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Song F, Zheng D, Feng J, Liu J, Ye T, Li Z, Wang K, Liu SF, Yang D. Mechanical Durability and Flexibility in Perovskite Photovoltaics: Advancements and Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2312041. [PMID: 38219020 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202312041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
The remarkable progress in perovskite solar cell (PSC) technology has witnessed a remarkable leap in efficiency within the past decade. As this technology continues to mature, flexible PSCs (F-PSCs) are emerging as pivotal components for a wide array of applications, spanning from powering portable electronics and wearable devices to integrating seamlessly into electronic textiles and large-scale industrial roofing. F-PSCs characterized by their lightweight, mechanical flexibility, and adaptability for cost-effective roll-to-roll manufacturing, hold immense commercial potential. However, the persistent concerns regarding the overall stability and mechanical robustness of these devices loom large. This comprehensive review delves into recent strides made in enhancing the mechanical stability of F-PSCs. It covers a spectrum of crucial aspects, encompassing perovskite material optimization, precise crystal grain regulation, film quality enhancement, strategic interface engineering, innovational developed flexible transparent electrodes, judicious substrate selection, and the integration of various functional layers. By collating and analyzing these dedicated research endeavors, this review illuminates the current landscape of progress in addressing the challenges surrounding mechanical stability. Furthermore, it provides valuable insights into the persistent obstacles and bottlenecks that demand attention and innovative solutions in the field of F-PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Song
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Dexu Zheng
- China National Nuclear Power Co., Ltd., Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Jiangshan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Jishuang Liu
- China National Nuclear Power Co., Ltd., Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Tao Ye
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Zhipeng Li
- China National Nuclear Power Co., Ltd., Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Huanjiang Laboratory, School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Zhejiang University, Zhuji, 311800, China
| | - Shengzhong Frank Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Dong Yang
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Duc TV, Nguyen VC, Kim HC. Analysis of the characteristics of silver nanowires (AgNW) random network for transparent heater applications. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 35:285705. [PMID: 38412533 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad2d7c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Transparent heaters (THs) find widespread application in various indoor and outdoor settings, such as LCD panels and motorcycle helmet visors. Among the materials used for efficient TH performance, the AgNW network stands out due to its high conductivity, substantial transmittance, and minimal solution requirement. Extensive research has been directed towards enhancing AgNW characteristics, focusing on smaller diameters and longer wires. In TH applications, the primary considerations include a rapid response and elevated temperature. Consequently, this research delves into investigating the impact of parameters like diameter, length, and density on random AgNW networks under varying applied voltages. The finite element method is employed for analyzing temperature changes in response to voltage application, particularly in scenarios involving small-scale setups with high-density and high-percolation AgNW networks. The results reveal a significant increase in the thermal transition rate, ranging from 28% to 36%, with varying densities in the random network. Within the same density, the AgNW network with larger diameters and lengths demonstrates the highest temperatures, aligning with previous calculations. Furthermore, a trade-off exists between optical properties in smaller diameters and electrical properties in larger diameters within a relatively narrow temperature range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thinh-Vuong Duc
- Department of Future Automotive Engineering, Kongju National University, 1223-24(#7-205), Cheonandaero, Seobuk-Gu, Cheonan-Si, Chungnam 31080, Republic of Korea
| | - Van-Cuong Nguyen
- Department of Nanoscience and Engineering, Inje University, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae-si, Gyeongsangnamdo 621-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Huyn-Chul Kim
- Department of Future Automotive Engineering, Kongju National University, 1223-24(#7-205), Cheonandaero, Seobuk-Gu, Cheonan-Si, Chungnam 31080, Republic of Korea
- Green Car Technology Research Center, Hydrogen Energy Human Resources Development Group, Kongju National University, Republic of Korea
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3
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Kim JJ, Shuji K, Zheng J, He X, Sajjad A, Zhang H, Su H, Choy WCH. Tri-system integration in metal-oxide nanocomposites via in-situ solution-processed method for ultrathin flexible transparent electrodes. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2070. [PMID: 38453936 PMCID: PMC10920808 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46243-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
For stable operation of ultrathin flexible transparent electrodes (uFTEs), it is critical to implement effective risk management during concurrent multi-loading operation of electrical bias and mechanical folding cycles in high-humidity environments. Despite extensive efforts in preparing solution-processed uFTEs with cost-effective and high-throughput means, achieving in-situ nano-adhesion in heterogeneous metal-oxide nanocomposites remains challenging. In this work, we observed by serendipity liquid-like behaviour of transparent metal-oxide-semiconductor zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) onto silver nanowires (AgNWs) developed by in-situ solution processed method (iSPM). This enabled us to address the long-standing issue of vulnerability in the nanocomposite caused by the interface of dissimilar materials between AgNWs and ZnONPs, resulting in a remarkably improved multi-loading operation. Importantly, substrate-integrated uFTEs constituted of the metal-oxide nanocomposite electrode semi-embedded in the polymer matrix of greatly thin <0.5 μm thickness is successfully demonstrated with the smooth surface topography, promoted by the tri-system integration including (i) AgNW-AgNW, (ii) ZnONP-ZnONP, and (iii) AgNW-ZnONP systems. Our finding unveils the complex interfacial dynamics associated with the heterogeneous interface system between AgNWs and ZnONPs and holds great promise in understanding the in-situ nano-adhesion process and increasing the design flexibility of next generation solution-processed uFTEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Jinwook Kim
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kojima Shuji
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jiawei Zheng
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xinjun He
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ahmad Sajjad
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Science and Technology, Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Intelligent Optoelectronics and Perception, Institute of Optoelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Haibin Su
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Wallace C H Choy
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China.
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Khan A, Faceira B, Bardet L, Sanchez-Velasquez C, Nayak SS, Jiménez C, Muñoz-Rojas D, Rougier A, Bellet D. Silver Nanowire-Based Transparent Electrodes for V 2O 5 Thin Films with Electrochromic Properties. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:10439-10449. [PMID: 38380672 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c14419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
The development of electrochromic systems, known for the modulation of their optical properties under an applied voltage, depends on the replacement of the state-of-the-art ITO (In2O3:Sn) transparent electrode (TE) as well as the improvement of electrochromic films. This study presents an innovative ITO-free electrochromic film architecture utilizing oxide-coated silver nanowire (AgNW) networks as a TE and V2O5 as an electrochromic oxide layer. The TE was prepared by simple spray deposition of AgNWs that allowed for tuning different densities of the network and hence the resistance and transparency of the film. The conformal oxide coating (SnO2 or ZnO) on AgNWs was deposited by atmospheric-pressure spatial atomic layer deposition, an open-air fast and scalable process yielding a highly stable electrode. V2O5 thin films were then deposited by radio frequency magnetron sputtering on the AgNW-based TE. Independent of the oxide's nature, a 20 nm protective layer thickness was insufficient to prevent the deterioration of the AgNW network during V2O5 deposition. On the contrary, crystalline V2O5 films were grown on 30 nm thick ZnO or SnO2-coated AgNWs, exhibiting a typical orange color. Electrochromic characterization demonstrated that only V2O5 films deposited on 30 nm thick SnO2-coated AgNW showed characteristic oxidation-reduction peaks in the Li+-based liquid electrolyte associated with a reversible orange-to-blue color switch for at least 500 cycles. The electrochromic key properties of AgNW/SnO2 (30 nm)/V2O5 films are discussed in terms of structural and morphological changes due to the AgNW network and the nature and thickness of the two protective oxide coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambreen Khan
- CNRS, Grenoble INP, LMGP, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
- CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ICMCB, UMR 5026, Univ. Bordeaux, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Brandon Faceira
- CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ICMCB, UMR 5026, Univ. Bordeaux, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Laetitia Bardet
- CNRS, Grenoble INP, LMGP, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Suraj S Nayak
- CNRS, Grenoble INP, LMGP, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
- CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ICMCB, UMR 5026, Univ. Bordeaux, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Carmen Jiménez
- CNRS, Grenoble INP, LMGP, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - David Muñoz-Rojas
- CNRS, Grenoble INP, LMGP, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Aline Rougier
- CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ICMCB, UMR 5026, Univ. Bordeaux, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Daniel Bellet
- CNRS, Grenoble INP, LMGP, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
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Bardet L, Roussel H, Saroglia S, Akbari M, Muñoz-Rojas D, Jiménez C, Denneulin A, Bellet D. Exploring the degradation of silver nanowire networks under thermal stress by coupling in situ X-ray diffraction and electrical resistance measurements. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:564-579. [PMID: 38099744 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr02663a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
The thermal instability of silver nanowires (AgNWs) leads to a significant increase of the electrical resistance of AgNW networks. A better understanding of the relationship between the structural and electrical properties of AgNW networks is primordial for their efficient integration as transparent electrodes (TEs) for next-generation flexible optoelectronics. Herein, we investigate the in situ evolution of the main crystallographic parameters (i.e. integrated intensity, interplanar spacing and peak broadening) of two Ag-specific Bragg peaks, (111) and (200), during a thermal ramp up to 400 °C through in situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements, coupled with in situ electrical resistance measurements on the same AgNW network. First, we assign the (111) and (200) peaks of χ-scans to each five crystallites within AgNWs using a rotation matrix model. Then, we show that the thermal transition of bare AgNW networks occurs within a temperature range of about 25 °C for the electrical properties, while the structural transition spans over 200 °C. The effect of a protective tin oxide coating (SnO2) on AgNW networks is also investigated through this original in situ coupling approach. For SnO2-coated AgNW networks, the key XRD signatures from AgNWs remain constant, since the SnO2 coating prevents Ag atomic surface diffusion, and thus morphological instability (i.e. spheroidization). Moreover, the SnO2 coating does not affect the strain of both (111) and (200) planes. The thermal expansion for bare and SnO2-coated AgNW networks appears very similar to the thermal expansion of bulk Ag. Our findings provide insights into the underlying failure mechanisms of AgNW networks subjected to thermal stress, helping researchers to develop more robust and durable TEs based on metallic nanowire networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Bardet
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LMGP, F-38000, Grenoble, France.
