elucidate optimal strategies for mitigating the impact of CKD-induced muscle atrophy, thereby informing clinical practices and improving patient outcomes.

METHODS

According to the method of a scoping review, nine databases (Cochrane, PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, ProQuest, Ovid, CNKI, Wanfang Data, and VIP) were searched until September 28, 2023. The included literature was screened, summarized, and analyzed.

RESULTS

A total of 20 pieces of literature were included. Some types include aerobic exercise, resistance exercise, and aerobic combined resistance exercise. The exercise intensity primarily falls within the mild to moderate range, with a recommended frequency of 2 - 3 times a week, lasting 30 - 60 min each time. The types of outcomes encompassed in this study include body composition, functional testing, strength measurements, laboratory examinations, cardiopulmonary function assessments, and patient-reported outcomes. To varying degrees, exercise intervention positively impacts the subjects' physical activity ability, body composition, and skeletal muscle status. Currently, resistance training is the primary type of intervention used for preventing and treating CKD patients induced by muscle atrophy.

CONCLUSION

Exercise intervention can improve muscle strength, physical function, and quality of life in patients with CKD muscle atrophy. Therefore, patients should be fully informed of the effect of exercise intervention in the treatment of chronic kidney disease-induced muscle atrophy in future, so as to promote the standardized implementation of exercise intervention.

Trends in outcomes used to measure the effectiveness of UK-based support interventions and services targeted at adults with experience of domestic and sexual violence and abuse: a scoping review

OBJECTIVES

In the UK, a range of support services and interventions are available to people who have experienced or perpetrated domestic and sexual violence and abuse (DSVA). However, it is currently not clear which outcomes and outcome measures are used to assess their effectiveness. The objective of this review is to summarise, map and identify trends in outcome measures in evaluations of DSVA services and interventions in the UK.

DESIGN

Scoping review.

DATA SOURCES

MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Social Policy and Practice, ASSIA, IBSS, Sociological abstracts and SSCI electronic databases were searched from inception until 21 June 2022. Grey literature sources were identified and searched.

ELIGIBILITY

We included randomised controlled trials, non-randomised comparative studies, pre-post studies and service evaluations, with at least one outcome relating to the effectiveness of the support intervention or service for people who have experienced and/or perpetrated DSVA. Outcomes had to be assessed at baseline and at least one more time point, or compared with a comparison group.

CHARTING METHODS

Outcome measures were extracted, iteratively thematically grouped into categories, domains and subdomains, and trends were explored.

RESULTS

80 studies reporting 87 DSVA interventions or services were included. A total of 426 outcome measures were extracted, of which 200 were used more than once. The most commonly reported outcome subdomain was DSVA perpetration. Cessation of abuse according to the Severity of Abuse Grid was the most common individual outcome. Analysis of temporal trends showed that the number of studies and outcomes used has increased since the 1990s.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings highlight inconsistencies between studies in outcome measurement. The increase in the number of studies and variety of measures suggests that as evaluation of DSVA services and interventions matures, there is an increased need for a core of common, reliable metrics to aid comparability.

PROTOCOL REGISTRATION

https://osf.io/frh2e.

A Scoping Review of Assertiveness Therapy for Reducing Bullying Behavior and Its Impacts Among Adolescents

Bullying is a global problem in adolescents which has increased every year. One of the factors in the occurrence of bullying is the ability of interpersonal skills. This ability can build good relationships with assertive between adolescents and can prevent bullying. The purpose of this study is to describe assertiveness therapy for reducing bullying behavior and its impacts among adolescents. The method used in this study is scoping review. The search strategy used is PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews through three databases namely PubMed, CINAHL, and Scopus. The authors used inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria in the selection of articles. The major keywords used in the article search were bullying, assertiveness therapy, and adolescents. Data analysis used descriptive qualitative. The results showed that there were 10 articles that discussed assertive therapy. All articles show that assertiveness therapy can reduce bullying behavior and its impact significantly, such as reducing the impact of anxiety and increasing self-esteem. Assertiveness therapy methods carried out in the form of education, games, and role play. Education is carried out online and offline. Educational media is provided directly and through media such as educational videos which can be accessed at any time. Gender and cultural approaches are important aspects in the implementation of assertive therapy. Assertive therapy can improve interpersonal skills, social skills, empathy and assertiveness so that it can reduce bullying behavior and its impacts in adolescents. Then, this data becomes the basis for nurses to carry out assertive therapy as an effort to prevent and reduce bullying behavior in adolescents.

The Application of ChatGPT in Medicine: A Scoping Review and Bibliometric Analysis

Purpose

ChatGPT has a wide range of applications in the medical field. Therefore, this review aims to define the key issues and provide a comprehensive view of the literature based on the application of ChatGPT in medicine.

Methods

This scope follows Arksey and O'Malley's five-stage framework. A comprehensive literature search of publications (30 November 2022 to 16 August 2023) was conducted. Six databases were searched and relevant references were systematically catalogued. Attention was focused on the general characteristics of the articles, their fields of application, and the advantages and disadvantages of using ChatGPT. Descriptive statistics and narrative synthesis methods were used for data analysis.

Results

Of the 3426 studies, 247 met the criteria for inclusion in this review. The majority of articles (31.17%) were from the United States. Editorials (43.32%) ranked first, followed by experimental studys (11.74%). The potential applications of ChatGPT in medicine are varied, with the largest number of studies (45.75%) exploring clinical practice, including assisting with clinical decision support and providing disease information and medical advice. This was followed by medical education (27.13%) and scientific research (16.19%). Particularly noteworthy in the discipline statistics were radiology, surgery and dentistry at the top of the list. However, ChatGPT in medicine also faces issues of data privacy, inaccuracy and plagiarism.

Conclusion

The application of ChatGPT in medicine focuses on different disciplines and general application scenarios. ChatGPT has a paradoxical nature: it offers significant advantages, but at the same time raises great concerns about its application in healthcare settings. Therefore, it is imperative to develop theoretical frameworks that not only address its widespread use in healthcare but also facilitate a comprehensive assessment. In addition, these frameworks should contribute to the development of strict and effective guidelines and regulatory measures.

Facilitators of and barriers to healthcare providers' adoption of harm reduction in cannabis use: a scoping review protocol

INTRODUCTION

The high prevalence of cannabis use and the potential for negative effects indicate the need for effective prevention strategies and treatment of people who use cannabis. Studies show that harm reduction (HR) in cannabis use is effective in minimising the harmful consequences of the substance. However, health professionals often misunderstand it and resist its adoption due to various obstacles. To our knowledge, there has been no review of the scientific literature on the factors that facilitate or hinder practitioners' adoption of HR in cannabis use. To fill this gap, we aim to identify, through a scoping review, facilitators and barriers to healthcare providers' adoption of HR in cannabis use in Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries.

METHODS AND ANALYSIS

Our methodology will be guided by the six-step model initially proposed by Arksey and O'Malley (2005). The search strategy will be executed on different databases (Medline, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Web of Science, Embase, Sociological Abstracts, Érudit, BASE, Google Web and Google Scholar) and will cover articles published between 1990 and October 2022. Empirical studies published in French or English in an OECD country and identifying factors that facilitate or hinder healthcare providers' adoption of HR in cannabis use, will be included. Reference lists of the selected articles as well as relevant systematic reviews will be scanned to identify any missed publications by the electronic searches.

ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION

Ethics approval is not required. The results will be disseminated through various activities (eg, publication in peer-reviewed journals, conferences, webinars and knowledge translation activities). The results will also allow us to conduct a future study aiming to develop and implement a knowledge translation process among healthcare practitioners working with youth in Quebec in order to enhance their adoption of HR in cannabis use.

An analysis of the features of successful written submissions to government inquiries

OBJECTIVE

Government inquiries present a policy window for advocates to influence policy. Evidence on how to write influential submissions, however, is sparse. We aimed to identify features of successful written submissions to the Parliament of Australia's Inquiry into Food Pricing and Food Security in Remote Indigenous Communities (Inquiry).

METHOD

A scoping review was conducted to identify influential features of written submissions to government inquiries. A content analysis of a sub-sample of government Inquiry submissions and their recommendations was then coded for influential features. The frequency of submission recommendations incorporated into the final Inquiry report was recorded, as was their link to influential features.

