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Manzoni E, Carli S, Gaignard P, Schlieben LD, Hirano M, Ronchi D, Gonzales E, Shimura M, Murayama K, Okazaki Y, Barić I, Petkovic Ramadza D, Karall D, Mayr J, Martinelli D, La Morgia C, Primiano G, Santer R, Servidei S, Bris C, Cano A, Furlan F, Gasperini S, Laborde N, Lamperti C, Lenz D, Mancuso M, Montano V, Menni F, Musumeci O, Nesbitt V, Procopio E, Rouzier C, Staufner C, Taanman JW, Tal G, Ticci C, Cordelli DM, Carelli V, Procaccio V, Prokisch H, Garone C. Deoxyguanosine kinase deficiency: natural history and liver transplant outcome. Brain Commun 2024; 6:fcae160. [PMID: 38756539 PMCID: PMC11098040 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcae160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Autosomal recessive pathogenetic variants in the DGUOK gene cause deficiency of deoxyguanosine kinase activity and mitochondrial deoxynucleotides pool imbalance, consequently, leading to quantitative and/or qualitative impairment of mitochondrial DNA synthesis. Typically, patients present early-onset liver failure with or without neurological involvement and a clinical course rapidly progressing to death. This is an international multicentre study aiming to provide a retrospective natural history of deoxyguanosine kinase deficient patients. A systematic literature review from January 2001 to June 2023 was conducted. Physicians of research centres or clinicians all around the world caring for previously reported patients were contacted to provide followup information or additional clinical, biochemical, histological/histochemical, and molecular genetics data for unreported cases with a confirmed molecular diagnosis of deoxyguanosine kinase deficiency. A cohort of 202 genetically confirmed patients, 36 unreported, and 166 from a systematic literature review, were analyzed. Patients had a neonatal onset (≤ 1 month) in 55.7% of cases, infantile (>1 month and ≤ 1 year) in 32.3%, pediatric (>1 year and ≤18 years) in 2.5% and adult (>18 years) in 9.5%. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed statistically different survival rates (P < 0.0001) among the four age groups with the highest mortality for neonatal onset. Based on the clinical phenotype, we defined four different clinical subtypes: hepatocerebral (58.8%), isolated hepatopathy (21.9%), hepatomyoencephalopathy (9.6%), and isolated myopathy (9.6%). Muscle involvement was predominant in adult-onset cases whereas liver dysfunction causes morbidity and mortality in early-onset patients with a median survival of less than 1 year. No genotype-phenotype correlation was identified. Liver transplant significantly modified the survival rate in 26 treated patients when compared with untreated. Only six patients had additional mild neurological signs after liver transplant. In conclusion, deoxyguanosine kinase deficiency is a disease spectrum with a prevalent liver and brain tissue specificity in neonatal and infantile-onset patients and muscle tissue specificity in adult-onset cases. Our study provides clinical, molecular genetics and biochemical data for early diagnosis, clinical trial planning and immediate intervention with liver transplant and/or nucleoside supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Manzoni
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna 40138, Italy
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche, UO Neuropsichiatria dell’età Pediatrica di Bologna, Bologna 40124, Italy
| | - Sara Carli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna 40138, Italy
| | - Pauline Gaignard
- Department of Biochemistry, Bicêtre Hospital, Reference Center for Mitochondrial Disease, University of Paris-Saclay, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris 94275, France
| | - Lea Dewi Schlieben
- School of Medicine, Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, 80333 Germany
- Institute of Neurogenomics, Computational Health Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg 80333, Germany
| | - Michio Hirano
- H. Houston Merritt Neuromuscular Research Center, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10033, USA
| | - Dario Ronchi
- Dino Ferrari Center, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan 20122, Italy
| | - Emmanuel Gonzales
- Pediatric Hepatology and Pediatric Liver Transplantation Unit, Bicêtre Hospital, Reference Center for Mitochondrial Disease, University of Paris-Saclay, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris 94270, France
| | - Masaru Shimura
- Center for Medical Genetics, Department of Metabolism, Chiba Children’s Hospital, Chiba 260-0842, Japan
| | - Kei Murayama
- Center for Medical Genetics, Department of Metabolism, Chiba Children’s Hospital, Chiba 260-0842, Japan
- Diagnostics and Therapeutic of Intractable Diseases, Intractable Disease Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Yasushi Okazaki
- Diagnostics and Therapeutic of Intractable Diseases, Intractable Disease Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Ivo Barić
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Centre Zagreb and University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Danijela Petkovic Ramadza
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Centre Zagreb and University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Daniela Karall
- Clinic for Pediatrics, Division of Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Johannes Mayr
- University Children’s Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University (PMU), 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Diego Martinelli