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LGP2, F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Hervé Roussel
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LMGP, F-38000, Grenoble, France.
| | - Stefano Saroglia
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LMGP, F-38000, Grenoble, France.
| | - Masoud Akbari
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LMGP, F-38000, Grenoble, France.
| | - David Muñoz-Rojas
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LMGP, F-38000, Grenoble, France.
| | - Carmen Jiménez
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LMGP, F-38000, Grenoble, France.
| | - Aurore Denneulin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LGP2, F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Daniel Bellet
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LMGP, F-38000, Grenoble, France.
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6
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Almasri RM, Ladouceur F, Mawad D, Esrafilzadeh D, Firth J, Lehmann T, Poole-Warren LA, Lovell NH, Al Abed A. Emerging trends in the development of flexible optrode arrays for electrophysiology. APL Bioeng 2023; 7:031503. [PMID: 37692375 PMCID: PMC10491464 DOI: 10.1063/5.0153753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Optical-electrode (optrode) arrays use light to modulate excitable biological tissues and/or transduce bioelectrical signals into the optical domain. Light offers several advantages over electrical wiring, including the ability to encode multiple data channels within a single beam. This approach is at the forefront of innovation aimed at increasing spatial resolution and channel count in multichannel electrophysiology systems. This review presents an overview of devices and material systems that utilize light for electrophysiology recording and stimulation. The work focuses on the current and emerging methods and their applications, and provides a detailed discussion of the design and fabrication of flexible arrayed devices. Optrode arrays feature components non-existent in conventional multi-electrode arrays, such as waveguides, optical circuitry, light-emitting diodes, and optoelectronic and light-sensitive functional materials, packaged in planar, penetrating, or endoscopic forms. Often these are combined with dielectric and conductive structures and, less frequently, with multi-functional sensors. While creating flexible optrode arrays is feasible and necessary to minimize tissue-device mechanical mismatch, key factors must be considered for regulatory approval and clinical use. These include the biocompatibility of optical and photonic components. Additionally, material selection should match the operating wavelength of the specific electrophysiology application, minimizing light scattering and optical losses under physiologically induced stresses and strains. Flexible and soft variants of traditionally rigid photonic circuitry for passive optical multiplexing should be developed to advance the field. We evaluate fabrication techniques against these requirements. We foresee a future whereby established telecommunications techniques are engineered into flexible optrode arrays to enable unprecedented large-scale high-resolution electrophysiology systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem M. Almasri
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | | | - Damia Mawad
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Dorna Esrafilzadeh
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Josiah Firth
- Australian National Fabrication Facility, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Torsten Lehmann
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | | | | | - Amr Al Abed
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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Pan H, Wang J, Chen Z, Su Z, Tang Z, Ma Z. Solution-Processed ZnO with Conductivity over 1000 S cm -1 for ITO-Free Organic Photovoltaics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:39677-39688. [PMID: 37572058 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c08040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Developing transparent conductors to replace indium tin oxide (ITO) is a critical objective in the field of organic optoelectronics. Non-atomically doped (NAD) ZnO thin films, while currently exhibiting limited conductivity, are highly promising candidates due to their unique advantages, such as having complete transparency in both the visible and near-infrared spectral regions, solution processability, and the desired surface electronic properties. In this work, the impact of surface modification by insulating polymers on the ultraviolet-enhanced conductivity of NAD-ZnO films is investigated. It was found that polymer modifiers that are rich in amino and hydroxyl groups are effective at increasing the concentration of oxygen vacancies and the conductivity of NAD-ZnO films. The highest conductivity of over 1000 S cm-1, which is more than twice as high as the previous record for NAD-ZnO films, is achieved using polyethylenimine ethoxylated (PEIE) to modify NAD-ZnO films. Subsequently, the replacement of ITO in organic photovoltaic devices by a ZnO/PEIE electrode is realized. The ZnO/PEIE-based OPV devices that were created exhibit performances comparable to those of ITO-based devices under simulated solar illumination and performances better than those achieved with ITO-based devices under simulated indoor illumination. These results make NAD-ZnO a promising candidate for the widespread replacement of ITO in optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailin Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Jie Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Zhi Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Ziqi Su
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Zaifei Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
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Nan Z, Wei W, Lin Z, Chang J, Hao Y. Flexible Nanocomposite Conductors for Electromagnetic Interference Shielding. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2023; 15:172. [PMID: 37420119 PMCID: PMC10328908 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01122-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
HIGHLIGHTS Convincing candidates of flexible (stretchable/compressible) electromagnetic interference shielding nanocomposites are discussed in detail from the views of fabrication, mechanical elasticity and shielding performance. Detailed summary of the relationship between deformation of materials and electromagnetic shielding performance. The future directions and challenges in developing flexible (particularly elastic) shielding nanocomposites are highlighted. With the extensive use of electronic communication technology in integrated circuit systems and wearable devices, electromagnetic interference (EMI) has increased dramatically. The shortcomings of conventional rigid EMI shielding materials include high brittleness, poor comfort, and unsuitability for conforming and deformable applications. Hitherto, flexible (particularly elastic) nanocomposites have attracted enormous interest due to their excellent deformability. However, the current flexible shielding nanocomposites present low mechanical stability and resilience, relatively poor EMI shielding performance, and limited multifunctionality. Herein, the advances in low-dimensional EMI shielding nanomaterials-based elastomers are outlined and a selection of the most remarkable examples is discussed. And the corresponding modification strategies and deformability performance are summarized. Finally, expectations for this quickly increasing sector are discussed, as well as future challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Nan
- State Key Discipline Laboratory of Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Technology, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, 2 South Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710071, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Discipline Laboratory of Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Technology, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, 2 South Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710071, People's Republic of China.
- Advanced Interdisciplinary Research Center for Flexible Electronics, Xidian University, 2 South Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710071, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhenhua Lin
- State Key Discipline Laboratory of Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Technology, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, 2 South Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710071, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Chang
- State Key Discipline Laboratory of Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Technology, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, 2 South Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710071, People's Republic of China.