RESULTS

Thirty features were identified. Results from 21 submissions indicate that when writing a submission to a government inquiry, advocates should: (1) ensure their submission is clear and concise; (2) convey the authority of both the writer and supporting evidence; and (3) where possible, align submission recommendations with the government agenda.

CONCLUSIONS

We encourage future research to test the framework of influential features on other inquiry topics and in other countries to increase the reliability of results.

IMPLICATIONS FOR PUBLIC HEALTH

This study consolidates and presents a list of features that advocates can consider incorporating when writing a submission to a government inquiry.

A scoping study on the social determinants of health and sugar consumption in the context of policy approaches for improving population health

OBJECTIVES

To conduct a scoping review of existing research on the social determinants of health, sugar consumption and public health policy responses to address or improve health outcomes.

METHODS

A total of 13 categories were developed to reflect the authors' interest in the overall focus on the social determinants of health, sugar as an independent risk factor, upstream policy action ('whole populations'), downstream policy action ('targeted') and two contemporary policy strategies (namely 'Vulnerable populations' and 'Proportionate Universalism'). The search strategy was then performed on MEDLINE (via Ovid) and Web of Science, and was limited to the English language. No time limits prior to when the database search was conducted in 2022 were set to explore the full extent of the literature in this field.

RESULTS

Five hundred and sixty articles were retrieved, of which 181 met the criteria for review. When all categories were applied, the findings showed that 76% of papers focusing on sugar consumption as a risk factor for non-communicable diseases (NCDs) mentioned the social determinants of health. The majority of studies (60%) recommended downstream interventions, with 40% recommending 'upstream' interventions. A limited proportion (12%) of research work was published in dental journals. Research had been done using predominantly quantitative methods (66% of articles), with 24% of studies adopting a mixed methods approach, and 8% being exclusively qualitative. Research on contemporary strategies for sugar reduction were focused on the 'Global North' and 98% of papers used individual level data focused on targeted approaches, highlighting that there is little direct evidence for contemporary strategies aimed at reducing sugar consumption.

CONCLUSIONS

Whilst the majority of public and dental health research argues that there is a need to address the social determinants of health, the findings from this study highlight that very few empirical studies have been designed to directly inform contemporary strategies for sugar reduction. More research is therefore needed that can directly assess the evidence for contemporary strategies in public health policy.

Visiting the studies of resilience in language learning: From concepts to themes

Resilience, as a positive personal trait, has been a topic of hot debate in the field of general education with the booming perspective of positive psychology. The exploration of learner resilience is conducive to understanding how learners grapple with setbacks, positively adapt, and function well in the presence of challenging situations. To date, some attention is paid to the structure of learner resilience, its relationships with other psychological variables, and its impacts on academic achievement. However, research on the overall profile of resilience in the field of foreign language (FL) or second language (L2) from a holistic and systematic perspective is still lacking. Against this backdrop, the current study reviewed and synthesized research evidence on resilience in the FL/L2 learning context. Specifically, 27 high-quality empirical studies published between 2017 and 2023 were selected, and then they were analyzed in terms of substantive characteristics of the literature and research participants, models of resilience, methodological features, and research foci. The results revealed a steady increase in language learner resilience research and displayed the detailed distribution of reviewed articles in publication year and sources as well as participants' educational backgrounds. Moreover, the conceptualization of resilience displayed complex and diverse features, the quantitative approach took a dominant position in the reviewed literature, and resilience models from psychology were widely utilized in language learner resilience research directly or indirectly. Finally, the implications of these findings were discussed for the further development of language learner resilience research.

Communication to adult patients undergoing cancer care by non-specialist nurses: a scoping review protocol

INTRODUCTION

Little is known regarding how non-specialist nurses communicate with patients living with cancer when the patients are receiving care outside of their cancer units/teams. This scoping review aims to identify, examine and report on the currently available evidence about communication by non-specialist nurses when caring for adults living with cancer outside of their cancer care unit/teams.

METHODS AND ANALYSIS

A scoping review following the JBI methodology for scoping reviews will be conducted. We will search for empirical studies that meet the inclusion criteria in six databases (MEDLINE, PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, Scopus and PsycINFO). Handsearching in references of included articles will be performed to find additional articles. The population of interest will be non-specialist nurses. Three concepts will be explored, namely (1) all adult patients living with cancer, (2) a focus on three stages of the cancer continuum of care (cancer diagnosis, treatment and survivorship) and (3) a focus on communication between non-specialist nurses and patients living with cancer. We will include studies describing all healthcare settings outside patients' specialised cancer units or oncology teams. After article selection, two reviewers will independently screen titles and abstracts and perform a full-text article review, risk of bias assessments and data extraction. A third reviewer will resolve all disagreements. A narrative summary will provide an overview of how the results relate to the research aims and questions. The included articles will be limited to English and published between 2012 and 2023.

ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION

No ethical approval is required since we will use publicly available empirical research sources. This review will provide current research on communication by non-specialist nurses with patients with a cancer diagnosis outside of an oncology setting, evidence that will support effective communication. As such, we aim to disseminate the findings in academic conferences and peer-reviewed journals.

Scoping review of international relations theories in health security: A cue for health diplomacy

Background

Health security as a domain has gained tremendous importance in the recent past. Emerging and re-emerging diseases globally, coupled with the derailment of the determinants of health mainly the socio-political environment, has made health security a cross-cutting entity in diverse fields including International Relations (IR). With the ongoing global polycrisis, the health-related issues which were previously sidelined as a concept of less strategic importance in the IR field, are now contributing to the shift of the world order. This has instilled an increased participation of IR scholars in the discussions and debates on health security concerns. The field of IR contains numerous theoretical lenses through which scholars analyze such situations, policies, and systems of the world.

Methods

In this paper, we use a scoping review method to inspect how IR theories have been applied in analyzing health security concerns.

Results

We observed that various diverging IR theories have been used to deliberate on states' actions in tackling the recent pandemic and have also been prescriptive about the changing notions of multilateralism and international governing organizations. Realism, liberalism, and securitization were among the most frequently applied IR theories in the context of health security discussions.

Conclusions

This work provides an impetus to enhance the interaction among interdisciplinary teams leading to evolving solutions that can address issues of global importance in the contemporary world.

Housing Conditions and Health Implications for Migrant Agricultural Workers in Canada: A Scoping Review

Migrant agricultural workers face various health inequities that have led to preventable illness and death. This paper investigates how material housing conditions have shaped physical and mental health outcomes for temporary foreign workers in Canadian agriculture. We conducted a scoping review of literature on migrant agricultural worker housing in Canada published between 2000-2022, analysing insights on the physical quality of workers' housing in relation to international frameworks on housing quality. Our review revealed a range of housing-related health risks, including: (1) Sanitation, food security, and water; (2) Thermal safety, electricity, and utilities; (3) Habitability of structure, air quality, and exposure to hazards; (4) Spacing, privacy, and co-worker relations and; (5) Geographic proximity to necessary services and social opportunities. Although housing has been increasingly recognized as a social determinant of health, little research examines how migrant farmworkers' accommodations shape their health outcomes, particularly in Canada. This scoping review provides timely insights and recommendations to inform research, policy, and public health interventions.

Factors identified as barriers or facilitators to EMR/EHR based interprofessional primary care: a scoping review

As interprofessional collaboration (IPC) in primary care receives increasing attention, the role of electronic medical and health record (EMR/EHR) systems in supporting IPC is important to consider. A scoping review was conducted to synthesize the current literature on the barriers and facilitators of EMR/EHRs to interprofessional primary care. Four online databases (OVID Medline, EBSCO CINAHL, OVID EMBASE, and OVID PsycINFO) were searched without date restrictions. Twelve studies were included in the review. Of six facilitator and barrier themes identified, the key facilitator was teamwork support and a significant barrier was data management. Other important barriers included usability related mainly to interoperability, and practice support primarily in terms of patient care. Additional themes were organization attributes and user features. Although EMR/EHR systems facilitated teamwork support, there is potential for team features to be strengthened further. Persistent barriers may be partly addressed by advances in software design, particularly if interprofessional perspectives are included. Organizations and teams might also consider strategies for working with existing EMR/EHR systems, for instance by developing guidelines for interprofessional use. Further research concerning the use of electronic records in interprofessional contexts is needed to support IPC in primary care.

