Lowering the Schottky Barrier Height by Graphene/Ag Electrodes for High-Mobility MoS2 Field-Effect Transistors

Observation of interlayer plasmon polaron in graphene/WS2 heterostructures

Harnessing electronic excitations involving coherent coupling to bosonic modes is essential for the design and control of emergent phenomena in quantum materials. In situations where charge carriers induce a lattice distortion due to the electron-phonon interaction, the conducting states get "dressed", which leads to the formation of polaronic quasiparticles. The exploration of polaronic effects on low-energy excitations is in its infancy in two-dimensional materials. Here, we present the discovery of an interlayer plasmon polaron in heterostructures composed of graphene on top of single-layer WS2. By using micro-focused angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy during in situ doping of the top graphene layer, we observe a strong quasiparticle peak accompanied by several carrier density-dependent shake-off replicas around the single-layer WS2 conduction band minimum. Our results are explained by an effective many-body model in terms of a coupling between single-layer WS2 conduction electrons and an interlayer plasmon mode. It is important to take into account the presence of such interlayer collective modes, as they have profound consequences for the electronic and optical properties of heterostructures that are routinely explored in many device architectures involving 2D transition metal dichalcogenides.

Lowering the Schottky Barrier Height by Quasi-van der Waals Contacts for High-Performance p-Type MoTe2 Field-Effect Transistors

Two-dimensional (2D) transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) offer advantages over traditional silicon in future electronics but are hampered by the prominent high contact resistance of metal-TMD interfaces, especially for p-type TMDs. Here, we present high-performance p-type MoTe2 field-effect transistors via a nondestructive van der Waals (vdW) transfer process, establishing low contact resistance between the 2D MoTe2 semiconductor and the PtTe2 semimetal. The integration of PtTe2 as contacts in MoTe2 field-effect transistors leads to significantly improved electrical characteristics compared to conventional metal contacts, evidenced by a mobility increase to 80 cm2 V-1 s-1, an on-state current rise to 5.0 μA/μm, and a reduction in Schottky barrier height (SBH) to 48 meV. Such a low SBH in quasi-van der Waals contacts can be assigned to the low electrical resistivity of PtTe2 and the high efficiency of carrier injection at the 2D semimetal/2D semiconductor interfaces. Imaging via transmission electron microscopy reveals that the 2D semimetal/two-dimensional semiconductor interfaces are atomically flat and exceptionally clean. This interface engineering strategy could enable low-resistance contacts based on vdW architectures in a facile manner, providing opportunities for 2D materials for next-generation optoelectronics and electronics.

Optimizing Ultrathin 2D Transistors for Monolithic 3D Integration: A Study on Directly Grown Nanocrystalline Interconnects and Buried Contacts

The potential of monolithic 3D integration technology is largely dependent on the enhancement of interconnect characteristics which can lead to thinner stacks, better heat dissipation, and reduced signal delays. Carbon materials such as graphene, characterized by sp2 hybridized carbons, are promising candidates for future interconnects due to their exceptional electrical, thermal conductivity and resistance to electromigration. However, a significant challenge lies in achieving low contact resistance between extremely thin semiconductor channels and graphitic materials. To address this issue, an innovative wafer-scale synthesis approach is proposed that enables low contact resistance between dry-transferred 2D semiconductors and the as-grown nanocrystalline graphitic interconnects. A hybrid graphitic interconnect with metal doping reduces the sheet resistance by 84% compared to an equivalent thickness metal film. Furthermore, the introduction of a buried graphitic contact results in a contact resistance that is 17 times lower than that of bulk metal contacts (>40 nm). Transistors with this optimal structure are used to successfully demonstrate a simple logic function. The thickness of active layer is maintained within sub-7 nm range, encompassing both channels and contacts. The ultrathin transistor and interconnect stack developed here, characterized by a readily etchable interlayer and low parasitic resistance, leads to heterogeneous integration of future 3D integrated circuits (ICs).

A Molecular Coordination Strategy for Regulating the Interface of MoS2 Field Effect Transistors

Chemically modifying monolayer two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) with organic molecules provides a wide range of possibilities to regulate the electronic and optoelectronic performance of both materials and devices. However, it remains challenging to chemically attach organic molecules to monolayer TMDs without damaging their crystal structures. Herein, we show that the Mo atoms of monolayer MoS2 (1L-MoS2) in defect states can coordinate with both catechol and 1,10-phenanthroline (Phen) groups, affording a facile route to chemically modifying 1L-MoS2. Through the design of two isomeric molecules (LA2 and LA5) comprising catechol and Phen groups, we show that attaching organic molecules to Mo atoms via coordinative bonds has no negative effect on the crystal structure of 1L-MoS2. Both theoretical calculation and experiment results indicate that the coordinative strategy is beneficial for (i) repairing sulfur vacancies and passivating defects; (ii) achieving a long-term and stable n-doping effect; and (iii) facilitating the electron transfer. Field effect transistors (FETs) based on the coordinatively modified 1L-MoS2 show high electron mobilities up to 120.3 cm2 V-1 s-1 with impressive current on/off ratios over 109. Our results indicate that coordinatively attaching catechol- or Phen-bearing molecules may be a general method for the nondestructive modification of TMDs.

Photothermionic Effect-Assisted Ultrafast Charge Transfer in NbS2/MoS2 Heterostructure

Two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals heterostructures (vdW HSs) composed of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) have emerged as frontrunners in the optoelectronics field, owing to their exceptional optical and electrical properties. Recent research on the intrinsic interlayer charge transfer mechanism has been primarily focused on the Type II HSs, while metal-semiconductor (MS) vertical HSs, promising for advancing photodetector technology, have received comparatively less attention. Here, we reveal the first experimental observation of photothermionic effect-assisted ultrafast interlayer charge transfer in the NbS2/MoS2 heterostructure using femtosecond transient absorption technology and first-principles calculations, effectively ignoring the Schottky barrier height. We demonstrate that within 500 fs, charge transfer occurs from NbS2 to MoS2 in the heterostructure, resulting in supplementary carrier generation in the visible spectrum when excited with infrared light below the MoS2 bandgap, at wavelengths of 1030 and 1500 nm. Such promising characteristics of 2D NbS2-semiconductor heterostructures offer a potential platform for synergistically combining low contact resistance with broadband photocarrier generation, marking a significant advancement in optoelectronics and light harvesting.

Sm and Gd Contacts in 2D Semiconductors for High-Performance Electronics and Spintronics

Two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors have attracted great attention due to their rich electronic properties and even been considered to have the potential to extend Moore's Law. However, the Schottky barrier between the metal and 2D semiconductor is formed due to the metal-induced gap states (MIGS), which greatly hinder the development of 2D semiconductor transistors in large-scale integrated circuits. Meanwhile, most air-stable 2D semiconductors are nonmagnetic, limiting the possibility of spintronic application. Here, we report a new strategy to suppress the MIGS and reduce the Schottky barrier height on 2D semiconductors (MoS2, WS2, and WSe2) by using lanthanide metal (Sm and Gd) contacts. It was found the lanthanide contacts exhibit a good Ohmic property with a near-zero Schottky barrier. As a result, the carrier mobility of MoS2 transistors reaches 118 cm2/(V s). Furthermore, Gd-contact MoS2 transistors show the typical magnetic property where the magnetoresistance reaches 2.7% at 5 K. By studying its spin valve effect, it was demonstrated that the nonlocal magnetoresistance is 4.1% and spin polarization is 3.25%. This study provides a promising pathway for high-performance 2D electronic and spintronics, which may open a new strategy for future computing-in-memory architecture.