- Advanced Interdisciplinary Research Center for Flexible Electronics, Xidian University, 2 South Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710071, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yue Hao
- State Key Discipline Laboratory of Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Technology, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, 2 South Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710071, People's Republic of China
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9
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Kumar DR, Koshy AM, Sharma N, Thomas N, Swaminathan P. Room Temperature Curable Copper Nanowire-Based Transparent Heater. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:21107-21112. [PMID: 37332811 PMCID: PMC10269267 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c02048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Copper nanowires (Cu NWs) are a promising alternative to silver NWs to develop transparent conducting films (TCFs) due to their comparable electrical conductivity and relative abundance. Postsynthetic modifications of the ink and high-temperature postannealing processes for obtaining conducting films are significant challenges that need to be addressed before commercial deployment of these materials. In this work, we have developed an annealing-free (room temperature curable) TCF with Cu NW ink that requires minimal postsynthetic modifications. Organic acid pretreated Cu NW ink is used for spin-coating to obtain a TCF with a sheet resistance of 9.4 Ω/sq. and optical transparency of 67.4% at 550 nm. For oxidation protection, the Cu NW TCF is encapsulated with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The encapsulated film is tested as a transparent heater at various voltages and shows good repeatability. These results demonstrate the potential of Cu NW-based TCFs as a replacement for Ag-NW based TCFs for a variety of optoelectronic applications, such as transparent heaters, touch screens, and photovoltaics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darbha
V. Ravi Kumar
- Department
of Sciences, Amrita School of Physical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641 112, India
| | - Aarju Mathew Koshy
- Electronic
Materials and Thin Films Lab, Department of Metallurgical and Materials
Engineering, IIT Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600 036, India
| | - Neha Sharma
- Electronic
Materials and Thin Films Lab, Department of Metallurgical and Materials
Engineering, IIT Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600 036, India
| | - Neethu Thomas
- Electronic
Materials and Thin Films Lab, Department of Metallurgical and Materials
Engineering, IIT Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600 036, India
| | - Parasuraman Swaminathan
- Electronic
Materials and Thin Films Lab, Department of Metallurgical and Materials
Engineering, IIT Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600 036, India
- Centre
of Excellence in Ceramics Technologies for Futuristic Mobility, IIT Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600 036, India
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10
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Grazioli D, Dadduzio AC, Roso M, Simone A. Quantitative electrical homogeneity assessment of nanowire transparent electrodes. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:6770-6784. [PMID: 36946426 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr06564a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The homogeneous distribution of electric current (electrical homogeneity) is not guaranteed in nanowire electrodes but is crucial for the stability of the electrode and actually desirable in most applications. Despite the relevance of this feature, it is common practice to perform qualitative assessments at the electrode scale, thus masking local effects. To address this issue, we have developed a computational strategy to aid in the design of nanowire electrodes with improved electrical homogeneity. Nanowire electrodes are modeled as two-dimensional networks of stick and junction resistors (with resistance Rw and Rj, respectively) to simulate the electric conduction process. Electrodes are discretized into regular grids of squares and the electrical power of the network contained in each square is computed. The mismatch between the areal power density of the entire electrode and that of the squares provides a quantitative electrical homogeneity evaluation. Repeating the analysis with squares of different size yields an evaluation that spans across length scales. A scalar indicator, coined the homogeneity index, summarizes the results of the multiscale evaluation. The proposed strategy is employed to assess the electrical homogeneity of silver nanowire electrodes through the analysis of scanning electron microscopy images. Our results agree with the outcomes of the experimental assessment performed on the same electrodes. Parametric studies are performed by varying nanowire content and nanowire-to-junction resistance ratio Rw/Rj. We observe that a significant reduction of contact resistance is not necessary to ensure a high degree of homogeneity. The ideal condition of negligible junction resistance (Rw ≫ Rj) leads to the best-case scenario, a situation which is closely approached if Rw ≈ Rj (15% difference at the most in terms of homogeneity index).
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Grazioli
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Padua, Italy.
| | - Alberto C Dadduzio
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Padua, Italy.
| | - Martina Roso
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Padua, Italy.
| | - Angelo Simone
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Padua, Italy.
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11
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Bian M, Qian Y, Cao H, Huang T, Ren Z, Dai X, Zhang S, Qiu Y, Si R, Yang L, Yin S. Chemically Welding Silver Nanowires toward Transferable and Flexible Transparent Electrodes in Heaters and Double-Sided Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:13307-13318. [PMID: 36880523 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c21996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanowires (AgNWs) are important materials for flexible transparent electrodes (FTEs). However, the loose stacking of nanowire junctions greatly affects the electric conductivity across adjacent nanowires. Soldering can effectively reduce the wire-wire contact resistance of AgNWs by epitaxially depositing nanosolders at the junctions, but the process normally needs to be performed with high energy consumption. In this work, we proposed a simple room-temperature method to achieve precise welding of junctions by adjusting the wettability of the soldered precursor solution on the surfaces of AgNWs. The nanoscale welding at nanowire cross junctions forms efficient conductive networks. Furthermore, reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was used to improve the stability of FTEs by wrapping the rGO around the AgNW surface. The obtained FTE shows a figure-of-merit (FoM) of up to 439.3 (6.5 Ω/sq at a transmittance of 88%) and has significant bending stability and environmental and acidic stability. A flexible transparent heater was successfully constructed, which could reach up to 160 °C within a short response time (43 s) and exhibit excellent switching stability. When laminating this FTE onto half perovskite solar cells as the top electrodes, the obtained double-side devices achieved power conversion efficiencies as high as 16.15% and 13.91% from each side, pointing out a convenient method for fabricating double-sided photovoltaic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxi Bian
- Key Laboratory of Display Materials and Photoelectric Devices (Ministry of Education), School of Science, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, PR China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Photoelectric Materials and Devices & National Demonstration Center for Experimental Function Materials Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, PR China
| | - Yicheng Qian
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Photoelectric Materials and Devices & National Demonstration Center for Experimental Function Materials Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, PR China
| | - Huanqi Cao
- Key Laboratory of Display Materials and Photoelectric Devices (Ministry of Education), School of Science, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, PR China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Photoelectric Materials and Devices & National Demonstration Center for Experimental Function Materials Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, PR China
| | - Tingting Huang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Photoelectric Materials and Devices & National Demonstration Center for Experimental Function Materials Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, PR China
| | - Zhixin Ren
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Photoelectric Materials and Devices & National Demonstration Center for Experimental Function Materials Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, PR China
| | - Xiaodong Dai
- Key Laboratory of Display Materials and Photoelectric Devices (Ministry of Education), School of Science, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, PR China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Photoelectric Materials and Devices & National Demonstration Center for Experimental Function Materials Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, PR China
| | - Shifu Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Photoelectric Materials and Devices & National Demonstration Center for Experimental Function Materials Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, PR China
| | - Yuan Qiu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Photoelectric Materials and Devices & National Demonstration Center for Experimental Function Materials Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, PR China
| | - Rongmei Si
- Tianjin Baoxingwei Technology Co. Ltd., Economic Development Zone of Baodi District, Tianjin 301800, PR China
| | - Liying Yang
- Key Laboratory of Display Materials and Photoelectric Devices (Ministry of Education), School of Science, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, PR China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Photoelectric Materials and Devices & National Demonstration Center for Experimental Function Materials Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, PR China
| | - Shougen Yin