Analysis of artificial intelligence in thyroid diagnostics and surgery: A scoping review

BACKGROUND

Artificial Intelligence provides numerous applications in the healthcare sector. The main aim of this study is to evaluate the extent of the current application of artificial intelligence in thyroid diagnostics.

METHODS

Our protocol was based on the Scoping Reviews extension of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA-ScR). Information was gathered from PubMed, Cochrane, and EMBASE databases and Google Scholar. Eligible studies were published between 2017 and 2022.

RESULTS

The search identified 133 records, after which 18 articles were included in the scoping review. All the publications were journal articles and discussed various ways that specialists in thyroid diagnostics and surgery have utilized artificial intelligence in their practice.

CONCLUSIONS

The development and incorporation of Artificial Intelligence applications in thyroid diagnostics and surgery has been moderate yet promising. However, applications are currently inconsistent and further research is needed to delineate the true benefit and limitations in this field.

What is the existing evidence base for adult medical Same Day Emergency Care in UK NHS hospitals? A scoping review

Introduction

This scoping review focuses on acute medical Same Day Emergency Care (SDEC), as medical patients represent a significant proportion of emergency admissions in the NHS.

Methods

This scoping review has been conducted in accordance with the JBI methodology and as detailed in the published scoping review protocol.

Results

Identified papers included two observational cohort studies, four audits, four review articles, two opinion pieces, a paper on potential future developments, three policy documents, one strategy paper and a position statement. Key themes were extrapolated and discussed in a narrative.

Conclusions

The scarcity of literature in relation to the quality, safety, and effectiveness of SDEC highlights the need for further study. Therefore, there is a pressing need for SDEC specific research within the UK.

Health Educational Methods for Improving Self-Efficacy Among Patients with Coronary Heart Disease: A Scoping Review

Background

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of death and disability worldwide, with higher prevalence in low and middle-income countries. Self-efficacy (SE) is an essential element that affects a patients ability to manage their care, and low SE levels in patients with CHD can lead to poor health outcomes and quality of life. Planning suitable methods to improve SE in CHD patients is essential.

Purpose

This review explores health education methods to improve SE in patients with CHD.

Methods

Scoping review is reported based on the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). A literature search was conducted using relevant keywords from six primary databases, such as CINAHL Plus with Full Text and Academic Search Complete, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Taylor and Francis, and one search engine, Google Scholar. The inclusion criteria were full-text articles in English that were accessible, research articles with experimental designs. The quality of evidence was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal checklist, and data synthesis was used thematically with an explorative, descriptive approach.

Results

Fifteen articles were found and included in the review. There are two types of interventions such as traditional and digital-based health education. The media used in traditional health education are booklets, pamphlets, posters, and workbooks. In addition, digital-based health education generally uses websites, social platforms, mobile applications, video players and sound clips.

Conclusion

This review found that traditional health education and digital-based interventions improve SE, knowledge, self-esteem and health literacy levels, in CHD patients. Health professionals, including nurses, may used both methods in improving self efficacy in CHD patients.

Factors associated with discontinuation in fertility treatment: a systematic scoping review

PURPOSE

The discontinuation of fertility treatment could decrease the chances of achieving parenthood for infertile patients and often leads to economic loss and medical resource waste. However, the evidence on the factors associated with discontinuation is unclear and inconsistent in the context of fertility treatment. This scoping review aimed to summarize the evidence on factors associated with discontinuation in fertility treatment, identify the current knowledge gap, and generate recommendations for future research.

METHODS

We searched PubMed, Embase, The Cochrane Library, Web of Science, CINAHL, American Psychological Association, and http://clinicaltrials.gov from inception to June 2023 without language or time restrictions. We also searched the grey literature in Open Grey and Google Scholar and hand-searched the reference lists of relevant studies to identify potentially eligible studies. Publications that studied factors associated with discontinuation in fertility treatment were included. The identified factors were mapped to the World Health Organization's treatment adherence model.

RESULTS

Thirty-seven articles involving 41,973 infertile patients from 13 countries were included in this scoping review. All studies identified the factors from the perspective of patients, except for one that described the factors from the healthcare providers' perspective. A total of 42 factors were identified, with most of them belonging to the patient-related dimension, followed by socio-economic-related, treatment-related, condition-related, and healthcare system-related dimensions. Female education level, social support, and insurance coverage decreased the likelihood of treatment discontinuation, whereas multiparous women, male infertility, depression, higher infertility duration, and treatment duration increased the likelihood of treatment discontinuation. Age, education level, and ethnicity are the commonly nonmodifiable factors for treatment discontinuation, while insurance coverage, depression, and anxiety symptoms are among some of the more commonly reported modifiable factors.

CONCLUSION

This is the first scoping review examining and synthesizing evidence on the factors influencing of discontinuation in fertility treatment. This review could inform researchers, clinicians, and policymakers to address modifiable barriers and facilitators to develop personalized and multicomponent interventions that could improve the discontinuation in fertility treatment.

Telemedicine experiences and perspectives of healthcare providers in long-term care: A scoping review

OBJECTIVE

To consolidate existing evidence on experiences and perspectives of healthcare providers involved in telemedicine services in long-term residential care.

METHODS

A scoping review was conducted. A systematic search for articles published in 2000-2021 was performed in CINAHL, Web of Science, PubMed, EMBASE and Scopus; further, relevant journals and grey literature websites were hand searched. Key search terms included 'telemedicine', 'telehealth' and 'nursing homes'.

RESULTS

Twenty-six articles were included. A narrative synthesis of evidence was conducted. The review identified four themes: (1) Presence of multidisciplinary care, (2) perceived usefulness of telemedicine, (3) perceived ease of use and (4) expanded role of nursing home staff. The presence of multidisciplinary care providers provided a wide range of telemedicine services to residents and promoted interprofessional collaboration between acute and long-term care. Telemedicine was perceived to increase timely onsite management by remote specialists, which enabled care quality improvement. However, technical problems associated with equipment usage reduced the ease of use of telemedicine. Concerns emerged from the expanded role of nursing home staff, which could negatively affect clinical decision-making and create medico-legal risks.

CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS

Telemedicine is valuable in distance-based care, especially in the current 2019 coronavirus pandemic, for supporting continuity of care to nursing home residents. This review provided evidence from multiple healthcare providers' perspectives. Further research can elucidate their specific roles and responsibilities in telemedicine and challenges in work processes, which will facilitate developing evidence-based competencies and improving technical infrastructure, thus contributing to personal and organisational readiness for telemedicine integration.

A Scoping Review of Anti-Bullying Interventions: Reducing Traumatic Effect of Bullying Among Adolescents

Bullying is a violent activity that causes significant harm to both victims and perpetrators. Anxiety, despair, low self-esteem, and suicidal ideation are signs of bullying's traumatic effect. The social environment's support proved critical in lessening the devastating experience of bullying on adolescents. The purpose of this study is to conduct a scoping Review of Anti-Bullying Interventions with the aim of reporting techniques to reduce traumatic effect of bullying among adolescents. A design scoping review was done in this investigation. The publications were discovered using the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Review method. Three databases were used to find this article: PubMed, CINAHL, and Scopus. The inclusion criteria for this study were that the sample included adolescent victims of bullying, that it was full text, that it was written in English, that it included anti-bullying therapies, that it used randomized control trials or quasi-experimental designs, and that it was published during the last ten years (2014-2023). The authors found 16 articles were obtained that explored Anti-bullying therapies to minimize symptoms of trauma in adolescent bullies. All of the studies found that the intervention significantly reduced the effects of bullying on victims (p<0.05). The sample sizes ranged from 31 to 5539 teenage respondents. This study discovered three types of anti-bullying interventions: social support, social skills, and school-based programs. Activities such as education, counseling, and training are used to prevent bullying behavior in schools. Adolescent intervention takes into account the participants' physical and psychological situations and focuses on completing the stages of adolescent development. Interventions to reduce the impact of trauma on bullying victims need to involve health providers, parents, and adolescents. This aims to form a mutually supportive system in overcoming the problem of bullying.

HIV Prevention and Treatment Interventions for Black Men Who Have Sex With Men in Canada: Scoping Systematic Review

BACKGROUND

Black men who have sex with men (MSM) experience disproportionately high HIV incidence globally. A comprehensive, intersectional approach (race, gender, and sexuality or sexual behavior) in understanding the experiences of Black MSM in Canada along the HIV prevention and care continuums has yet to be explored.