- Division of Metabolism, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital IRCCS, Rome 00165, Italy
| | - Chiara La Morgia
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna 40123, Italy
- IRCCS Istituto di Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Programma di Neurogenetica, Bologna 40124, Italy
| | - Guido Primiano
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Organi di Senso e Torace -Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome 00136, Italy
- Dipartimento Di Neuroscienze, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - René Santer
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Serenella Servidei
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Organi di Senso e Torace -Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome 00136, Italy
- Dipartimento Di Neuroscienze, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - Céline Bris
- University Angers, Angers Hospital, INSERM, CNRS, MITOVASC, SFR ICAT, Angers F-49000, France
| | - Aline Cano
- Centre de référence des maladies héréditaires du métabolisme, CHU la Timone Enfants, Marseille 13005, France
| | - Francesca Furlan
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Regional Clinical Center for Expanded Newborn Screening, Milan 20122, Italy
| | - Serena Gasperini
- Department of Pediatrics, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Nolwenn Laborde
- Unité de Gastroentérologie, Hépatologie, Nutrition et Maladies Héréditaires du Métabolisme, Hôpital des Enfants, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse 31300, France
| | - Costanza Lamperti
- Division of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics, Fondazione IRCCS Neurological Institute ‘C. Besta’, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Dominic Lenz
- Division of Neuropaediatrics and Paediatric Metabolic Medicine, Center for Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Michelangelo Mancuso
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Neurological Institute, University of Pisa & AOUP, Pisa 56126, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Montano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Neurological Institute, University of Pisa & AOUP, Pisa 56126, Italy
| | - Francesca Menni
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Regional Clinical Center for Expanded Newborn Screening, Milan 20122, Italy
| | - Olimpia Musumeci
- Unit of Neurology and Neuromuscular Disorders, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina 98125, Italy
| | - Victoria Nesbitt
- Department of Paediatrics, Medical Sciences Division, Oxford University, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Elena Procopio
- Metabolic Unit, Meyer Children’s Hospital IRCCS, Florence 50139, Italy
| | - Cécile Rouzier
- Centre de référence des Maladies Mitochondriales, Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU de Nice, Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, INSERM, IRCAN, Nice 06000, France
| | - Christian Staufner
- Division of Neuropaediatrics and Paediatric Metabolic Medicine, Center for Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Jan-Willem Taanman
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Galit Tal
- Metabolic Clinic, Ruth Rappaport Children's Hospital, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa 3109601, Israel
- The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3109601, Israel
| | - Chiara Ticci
- Metabolic Unit, Meyer Children’s Hospital IRCCS, Florence 50139, Italy
| | - Duccio Maria Cordelli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna 40138, Italy
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche, UO Neuropsichiatria dell’età Pediatrica di Bologna, Bologna 40124, Italy
| | - Valerio Carelli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna 40123, Italy
- IRCCS Istituto di Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Programma di Neurogenetica, Bologna 40124, Italy
| | - Vincent Procaccio
- University Angers, Angers Hospital, INSERM, CNRS, MITOVASC, SFR ICAT, Angers F-49000, France
| | - Holger Prokisch
- School of Medicine, Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, 80333 Germany
- Institute of Neurogenomics, Computational Health Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg 80333, Germany
| | - Caterina Garone
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna 40138, Italy
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche, UO Neuropsichiatria dell’età Pediatrica di Bologna, Bologna 40124, Italy
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Bermejo-Guerrero L, Hernández-Voth A, Serrano-Lorenzo P, Blázquez A, Martin-Jimenez P, Martin MA, Domínguez-González C. Remarkable clinical improvement with oral nucleoside treatment in a patient with adult-onset TK2 deficiency: A case report. Mitochondrion 2024; 76:101879. [PMID: 38599303 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2024.101879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Thymidine kinase 2 deficiency (TK2d) is a rare autosomal recessive mitochondrial disorder. It manifests as a continuous clinical spectrum, from fatal infantile mitochondrial DNA depletion syndromes to adult-onset mitochondrial myopathies characterized by ophthalmoplegia-plus phenotypes with early respiratory involvement. Treatment with pyrimidine nucleosides has recently shown striking effects on survival and motor outcomes in the more severe infantile-onset clinical forms. We present the response to treatment in a patient with adult-onset TK2d. METHODS An adult with ptosis, ophthalmoplegia, facial, neck, and proximal muscle weakness, non-invasive nocturnal mechanical ventilation, and dysphagia due to biallelic pathogenic variants in TK2 received treatment with 260 mg/kg/day of deoxycytidine (dC) and deoxythymidine (dT) under a Compassionate Use Program. Prospective motor and respiratory assessments are presented. RESULTS After 27 months of follow-up, the North Star Ambulatory Assessment improved by 11 points, he walked 195 m more in the 6 Minute-Walking-Test, ran 10 s faster in the 100-meter time velocity test, and the Forced Vital Capacity stabilized. Growth Differentiation Factor-15 (GDF15) levels, a biomarker of respiratory chain dysfunction, normalized. The only reported side effect was dose-dependent diarrhea. DISCUSSION Treatment with dC and dT can significantly improve motor performance and stabilize respiratory function safely in patients with adult-onset TK2d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bermejo-Guerrero