- Key Laboratory of Display Materials and Photoelectric Devices (Ministry of Education), School of Science, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, PR China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Photoelectric Materials and Devices & National Demonstration Center for Experimental Function Materials Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, PR China
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12
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Vogl LM, Kalancha V, Schweizer P, Denninger P, Wu M, Brabec C, Forberich K, Spiecker E. Influence of tin oxide decoration on the junction conductivity of silver nanowires. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 34:175706. [PMID: 36649645 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/acb3ca] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Flexible electrodes using nanowires (NWs) suffer from challenges of long-term stability and high junction resistance which limit their fields of applications. Welding via thermal annealing is a common strategy to enhance the conductivity of percolated NW networks, however, it affects the structural and mechanical integrity of the NWs. In this study we show that the decoration of NWs with an ultrathin metal oxide is a potential alternative procedure which not only enhances the thermal and chemical stability but, moreover, provides a totally different mechanism to reduce the junction resistance upon heat treatment. Here, we analyze the effect of SnOxdecoration on the conductance of silver NWs and NW junctions by using a four-probe measurement setup inside a scanning electron microscope. Dedicated transmission electron microscopy analysis in plan-view and cross-section geometry are carried out to characterize the nanowires and the microstructure of the junctions. Upon heat treatment the junction resistance of both plain silver NWs and SnOx-decorated NWs is reduced by around 80%. While plain silver NWs show characteristic junction welding during annealing, the SnOx-decoration reduces junction resistance by a solder-like process which does not affect the mechanical integrity of the NW junction and is therefore expected to be superior for applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Maria Vogl
- Institute of Micro-and Nanostructure Research (IMN), Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films (IZNF), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Violetta Kalancha
- Institute Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Peter Schweizer
- Institute of Micro-and Nanostructure Research (IMN), Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films (IZNF), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Peter Denninger
- Institute of Micro-and Nanostructure Research (IMN), Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films (IZNF), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Mingjian Wu
- Institute of Micro-and Nanostructure Research (IMN), Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films (IZNF), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Brabec
- Institute Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Karen Forberich
- Institute Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Erdmann Spiecker
- Institute of Micro-and Nanostructure Research (IMN), Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films (IZNF), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
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13
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Chen Z, Wang Z, Wang J, Chen S, Zhang B, Li Y, Yuan L, Duan Y. Analysis of the Effect of Graphene, Metal, and Metal Oxide Transparent Electrodes on the Performance of Organic Optoelectronic Devices. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 13:25. [PMID: 36615935 PMCID: PMC9824898 DOI: 10.3390/nano13010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Transparent electrodes (TEs) are important components in organic optoelectronic devices. ITO is the mostly applied TE material, which is costly and inferior in mechanical performance, and could not satisfy the versatile need for the next generation of transparent optoelectronic devices. Recently, many new TE materials emerged to try to overcome the deficiency of ITO, including graphene, ultrathin metal, and oxide-metal-oxide structure. By finely control of the fabrication techniques, the main properties of conductivity, transmittance, and mechanical stability, have been studied in the literatures, and their applicability in the potential optoelectronic devices has been reported. Herein, in this work, we summarized the recent progress of the TE materials applied in optoelectronic devices by focusing on the fabrication, properties, such as Graphene, ultra-thin metal film, and metal oxide and performance. The advantages and insufficiencies of these materials as TEs have been summarized and the future development aspects have been pointed out to guide the design and fabrication TE materials in the next generation of transparent optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqiang Chen
- College of Physics, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130013, China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Jintao Wang
- College of Physics, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130013, China
| | - Shuming Chen
- College of Physics, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130013, China
| | - Buyue Zhang
- College of Physics, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130013, China
| | - Ye Li
- College of Physics, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130013, China
| | - Long Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College of Physics, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130103, China
| | - Yu Duan
- College of Physics, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130013, China
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
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14
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Tolvanen J, Nelo M, Alasmäki H, Siponkoski T, Mäkelä P, Vahera T, Hannu J, Juuti J, Jantunen H. Ultraelastic and High-Conductivity Multiphase Conductor with Universally Autonomous Self-Healing. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2205485. [PMID: 36351708 PMCID: PMC9798996 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202205485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Next-generation, truly soft, and stretchable electronic circuits with material level self-healing functionality require high-performance solution-processable organic conductors capable of autonomously self-healing without external intervention. A persistent challenge is to achieve required performance level as electrical, mechanical, and self-healing properties optimized in tandem are difficult to attain. Here heterogenous multiphase conductor with cocontinuous morphology and macroscale phase separation for ultrafast universally autonomous self-healing with full recovery of pristine tensile and electrical properties in less than 120 and 900 s, respectively, is reported. The multiphase conductor is insensitive to flaws under stretching and achieves a synergistic combination of conductivity up to ≈1.5 S cm-1 , stress at break ≈4 MPa, toughness up to >81 MJ m-3 , and elastic recovery exceeding 2000% strain. Such properties are difficult to achieve simultaneously with any other type of material so far. The solution-processable multiphase conductor offers a paradigm shift for damage tolerant and environmentally resistant soft electronic components and circuits with material level self-healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarkko Tolvanen
- Microelectronics Research UnitFaculty of Information Technology and Electrical EngineeringUniversity of OuluP.O. Box 4500OuluFI‐90014Finland
| | - Mikko Nelo
- Microelectronics Research UnitFaculty of Information Technology and Electrical EngineeringUniversity of OuluP.O. Box 4500OuluFI‐90014Finland
| | - Heidi Alasmäki
- Microelectronics Research UnitFaculty of Information Technology and Electrical EngineeringUniversity of OuluP.O. Box 4500OuluFI‐90014Finland
| | - Tuomo Siponkoski
- Microelectronics Research UnitFaculty of Information Technology and Electrical EngineeringUniversity of OuluP.O. Box 4500OuluFI‐90014Finland
| | - Piia Mäkelä
- Research Unit of Medical ImagingPhysics and TechnologyFaculty of MedicineUniversity of OuluP.O. Box 5000OuluFI‐90014Finland
| | - Timo Vahera
- Microelectronics Research UnitFaculty of Information Technology and Electrical EngineeringUniversity of OuluP.O. Box 4500OuluFI‐90014Finland
| | - Jari Hannu
- Microelectronics Research UnitFaculty of Information Technology and Electrical EngineeringUniversity of OuluP.O. Box 4500OuluFI‐90014Finland
| | - Jari Juuti
- Microelectronics Research UnitFaculty of Information Technology and Electrical EngineeringUniversity of OuluP.O. Box 4500OuluFI‐90014Finland
| | - Heli Jantunen
- Microelectronics Research UnitFaculty of Information Technology and Electrical EngineeringUniversity of OuluP.O. Box 4500OuluFI‐90014Finland
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15
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Facile Fabrication of a Bio-Inspired Leaf Vein-Based Ultra-Sensitive Humidity Sensor with a Hygroscopic Polymer. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14225030. [PMID: 36433157 PMCID: PMC9695871 DOI: 10.3390/polym14225030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bio-inspired materials have received significant interest in the development of flexible electronics due to their natural grid structures, especially natural leaf vein networks. In this work, a bio-inspired leaf vein-based flexible humidity sensor is demonstrated. The proposed sensor is composed of a leaf/Al/glycerin/Ag paste. The Al-deposited leaf vein networks are used as a bottom electrode with a resistance of around 100 Ω. The humidity sensor responds well to relative humidity (RH) levels ranging from 15% to 70% at room temperature. The fabricated humidity sensor exhibits an ultra-sensitive response to different humidity conditions due to the biodegradable insulating hygroscopic polymer (glycerin), specifically the ionic conductivity reaction. To further verify the presence of ionic conduction, the device performance is tested by doping NaCl salt into the hygroscopic polymer sensing layer. In addition, both the repeatability and flexibility of the sensor are tested under different bending angles (0°, 90°, 180°, and 360°). The bioinspired ultrasensitive humidity sensor with a biocompatible and biodegradable sensing layer holds great potential, especially for health care applications (e.g., respiratory monitoring) without causing any body harm.