OBJECTIVE

This scoping review aims to examine the available evidence on the access, quality, gaps, facilitators, and barriers of engagement and identify interventions relevant to the HIV prevention and care continuum for Black MSM in Canada.

METHODS

We conducted a systematic database search, in accordance with the PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews) checklist, of the available studies on HIV health experience and epidemiology concerning Black MSM living with or without HIV in Canada and were published after 1983 in either English or French. Searched databases include MEDLINE, Excerpta, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, the Cochrane Library, the NHUS Economic Development Database, Global Health, PsycInfo, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. From the 3095 articles identified, 19 met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed.

RESULTS

Black MSM in Canada consistently report multiple forms of stigma and lack of community support contributing to an increased HIV burden. They experience discrimination based on their intersectional identities while accessing HIV preventative and treatment interventions. Available data demonstrate that Black MSM have higher HIV incidences than Black men who have sex with women (MSW) and White MSM, and low preexposure prophylaxis knowledge and HIV literacy. Black MSM experience significant disparities in HIV prevention and care knowledge, access, and use. Structural barriers, including anti-Black racism, homophobia, and xenophobia, are responsible for gaps in HIV prevention and care continuums, poor quality of care and linkage to HIV services, as well as a higher incidence of HIV.

CONCLUSIONS

Considering the lack of targeted interventions, there is a clear need for interventions that reduce HIV diagnoses among Black MSM, increase access and reduce structural barriers that significantly affect the ability of Black MSM to engage with HIV prevention and care, and address provider's capacity for care and the structural barriers. These findings can inform future interventions, programming, and tools that may alleviate this HIV inequity.

INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID)

RR2-10.1136/bmjopen-2020-043055.

Types of Digital Mindfulness: Improving Mental Health Among College Students - A Scoping Review

The pressure of learning on students causes mental health problems in students. This can disrupt the student's academic process. The previous review still focused on the impact of digital mindfulness on students, but did not describe the various types of digital mindfulness on students' mental health. A digital image of mindfulness is needed to be a reference for health workers in providing health services to students. The purpose of this study is to describe types of digital-based mindfulness method to improve mental health in university students. The method used in this study was a scoping review. The databases used were CINAHL, PubMed, and Scopus. Search strategy used PRISMA for Scoping Review with keywords namely mindfulness, digital, mental health, and students. The inclusion criteria in this study were student samples, digital-based mindfulness therapy, randomized control trial and quasi-experiment designs, and publication year in the last 10 years (2014-2023). We found that 11 articles about digital-based mindfulness therapy is effective in improving mental health in college students. The types of digital mindfulness carried out are education, counseling, and meditation. Range of samples are 54-561 university students. In addition, there are also counseling services and therapy training guided by facilitators. Information is presented through video and audio that can be accessed at any time by students. Application development is needed by adding monitoring and evaluation features to monitor student compliance in conducting mindfulness therapy and counseling schedules. Then, the role of health workers through holistic mental health services by involving families can improve the process of developing services for students optimally.

Telenursing Intervention for Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients - A Scoping Review

Management of care for people with Pulmonary TB at home using Information and Communication Technology (ICT) tools and innovative approaches, such as tools for telecommunications online education. In the nursing sector, the use of telecommunications is called telenursing. The purpose of this study is to determine the types of telecommunications-based interventions, especially telenursing, in monitoring the level of treatment adherence in patients with pulmonary TB. This study used a scoping review method approach to determine the type of telecommunications-based interventions, especially telenursing, in monitoring the level of treatment adherence in patients with pulmonary TB. Literature distribution using several sources, namely EBSCOhost, Scopus (Elsevier), and PubMed. To facilitate obtaining appropriate literature, PICO techniques are used in conducting literature searches, P (population/problem/patient), I (intervention, prognostic factor, exposure), C (comparison, control), and O (outcome). Keywords used in English "Tuberculosis OR Pulmonary Tuberculosis AND Telehealth OR Telehealth Nursing AND Medication Adherence OR Medication Compliance OR Behavior". In total from the 13 articles obtained, the articles used several telehealth to pulmonary TB patients with various implementations, such as the Directly Observed Therapy, Short Course (DOTS) (n = 7). These four implementations have the same goal and support adherence to taking medication and daily recovery in pulmonary TB patients. Overall characteristics of pulmonary TB patients in the reviewed articles are pediatric TB patients (0-14 years), adult TB (18-30 years). A total of 9 studies used a sample population of adult TB patients (18-30 years), TB undergoing Directly Observed Treatment Short-course (DOTS), TB receiving medical care and TB patients actively receiving treatment. The most influential effectiveness of telehealth in helping the treatment process of Pulmonary TB patients is Directly Observed Treatment Short-course (DOTS) because the main focus of the DOTS strategy is patient discovery and cure, priority is given to infectious TB patients without ruling out other types of TB.

Nurse-Administered Propofol Sedation Training Curricula and Propofol Administration in Digestive Endoscopy Procedures: A Scoping Review of the Literature

Although efficacy and safety of nonanesthesiologist administration of propofol and nurse-administered propofol sedation practices have been amply demonstrated in patients at low American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status risk, they are still severely limited. To date, it is quite difficult to find a protocol or a shared training program. The aim of the study was to verify requirements, types of training, and operating methods described in the literature for the administration of propofol by a nurse. A scoping review of the literature was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA-ScR guidelines and in line with Arksey and O'Malley's framework, within four main databases of biomedical interest: MEDLINE, CINAHL, Scopus, and Web of Science. We selected studies published during the last 20 years, including only nurses not trained in anesthesia. Seventeen articles were eligible. Despite the differences between the training and administration methods, efficacy and safety of deep sedation managed by trained nurses were comparable, just like when sedation was administered by certified registered nurse anesthetists. Training programs have been investigated in detail by only a small number of studies, although its efficacy and safety have been widely demonstrated. It is important, then, to collect evidence that allows developing of unified international guidelines for training methods to offer safe and cost-effective quality sedation.

The meaning of continuity of care from the perspective of older people with complex care needs-A scoping review

People aged 65 years or older with complex care needs are at risk of fragmented care. This may jeopardise patient safety. Complex care needs are defined as care needs that require the performance of time-consuming processes such as reviewing medical history, providing counselling, and prescribing medications. A scoping review was conducted with the aim of mapping the literature regarding continuity of care from the perspective of older people with complex care needs. Search results from seven databases (PubMed, Cinahl, PsycInfo, ASSIA, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Scopus, DOAJ), grey literature (BASE), and a hand-search search of key journals were used. A deductive analysis based on aspects of continuity of care was performed. The search resulted in 5704 records. After a title and abstract screening, 93 records remained. In total, 18 articles met the inclusion criteria and were included in the scoping review. Older people´s sense of continuity of care increases when fewer healthcare workers are involved in their care but help from skilled professionals is more important than meeting the same person. It is vital for older people's feeling of continuity of care that discharge planning involves them, their families, and care providers in an organised way.

Folate Receptor Beta Signaling in the Regulation of Macrophage Antimicrobial Immune Response: A Scoping Review

Introduction

Folate, vitamin B9, is a water-soluble vitamin that is essential to cellular proliferation and division. In addition to the reduced folate carrier, eukaryotic cells take up folate through endocytosis mediated by one of two GPI-anchored folate receptors (FRs), FRα or FRβ. Two other isoforms of FR exist, FRγ and FRδ, neither of which support endocytic activities of FR signaling. FRβ is expressed primarily by monocytes and macrophages and highly expressed on activated macrophages. Macrophage expression of FRβ suggests a role for this receptor in modulating function of these immune sentinels, particularly as they engage in inflammatory processes. Despite several studies suggesting that folates can suppress inflammatory responses of macrophages to proinflammatory stimuli, there appears to be a lack of basic research examining the role of FRβ in modulating macrophage responses to microbial sensing. We therefore conducted a scoping review to assess evidence within the published literature addressing the question, "what is known about the extent to which FRβ regulates macrophage responses to sensing, and responding to, microorganisms?".

Methods

As a strategy for the study selection, we queried articles indexed in the research database PubMed and the search engine Google Scholar (up until August 12, 2023), including combinations of the research words: macrophage, folate receptor beta, FOLR2.

Results

We identified 2 relevant articles out of 153 that are worth discussing here, none of which directly addressed our research question.