Two-Dimensional Semiconductors and Transistors for Future Integrated Circuits

Silicon transistors are approaching their physical limit, calling for the emergence of a technological revolution. As the acknowledged ultimate version of transistor channels, 2D semiconductors are of interest for the development of post-Moore electronics due to their useful properties and all-in-one potentials. Here, the promise and current status of 2D semiconductors and transistors are reviewed, from materials and devices to integrated applications. First, we outline the evolution and challenges of silicon-based integrated circuits, followed by a detailed discussion on the properties and preparation strategies of 2D semiconductors and van der Waals heterostructures. Subsequently, the significant progress of 2D transistors, including device optimization, large-scale integration, and unconventional devices, are presented. We also examine 2D semiconductors for advanced heterogeneous and multifunctional integration beyond CMOS. Finally, the key technical challenges and potential strategies for 2D transistors and integrated circuits are also discussed. We envision that the field of 2D semiconductors and transistors could yield substantial progress in the upcoming years and hope this review will trigger the interest of scientists planning their next experiment.

van der Waals Contact for Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenides

Two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have emerged as highly promising candidates for next-generation electronics owing to their atomically thin structures and surfaces devoid of dangling bonds. However, establishing high-quality metal contacts with TMDs presents a critical challenge, primarily attributed to their ultrathin bodies and delicate lattices. These distinctive characteristics render them susceptible to physical damage and chemical reactions when conventional metallization approaches involving "high-energy" processes are implemented. To tackle this challenge, the concept of van der Waals (vdW) contacts has recently been proposed as a "low-energy" alternative. Within the vdW geometry, metal contacts can be physically laminated or gently deposited onto the 2D channel of TMDs, ensuring the formation of atomically clean and electronically sharp contact interfaces while preserving the inherent properties of the 2D TMDs. Consequently, a considerable number of vdW contact devices have been extensively investigated, revealing unprecedented transport physics or exceptional device performance that was previously unachievable. This review presents recent advancements in vdW contacts for TMD transistors, discussing the merits, limitations, and prospects associated with each device geometry. By doing so, our purpose is to offer a comprehensive understanding of the current research landscape and provide insights into future directions within this rapidly evolving field.

Surface plasmon enhancement in silver nanowires and bilayer two-dimensional materials

In order to improve the low light absorption of two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), surface plasmon (SP) nanostructures have been widely studied. However, the impact of interlayer twist on such nanostructures has rarely been studied. Here, we construct two different composite structures of silver nanowires (Ag NWs) and pristine bilayer MoS2 (pBLM) or twisted bilayer MoS2 (tBLM). The interlayer twist can further promote the light utilization of MoS2, resulting in an ∼4-fold higher spectral enhancement in Ag/tBLM than that in Ag/pBLM. In addition, the photocurrent and detectivity of the phototransistor based on the Ag/tBLM composite structure were improved by 7-fold and ∼100-fold, respectively, compared to those of the Ag/pBLM phototransistor. Theoretical simulations show that the enhancement of photocurrent can be attributed to the enhancement of the local electric field at the interface between Ag NWs and the tBLM film, which is called the 'hot spot'. These results provide a reference for understanding the modulation mechanism of SPs and interlayer twist on the optoelectronic properties of 2D materials.

Contacts at the Nanoscale and for Nanomaterials

Contact scaling is a major challenge in nano complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology, as the surface roughness, contact size, film thicknesses, and undoped substrate become more problematic as the technology shrinks to the nanometer range. These factors increase the contact resistance and the nonlinearity of the current-voltage characteristics, which could limit the benefits of the further downsizing of CMOS devices. This review discusses issues related to the contact size reduction of nano CMOS technology and the validity of the Schottky junction model at the nanoscale. The difficulties, such as the limited doping level and choices of metal for band alignment, Fermi-level pinning, and van der Waals gap, in achieving transparent ohmic contacts with emerging two-dimensional materials are also examined. Finally, various methods for improving ohmic contacts' characteristics, such as two-dimensional/metal van der Waals contacts and hybrid contacts, junction doping technology, phase and bandgap modification effects, buffer layers, are highlighted.

Metal Films on Two-Dimensional Materials: van der Waals Contacts and Raman Enhancement

Electronic devices based on two-dimensional (2D) materials will need ultraclean and defect-free van der Waals (vdW) contacts with three-dimensional (3D) metals. It is therefore important to understand how vdW metal films deposit on 2D surfaces. Here, we study the growth and nucleation of vdW metal films of indium (In) and non-vdW metal films of gold (Au), deposited on 2D MoS2 and graphene. In follows a 2D growth mode in contrast to Au that follows a 3D growth mode. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to image the morphology of metal clusters during growth and quantify the nucleation density. As compared to Au, In atoms exhibit nearly 50 times higher diffusivity (3.65 × 10-6 μm-2 s-1) and half the nucleation density (64.9 ± 2.46 μm-2), leading to larger grain sizes (∼60 nm for 5 nm In on monolayer MoS2). The grain size of In can be further increased by reducing the 2D surface roughness, while the grain size for Au is limited by its high nucleation density due to the creation of interface defects during deposition. The vdW gap between In and MoS2 and graphene leads to strong enhancement (>103) in their Raman signal intensity due to localized surface plasmon resonance. In the absence of a vdW gap, the plasmon-mediated enhancement in Raman does not occur.

Dramatically Enhanced Valley-Polarized Emission by Alloying and Electrical Tuning of Monolayer WTe2 x S2(1- x ) Alloys at Room Temperature with 1T'-WTe2 -Contact

Monolayer ternary tellurides based on alloying different transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) can result in new two-dimensional (2D) materials ranging from semiconductors to metals and superconductors with tunable optical and electrical properties. Semiconducting WTe2 x S2(1- x ) monolayer possesses two inequivalent valleys in the Brillouin zone, each valley coupling selectively with circularly polarized light (CPL). The degree of valley polarization (DVP) under the excitation of CPL represents the purity of valley polarized photoluminescence (PL), a critical parameter for opto-valleytronic applications. Here, new strategies to efficiently tailor the valley-polarized PL from semiconducting monolayer WTe2 x S2(1- x ) at room temperature (RT) through alloying and back-gating are presented. The DVP at RT is found to increase drastically from < 5% in WS2 to 40% in WTe0.12 S1.88 by Te-alloying to enhance the spin-orbit coupling. Further enhancement and control of the DVP from 40% up to 75% is demonstrated by electrostatically doping the monolayer WTe0.12 S1.88 via metallic 1T'-WTe2 electrodes, where the use of 1T'-WTe2 substantially lowers the Schottky barrier height (SBH) and weakens the Fermi-level pinning of the electrical contacts. The demonstration of drastically enhanced DVP and electrical tunability in the valley-polarized emission from 1T'-WTe2 /WTe0.12 S1.88 heterostructures paves new pathways towards harnessing valley excitons in ultrathin valleytronic devices for RT applications.