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16
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Engel LF, González-García L, Kraus T. Flexible and transparent electrodes imprinted from Au nanowires: stability and ageing. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:3940-3949. [PMID: 36133343 PMCID: PMC9470066 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00352j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We study the stability of flexible transparent electrodes (FTEs) that were self-assembled from ultra-thin gold nanowires (AuNW) by direct nanoimprinting of inks with different particle concentrations (1 to 10 mg mL-1). The resulting lines were less than 3 μm wide and contained bundles of AuNW with oleylamine (OAm) ligand shells. Small-angle X-ray scattering confirmed a concentration-independent bundle structure. Plasma sintering converted the wire assemblies into lines with a thin metal shell that contributes most to electrical conductivity and covers a hybrid core. We studied the relative change in sheet resistance and the morphology of the FTEs with time. The sheet resistance increased at all concentrations, but at different rates. The metal shell aged by de-wetting and pore formation. The hybrid core de-mixed and densified, which led to a partial collapse of the shell. Residual organics migrated through the shell via its pores. Lines formed at low concentration (c Au = 2 to 3 mg mL-1) contained less residual organics and aged slower than those formed at high c Au ≥ 5 mg mL-1. We passivated the conductive shell with thin, adsorbed layers of PEDOT:PSS and found that it decelerated degradation by slowing surface diffusion and hindering further rupture of the shell. Thick capping layers prevented degradation entirely and stopped pore formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas F Engel
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials Campus D2 2 66123 Saarbrücken Germany +49 (0)681-9300-269, +49 (0)681-9300-389
| | - Lola González-García
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials Campus D2 2 66123 Saarbrücken Germany +49 (0)681-9300-269, +49 (0)681-9300-389
| | - Tobias Kraus
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials Campus D2 2 66123 Saarbrücken Germany +49 (0)681-9300-269, +49 (0)681-9300-389
- Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Saarland University Campus D2 2 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
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17
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Research Progress of Nanomaterials-Based Sensors for Food Safety. JOURNAL OF ANALYSIS AND TESTING 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s41664-022-00235-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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18
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Feng X, Wang L, Huang YYS, Luo Y, Ba J, Shi HH, Pei Y, Zhang S, Zhang Z, Jia X, Lu B. Cost-Effective Fabrication of Uniformly Aligned Silver Nanowire Microgrid-Based Transparent Electrodes with Higher than 99% Transmittance. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:39199-39210. [PMID: 35976981 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c09672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanowire (Ag NW)-based transparent electrodes (TEs) are promising alternatives to indium tin oxide (ITO) for next-generation flexible optoelectronic devices. Although many different constructs of Ag NW networks and post-treatment methods have been developed for TE applications, trade-offs between optical and electrical performance still remain. Herein, aided by electrohydrodynamic (EHD) printing, we present a cost-effective strategy to fabricate aligned Ag NW microgrids in a large area with excellent uniformity, resulting in superior optoelectronic properties. Guided by the percolation theory and simulation, we demonstrated that by confining aligned Ag NWs into a microgrid arrangement, the percolation threshold can be reduced significantly and adequate electrical conducting pathways can be achieved with an optimized combination of sheet resistance and optical transparency, which surpass conventional random Ag NW networks and random aligned Ag NW networks. The resulting TEs exhibit an ultrahigh transmittance of 99.1% at a sheet resistance of 91 Ω sq-1 with extremely low nanowire usage, an areal mass density of only 8.3 mg m-2, and uniform spatial distribution. Based on this TE design, we demonstrated transparent heaters exhibiting rapid thermal response and superior uniformity in heat generation. Using UV-curable epoxy, highly flexible Ag NW-embedded TEs were fabricated with superior mechanical stabilities and low surface roughness of 2.6 nm. Bendable organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) are directly fabricated on these flexible Ag NW electrodes, with higher current efficiency (27.7 cd A-1) than ITO devices (24.8 cd A-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueming Feng
- Micro- and Nano-technology Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
| | - Li Wang
- Micro- and Nano-technology Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
- National Innovation Institute of Additive Manufacturing, Xi'an 710000, P. R. China
| | | | - Yu Luo
- Micro- and Nano-technology Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
| | - Jiahao Ba
- Micro- and Nano-technology Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
| | - HaoTian Harvey Shi
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, U.K
| | - Yuechen Pei
- Micro- and Nano-technology Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
| | - Shuyuan Zhang
- Micro- and Nano-technology Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
| | - Zhaofa Zhang
- Micro- and Nano-technology Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
| | - Xibei Jia
- Micro- and Nano-technology Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
| | - Bingheng Lu
- Micro- and Nano-technology Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
- National Innovation Institute of Additive Manufacturing, Xi'an 710000, P. R. China
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19
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Qin Y, Yao L, Zhang F, Li R, Chen Y, Chen Y, Cheng T, Lai W, Mi B, Zhang X, Huang W. Highly Stable Silver Nanowires/Biomaterial Transparent Electrodes for Flexible Electronics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:38021-38030. [PMID: 35959592 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c09153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Flexible transparent electrodes (FTEs) possess excellent optoelectrical properties, mechanical robustness, and environmental adaptability are important for the industrial scale development of flexible electronics. Silver nanowires (AgNWs) are widely used in FTEs owing to their excellent optoelectrical properties and mechanical flexibility. However, the high surface roughness and poor stability of AgNWs FTEs still limit their practical applications. Here, highly stable FTEs are demonstrated via combining AgNWs and biomaterial propolis which is eco-friendly and antioxidative. The AgNWs/propolis composite transparent electrodes exhibit excellent optoelectrical performance as well as a smooth surface (root-mean-square roughness ∼ 6.2 nm). Meanwhile, the composite electrodes possess high mechanical stability (10,000 bending cycles), thermal stability, and environmental adaptability (60 °C and 85 ± 3% humidity for 700 h). The versatile composite FTEs show great potential applications in organic light-emitting diodes and pressure sensors, which exhibit high performance, mechanical stability, and environmental adaptability. Our strategy of introducing biocompatible materials into metallic nanowires opens up new possibilities to achieve high-quality FTEs in a simple and eco-friendly way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lanqian Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Fangbo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ruiqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yujie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yuehua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Tao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wenyong Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Baoxiu Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xinwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
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20
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Meng X, Xing Z, Hu X, Chen Y. Large-area Flexible Organic Solar Cells: Printing Technologies and Modular Design. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-022-2803-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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21
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Chae WH, Patil JJ, Grossman JC. Conformal Encapsulation of Silver Nanowire Transparent Electrodes by Nanosized Reduced Graphene Oxide Leading to Improved All-Round Stability. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:34997-35009. [PMID: 35861058 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c08377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Solution-processed silver nanowire (AgNW) networks are promising as next-generation transparent conductive electrodes due to their excellent optoelectronic properties, mechanical flexibility, as well as low material and processing costs. However, AgNWs are prone to thermally induced fragmentation and chemical degradation, necessitating a conformal protective coating typically achieved by low-throughput methods such as sputtering or atomic layer deposition. Herein, we report a facile all-solution-based approach to synthesize a conformally coated AgNW network by nanosized reduced graphene oxide R(nGO). In this method, probe ultrasonication is used to obtain nanosized GO, which is coated on AgNWs by a layer-by-layer approach and then chemically treated to form R(nGO)/AgNW. We show that our transparent electrode has excellent transmittance (85-92%) and sheet resistance (17.5 Ω/sq), combined with outstanding thermal and electrothermal stability, thanks to the conformal nature of the R(nGO) film, and demonstrate its use as a transparent heater with a high maximum temperature. This, in conjunction with improved long-term chemical and mechanical bending stability of R(nGO)/AgNW, indicates that our newly developed process represents an effective and low-cost strategy to improve the overall operational resilience of metal nanowire-based transparent conductive electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Hyun Chae
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jatin J Patil
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jeffrey C Grossman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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22
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Li T, Deng Y, Rong X, He C, Zhou M, Tang Y, Zhou H, Cheng C, Zhao C. Nanostructures and catalytic atoms engineering of tellurium‐based materials and their roles in electrochemical energy conversion. SMARTMAT 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/smm2.1142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Yuting Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Xiao Rong
- Department of Nephrology, Department of Ultrasound, West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Chao He
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Danish Institute for Advanced Study (DIAS) University of Southern Denmark Odense Denmark
| | - Mi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Yuanjiao Tang
- Department of Nephrology, Department of Ultrasound, West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Hongju Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, Department of Ultrasound, West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Chong Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
- Med‐X Center for Materials Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Changsheng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
- Med‐X Center for Materials Sichuan University Chengdu China
- College of Chemical Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
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23
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Lu H, Dong B, Zhang J, Lü C, Zhan H. Deformation of Copper Nanowire under Coupled Tension–Torsion Loading. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12132203. [PMID: 35808039 PMCID: PMC9268090 DOI: 10.3390/nano12132203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Metallic nanowires (NWs) are essential building blocks for flexible electronics, and experience different deformation modes due to external mechanical loading. Using atomistic simulations, this work investigated the deformation behavior of copper nanowire under coupled tension–torsion loading. A transition in both yielding pattern and dislocation pattern were observed with varying torsion/tension strain ratios. Specifically, increasing the torsion/tension strain ratio (with larger torsional strain) triggered the nucleation of different partial dislocations in the slip system. At low torsion/tension strain ratios, plastic deformation of the nanowire was dominated by stacking faults with trailing partial dislocations pinned at the surface, shifting to two partial dislocations with stacking faults as the strain ratio increases. More interestingly, the NW under tension-dominated loading exhibited a stacking fault structure after yielding, whereas torsion-dominated loading resulted in a three-dimensional dislocation network within the structure. This work thus suggests that the deformation behavior of the NW varies depending on the coupled mechanical loading, which could be beneficial for various engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongquan Lu
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Quzhou University, Quzhou 324000, China
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (B.D.); (C.L.)
- Correspondence: (H.L.); (H.Z.)
| | - Bin Dong
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (B.D.); (C.L.)
| | - Junqian Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, School of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China;
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mechanics in Energy Engineering, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Chaofeng Lü
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (B.D.); (C.L.)
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering & Mechanics, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Haifei Zhan
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (B.D.); (C.L.)
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
- Correspondence: (H.L.); (H.Z.)