Conclusion

There is an unmet need to better define the contribution of FRβ to regulating the macrophage response to microbes.

What are the available online resources targeting psychosocial burden among stroke survivors and their informal caregivers: A scoping review

Background

After discharge home, stroke survivors and their informal caregivers face a significant lack of support and information which accentuates their psychosocial burden. Online resources might provide this support and address psychosocial needs, but existing online stroke programmes mainly target functional rehabilitation. We aimed to map the existing literature on online resources that have been evaluated in stroke rehabilitation and aimed at reducing psychosocial impact in stroke survivors and informal caregivers.

Methods

MEDLINE was searched (2010-2024) to identify studies investigating online resources targeting psychosocial health. Studies were selected and extracted independently by two reviewers. We described the content, use, and psychosocial impact of these interventions using a narrative approach.

Results

Eleven studies were included in the review, reporting 10 online resources (two studies relating to the same resource). Online resources were heterogeneous: eight information/resources websites, one mobile app, and one forum. Five online resources were dedicated to stroke survivors, four to stroke survivors and their informal caregivers, and one to informal caregivers. Two randomized controlled trials reported a significant decrease in depressive symptoms associated with the use of online resources. Stroke survivors and informal caregivers find online resources useful and acceptable to address their psychosocial needs.

Conclusions

Few online stroke resources have been designed and evaluated to support post-stroke psychosocial rehabilitation. Further larger-scale research needs to study the impact of these interventions on psychosocial recovery over time.

A scoping review of virtual synchronous intervention studies in preschool rehabilitation

PURPOSE

To summarize the available evidence for the delivery of synchronous virtual rehabilitation intervention services for preschoolers and to identify key factors associated with virtual intervention.

METHODS

Five databases were searched to identify peer-reviewed articles that assessed virtual interventions for preschoolers delivered by rehabilitation health professionals including physical therapists, occupational therapists, speech-language pathologists, audiologists, and their associated assistants. Relevant data regarding demographics, technology, mode of service delivery, timing, engagement, and measurement data were extracted, and charted. Data were then summarized quantitatively using frequency counts, and qualitatively using descriptive summaries.

RESULTS

Sixteen studies were identified. Virtual interventions primarily targeted language difficulties or disorders, therefore most services were delivered by a speech-language pathologist or audiologist. Most interventions were delivered using Skype or Zoom on a weekly basis. Various technological features (e.g., phonology software, 'e-helpers') were included, and multiple activities (e.g., playdough, bubbles) and strategies were used to support engagement.

CONCLUSION

This scoping review provides current knowledge about the delivery of virtual rehabilitation interventions for preschoolers to help guide best practices for clinicians. Future research could assess the validity of existing outcome measures in the virtual environment, and outline optimal session length and frequency for virtual preschool interventions.

Lived experience codesign of self-harm interventions: a scoping review

OBJECTIVES

This study aims to map existing literature describing how people with lived experience of self-harm have engaged in codesigning self-harm interventions, understand barriers and facilitators to this engagement, and how the meaningfulness of codesign has been evaluated.

DESIGN

Scoping review by Joanna Briggs Institute methodology. A protocol was published online (http://dx.doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/P52UD).

DATA SOURCES

PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, PROSPERO, ClinicalTrials.gov and relevant websites were searched on 24 December 2022 (repeated 4 November 2023).

ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA

We included studies where individuals with lived experience of self-harm (first-hand or caregiver) have codesigned self-harm interventions.

DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS

Results were screened at title and abstract level, then full-text level by two researchers independently. Prespecified data were extracted, charted and sorted into themes.

RESULTS

We included 22 codesigned interventions across mobile health, educational settings, prisons and emergency departments. Involvement varied from designing content to multistage involvement in planning, delivery and dissemination. Included papers described the contribution of 159 female, 39 male and 21 transgender or gender diverse codesigners. Few studies included contributors from a minoritised ethnic or LGBTQIA+ group. Six studies evaluated how meaningfully people with lived experience were engaged in codesign: by documenting the impact of contributions on intervention design or through postdesign reflections. Barriers included difficulties recruiting inclusively, making time for meaningful engagement in stretched services and safeguarding concerns for codesigners. Explicit processes for ensuring safety and well-being, flexible schedules, and adequate funding facilitated codesign.

CONCLUSIONS

To realise the potential of codesign to improve self-harm interventions, people with lived experience must be representative of those who use services. This requires processes that reassure potential contributors and referrers that codesigners will be safeguarded, remunerated, and their contributions used and valued.

Use of Epic Electronic Health Record System for Health Care Research: Scoping Review

BACKGROUND

Electronic health records (EHRs) enable health data exchange across interconnected systems from varied settings. Epic is among the 5 leading EHR providers and is the most adopted EHR system across the globe. Despite its global reach, there is a gap in the literature detailing how EHR systems such as Epic have been used for health care research.

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this scoping review is to synthesize the available literature on use cases of the Epic EHR for research in various areas of clinical and health sciences.

METHODS

We used established scoping review methods and searched 9 major information repositories, including databases and gray literature sources. To categorize the research data, we developed detailed criteria for 5 major research domains to present the results.

RESULTS

We present a comprehensive picture of the method types in 5 research domains. A total of 4669 articles were screened by 2 independent reviewers at each stage, while 206 articles were abstracted. Most studies were from the United States, with a sharp increase in volume from the year 2015 onwards. Most articles focused on clinical care, health services research and clinical decision support. Among research designs, most studies used longitudinal designs, followed by interventional studies implemented at single sites in adult populations. Important facilitators and barriers to the use of Epic and EHRs in general were identified. Important lessons to the use of Epic and other EHRs for research purposes were also synthesized.

CONCLUSIONS

The Epic EHR provides a wide variety of functions that are helpful toward research in several domains, including clinical and population health, quality improvement, and the development of clinical decision support tools. As Epic is reported to be the most globally adopted EHR, researchers can take advantage of its various system features, including pooled data, integration of modules and developing decision support tools. Such research opportunities afforded by the system can contribute to improving quality of care, building health system efficiencies, and conducting population-level studies. Although this review is limited to the Epic EHR system, the larger lessons are generalizable to other EHRs.

Examining structural factors influencing cancer care experienced by Inuit in Canada: a scoping review

Inuit face worse cancer survival rates and outcomes than the general Canadian population. Persistent health disparities cannot be understood without examining the structural factors that create inequities and continue to impact the health and well-being of Inuit. This scoping review aims to synthesise the available published and grey literature on the structural factors that influence cancer care experienced by Inuit in Canada. Guided by Inuit input from Pauktuutit Inuit Women of Canada as well as the Joanna Briggs Institute scoping review methodology, a comprehensive electronic search along with hand-searching of grey literature and relevant journals was conducted. A total of 30 papers were included for analysis and assessment of relevance. Findings were organised into five categories as defined in the a priori framework related to colonisation, as well as health systems, social, economic, and political structures. The study results highlight interconnections between racism and colonialism, the lack of health service information on urban Inuit, as well as the need for system-wide efforts to address the structural barriers in cancer care.

Rapid methods for identifying barriers and solutions to improve access to community health services: a scoping review

BACKGROUND

The advancement of universal health coverage (UHC) is largely based on identifying and addressing barriers to accessing community health services. Traditional qualitative research approaches provide excellent insights but have unfeasibly high resource requirements for most care providers.

AIM

To identify, categorise, and evaluate methods that have been used to identify barriers to and/or solutions for improving access to community-based health services, grounded in engagement with affected communities, excluding approaches that take >14 days.

DESIGN & SETTING

This was a scoping review.

METHOD

Following Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) guidelines, a search was undertaken using the Cochrane Library, Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid Embase, Ovid Global Health, and Google Scholar. An information specialist designed the search, and dual independent review and data charting were used.

RESULTS

In total, 44 studies were included from 30 countries, reporting on 18 different clinical services. Thirty studies used self-described 'rapid' approaches; however, the majority of these did not justify what they meant by this term. Nearly half of the studies used mixed- or multi-methods and triangulation to verify early findings. All of the qualitative studies used interviews and/or focus groups, which were often supplemented with observations, document review, and mapping activities. The use of in situ snowball and convenience sampling; community members as data collectors and cultural guides; collaborative summarisation (review of findings with community members and end-users); and deductive framework analysis expedited the research processes. There were no data on costs.