- Neurology Department, Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid 28041, Spain
| | - Ana Hernández-Voth
- Pulmonology Department, Mechanical Ventilation and Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid 28041, Spain
| | - Pablo Serrano-Lorenzo
- Spanish Network for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Alberto Blázquez
- Spanish Network for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid 28029, Spain; Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Research Group '12 de Octubre', Hospital Research Institute (imas12), Madrid 28041, Spain
| | - Paloma Martin-Jimenez
- Neurology Department, Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid 28041, Spain
| | - Miguel A Martin
- Spanish Network for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid 28029, Spain; Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Research Group '12 de Octubre', Hospital Research Institute (imas12), Madrid 28041, Spain; Genetics Department, Hospital Universitario, 12 de Octubre, Madrid 28041, Spain
| | - Cristina Domínguez-González
- Neurology Department, Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid 28041, Spain; Spanish Network for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid 28029, Spain; Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Research Group '12 de Octubre', Hospital Research Institute (imas12), Madrid 28041, Spain.
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Dombi E, Marinaki T, Spingardi P, Millar V, Hadjichristou N, Carver J, Johnston IG, Fratter C, Poulton J. Nucleoside supplements as treatments for mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1260496. [PMID: 38665433 PMCID: PMC11043827 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1260496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: In mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) depletion syndrome (MDS), patients cannot maintain sufficient mtDNA for their energy needs. MDS presentations range from infantile encephalopathy with hepatopathy (Alpers syndrome) to adult chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia. Most are caused by nucleotide imbalance or by defects in the mtDNA replisome. There is currently no curative treatment available. Nucleoside therapy is a promising experimental treatment for TK2 deficiency, where patients are supplemented with exogenous deoxypyrimidines. We aimed to explore the benefits of nucleoside supplementation in POLG and TWNK deficient fibroblasts. Methods: We used high-content fluorescence microscopy with software-based image analysis to assay mtDNA content and membrane potential quantitatively, using vital dyes PicoGreen and MitoTracker Red CMXRos respectively. We tested the effect of 15 combinations (A, T, G, C, AT, AC, AG, CT, CG, GT, ATC, ATG, AGC, TGC, ATGC) of deoxynucleoside supplements on mtDNA content of fibroblasts derived from four patients with MDS (POLG1, POLG2, DGUOK, TWNK) in both a replicating (10% dialysed FCS) and quiescent (0.1% dialysed FCS) state. We used qPCR to measure mtDNA content of supplemented and non-supplemented fibroblasts following mtDNA depletion using 20 µM ddC and after 14- and 21-day recovery in a quiescent state. Results: Nucleoside treatments at 200 µM that significantly increased mtDNA content also significantly reduced the number of cells remaining in culture after 7 days of treatment, as well as mitochondrial membrane potential. These toxic effects were abolished by reducing the concentration of nucleosides to 50 µM. In POLG1 and TWNK cells the combination of ATGC treatment increased mtDNA content the most after 7 days in non-replicating cells. ATGC nucleoside combination significantly increased the rate of mtDNA recovery in quiescent POLG1 cells following mtDNA depletion by ddC. Conclusion: High-content imaging enabled us to link mtDNA copy number with key read-outs linked to patient wellbeing. Elevated G increased mtDNA copy number but severely impaired fibroblast growth, potentially by inhibiting purine synthesis and/or causing replication stress. Combinations of nucleosides ATGC, T, or TC, benefited growth of cells harbouring POLG mutations. These combinations, one of which reflects a commercially available preparation, could be explored further for treatment of POLG patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Dombi
- Nuffield Department of Women’s and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tony Marinaki
- Purine Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemical Sciences, Guy’s and St Thomas’ Hospitals, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paolo Spingardi
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Val Millar
- Target Discovery Institute, Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Janet Carver