Landauer-QFLPS Model for Mixed Schottky-Ohmic Contact Two-Dimensional Transistors

Two-dimensional material-based field-effect transistors (2DM-FETs) are playing a revolutionary role in electronic devices. However, before electronic design automation (EDA) for 2DM-FETs can be achieved, it remains necessary to determine how to incorporate contact transports into model. Reported methods compromise between physical intelligibility and model compactness due to the heterojunction nature. To address this, quasi-Fermi-level phase space theory (QFLPS) is generalized to incorporate contact transports using the Landauer formula. It turns out that the Landauer-QFLPS model effectively overcomes the issue of concern. The proposed new formula can describe 2DM-FETs with Schottky or Ohmic contacts with superior accuracy and efficiency over previous methods, especially when describing non-monotonic drain conductance characteristics. A three-bit threshold inverter quantizer (TIQ) circuit is fabricated using ambipolar black phosphorus and it is demonstrated that the model accurately predicts circuit performance. The model could be very effective and valuable in the development of 2DM-FET-based integrated circuits.

The Role of Carbon in Metal-Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition-Grown MoS2 Films

Acquiring homogeneous and reproducible wafer-scale transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) films is crucial for modern electronics. Metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) offers a promising approach for scalable production and large-area integration. However, during MOCVD synthesis, extraneous carbon incorporation due to organosulfur precursor pyrolysis is a persistent concern, and the role of unintentional carbon incorporation remains elusive. Here, we report the large-scale synthesis of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) thin films, accompanied by the formation of amorphous carbon layers. Using Raman, photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), we confirm how polycrystalline MoS2 combines with extraneous amorphous carbon layers. Furthermore, by fabricating field-effect transistors (FETs) using the carbon-incorporated MoS2 films, we find that traditional n-type MoS2 can transform into p-type semiconductors owing to the incorporation of carbon, a rare occurrence among TMDC materials. This unexpected behavior expands our understanding of TMDC properties and opens up new avenues for exploring novel device applications.

Approaching Ohmic Contacts for Ideal Monolayer MoS2 Transistors Through Sulfur-Vacancy Engineering

Field-effect transistors (FETs) made of monolayer 2D semiconductors (e.g., MoS2 ) are among the basis of the future modern wafer chip industry. However, unusually high contact resistances at the metal-semiconductor interfaces have seriously limited the improvement of monolayer 2D semiconductor FETs so far. Here, a high-scale processable strategy is reported to achieve ohmic contact between the metal and monolayer MoS2 with a large number of sulfur vacancies (SVs) by using simple sulfur-vacancy engineering. Due to the successful doping of the contact regions by introducing SVs, the contact resistance of monolayer MoS2 FET is as low as 1.7 kΩ·µm. This low contact resistance enables high-performance MoS2 FETs with ultrahigh carrier mobility of 153 cm2 V-1 s-1 , a large on/off ratio of 4 × 109 , and high saturation current of 342 µA µm-1 . With the comprehensive investigation of different SV concentrations by adjusting the plasma duration, it is also demonstrated that the SV-increased electron doping, with its resulting reduced Schottky barrier, is the dominant factor driving enhanced electrical performance. The work provides a simple method to promote the development of industrialized atomically thin integrated circuits.

ZrTe2 Compound Dirac Semimetal Contacts for High-Performance MoS2 Transistors

Recent investigations reveal elemental semimetal (Bi and Sb) contacts fabricated with conventional deposition processes exhibit a remarkable capacity of approaching the quantum limit in two-dimensional (2D) semiconductor contacts, implying it might be an optimal option to solve the contact issue of 2D semiconductor electronics. Here, we demonstrate novel compound Dirac semimetal ZrTe2 contacts to MoS2 constructed by a nondestructive van der Waals (vdW) transfer process, exhibiting excellent ohmic contact characteristics with a negligible Schottky barrier. The band hybridization between ZrTe2 and MoS2 was verified. The bilayer MoS2 transistor with a 250 nm channel length on a 20 nm thick hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) exhibits an ION/IOFF current ratio over 105 and an on-state current of 259 μA μm-1. The current results reveal that 2D compound semimetals with vdW contacts can offer a diverse selection of proper semimetals with adjustable work functions for the next-generation 2D-based beyond-silicon electronics.

An unexpected interfacial Mo-rich phase in 2D molybdenum disulfide and 3D gold heterojunctions

The interface engineering of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (2D-TMDs) and metals has been regarded as a promising strategy to modulate their outstanding electrical and optoelectronic properties. Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD) is an effective strategy to regulate the contact interface between TMDs and metals via directly growing 2D TMDs on a 3D metal substrate. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanisms of interfacial phase formation and evolution during TMD growth on a metallic substrate are less known. In this work, we found a 2D non-van der Waals (vdW) Mo-rich phase (MoNSN+1) during thermal sulfidation of a Mo-Au surface alloy to molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) in a S-poor environment. Systematic atomic-scale observations reveal that the periodic Mo and S atomic layers are arranged separating from each other in the non-vdW Mo-rich phase, and the Mo-rich phase preferentially nucleates between outmost 2D MoS2 and a 3D nanostructured Au substrate which possesses copious surface steps and kinks. Theoretical calculations demonstrate that the appearance of the Mo-rich phase with a unique metallic nature causes an n-type contact interface with an ultralow transition energy barrier height. This study may help understand the formation mechanism of the interfacial second phase during the epitaxial growth of 2D-TMDs on 3D nanostructured metals, and provide a new approach to tune the Schottky barrier height by the design of the interfacial phase structure at the heterojunction.

ALD-grown two-dimensional TiSx metal contacts for MoS2 field-effect transistors

Metal contacts to MoS2 field-effect transistors (FETs) play a determinant role in the device electrical characteristics and need to be chosen carefully. Because of the Schottky barrier (SB) and the Fermi level pinning (FLP) effects that occur at the contact/MoS2 interface, MoS2 FETs often suffer from high contact resistance (Rc). One way to overcome this issue is to replace the conventional 3D bulk metal contacts with 2D counterparts. Herein, we investigate 2D metallic TiSx (x ∼ 1.8) as top contacts for MoS2 FETs. We employ atomic layer deposition (ALD) for the synthesis of both the MoS2 channels as well as the TiSx contacts and assess the electrical performance of the fabricated devices. Various thicknesses of TiSx are grown on MoS2, and the resultant devices are electrically compared to the ones with the conventional Ti metal contacts. Our findings show that the replacement of 5 nm Ti bulk contacts with only ∼1.2 nm of 2D TiSx is beneficial in improving the overall device metrics. With such ultrathin TiSx contacts, the ON-state current (ION) triples and increases to ∼35 μA μm-1. Rc also reduces by a factor of four and reaches ∼5 MΩ μm. Such performance enhancements were observed despite the SB formed at the TiSx/MoS2 interface is believed to be higher than the SB formed at the Ti/MoS2 interface. These device metric improvements could therefore be mainly associated with an increased level of electrostatic doping in MoS2, as a result of using 2D TiSx for contacting the 2D MoS2. Our findings are also well supported by TCAD device simulations.