CONCLUSION

There are a wide range of methods that can be used to deliver timely information about barriers to access. The methods employed in the articles reviewed tended to use traditional data collection approaches in innovative ways.

Speaking the same language - a scoping review to identify the terminology associated with social prescribing

AIM

To identify the social prescribing-related terminology within the peer-reviewed literature of the UK and the grey literature from Wales.

BACKGROUND

Social prescribing has seen a period of development that has been accompanied by a proliferation of related terminology and a lack of standardisation in the manner in which it is employed. This creates barriers to engagement and impairs communication, both between professionals and members of the public. The Wales School for Social Prescribing Research and Public Health Wales committed to the development of a glossary of terms for social prescribing, to facilitate the clarification and standardisation of the associated terminology. Here, we describe the first step in that process.

METHOD

A scoping review of the peer-reviewed UK literature and Welsh grey literature was conducted. The titles and abstracts of 46,242 documents and the full text of 738 documents were screened. Data were charted from 205 documents. Data capture included terminology, the location within the UK of the research or intervention described in the article, and the perspective from which the article was authored. A general inductive approach was used to categorise the terms by theme.

FINDINGS

This research serves to highlight the breadth and diversity of the terminology associated with social prescribing. Results demonstrate aspects of shared commonality and clear distinction between the terminology from the two literature sources. The greatest contributions of terms were from articles that examined research and/or interventions in England and that were authored from the perspective of health or health and social care. The research indicates that nation- and sector-specific terms may not be adequately represented in the literature at large. Looking forward, it will be important to ensure that social prescribing terminology within the UK literature is culturally relevant and accurately reflects the terminology used by the workforce who encounter and deliver social prescribing.

Scoping review: quality of life of siblings of children who are deaf and hard of hearing, have a vision or motor impairment

This study identified the current state of knowledge about the Quality of Life (QoL) of siblings of children who are deaf and hard of hearing (DHH), have a vision impairment (VI) or motor impairment (MI). Additionally, factors associated with individual variation in QoL were examined. A scoping review was performed using PsycInfo, ERIC, Web of Science, and CINAHL. Empirical studies with siblings (age 0-18 years) of children who are DHH, have a VI or MI that investigate the QoL of siblings were included. A total of 1746 studies were identified of which 11 met the inclusion criteria. The results showed that QoL has different interpretations and various measurement tools are used. The findings showed both positive and negative outcomes for the QoL of siblings. For example, family cohesion was found as a positive consequence. A negative consequence could be a higher score on problem behavior. Personal and parental characteristics such as age and parental availability were two main factors related to individual variation in QoL. Insight in the factors related to individual variation may help researchers to consider the research perspective. In addition, healthcare providers can use the information to be either aware or intervene on specific factors that are related to the QoL of the children who are DHH, have a VI or MI and their siblings.

A Scoping Review of Predictors Associated with Self-Efficacy Among Patients with Coronary Heart Disease

Self-efficacy (SE) is the main predictor of self-care behaviour in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). Several studies identified factors that influence SE in CHD patients. However, review studies have yet to synthesize these results systematically. This review aims to identify SE and the factors influencing SE in CHD patients. This scoping review is reported based on the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). We searched using relevant keywords using five databases: CINAHL Plus with Full Text and Academic Search Complete, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Taylor and Francis, and one search engine: Google Scholar, which was accessed on June 23, 2023. Articles with an observational design were included without date restrictions. The quality of evidence was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal checklist, and data synthesis used thematic analysis. We found 11 articles discussing SE and the factors influencing SE in CHD patients. In this review, most studies reported that the SE level of CHD patients tends to be low to moderate. Factors associated with SE in this population are classified into three categories (low, moderate, and high). Cardiac knowledge and patient activation are the most influential predictors of SE in CHD patients. Public health interventions such as raising awareness about heart disease, modifying health behaviours, early screening, diagnosis, and appropriate treatment are critical to improving SE and cardiac care outcomes.

Outcomes of the 340B Drug Pricing Program: A Scoping Review

Importance

The 340B Drug Pricing Program requires manufacturers to offer discounted drug prices to support safety net hospitals and clinics (covered entities) providing care to low-income populations. Amid expansion, the program has received criticism and calls for reform.

Objective

To assess the literature on the foundations of and outcomes associated with the 340B program.

Evidence Review

The databases searched in this scoping review included PubMed, Embase, EconLit, National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), Westlaw, the Department of Health and Human Services Office of the Inspector General (HHS-OIG) website, the Government Accountability Office (GAO) website, and Google in February 2023 for peer-reviewed literature, legal publications, opinion pieces, and government agency and committee reports related to the 340B program.

Findings

Among a collected 900 documents, 289 met inclusion criteria: 83 articles from PubMed, 12 articles from Embase, 2 articles from EconLit, 1 article from NBER, 28 articles from Westlaw, 23 legislative history documents, 103 documents from Google, 11 GAO reports, and 26 HHS-OIG reports. Included literature pertained to 4 stakeholders in the 340B program: covered entities, pharmacies, pharmaceutical manufacturers, and patients. This literature showed that hospitals, clinics, and pharmacies generated revenue and manufacturers have forgone revenue from 340B discounted drugs. Audits of covered entities found low rates of compliance with 340B program requirements, whereas mixed evidence was uncovered on how covered entities used their 340B revenue, with some studies suggesting use to expand health care services for low-income populations and others to acquire physician practices and open sites in higher-income neighborhoods. These studies were hampered by a lack of transparency and reporting on the use of 340B revenue. Studies revealed patient benefits from access to expanded health care services, but there was mixed evidence on patient cost savings. Although the review identified considerable research on 340B hospitals, pharmacies, and patients, less research was found evaluating the 340B program's effect on nonhospital covered entities, drug pricing, and racial and ethnic minority groups.

Conclusions and Relevance

In this scoping review of the 340B program, we found that the 340B program was associated with financial benefits for hospitals, clinics, and pharmacies; improved access to health care services for patients; and substantial costs to manufacturers. Increased transparency regarding the use of 340B program revenue and strengthened rulemaking and enforcement authority for the Health Resources and Services Administration would support compliance and help ensure the 340B program achieves its intended purposes.

Mobile Health (mHealth) Interventions to Increase Cancer Screening Rates in Hispanic/Latinx Populations: A Scoping Review

Hispanic/Latinx persons have disproportionately lower breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer screening rates than non-Hispanic White (NHW) persons. This low participation in cancer screening results in late-stage cancer diagnosis among Hispanic persons compared to NHW persons. Mobile health (mHealth) interventions effectively improve cancer screening rates in the general population; however, few reviews about mHealth interventions are tailored to Hispanic populations. This is important to investigate given that Hispanic persons differ from NHW persons with regard to culture, language, and health care utilization. Therefore, in this study, we investigated: (a) What types of mHealth interventions have been undertaken to increase cancer screening rates among Hispanic persons in the United States? (b) How effective have these interventions been? and (c) What features of these interventions help increase cancer screening rates? Searches conducted during December 2020 identified 10 articles published between January 2017 and December 2020 that met our inclusion criteria. The review revealed that mHealth interventions mainly provided education about cancer and cancer screening using videos, PowerPoint slides, and interactive multimedia. mHealth interventions that effectively improved screening behavior were mainly for easy-to-screen cancers like skin and cervical cancer. Finally, reviewed studies did not provide details on how cultural adaptations were made, and it is unclear what specific features of mHealth interventions increase cancer screening rates among Hispanic persons. Future research should identify and evaluate the effects of different components of culturally tailored interventions on cancer screening. Public health practitioners and health care providers should tailor mHealth approaches to their clients or patients and practice environment.

HIV and Black People in Canada: Protocol for a Scoping Review

BACKGROUND

Race-based health information is necessary to address disproportionate barriers racial communities face and to achieve optimal health outcomes. In Canada, Black people are disproportionately affected by HIV. There is an emerging body of literature on this topic, but a concise summary is lacking. There is a need to collectively and critically analyze research on HIV in the Black population in Canada to identify knowledge gaps and address this disproportionate burden.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this scoping review is to summarize the evidence on HIV and Black people in Canada. The main outcomes of interest are HIV prevalence, access to care, HIV prevention and treatment, the HIV care cascade, and related HIV outcomes. Through this scoping review, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the existing literature and highlight topics that need more investigation in future research.