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24
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Kwon YB, Kim JH, Kim YK. Efficient Protection of Silver Nanowire Transparent Electrodes by All-Biorenewable Layer-by-Layer Assembled Thin Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:25993-26003. [PMID: 35623018 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c02876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
An efficient protection strategy for silver nanowire-based transparent electrodes (AgNW TEs) is developed to enhance their poor adhesion force on substrates and thermal, optical, chemical, and electrical stabilities. Chitin nanofibers (CNFs) and alkali lignin (AL), which possess high mechanical property, a gas/moisture barrier, and UV absorption properties, are successively assembled on AgNW TEs through layer-by-layer (LBL) assembly based on their oppositely charged surfaces. The formation of LBL-assembled CNFs and AL (CNF/AL)10 bilayers, where 10 is the optimized number of bilayers, on the aldehyde-modified AgNW (Al-AgNW) TEs does not deteriorate their electrical conductivity (17.3 ± 2.1 Ω/□) and transmittance (90.1 ± 0.3% at 550 nm), and the (CNF/AL)10 bilayer-coated Al-AgNW [(CNF/AL)10@Al-AgNW] TEs present considerable enhancement in their adhesion force and thermal, optical, chemical, and electrical durability. In detail, their optoelectrical properties are stable over 200 cycles of the scotch peel-off test, for 10 h sonication, up to 350 °C, under UV/O3 treatment for 100 min, in 10% HCl and 28% NH3 for 6 and 12 h, and at an electrical potential up to 14 V, respectively. These features make (CNF/AL)10@Al-AgNW TEs suitable as a durable high-performance transparent heater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo-Bin Kwon
- Department of Chemistry, Dongguk University─Seoul, 30 Pildong-ro, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620, South Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, South Korea
| | - Young-Kwan Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Dongguk University─Seoul, 30 Pildong-ro, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620, South Korea
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25
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Tarasevich YY, Vodolazskaya IV, Eserkepov AV. Electrical conductivity of random metallic nanowire networks: an analytical consideration along with computer simulation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:11812-11819. [PMID: 35507328 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00936f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The current interest in the study of the 2D systems of randomly deposited metallic nanowires is inspired by a combination of their high electrical conductivity with excellent optical transparency. Metallic nanowire networks show great potential for use in numerous technological applications. Although there are models that describe the electrical conductivity of the random nanowire networks through wire resistance, junction resistance, and number density of nanowires, they are either not rigorously justified or contain fitting parameters. We have proposed a model for the electrical conductivity in random metallic nanowire networks. We have mimicked such random nanowire networks as random resistor networks (RRN) produced by the homogeneous, isotropic, and random deposition of conductive zero-width sticks onto an insulating substrate. We studied the electrical conductivity of these RRNs using a mean-field approximation. An analytical dependency of the electrical conductivity on the main physical parameters (the number density and electrical resistances of these wires and of the junctions between them) has been derived. Computer simulations have been performed to validate our theoretical predictions. We computed the electrical conductivity of the RRNs against the number density of the conductive fillers for the junction-resistance-dominated case and for the case where the wire resistance and the junction resistance were equal. The results of the computations were compared with this mean-field approximation. Our computations demonstrated that our analytical expression correctly predicts the electrical conductivity across a wide range of number densities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Yu Tarasevich
- Laboratory of Mathematical Modeling, Astrakhan State University, Astrakhan 414056, Russia.
| | - Irina V Vodolazskaya
- Laboratory of Mathematical Modeling, Astrakhan State University, Astrakhan 414056, Russia.
| | - Andrei V Eserkepov
- Laboratory of Mathematical Modeling, Astrakhan State University, Astrakhan 414056, Russia.
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26
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Nguyen VH, Papanastasiou DT, Resende J, Bardet L, Sannicolo T, Jiménez C, Muñoz-Rojas D, Nguyen ND, Bellet D. Advances in Flexible Metallic Transparent Electrodes. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2106006. [PMID: 35195360 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202106006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Transparent electrodes (TEs) are pivotal components in many modern devices such as solar cells, light-emitting diodes, touch screens, wearable electronic devices, smart windows, and transparent heaters. Recently, the high demand for flexibility and low cost in TEs requires a new class of transparent conductive materials (TCMs), serving as substitutes for the conventional indium tin oxide (ITO). So far, ITO has been the most used TCM despite its brittleness and high cost. Among the different emerging alternative materials to ITO, metallic nanomaterials have received much interest due to their remarkable optical-electrical properties, low cost, ease of manufacturing, flexibility, and widespread applicability. These involve metal grids, thin oxide/metal/oxide multilayers, metal nanowire percolating networks, or nanocomposites based on metallic nanostructures. In this review, a comparison between TCMs based on metallic nanomaterials and other TCM technologies is discussed. Next, the different types of metal-based TCMs developed so far and the fabrication technologies used are presented. Then, the challenges that these TCMs face toward integration in functional devices are discussed. Finally, the various fields in which metal-based TCMs have been successfully applied, as well as emerging and potential applications, are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viet Huong Nguyen
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Phenikaa University, Hanoi, 12116, Viet Nam
| | | | - Joao Resende
- AlmaScience Colab, Madan Parque, Caparica, 2829-516, Portugal
| | - Laetitia Bardet
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LMGP, Grenoble, F-38016, France
| | - Thomas Sannicolo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Carmen Jiménez
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LMGP, Grenoble, F-38016, France
| | - David Muñoz-Rojas
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LMGP, Grenoble, F-38016, France
| | - Ngoc Duy Nguyen
- Département de Physique, CESAM/Q-MAT, SPIN, Université de Liège, Liège, B-4000, Belgium
| | - Daniel Bellet
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LMGP, Grenoble, F-38016, France
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27
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Large-Scale Preparation of Silver Nanowire-Based Flexible Transparent Film Heaters by Slot-Die Coating. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15072634. [PMID: 35407966 PMCID: PMC9000623 DOI: 10.3390/ma15072634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Highly flexible silver nanowire-based transparent conductive films (AgNWs TCFs) were large-scale fabricated by slot-die coating AgNWs inks on a flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate, and further fabricated into a transparent film heater. Appropriate flow rate, coating speed, and AgNWs concentration allow the construction of the 15 cm × 15 cm AgNW TCFs with a sheet resistance (Rs) of less than 20 Ω/sq, a transmittance (T) at 550 nm higher than 95%, and a haze less than 3.5%. The resultant AgNW TCFs heater possesses high uniformity and superior mechanical stability and can reach a Joule heating temperature of 104 °C with a voltage of 12 V. The slot-die coating method has great potential for large-scale production of AgNW based film heaters promisingly used in window defrost and deicer systems.