Low Ohmic contact resistance and high on/off ratio in transition metal dichalcogenides field-effect transistors via residue-free transfer

Beyond-silicon technology demands ultrahigh performance field-effect transistors. Transition metal dichalcogenides provide an ideal material platform, but the device performances such as the contact resistance, on/off ratio and mobility are often limited by the presence of interfacial residues caused by transfer procedures. Here, we show an ideal residue-free transfer approach using polypropylene carbonate with a negligible residue coverage of ~0.08% for monolayer MoS2 at the centimetre scale. By incorporating a bismuth semimetal contact with an atomically clean monolayer MoS2 field-effect transistor on hexagonal boron nitride substrate, we obtain an ultralow Ohmic contact resistance of ~78 Ω µm, approaching the quantum limit, and a record-high on/off ratio of ~1011 at 15 K. Such an ultra-clean fabrication approach could be the ideal platform for high-performance electrical devices using large-area semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides.

Schottky barrier height engineering on MoS2 field-effect transistors using a polymer surface modifier on a contact electrode

Two-dimensional (2D) materials are highly sought after for their superior semiconducting properties, making them promising candidates for next-generation electronic and optoelectronic devices. Transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), such as molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) and tungsten diselenide (WSe₂), are promising alternative 2D materials. However, the devices based on these materials experience performance deterioration due to the formation of a Schottky barrier between metal contacts and semiconducting TMDCs. Here, we performed experiments to reduce the Schottky barrier height of MoS₂ field-effect transistors (FETs) by lowering the work function (Ф_m = E_vacuum - E_F,metal) of the contact metal. We chose polyethylenimine (PEI), a polymer containing simple aliphatic amine groups (-NH₂), as a surface modifier of the Au (Ф_Au = 5.10 eV) contact metal. PEI is a well-known surface modifier that lowers the work function of various conductors such as metals and conducting polymers. Such surface modifiers have thus far been utilized in organic-based devices, including organic light-emitting diodes, organic solar cells, and organic thin-film transistors. In this study, we used the simple PEI coating to tune the work function of the contact electrodes of MoS₂ FETs. The proposed method is rapid, easy to implement under ambient conditions, and effectively reduces the Schottky barrier height. We expect this simple and effective method to be widely used in large-area electronics and optoelectronics due to its numerous advantages.

All-Transfer Electrode Interface Engineering Toward Harsh-Environment-Resistant MoS2 Field-Effect Transistors

Nanoscale electronic devices that can work in harsh environments are in high demand for wearable, automotive, and aerospace electronics. Clean and defect-free interfaces are of vital importance for building nanoscale harsh-environment-resistant devices. However, current nanoscale devices are subject to failure in these environments, especially at defective electrode-channel interfaces. Here, harsh-environment-resistant MoS₂ transistors are developed by engineering electrode-channel interfaces with an all-transfer of van der Waals electrodes. The delivered defect-free, graphene-buffered electrodes keep the electrode-channel interfaces intact and robust. As a result, the as-fabricated MoS₂ devices have reduced Schottky barrier heights, leading to a very large on-state current and high carrier mobility. More importantly, the defect-free, hydrophobic graphene buffer layer prevents metal diffusion from the electrodes to MoS₂ and the intercalation of water molecules at the electrode-MoS₂ interfaces. This enables high resistances of MoS₂ devices with all-transfer electrodes to various harsh environments, including humid, oxidizing, and high-temperature environments, surpassing the devices with other kinds of electrodes. The work deepens the understanding of the roles of electrode-channel interfaces in nanoscale devices and provides a promising interface engineering strategy to build nanoscale harsh-environment-resistant devices.

Research Process on Photodetectors based on Group-10 Transition Metal Dichalcogenides

Rapidly evolving group-10 transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) offer remarkable electronic, optical, and mechanical properties, making them promising candidates for advanced optoelectronic applications. Compared to most TMDCs semiconductors, group-10-TMDCs possess unique structures, narrow bandgap, and influential physical properties that motivate the development of broadband photodetectors, specifically infrared photodetectors. This review presents the latest developments in the fabrication of broadband photodetectors based on conventional 2D TMDCs. It mainly focuses on the recent developments in group-10 TMDCs from the perspective of the lattice structure and synthesis techniques. Recent progress in group-10 TMDCs and their heterostructures with different dimensionality of materials-based broadband photodetectors is provided. Moreover, this review accounts for the latest applications of group-10 TMDCs in the fields of nanoelectronics and optoelectronics. Finally, conclusions and outlooks are summarized to provide perspectives for next-generation broadband photodetectors based on group-10 TMDCs.

Resolving Interface Barrier Deviation from the Schottky-Mott Rule: A Mitigation Strategy via Engineering MoS2-Metal van der Waals Contact

The Schottky barrier (SB) in the ultraclean van der Waals contact between two-dimensional (2D) MoS₂ and three-dimensional (3D) indium (In) strikingly deviates from the Schottky-Mott limit (SML). Herein, on the basis of first-principles calculation, the origin of the SB deviation is brought to bear, as well as a strategy for mitigating the SB deviation. In light of the good agreement between the SB and the corrected SB by interface potential difference (ΔV) and Fermi -level shift (ΔE_F) based on the SML, the SB deviation is attributed to the combined effects of ΔV and ΔE_F. Furthermore, when a Au, Sc, or Ti thin film is coated on the back side of In, the SB deviation and the sum of ΔV and ΔE_F decrease similarly. Importantly, in the Ti coating situation, the SB is reduced to 0.12 eV, notably smaller than the value of 0.30 eV in the Au coating case. This interface engineering can be generalized to regulate the SB between a 2D semiconductor and a 3D alloy.

Modifying the Power and Performance of 2-Dimensional MoS2 Field Effect Transistors

Over the past 60 years, the semiconductor industry has been the core driver for the development of information technology, contributing to the birth of integrated circuits, Internet, artificial intelligence, and Internet of Things. Semiconductor technology has been evolving in structure and material with co-optimization of performance-power-area-cost until the state-of-the-art sub-5-nm node. Two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors are recognized by the industry and academia as a hopeful solution to break through the quantum confinement for the future technology nodes. In the recent 10 years, the key issues on 2D semiconductors regarding material, processing, and integration have been overcome in sequence, making 2D semiconductors already on the verge of application. In this paper, the evolution of transistors is reviewed by outlining the potential of 2D semiconductors as a technological option beyond the scaled metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors. We mainly focus on the optimization strategies of mobility (μ), equivalent oxide thickness (EOT), and contact resistance (R_C ), which enables high ON current (I_on ) with reduced driving voltage (V_dd ). Finally, we prospect the semiconductor technology roadmap by summarizing the technological development of 2D semiconductors over the past decade.