METHODS

We will conduct a scoping review of electronic databases using a systematic search strategy for qualitative, quantitative, or mixed methods studies reporting on HIV and Black people in Canada. We will conduct our searches in MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, Web of Science, EBSCO, and Google Scholar for literature published between 1985 and 2023. Gray literature, including government reports, dissertations, and other reports, will be included. Search results will be screened, and the full text of relevant literature will be retrieved. The extraction of data will be conducted independently by 2 reviewers. Consensus meetings will be held to resolve conflicts. Our results will be reported according to the PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for the Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews).

RESULTS

The initial title and abstract review identified 447 articles. These articles will be critically appraised, and relevant information will be extracted. Information from these articles will be compared using charts and tables. Screening will start in November 2023, and we anticipate publishing the scoping review in June 2024.

CONCLUSIONS

The findings from this scoping review will help inform policy, practice, and research on HIV and Black people in Canada.

INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID)

PRR1-10.2196/49066.

What is the existing evidence base for adult medical same day emergency care in UK NHS hospitals? A scoping review protocol

OBJECTIVES

Same day emergency care (SDEC) is a new model of care, which has emerged over the past 5 years, building on prior ambulatory care services. The National Health Service (NHS) England National Strategy for SDEC suggests SDEC can meet local health needs by providing alternatives to emergency department attendance or hospital admission, for people with an urgent healthcare need, beyond the limited scope of an urgent treatment centre. This review focuses on acute medical SDEC, as medical patients represent a significant proportion of emergency admissions. The planned scoping review aims to map the existing evidence base.

METHODS AND ANALYSIS

This is a protocol for a scoping review to be conducted in accordance with the format of the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) methodology for scoping reviews. The databases to be searched will include EMBASE, MEDLINE and CINAHL, via EBSCOhost. Sources of unpublished studies, policies and grey literature will include Google Scholar, the Cochrane Library, TRIP database, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Open, and the Health Management Information Consortium. Papers relating to acute medicine adult patients attending NHS SDEC services in the UK will be included. International papers will be excluded, as will those over 5 years old, and those where full text is not available. The results of the search and study inclusion/exclusion process will be reported and presented in a Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) flow diagram. Data will be extracted from papers included in the scoping review by two reviewers, using a JBI data extraction tool. Any differences of opinion will be discussed until consensus is reached. If needed, a third reviewer will be asked to join the review team to achieve consensus. Data and themes extracted will be summarised and presented in tables. A narrative thematic summary will accompany the presented results, describing how the results relate to the review objective. Literature gaps will be identified and recommendations for future research made.

ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION

There is no requirement for ethical approval for this scoping review. On completion, it will be published in a peer-reviewed academic journal and presented at a conference.

Cancer-Related Symptom Frameworks Using a Biopsychosocial-Spiritual Perspective: A Scoping Review

BACKGROUND

Research to understand and manage cancer-related symptoms continues to advance, yet work that more fully adopts a biopsychosocial-spiritual view of symptoms is needed.

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this article is to review existing frameworks that have the potential to guide research on cancer-related symptoms, to explore the characteristics of each framework, and to appraise each using a biopsychosocial-spiritual lens.

METHODS

A scoping review was conducted to identify available frameworks that could be applied to guide cancer-related symptom research and to assess their characteristics. Research questions and criteria were formulated at the outset, followed by identifying relevant publications detailing novel frameworks, charting data, and collating results. Upon identification of available frameworks, each was appraised for alignment with a standard definition of "biopsychosocial-spiritual."

RESULTS

Eleven frameworks were identified to guide cancer-related symptom research. All were developed in the United States, led by nurse scientists, including symptom experiences as well as their antecedents and outcomes, and could be applied to one or more concurrent cancer-related symptoms. While all 11 frameworks included biopsychosocial dimensions, only 4 included spirituality.

CONCLUSIONS

Four biopsychosocial-spiritual frameworks offer unique insight to support advancement of cancer-related symptom research and practice from a holistic perspective. This foundational work could lead to development and validation of new frameworks and modification of existing frameworks to more closely align with a biopsychosocial-spiritual view of cancer-related symptoms. This review offers a starting point to carefully and explicitly adopt frameworks in research and practice with increased emphasis on considering spiritual dimensions of symptoms.

Review: Linking animal health measures in dairy cows to farm-level economic outcomes: a systematic literature mapping

Farm animal health is an area of increasing interest to both the public and industry stakeholders. There is an ongoing debate on whether improving animal health, and thereby increasing welfare, is profitable or not. Improving animal health often requires investments in the farm or increases labour costs. As a result, the impact of animal health on farm economy is particularly interesting. This study systematically maps and assesses the available evidence in the published scientific literature regarding the link between farms' economic outcomes on dairy cow health, with the aim of identifying knowledge gaps in this field of research. In total, 59 peer-reviewed articles were included using a broad range of animal health variables and economic outcomes. We found a heterogeneous body of evidence in terms of both methods, animal health measures (AHMs) and economic outcome measures used. None of the included studies makes explicit causal claims between AHMs and economic outcomes. The results suggest that common production diseases such as clinical mastitis and lameness, which are painful and affect cow health and welfare, are costly for farmers. We found a knowledge gap and lack of evidence on the impact of animal health interventions on farms' economic outcomes, as well as the long-term effects of such interventions. Future research should aim to investigate the causal links between animal health and economic outcomes.

The psychosocial implication of childhood constipation on the children and family: A scoping review protocol

Background: Constipation is a common problem in childhood that can have psychological, emotional, social, and health-related quality-of-life consequences on children and their families. Primary or functional constipation (FC) has no known underlying pathology but can be caused by lifestyle, psychological, and behavioural factors. Misdiagnosis and inadequate management of constipation can result in chronicity that can continue to adulthood, reducing quality of life for the child and their parents/family. It also causes emotional, psychological and emotional distress and concern for children and their families. This scoping review aims to answer the research question, "What has been reported about the psychosocial implication of childhood constipation among children and their families?" Methods: The methodology for this scoping review will draw on the six stages of Arksey and O'Malley Framework and the updated and refined version by Levac et al. (2010) and Peters et al. (2022). The process and reporting will follow the PRISMA-ScR guidelines. The Population, Concept and Context (PCC) framework will guide the development of inclusion criteria and the search strategy for this scoping review. Systematic literature searches of PUBMED, CINAHL, ASSIA, PsycInfo and Cochrane Library will be conducted from inception to present. The critical appraisal will be performed on selected articles to promote trustworthiness and methodological rigour. Plans for consultation exercise and dissemination of findings will also be presented. Conclusion: This scoping review aims to present a comprehensive synthesis of the characteristics and extent of available literature to develop an understanding of and identify gaps in current knowledge regarding the psychosocial implication of childhood constipation on children and their families.

Educational supervision in internal medicine residency training - a scoping review

BACKGROUND

Although supervision is an important part of residency training, its scope and how it relates to other types of support, such as mentoring, precepting and feedback, remain unclear. While clinical supervision consists of ongoing instructions and feedback in the workplace setting, educational supervision is a formalized component of postgraduate medical educational and supports the process that facilitates a trainee's progression throughout their training. Since medical specialties have different supervisory traditions, this study focuses on educational supervision in internal medicine. Our aim was to investigate what is known about educational supervision practices in internal medicine and the role of educational supervision in supporting residents' learning.

METHODS

We conducted a scoping review of the literature on educational supervision in residency training in internal medicine based on Levac et al.'s modification of Arksey and O'Malley's six-step framework. The literature search was performed in the following databases: Medline, Embase, Web of Science and the Educational Resources Information Center. In addition, we conducted a handsearch in Medical Teacher and Google Scholar. We followed the PRISMA guidelines for systematic research.

RESULTS

Eighteen of the 3,284 identified articles were included in the analysis. We found few empirical studies describing how educational supervision is conducted and what effect routine educational supervision has on residents' learning. Our findings suggest that the terminology can be confusing and that educational supervision practices in internal medicine has a weak theoretical foundation.

CONCLUSION

The distinction between educational supervision and other support structures, such as mentoring and feedback, has not been clearly defined in the research literature. We argue that shared terminology is needed to better understand current educational practices and to facilitate clear communication about how to help residents learn.

Characteristics and outcomes of patient presentations to the emergency department via police: A scoping review

BACKGROUND

As emergency department (ED) presentations continue to rise, understanding the complexities of vulnerable populations such as people brought in by police (BIBP) is crucial. This review aimed to map and describe the research about people BIBP to the ED.