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28
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Tarasevich YY, Eserkepov AV, Vodolazskaya IV. Electrical conductivity of nanorod-based transparent electrodes: Comparison of mean-field approaches. Phys Rev E 2022; 105:044129. [PMID: 35590647 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.105.044129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We mimic nanorod-based transparent electrodes as random resistor networks (RRNs) produced by the homogeneous, isotropic, and random deposition of conductive zero-width sticks onto an insulating substrate. We suppose that the number density (the number of objects per unit area of the surface) of these sticks exceeds the percolation threshold, i.e., the system under consideration is a conductor. We computed the electrical conductivity of random resistor networks versus the number density of conductive fillers for the wire-resistance-dominated case, for the junction-resistance-dominated case, and for an intermediate case. We also offer a consistent continuous variant of the mean-field approach. The results of the RRN computations were compared with this mean-field approach. Our computations suggest that, for a qualitative description of the behavior of the electrical conductivity in relation to the number density of conductive wires, the mean-field approximation can be successfully applied when the number density of the fillers n>2n_{c}, where n_{c} is the percolation threshold. However, note the mean-field approach slightly overestimates the electrical conductivity. We demonstrate that this overestimate is caused by the junction potential distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Yu Tarasevich
- Laboratory of Mathematical Modeling, Astrakhan State University, Astrakhan 414056, Russia
| | - Andrei V Eserkepov
- Laboratory of Mathematical Modeling, Astrakhan State University, Astrakhan 414056, Russia
| | - Irina V Vodolazskaya
- Laboratory of Mathematical Modeling, Astrakhan State University, Astrakhan 414056, Russia
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29
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Fan Q, Miao J, Liu X, Zuo X, Zhang W, Tian M, Zhu S, Qu L, Zhang X. Biomimetic Hierarchically Silver Nanowire Interwoven MXene Mesh for Flexible Transparent Electrodes and Invisible Camouflage Electronics. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:740-750. [PMID: 35019663 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c04185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Flexible transparent electrodes demand high transparency, low sheet resistance, as well as excellent mechanical flexibility simultaneously, however they still remain to be a great challenge due to"trade-off" effect. Herein, inspired by a hollow interconnected leaf vein, we developed robust transparent conductive mesh with biomimetic interwoven structure via hierarchically self-assembles silver nanowires interwoven metal carbide/nitride (MXene) sheets along directional microfibers. Strong interfacial interactions between plant fibers and conductive units facilitate hierarchically interwoven conductive mesh constructed orderly on flexible and lightweight veins while maintaining high transparency, effectively avoiding the trade-off effect between optoelectronic properties. The flexible transparent electrodes exhibit sheet resistance of 0.5 Ω sq-1 and transparency of 81.6%, with a remarkably high figure of merit of 3523. In addition, invisible camouflage sensors are further successfully developed as a proof of concept that could monitor human body motion signals in an imperceptible state. The flexible transparent conductive mesh holds great potential in high-performance wearable optoelectronics and camouflage electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Fan
- Research Center for Intelligent and Wearable Technology, College of Textiles and Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Textiles of Shandong Province, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Jinlei Miao
- Research Center for Intelligent and Wearable Technology, College of Textiles and Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Textiles of Shandong Province, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Xuhua Liu
- Research Center for Intelligent and Wearable Technology, College of Textiles and Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Textiles of Shandong Province, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Xingwei Zuo
- Research Center for Intelligent and Wearable Technology, College of Textiles and Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Textiles of Shandong Province, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Wenxiao Zhang
- Research Center for Intelligent and Wearable Technology, College of Textiles and Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Textiles of Shandong Province, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Mingwei Tian
- Research Center for Intelligent and Wearable Technology, College of Textiles and Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Textiles of Shandong Province, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Shifeng Zhu
- Research Center for Intelligent and Wearable Technology, College of Textiles and Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Textiles of Shandong Province, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Lijun Qu
- Research Center for Intelligent and Wearable Technology, College of Textiles and Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Textiles of Shandong Province, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Xueji Zhang
- Research Center for Intelligent and Wearable Technology, College of Textiles and Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Textiles of Shandong Province, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, P.R. China
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30
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Patil JJ, Reese ML, Lee E, Grossman JC. Oxynitride-Encapsulated Silver Nanowire Transparent Electrode with Enhanced Thermal, Electrical, and Chemical Stability. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:4423-4433. [PMID: 35029366 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c20521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanowire (AgNW) networks have been explored as a promising technology for transparent electrodes due to their solution-processability, low-cost implementation, and excellent trade-off between sheet resistance and transparency. However, their large-scale implementation in applications such as solar cells, transparent heaters, and display applications has been hindered by their poor thermal, electrical, and chemical stability. In this work, we present reactive sputtering as a method for fast deposition of metal oxynitrides as an encapsulant layer on AgNWs. Because O2 cannot be used as a reactive gas in the presence of oxidation-sensitive materials such as Ag, N2 is used under moderate sputtering base pressures to leverage residual H2O on the sample and chamber to deposit Al, Ti, and Zr oxynitrides (AlOxNy, TiOxNy, and ZrOxNy) on Ag nanowires on glass and polymer substrates. All encapsulants improve AgNW networks' electrical, thermal, and chemical stability. In particular, AlOxNy-encapsulated networks present exceptional chemical stability (negligible increase in resistance over 7 days at 80% relative humidity and 80 °C) and transparency (96% for 20 nm films on AgNWs), while TiOxNy demonstrates exceptional thermal and electrical stability (stability up to over temperatures 100 °C more than that of bare AgNW networks, with a maximum areal power density of 1.72 W/cm2, and no resistance divergence at up to 20 V), and ZrOxNy presents intermediate properties in all metrics. In summary, a novel method of oxynitride deposition, leveraging moderate base pressure reactive sputtering, is demonstrated for AgNW encapsulant deposition, which is compatible with roll-to-roll processes that are operated at commercial scales, and this technique can be extended to arbitrary, vacuum-compatible substrates and device architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatin J Patil
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Maya L Reese
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Eric Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jeffrey C Grossman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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31
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Chang HS, Feng P, Lyu Y, Lin CC. Accelerated and outdoor weathering of silver nanowire transparent conductors under electrical stress in pseudo-modules. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 33:15LT01. [PMID: 34972097 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac4758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In realistic applications, silver nanowires (AgNWs) are encapsulated in optoelectrical devices to function as transparent conductors and electrodes. Environmental stressors along with the essential electrical stress are inevitably harmful to the AgNWs inside the devices. Herein, to investigate the degradation behavior discrepancy between materials-level and device-level tests, we adopted pseudo-module to mimic the encapsulation. The pseudo-module allows the application of electrical stress and facilitates the interim specimen access for materials characterization through assembly-disassembly. Indoor accelerated and outdoor weathering tests with applied electrical stress to the pseudo-module encapsulated AgNW networks were performed. The impaired optoelectrical properties and morphological changes of AgNWs due to multiple or individual stressor(s) are investigated. Results indicate UVA exposure at elevated temperature coupled with electrical stress is responsible for the electrical failure of AgNW networks. Sulfidation that depresses optical transparency of AgNW networks is prone to occur at lower temperature. This work provides unambiguous degradation behaviors of AgNWs inside encapsulants, helping to improve the design of AgNWs related optoelectrical devices in the applications of solar irradiation environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Shuo Chang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan
| | - Pan Feng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 21189, People's Republic of China
| | - Yadong Lyu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Chiao-Chi Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan
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32
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Muchuweni E, Mombeshora ET, Martincigh BS, Nyamori VO. Recent Applications of Carbon Nanotubes in Organic Solar Cells. Front Chem 2022; 9:733552. [PMID: 35071180 PMCID: PMC8770437 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.733552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, carbon-based materials, particularly carbon nanotubes (CNTs), have gained intensive research attention in the fabrication of organic solar cells (OSCs) due to their outstanding physicochemical properties, low-cost, environmental friendliness and the natural abundance of carbon. In this regard, the low sheet resistance and high optical transmittance of CNTs enables their application as alternative anodes to the widely used indium tin oxide (ITO), which is toxic, expensive and scarce. Also, the synergy between the large specific surface area and high electrical conductivity of CNTs provides both large donor-acceptor interfaces and conductive interpenetrating networks for exciton dissociation and charge carrier transport. Furthermore, the facile tunability of the energy levels of CNTs provides proper energy level alignment between the active layer and electrodes for effective extraction and transportation of charge carriers. In addition, the hydrophobic nature and high thermal conductivity of CNTs enables them to form protective layers that improve the moisture and thermal stability of OSCs, thereby prolonging the devices' lifetime. Recently, the introduction of CNTs into OSCs produced a substantial increase in efficiency from ∼0.68 to above 14.00%. Thus, further optimization of the optoelectronic properties of CNTs can conceivably help OSCs to compete with silicon solar cells that have been commercialized. Therefore, this study presents the recent breakthroughs in efficiency and stability of OSCs, achieved mainly over 2018-2021 by incorporating CNTs into electrodes, active layers and charge transport layers. The challenges, advantages and recommendations for the fabrication of low-cost, highly efficient and sustainable next-generation OSCs are also discussed, to open up avenues for commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Vincent O. Nyamori