Improvement of Visible Photodetection of Chemical Vapor Deposition-Grown MoS2 Devices via Graphene/Au Contacts

Two-dimensional (2D) molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) is a promising material for constructing high-performance visible photosensor arrays because of its high mobility and scale-up process. These distinct properties enable the construction of practical optoelectrical sensor arrays. However, contact engineering for MoS₂ films is not still optimized. In this work, we inserted a graphene interlayer between the MoS₂ films and Au contacts (graphene/Au) via the wet-transfer method to boost the device performance. Using graphene/Au contacts, outstanding electrical properties, namely field-effect mobility of 12.06 cm²/V∙s, on/off current ratio of 1.0 × 10⁷, and responsivity of 610 A/W under illumination at 640 nm, were achieved. These favorable results were from the Fermi-level depinning effect induced by the graphene interlayer. Our results may help to construct large-area photonic sensor arrays based on 2D materials.

The Trend of 2D Transistors toward Integrated Circuits: Scaling Down and New Mechanisms

2D transition metal chalcogenide (TMDC) materials, such as MoS₂ , have recently attracted considerable research interest in the context of their use in ultrascaled devices owing to their excellent electronic properties. Microprocessors and neural network circuits based on MoS₂ have been developed at a large scale but still do not have an advantage over silicon in terms of their integrated density. In this study, the current structures, contact engineering, and doping methods for 2D TMDC materials for the scaling-down process and performance optimization are reviewed. Devices are introduced according to a new mechanism to provide the comprehensive prospects for the use of MoS₂ beyond the traditional complementary-metal-oxide semiconductor in order to summarize obstacles to the goal of developing high-density and low-power integrated circuits (ICs). Finally, prospects for the use of MoS₂ in large-scale ICs from the perspectives of the material, system performance, and application to nonlogic functionalities such as sensor circuits and analogous circuits, are briefly analyzed. The latter issue is along the direction of "more than Moore" research.

High-Speed Transition-Metal Dichalcogenides Based Schottky Photodiodes for Visible and Infrared Light Communication

Due to their atomically ultrathin thickness, the development of high-performance transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) based photodetectors demands device designs distinct from architectures adopted in conventional bulk semiconductor devices. Here, we demonstrate a field-induced Schottky barrier photodiode with three different TMDC materials, WSe₂, MoTe₂, and WS₂. Owing to the high gate efficiency of a high-κ dielectric film, the Schottky barrier at metal contacts is effectively modulated by external bias, giving rise to a strong diode-like rectifying characteristic with high current on/off ratio. The WSe₂ photodiode shows a linear dynamic range of 112 dB, a responsivity of 0.17 A/W, and response time of 8 ns. When this fast WSe₂ device is employed for visible light communication data linking, a maximum real-time data transmission rate of 110 Mbps is achieved. Meanwhile, infrared light communication was also realized with a maximum data rate of 30 Mbps using a field-induced MoTe₂ Schottky barrier photodiode as a light sensor. This work provides a general CMOS-compatible and controllable fabrication strategy for TMDC-based photodetectors.

Challenges and Opportunities of Chemiresistors Based on Microelectromechanical Systems for Chemical Olfaction

Microelectromechanical-system (MEMS)-based semiconductor gas sensors are considered one of the fastest-growing, interdisciplinary high technologies during the post-Moore era. Modern advancements within this arena include wearable electronics, Internet of Things, and artificial brain-inspired intelligence, among other modalities, thus bringing opportunities to drive MEMS-based gas sensors with higher performance, lower costs, and wider applicability. However, the high demand for miniature and micropower sensors with unified processes on a single chip imposes great challenges. This review focuses on recent developments and pitfalls in MEMS-based micro- and nanoscale gas sensors and details future trends. We also cover the background of the topic, seminal efforts, current applications and challenges, and opportunities for next-generation systems.

Azide-functionalized ligand enabling organic–inorganic hybrid dielectric for high-performance solution-processed oxide transistors

We propose a highly efficient crosslinking strategy for organic–inorganic hybrid dielectric layers using azide-functionalized acetylacetonate, which covalently connect inorganic particles to polymers, enabling highly efficient inter- and intra-crosslinking of organic and inorganic inclusions, resulting in a dense and defect-free thin-film morphology. From the optimized processing conditions, we obtained an excellent dielectric strength of over 4.0 MV cm⁻¹, a high dielectric constant of ~14, and a low surface energy of 38 mN m⁻¹. We demonstrated the fabrication of exceptionally high-performance, hysteresis-free n-type solution-processed oxide transistors comprising an In₂O₃/ZnO double layer as an active channel with an electron mobility of over 50 cm² V⁻¹ s⁻¹, on/off ratio of ~10⁷, subthreshold swing of 108 mV dec⁻¹, and high bias-stress stability. From temperature-dependent I–V analyses combined with charge transport mechanism analyses, we demonstrated that the proposed hybrid dielectric layer provides percolation-limited charge transport for the In₂O₃/ZnO double layer under field-effect conditions.

Low cost and low power consumption of transistors are needed for the development of internet of things. Here Chung et al. develop a high performance n-type oxide thin film transistor by introducing a ligand for crosslinking nanoparticles and polymers, obtaining a near-ideal hybrid dielectric layer.

Low-Power Complementary Inverter Based on Graphene/Carbon-Nanotube and Graphene/MoS2 Barristors

The recent report of a p-type graphene(Gr)/carbon-nanotube(CNT) barristor facilitates the application of graphene barristors in the fabrication of complementary logic devices. Here, a complementary inverter is presented that combines a p-type Gr/CNT barristor with a n-type Gr/MoS2 barristor, and its characteristics are reported. A sub-nW (~0.2 nW) low-power inverter is demonstrated with a moderate gain of 2.5 at an equivalent oxide thickness (EOT) of ~15 nm. Compared to inverters based on field-effect transistors, the sub-nW power consumption was achieved at a much larger EOT, which was attributed to the excellent switching characteristics of Gr barristors.

Facile one-pot iodine gas phase doping on 2D MoS2/CuS FET at room temperature

Electronic devices composed of semiconducting two-dimensional (2D) materials and ultrathin 2D metallic electrode materials, accompanying synergistic interactions and extraordinary properties, are becoming highly promising for future flexible and transparent electronic and optoelectronic device applications. Unlike devices with bulk metal electrode and 2D channel materials, devices with ultrathin 2D electrode and 2D channel are susceptible to chemical reactions in both channel and electrode surface due to the high surface to volume ratio of the 2D structures. However, so far, the effect of doping was primary concerned on the channel component, and there is lack of understanding in terms of how to modulate electrical properties of devices by engineering electrical properties of both the metallic electrode and the semiconducting channel. Here, we propose the novel, one-pot doping of the field-effect transistor (FET) based on 2D molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) channel and ultrathin copper sulfide (CuS) electrodes under mild iodine gas environment at room temperature, which simultaneously modulates electrical properties of the 2D MoS₂channel and 2D CuS electrode in a facile and cost-effective way. After one-pot iodine doping, effective p-type doping of the channel and electrode was observed, which was shown through decreased off current level, improvedI_on/I_offratio and subthreshold swing value. Our results open up possibility for effectively and conveniently modulating electrical properties of FETs made of various 2D semiconductors and ultrathin contact materials without causing any detrimental damage.