DESIGN AND METHOD

A scoping review, guided by the Joanna Briggs Institute process, was undertaken. The databases CINAHL, Embase and PubMed were searched between November 2017 and July 2022. The Patterns, Advances, Gaps, Evidence for practice, Research recommendations (PAGER) framework was used to guide the analysis.

RESULTS

A total of 21 studies were included in the review, originating mainly from westernised countries. Examination of patterns across studies revealed four themes: routinely collected data is used to describe people BIBP to the ED; a focus on mental health care; the relationship between care delivery and outcomes; and the role of police in providing emergency care.

CONCLUSION

There is some understanding of the demographic characteristics, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of people BIBP to the ED. Knowledge gaps surrounding sociodemographic factors, prehospital and ED care delivery for people BIBP require further investigation to optimise outcomes for this vulnerable cohort of presenters.

Barriers to Participation in Cardiac Rehabilitation Among Patients with Coronary Heart Disease After Reperfusion Therapy: A Scoping Review

Patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) experience many barriers to participate in cardiac rehabilitation (CR) programs. Several studies identify barriers that can affect participation in CR among patients with CHD after reperfusion therapy. However, there has yet to be a review specifically in this population. This review aims to identify the literature systematically that analyzes the barriers that affect the participation of CHD patients after reperfusion therapy in implementing the CR program. This study used the Preferred Reporting Item for PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) with databases PubMed, ScienceDirect, EBSCO-hosted Academic Search Complete, Scopus, Taylor & Francis, and Sage Journals. The keywords used in English were "coronary artery disease OR myocardial infarction OR cardiovascular disease OR heart disease" AND "Barrier OR obstacle", AND "percutaneous coronary intervention OR PCI OR angioplasty OR coronary artery bypass graft surgery OR CABG" AND "cardiac rehabilitation OR rehabilitation OR recovery". The inclusion criteria in this review were full-text articles in English, articles with a descriptive, cross-sectional, and cohort design with a minimum of 100 participants that discussed barriers to participation in patients with CHD after undergoing reperfusion therapy, and the CR phases such as I, II, III, and IV have also been identified. Based on the initial search, there are 23 relevant studies out of 7400. The results of this study reported that most of the participants from the studies analyzed had a low level of participation in CR (≤50%). We classify the factors that affect the level of CR participation into five categories: individual factors, health history, environmental, logistical, and health system. The most reported barriers in each category were age, comorbidities, lack of support from friends, family and health workers, distance or travel time, and cost and economic status. Professional health workers, especially nurses, can identify various barriers that patients feel so that they can increase their participation in attending CR.

Cancer risk factors and access to cancer prevention services for people experiencing homelessness: a scoping review protocol

INTRODUCTION

Homelessness is a complex social issue that significantly impairs the health of those affected. People experiencing homelessness (PEH) have a higher prevalence of adverse health outcomes, including premature mortality, compared with the general population, with cancer being the second-leading cause of death. The objective of this scoping review is to map the evidence to assess the exposure of PEH to known cancer risk factors and identify barriers and facilitators PEH experience in accessing cancer prevention services.

METHODS AND ANALYSIS

This scoping review will be conducted in line with the Joanna Briggs Institute guidelines for scoping reviews. For a time window from the date of database establishment until 20 February 2023, the research team will create a detailed search strategy and apply it to the following databases: CINAHL, Embase, Global Index Medicus, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science. In addition, we will search OpenGrey and Google for grey literature and contact non-governmental organisations to request relevant reports. In the first stage, eligibility criteria will be assessed through a blinded title/abstract assessment, and following this assessment, a full-text screening will be performed. Subsequently, the research team will perform the data extraction and synthesise all relevant information in relation to the scoping review question.

ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION

As this protocol does not involve gathering primary data, ethical approval is not necessary. The results of this review will be published in a peer-reviewed journal and on institutional websites.

Public perceptions of advance care planning (ACP) from an international perspective: a scoping review

BACKGROUND

Advance Care Planning (ACP) helps people discuss personal values, goals and priorities regarding future care with family and professionals. It can support care coordination and guide decision-making as health deteriorates. However, uptake remains low internationally. Poor communication and information due to Covid-19 pressures exacerbated public and professional criticism and concerns. Recent recommendations highlight the importance of understanding and addressing public perceptions about ACP combined with person-centred approaches to ACP conversations.

OBJECTIVES

To explore public perceptions of ACP to inform increased public engagement and empowerment.

METHODS

Joanna Briggs Institute methodology was applied in a rapid scoping review. Three databases (Embase, MEDLINE, APA PsycInfo) were searched for English language reviews and primary or secondary research studies from 2015 to 2021. Following title and abstract review, two researchers screened full-text articles and performed data extraction independently using Covidence. Charted data were analysed for themes and subthemes starting with two recent published reviews. Emerging findings were added and data synthesis reviewed by the research team, including public-patient representatives, to achieve consensus.

RESULTS

Of 336 studies, 20 included reviews and research papers represented diverse public views, situations and contexts. Studies found poor public knowledge of ACP and widespread perceptions of confusing or accessible information. Multiple reports described little personal relevance, perceived risks of emotional distress, fears, mistrust and misconceptions about the purpose and scope of ACP. Studies identified public concerns stemming from reluctance to discuss death and dying despite this being just one aspect of ACP. Research with minority communities and marginalised groups found intensified concerns. Some studies cited people who valued maintaining autonomy by expressing their goals and preferences.

CONCLUSIONS

Studies reviewed found many members of the public had negative or unclear perceptions of ACP. Improved knowledge and understanding appeared to influence perceptions of ACP but were not considered sufficient to change behaviours. The research provided valuable insights from members of the public that could inform current professional and societal debates about the future of ACP. Findings point to a need for novel approaches to ACP public information and involvement whilst bearing in mind societal norms, diverse cultures and contexts.

Domestic Factors as Determinant of Sickness Absence with Psychiatric Disorders: A Scoping Review of Nordic Research Published between 2010-2019

Uneven division of domestic factors may contribute to sex differences in sickness absence with psychiatric disorders. The aim of this scoping review was to compile current Nordic research on domestic factors and sickness absence with psychiatric disorders. A systematic search was performed to identify studies from the Nordic countries published between 1 January 2010 and 31 December 2019. Twelve studies were included. Marital status, family situation, work-home interference (in both directions), social affiliation, and loss of child/young adult (suicide, accident, or natural death) were identified as measures of domestic factors. In 8 of the 12 studies, domestic factors were used as co-variates, while four used them as the main exposure. Social affiliation, home-to-work conflict, and total workload were not associated with the outcome. One study found that parents with children older than two years, widows/widowers, and those divorced or unmarried had an increased risk of sickness absence with psychiatric disorders. One study found that work-to-home conflict was associated with sickness absence with stress-related diagnoses in men, and with other mental disorders in women. Finally, one study found that losing a son or daughter aged 16-24 years increased the risk of future sickness absence with a psychiatric disorder regardless of the cause of death. Future studies need to develop concepts, study designs, and measurements to move this research area further. In particular, the concept of "unpaid domestic work" needs theoretical and empirical development.

Meaning Making Mechanisms in Women Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse: A Scoping Review

Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) is a complex and prevalent problem with devastating long-term consequences for survivors. Despite these consequences, some survivors seem to find a source of meaning and fulfillment throughout their recovery process, which may facilitate resilience and posttraumatic growth (PTG). However, little is known from the literature about the specific meaning making mechanisms that CSA survivors experience. A scoping review was conducted by searching relevant journals and several online databases such as EbscoHost, Scopus, ProQuest, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. Studies published in English and that discussed meaning making as a topic of recovery from CSA in the context of women survivors' experiences were included, where a total of 57 articles were selected including qualitative (n = 32), quantitative (n = 9), mixed method (n = 9), and review (n = 7) articles. Using thematic analysis, the results of the scoping review found four mechanisms of meaning making and seven sources of meaning describing the meaning making processes of women survivors of CSA. The mechanisms were identified as being benevolent; restoring and empowering the inner self; mobilizing external and social resources; and lastly actively integrating the trauma narrative. This study contributes toward the global knowledge base on meaning making mechanisms of women survivors of CSA by providing the first known summary of studies to date. Future research is recommended to further confirm these findings to inform treatment interventions for women survivors of CSA.