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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33
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Zhu Y, Hartel MC, Yu N, Garrido PR, Kim S, Lee J, Bandaru P, Guan S, Lin H, Emaminejad S, de Barros NR, Ahadian S, Kim HJ, Sun W, Jucaud V, Dokmeci MR, Weiss PS, Yan R, Khademhosseini A. Epidermis-Inspired Wearable Piezoresistive Pressure Sensors Using Reduced Graphene Oxide Self-Wrapped Copper Nanowire Networks. SMALL METHODS 2022; 6:e2100900. [PMID: 35041280 PMCID: PMC8852346 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202100900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Wearable piezoresistive sensors are being developed as electronic skins (E-skin) for broad applications in human physiological monitoring and soft robotics. Tactile sensors with sufficient sensitivities, durability, and large dynamic ranges are required to replicate this critical component of the somatosensory system. Multiple micro/nanostructures, materials, and sensing modalities have been reported to address this need. However, a trade-off arises between device performance and device complexity. Inspired by the microstructure of the spinosum at the dermo epidermal junction in skin, a low-cost, scalable, and high-performance piezoresistive sensor is developed with high sensitivity (0.144 kPa-1 ), extensive sensing range ( 0.1-15 kPa), fast response time (less than 150 ms), and excellent long-term stability (over 1000 cycles). Furthermore, the piezoresistive functionality of the device is realized via a flexible transparent electrode (FTE) using a highly stable reduced graphene oxide self-wrapped copper nanowire network. The developed nanowire-based spinosum microstructured FTEs are amenable to wearable electronics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangzhi Zhu
- Corresponding Authors: (Y. Zhu); (R. Yan); (A. Khademhosseini)
| | | | - Ning Yu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Pamela Rosario Garrido
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, California 90064, United States; Department of Electric and Electronic Engineering, Technological Institute of Merida, Merida, Yucatan 97118, Mexico
| | - Sanggon Kim
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Junmin Lee
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, California 90064, United States
| | - Praveen Bandaru
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, California 90064, United States
| | - Shenghan Guan
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, California 90064, United States
| | - Haisong Lin
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, California 90064, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Sam Emaminejad
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, California 90064, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | | | - Samad Ahadian
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, California 90064, United States
| | - Han-Jun Kim
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, California 90064, United States
| | - Wujin Sun
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, California 90064, United States
| | - Vadim Jucaud
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, California 90064, United States
| | - Mehmet R. Dokmeci
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, California 90064, United States
| | - Paul S. Weiss
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States; Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Ruoxue Yan
- Corresponding Authors: (Y. Zhu); (R. Yan); (A. Khademhosseini)
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Yan S, Wang H, Li P. A solution-processed Ag@ZnO core–shell nanowire network for stretchable transparent electromagnetic interference shielding application. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ce00911k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We develop a method to prepare Ag@ZnO core–shell heterojunction nanowire networks with high EMI shielding effectiveness due to enhancement in microwave absorption via microwave-assisted interface charge transport processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyi Yan
- School of Information Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, P. R. China
| | - Henan Wang
- Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, P. R. China
| | - Peng Li
- Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, P. R. China
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Bardet L, Papanastasiou DT, Crivello C, Akbari M, Resende J, Sekkat A, Sanchez-Velasquez C, Rapenne L, Jiménez C, Muñoz-Rojas D, Denneulin A, Bellet D. Silver Nanowire Networks: Ways to Enhance Their Physical Properties and Stability. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:2785. [PMID: 34835550 PMCID: PMC8625099 DOI: 10.3390/nano11112785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanowire (AgNW) networks have been intensively investigated in recent years. Thanks to their attractive physical properties in terms of optical transparency and electrical conductivity, as well as their mechanical performance, AgNW networks are promising transparent electrodes (TE) for several devices, such as solar cells, transparent heaters, touch screens or light-emitting devices. However, morphological instabilities, low adhesion to the substrate, surface roughness and ageing issues may limit their broader use and need to be tackled for a successful performance and long working lifetime. The aim of the present work is to highlight efficient strategies to optimize the physical properties of AgNW networks. In order to situate our work in relation to existing literature, we briefly reported recent studies which investigated physical properties of AgNW networks. First, we investigated the optimization of optical transparency and electrical conductivity by comparing two types of AgNWs with different morphologies, including PVP layer and AgNW dimensions. In addition, their response to thermal treatment was deeply investigated. Then, zinc oxide (ZnO) and tin oxide (SnO2) protective films deposited by Atmospheric Pressure Spatial Atomic Layer Deposition (AP-SALD) were compared for one type of AgNW. We clearly demonstrated that coating AgNW networks with these thin oxide layers is an efficient approach to enhance the morphological stability of AgNWs when subjected to thermal stress. Finally, we discussed the main future challenges linked with AgNW networks optimization processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Bardet
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LGP2, F-38000 Grenoble, France;
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LMGP, F-38000 Grenoble, France; (D.T.P.); (C.C.); (M.A.); (A.S.); (C.S.-V.); (L.R.); (C.J.); (D.M.-R.)
| | - Dorina T. Papanastasiou
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LMGP, F-38000 Grenoble, France; (D.T.P.); (C.C.); (M.A.); (A.S.); (C.S.-V.); (L.R.); (C.J.); (D.M.-R.)
| | - Chiara Crivello
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LMGP, F-38000 Grenoble, France; (D.T.P.); (C.C.); (M.A.); (A.S.); (C.S.-V.); (L.R.); (C.J.); (D.M.-R.)
| | - Masoud Akbari
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LMGP, F-38000 Grenoble, France; (D.T.P.); (C.C.); (M.A.); (A.S.); (C.S.-V.); (L.R.); (C.J.); (D.M.-R.)
| | - João Resende
- AlmaScience Colab, Madan Parque, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal;
| | - Abderrahime Sekkat
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LMGP, F-38000 Grenoble, France; (D.T.P.); (C.C.); (M.A.); (A.S.); (C.S.-V.); (L.R.); (C.J.); (D.M.-R.)
| | - Camilo Sanchez-Velasquez
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LMGP, F-38000 Grenoble, France; (D.T.P.); (C.C.); (M.A.); (A.S.); (C.S.-V.); (L.R.); (C.J.); (D.M.-R.)
| | - Laetitia Rapenne
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LMGP, F-38000 Grenoble, France; (D.T.P.); (C.C.); (M.A.); (A.S.); (C.S.-V.); (L.R.); (C.J.); (D.M.-R.)
| | - Carmen Jiménez
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LMGP, F-38000 Grenoble, France; (D.T.P.); (C.C.); (M.A.); (A.S.); (C.S.-V.); (L.R.); (C.J.); (D.M.-R.)
| | - David Muñoz-Rojas
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LMGP, F-38000 Grenoble, France; (D.T.P.); (C.C.); (M.A.); (A.S.); (C.S.-V.); (L.R.); (C.J.); (D.M.-R.)
| | - Aurore Denneulin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LGP2, F-38000 Grenoble, France;
| | - Daniel Bellet
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LMGP, F-38000 Grenoble, France; (D.T.P.); (C.C.); (M.A.); (A.S.); (C.S.-V.); (L.R.); (C.J.); (D.M.-R.)
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Ko P, Seok JY, Kim H, Kwon S, Jeong S, Youn H, Woo K. Flashlight-Induced Strong Self-Adhesive Surface on a Nanowire-Impregnated Transparent Conductive Film. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:40062-40069. [PMID: 34379391 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c09727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The flashlight annealing process has been widely used in the field of flexible and printed electronics because it can instantly induce chemical and structural modifications over a large area on an electronic functional layer in a subsecond time range. In this study, for the first time, we explored a straightforward method to develop strong self-adhesion on a metal nanowire-based flexible and transparent conductive film via flashlight irradiation. Nanowire interlocking, for strong mechanical bonding at the interface between the nanowires and polyamide film, was achieved by simple hot pressing. Then, by irradiating the nanowire-impregnated film with a flashlight, several events such as interdiffusion and melting of surface polymers could be induced along with morphological changes leading to an increase in the film surface area. As a result, the surface of the fabricated film exhibited strong interfacial interactions while forming intimate contact with the heterogeneous surfaces of other objects, thereby becoming strongly self-adhesive. This readily achievable, self-attachable, flexible, and transparent electrode allowed the self-interconnection of a light-emitting diode chip, and it was also compatible for various applications, such as defogging windows and transparent organic light-emitting diodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pyeongsam Ko
- Nano-Convergence Manufacturing Systems Research Division, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), Daejeon 34103, Republic of Korea
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hanbat National University, Dongseodaero 125, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34158, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Young Seok
- Nano-Convergence Manufacturing Systems Research Division, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), Daejeon 34103, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuntae Kim
- Nano-Convergence Manufacturing Systems Research Division, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), Daejeon 34103, Republic of Korea
| | - Sin Kwon
- Nano-Convergence Manufacturing Systems Research Division, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), Daejeon 34103, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunho Jeong
- Department of Advanced Materials Engineering for Information and Electronics, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongseok Youn
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hanbat National University, Dongseodaero 125, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34158, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoohee Woo
- Nano-Convergence Manufacturing Systems Research Division, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), Daejeon 34103, Republic of Korea
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A Review on the Deformation Behavior of Silver Nanowire Networks under Many Bending Cycles. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11104515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Silver nanowire networks are attractive for flexible transparent electrodes due to their excellent optical transparency and electrical conductivity. Their mechanical reliability under bending is an important feature for the adoption of silver nanowire transparent electrodes for flexible electronics. Therefore, various studies have been conducted to understand the deformation behavior of silver nanowire networks, which are different from those of bulk silver or silver thin films. The focus of this review is to elucidate the deformation mechanism of silver nanowire networks under high cycles of bending and to present ways to improve the mechanical reliability of silver nanowire transparent electrodes.
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