Statistical Assessment of High-Performance Scaled Double-Gate Transistors from Monolayer WS2

Scaling of monolayer transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) field-effect transistors (FETs) is an important step toward evaluating the application space of TMD materials. Although some work on ultrashort channel monolayer (ML) TMD FETs has been published, there exist no comprehensive studies that assess their performance in a statistically relevant manner, providing critical insights into the impact of the device geometry. Part of the reason for the absence of such a study is the substantial variability of TMD devices when processes are not carefully controlled. In this work, we show a statistical study of ultrashort channel double-gated ML WS₂ FETs exhibiting excellent device performance and limited device-to-device variations. From a detailed analysis of cross-sectional scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) images and careful technology computer aided design (TCAD) simulations, we evaluated, in particular, an unexpected deterioration of the subthreshold characteristics for our shortest devices. Two potential candidates for the observed behavior were identified, i.e., buckling of the TMD on the substrate and loss of gate control due to the source geometry and the high-k dielectric between the metal gate and the metal source electrode.

Recent Progress in 1D Contacts for 2D-Material-Based Devices

Recent studies have intensively examined 2D materials (2DMs) as promising materials for use in future quantum devices due to their atomic thinness. However, a major limitation occurs when 2DMs are in contact with metals: a van der Waals (vdW) gap is generated at the 2DM-metal interfaces, which induces metal-induced gap states that are responsible for an uncontrollable Schottky barrier (SB), Fermi-level pinning (FLP), and high contact resistance (R_C ), thereby substantially lowering the electronic mobility of 2DM-based devices. Here, vdW-gap-free 1D edge contact is reviewed for use in 2D devices with substantially suppressed carrier scattering of 2DMs with hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) encapsulation. The 1D contact further enables uniform carrier transport across multilayered 2DM channels, high-density transistor integration independent of scaling, and the fabrication of double-gate transistors suitable for demonstrating unique quantum phenomena of 2DMs. The existing 1D contact methods are reviewed first. As a promising technology toward the large-scale production of 2D devices, seamless lateral contacts are reviewed in detail. The electronic, optoelectronic, and quantum devices developed via 1D contacts are subsequently discussed. Finally, the challenges regarding the reliability of 1D contacts are addressed, followed by an outlook of 1D contact methods.

Atomic transistors based on seamless lateral metal-semiconductor junctions with a sub-1-nm transfer length

The edge-to-edge connected metal-semiconductor junction (MSJ) for two-dimensional (2D) transistors has the potential to reduce the contact length while improving the performance of the devices. However, typical 2D materials are thermally and chemically unstable, which impedes the reproducible achievement of high-quality edge contacts. Here we present a scalable synthetic strategy to fabricate low-resistance edge contacts to atomic transistors using a thermally stable 2D metal, PtTe₂. The use of PtTe₂ as an epitaxial template enables the lateral growth of monolayer MoS₂ to achieve a PtTe₂-MoS₂ MSJ with the thinnest possible, seamless atomic interface. The synthesized lateral heterojunction enables the reduced dimensions of Schottky barriers and enhanced carrier injection compared to counterparts composed of a vertical 3D metal contact. Furthermore, facile position-selected growth of PtTe₂-MoS₂ MSJ arrays using conventional lithography can facilitate the design of device layouts with high processability, while providing low contact resistivity and ultrashort transfer length on wafer scales.

All-van-der-Waals Barrier-Free Contacts for High-Mobility Transistors

Ultrathin 2D semiconductor devices are considered to have beyond-silicon potential but are severely troubled by the high Schottky barriers of the metal-semiconductor contacts, especially for p-type semiconductors. Due to the severe Fermi-level pinning effect and the lack of conventional semimetals with high work functions, their Schottky hole barriers are hardly removed. Here, an all-van-der-Waals barrier-free hole contact between p-type tellurene semiconductor and layered 1T'-WS₂ semimetal is reported, which achieves a zero Schottky barrier height of 3 ± 9 meV and a high field-effect mobility of ≈1304 cm² V^-1 s^-1 . The formation of such contacts can be attributed to the higher work function of ≈4.95 eV of the 1T'-WS₂ semimetal, which is in sharp contrast with low work function (4.1-4.7 eV) of conventional semimetals. The study defines an available strategy for eliminating the Schottky barrier of metal-semiconductor contacts, facilitating 2D-semiconductor-based electronics and optoelectronics to extend Moore's law.

Influence of metal-semiconductor junction on the performances of mixed-dimensional MoS2/Ge heterostructure avalanche photodetector

The two-dimensional/three-dimensional van der Waals heterostructures provide novel optoelectronic properties for the next-generation of information devices. Herein, MoS₂/Ge heterojunction avalanche photodetectors are readily obtained. The device with an Ag electrode at MoS₂ side exhibits more stable rectification characteristics than that with an Au electrode. The rectification radio greater than 10³ and a significant avalanche breakdown are observed in the device. The responsivity of 170 and 4 A/W and the maximum gain of 320 and 13 are obtained under 532 and 1550 nm illumination, respectively. Such photoelectric properties are attributed to the carrier multiplication at a Ge/MoS₂ junction due to an avalanche breakdown. The mechanism is confirmed by the Sentaurus TCAD-simulated I-V characteristics.

Reducing Contact Resistance and Boosting Device Performance of Monolayer MoS2 by In Situ Fe Doping

2D semiconductors are emerging as plausible candidates for next-generation "More-than-Moore" nanoelectronics to tackle the scaling challenge of transistors. Wafer-scale 2D semiconductors, such as MoS₂ and WS₂ , have been successfully synthesized recently; nevertheless, the absence of effective doping technology fundamentally results in energy barriers and high contact resistances at the metal-semiconductor interfaces, and thus restrict their practical applications. Herein, a controllable doping strategy in centimeter-sized monolayer MoS₂ films is developed to address this critical issue and boost the device performance. The ultralow contact resistance and perfect Ohmic contact with metal electrodes are uncovered in monolayer Fe-doped MoS₂ , which deliver excellent device performance featured with ultrahigh electron mobility and outstanding on/off current ratio. Impurity scattering is suppressed significantly thanks to the ultralow electron effective mass and appropriate doping site. Particularly, unidirectionally aligned monolayer Fe-doped MoS₂ domains are prepared on 2 in. commercial c-plane sapphire, suggesting the feasibility of synthesizing wafer-scale 2D single-crystal semiconductors with outstanding device performance. This work presents the potential of high-performance monolayer transistors and enables further device downscaling and extension of Moore's law.

Electronic Tuning in WSe2/Au via van der Waals Interface Twisting and Intercalation

The transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD)-metal interfaces constitute an active part of TMD-based electronic devices with optimized performances. Despite their decisive role, current strategies for nanoscale electronic tuning remain limited. Here, we demonstrate electronic tuning in the WSe₂/Au interface by twist engineering, capable of modulating the WSe₂ carrier doping from an intrinsic p-type to n-type. Scanning tunneling microscope/spectroscopy gives direct evidence of enhanced interfacial interaction induced doping in WSe₂ as the twist angle with respect to the topmost (100) lattice of gold changing from 15 to 0°. Taking advantage of the strong coupling interface achieved this way, we have moved a step further to realize an n-p-n-type WSe₂ homojunction. The intrinsic doping of WSe₂ can be recovered by germanium intercalation. Density functional theory calculations confirm that twist angle and intercalation-dependent charge transfer related doping are involved in our observations. Our work offers ways for electronically tuning the metal-2D semiconductor interface.

Asymmetric Chemical Functionalization of Top-Contact Electrodes: Tuning the Charge Injection for High-Performance MoS2 Field-Effect Transistors and Schottky Diodes

The fabrication of high-performance (opto-)electronic devices based on 2D channel materials requires the optimization of the charge injection at electrode-semiconductor interfaces. While chemical functionalization with chemisorbed self-assembled monolayers has been extensively exploited to adjust the work function of metallic electrodes in bottom-contact devices, such a strategy has not been demonstrated for the top-contact configuration, despite the latter being known to offer enhanced charge-injection characteristics. Here, a novel contact engineering method is developed to functionalize gold electrodes in top-contact field-effect transistors (FETs) via the transfer of chemically pre-modified electrodes. The source and drain Au electrodes of the molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂ ) FETs are functionalized with thiolated molecules possessing different dipole moments. While the modification of the electrodes with electron-donating molecules yields a marked improvement of device performance, the asymmetric functionalization of the source and drain electrodes with different molecules with opposed dipole moment enables the fabrication of a high-performance Schottky diode with a rectification ratio of ≈10³ . This unprecedented strategy to tune the charge injection in top-contact MoS₂ FETs is of general applicability for the fabrication of high-performance (opto-)electronic devices, in which asymmetric charge injection is required, enabling tailoring of the device characteristics on demand.

Vertical 1D/2D Heterojunction Architectures for Self-Powered Photodetection Application: GaN Nanorods Grown on Transition Metal Dichalcogenides

Van der Waals (vdW) heterojunctions based on two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) materials have attracted the attention of researchers to conduct fundamental investigations on emerging physical phenomena and expanding diverse nano-optoelectronic devices. Herein, the quasi-van der Waals epitaxial (QvdWE) growth of vertically aligned one-dimensional (1D) GaN nanorod arrays (NRAs) on TMDs/Si substrates is reported, and their vdW heterojunctions in the applications of high-performance self-powered photodetection are demonstrated accordingly. Such 1D/2D hybrid systems fully combine the advantages of the strong light absorption of 1D GaN nanoarrays and the excellent electrical properties of 2D TMD materials, boosting the photogenerated current density, which demonstrates a light on/off ratio above 10⁵. The device exhibits a competitive photovoltaic photoresponsivity over 10 A W^-1 under a weak detectable light signal without any external bias, which is attributed to the efficient photogenerated charge separation under the strong built-in potential from the type-II band alignment of GaN NRAs/TMDs. This work presents a QvdWE route to prepare 1D/2D heterostructures for the fabrication of self-powered photodetectors, which shows promising potentials for practical applications of space communications, sensing networks, and environmental monitoring.

Layer-by-Layer Growth of AA-Stacking MoS2 for Tunable Broadband Phototransistors

The stacking configuration has been considered as an important additional degree of freedom to tune the physical property of layered materials, such as superconductivity and interlayer excitons. However, the facile growth of highly uniform stacking configuration is still a challenge. Herein, the AA-stacking MoS₂ domains with a ratio up to 99.5% has been grown by using the modified chemical vapor deposition through introducing NaCl molecules in the confined space. By tuning the growth time, MoS₂ domains would transit from an AA-stacking bilayer to an AAAAA-stacking five-layer. The epitaxial growth mechanism has been insightfully studied, revealing that the critical nucleation size of the AA-stacking bilayer is 5.0 ± 3.0 μm. Through investigation of the photoluminescence, the photoemission, especially the indirect photoexcitation, is dependent on both the stacking fashion and layer number. Furthermore, by studying the gate-tuned MoS₂ phototransistors, we found a significant dependence on the stacking configuration of MoS₂ of the photoexcitation and a different gate tunable photoresponse. The AAA-stacking trilayer MoS₂ phototransistor delivers a photoresponse of 978.14 A W^-1 at 550 nm. By correction of the external quantum efficiency with external field and illumination power density, it has been found that the photoresponse tunability is dependent on the layer number due to the strong photogating effect. This strategy provides a general avenue for the epitaxial growth of van der Waals film which will further facilitate the applications in a tunable photodetector.

Status and prospects of Ohmic contacts on two-dimensional semiconductors

In recent years, two-dimensional materials have received more and more attention in the development of semiconductor devices, and their practical applications in optoelectronic devices have also developed rapidly. However, there are still some factors that limit the performance of two-dimensional semiconductor material devices, and one of the most important is Ohmic contact. Here, we elaborate on a variety of approaches to achieve Ohmic contacts on two-dimensional materials and reveal their physical mechanisms. For the work function mismatch problem, we summarize the comparison of barrier heights between different metals and 2D semiconductors. We also examine different methods to solve the problem of Fermi level pinning. For the novel 2D metal-semiconductor contact methods, we analyse their effects on reducing contact resistance from two different perspectives: homojunction and heterojunction. Finally, the challenges of 2D semiconductors in achieving Ohmic contacts are outlined.

Gradual Edge Contact between Mo and MoS2 Formed by Graphene-Masked Sulfurization for High-Performance Field-Effect Transistors

Two-dimensional materials have attracted great attention for their outstanding electronic properties. In particular, molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) shows great potential as a next-generation semiconductor due to its tunable direct bandgap with a high on-off ratio and extraordinary stability. However, the performance of MoS₂ synthesized by physical vapor deposition has been limited by contact resistance between an electrode and MoS₂, which determines overall device characteristics. Here, in order to reduce the contact resistance, we use in situ sulfurization of Mo by H₂S gas treatment masked by a patterned graphene gas barrier, so that the Mo channel area can be selectively formed, resulting in a gradual edge contact between Mo and MoS₂. Compared with field-effect transistors with a top contact between the Au/Ti electrode and the MoS₂ channel, a gradual edge contact between the Mo electrode and the MoS₂ channel provides a considerably enhanced electrical performance.

Bidirectional doping of two-dimensional thin-layer transition metal dichalcogenides using soft ammonia plasma

Because of suitable band gap and high mobility, two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) materials are promising in future microelectronic devices. However, controllable p-type and n-type doping of TMDs is still a challenge. Herein, we develop a soft plasma doping concept and demonstrate both n-type and p-type doping for TMDs including MoS₂ and WS₂ through adjusting the plasma working parameters. In particular, p-type doping of MoS₂ can be realized when the radio frequency (RF) power is relatively small and the processing time is short: the off-state current increases from ∼10^-10 A to ∼10^-8 A, the threshold voltage is positively shifted from -26.2 V to 8.3 V, and the mobility increases from 7.05 cm² V^-1 s^-1 to 16.52 cm² V^-1 s^-1. Under a relatively large RF power and long processing time, n-type doping was realized for MoS₂: the threshold voltage was negatively shifted from 6.8 V to -13.3 V and the mobility is reduced from 10.32 cm² V^-1 s^-1 to 3.2 cm² V^-1 s^-1. For the former, suitable plasma treatment can promote the substitution of N elements for S vacancies and lead to p-type doping, thus reducing the defect density and increasing the mobility value. For the latter, due to excessive plasma treatment, more S vacancies will be produced, leading to heavier n-type doping as well as a decrease in mobility. We confirm the results by systematically analyzing the optical, compositional, thickness and structural characteristics of the samples before and after such soft plasma treatments via Raman, photoluminescence (PL), atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurements. Due to its nondestructive and expandable nature and compatibility with the current microelectronics industry, this potentially generic method may be used as a reliable technology for the development of diverse and functional TMD-based devices.

High Quantum Efficiency and Broadband Photodetector Based on Graphene/Silicon Nanometer Truncated Cone Arrays

Light loss is one of the main factors affecting the quantum efficiency of photodetectors. Many researchers have attempted to use various methods to improve the quantum efficiency of silicon-based photodetectors. Herein, we designed highly anti-reflective silicon nanometer truncated cone arrays (Si NTCAs) as a light-trapping layer in combination with graphene to construct a high-performance graphene/Si NTCAs photodetector. This heterojunction structure overcomes the weak light absorption and severe surface recombination in traditional silicon-based photodetectors. At the same time, graphene can be used both as a broad-spectrum absorption layer and as a transparent electrode to improve the response speed of heterojunction devices. Due to these two mechanisms, this photodetector had a high quantum efficiency of 97% at a wavelength of 780 nm and a short rise/fall time of 60/105µs. This device design promotes the development of silicon-based photodetectors and provides new possibilities for integrated photoelectric systems.

Fabrication of Large-Area Molybdenum Disulfide Device Arrays Using Graphene/Ti Contacts

Two-dimensional (2D) molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) is the most mature material in 2D material fields owing to its relatively high mobility and scalability. Such noticeable properties enable it to realize practical electronic and optoelectronic applications. However, contact engineering for large-area MoS₂ films has not yet been established, although contact property is directly associated to the device performance. Herein, we introduce graphene-interlayered Ti contacts (graphene/Ti) into large-area MoS₂ device arrays using a wet-transfer method. We achieve MoS₂ devices with superior electrical and photoelectrical properties using graphene/Ti contacts, with a field-effect mobility of 18.3 cm²/V∙s, on/off current ratio of 3 × 10⁷, responsivity of 850 A/W, and detectivity of 2 × 10¹² Jones. This outstanding performance is attributable to a reduction in the Schottky barrier height of the resultant devices, which arises from the decreased work function of graphene induced by the charge transfer from Ti. Our research offers a direction toward large-scale electronic and optoelectronic applications based on 2D materials.

Photocatalytic degradation of ranitidine and reduction of nitrosamine dimethylamine formation potential over MXene-Ti3C2/MoS2 under visible light irradiation

Photocatalysis is an effective method to degrade ranitidine (RAN), which is a typical precursor of nitrosamine dimethylamine (NDMA), an extremely potent human carcinogen. Herein, MXene-Ti₃C₂/MoS₂ composites were prepared by a hydrothermal treatment aiming to use them for the photocatalytic degradation of RAN and the reduction of NDMA formation potential (NDMA-FP) under visible light irradiation for the first time. The analysis of the morphology, chemical composition and structure of these composites as well as the results of electrochemical experiments showed that a heterojunction was formed between MoS₂ and Ti₃C₂, which facilitated the separation of electron-hole pairs and charge transfer, and thereby the photocatalytic performance. The MXene-Ti₃C₂/MoS₂ composite (MT-4) exhibited the best photocatalytic performance in 60 min, with the highest RAN degradation and mineralization efficiencies of 88.4% and 73.58%, and the lowest NDMA-FP of 2.01%. Active species, including •O₂^- radicals, h⁺ and •OH radicals, all contributed to the degradation of RAN, among which •OH radicals were the main active species involved in the photocatalytic activity. The mechanism of the photocatalytic degradation of RAN over MXene-Ti₃C₂/MoS₂ photocatalyst under visible light irradiation was proposed. This work opens up a new perspective on the applications of MXene-based materials for photocatalytic degradation of challenging pollutants.

Ultralow contact resistance between semimetal and monolayer semiconductors

Advanced beyond-silicon electronic technology requires both channel materials and also ultralow-resistance contacts to be discovered^1,2. Atomically thin two-dimensional semiconductors have great potential for realizing high-performance electronic devices^1,3. However, owing to metal-induced gap states (MIGS)^4-7, energy barriers at the metal-semiconductor interface-which fundamentally lead to high contact resistance and poor current-delivery capability-have constrained the improvement of two-dimensional semiconductor transistors so far^2,8,9. Here we report ohmic contact between semimetallic bismuth and semiconducting monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) where the MIGS are sufficiently suppressed and degenerate states in the TMD are spontaneously formed in contact with bismuth. Through this approach, we achieve zero Schottky barrier height, a contact resistance of 123 ohm micrometres and an on-state current density of 1,135 microamps per micrometre on monolayer MoS₂; these two values are, to the best of our knowledge, the lowest and highest yet recorded, respectively. We also demonstrate that excellent ohmic contacts can be formed on various monolayer semiconductors, including MoS₂, WS₂ and WSe₂. Our reported contact resistances are a substantial improvement for two-dimensional semiconductors, and approach the quantum limit. This technology unveils the potential of high-performance monolayer transistors that are on par with state-of-the-art three-dimensional semiconductors, enabling further device downscaling and extending Moore's law.

Dramatic Reduction of Contact Resistance via Ultrathin LiF in Two-Dimensional MoS2 Field Effect Transistors

Molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) has been regarded as one of the most important n-type two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenide semiconductors for nanoscale electron devices. Relatively high contact resistance (R_C) remains as an issue in the 2D-devices yet to be resolved. Reliable technique is very compelling to practically produce low R_C values in device electronics, although scientific approaches have been made to obtain a record-low R_C. To resolve this practical issue, we here use thermal-evaporated ultrathin LiF between channel and source/drain metal to fabricate 2D-like MoS₂ field effect transistors (FETs) with minimum R_C. Under 4-bar FET method, R_C less than ∼600 Ω·μm is achieved from the LiF/Au contact MoS₂ FET. Our normal 2-bar FET with LiF thus shows the same mobility as that of 4-bar FET that should have no R_C in principle. On the basis of these results, ultrathin LiF is also applied for transparent conducting oxide contact, successfully enabling transparent MoS₂ FETs.