- Nuffield Department of Women’s and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Iain G. Johnston
- Department of Mathematics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Computational Biology Unit, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Carl Fratter
- Oxford Genetics Laboratories, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna Poulton
- Nuffield Department of Women’s and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Ali A, Esmaeil A, Behbehani R. Mitochondrial Chronic Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia. Brain Sci 2024; 14:135. [PMID: 38391710 PMCID: PMC10887352 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14020135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO) is a rare disorder that can be at the forefront of several mitochondrial diseases. This review overviews mitochondrial CPEO encephalomyopathies to enhance accurate recognition and diagnosis for proper management. METHODS This study is conducted based on publications and guidelines obtained by selective review in PubMed. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials, Cochrane reviews, and literature meta-analyses were particularly sought. DISCUSSION CPEO is a common presentation of mitochondrial encephalomyopathies, which can result from alterations in mitochondrial or nuclear DNA. Genetic sequencing is the gold standard for diagnosing mitochondrial encephalomyopathies, preceded by non-invasive tests such as fibroblast growth factor-21 and growth differentiation factor-15. More invasive options include a muscle biopsy, which can be carried out after uncertain diagnostic testing. No definitive treatment option is available for mitochondrial diseases, and management is mainly focused on lifestyle risk modification and supplementation to reduce mitochondrial load and symptomatic relief, such as ptosis repair in the case of CPEO. Nevertheless, various clinical trials and endeavors are still at large for achieving beneficial therapeutic outcomes for mitochondrial encephalomyopathies. KEY MESSAGES Understanding the varying presentations and genetic aspects of mitochondrial CPEO is crucial for accurate diagnosis and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ali
- Neuro-Ophthalmology Unit, Ibn Sina Hospital, Al-Bahar Ophthalmology Center, Kuwait City 70035, Kuwait
| | - Ali Esmaeil
- Neuro-Ophthalmology Unit, Ibn Sina Hospital, Al-Bahar Ophthalmology Center, Kuwait City 70035, Kuwait
| | - Raed Behbehani
- Neuro-Ophthalmology Unit, Ibn Sina Hospital, Al-Bahar Ophthalmology Center, Kuwait City 70035, Kuwait
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Chin HL, Lai PS, Tay SKH. A clinical approach to diagnosis and management of mitochondrial myopathies. Neurotherapeutics 2024; 21:e00304. [PMID: 38241155 PMCID: PMC10903095 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurot.2023.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper provides an overview of the different types of mitochondrial myopathies (MM), associated phenotypes, genotypes as well as a practical clinical approach towards disease diagnosis, surveillance, and management. nDNA-related MM are more common in pediatric-onset disease whilst mtDNA-related MMs are more frequent in adults. Genotype-phenotype correlation in MM is challenging due to clinical and genetic heterogeneity. The multisystemic nature of many MMs adds to the diagnostic challenge. Diagnostic approaches utilizing genetic sequencing with next generation sequencing approaches such as gene panel, exome and genome sequencing are available. This aids molecular diagnosis, heteroplasmy detection in MM patients and furthers knowledge of known mitochondrial genes. Precise disease diagnosis can end the diagnostic odyssey for patients, avoid unnecessary testing, provide prognosis, facilitate anticipatory management, and enable access to available therapies or clinical trials. Adjunctive tests such as functional and exercise testing could aid surveillance of MM patients. Management requires a multi-disciplinary approach, systemic screening for comorbidities, cofactor supplementation, avoidance of substances that inhibit the respiratory chain and exercise training. This update of the current understanding on MMs provides practical perspectives on current diagnostic and management approaches for this complex group of disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Lin Chin
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Paediatrics, Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Hospital, Singapore; Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Poh San Lai
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Stacey Kiat Hong Tay
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Paediatrics, Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Hospital, Singapore; Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Division of Neurology, Department of Paediatrics, Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Hospital, Singapore.
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Conti F, Di Martino S, Drago F, Bucolo C, Micale V, Montano V, Siciliano G, Mancuso M, Lopriore P. Red Flags in Primary Mitochondrial Diseases: What Should We Recognize? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16746. [PMID: 38069070 PMCID: PMC10706469 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary mitochondrial diseases (PMDs) are complex group of metabolic disorders caused by genetically determined impairment of the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). The unique features of mitochondrial genetics and the pivotal role of mitochondria in cell biology explain the phenotypical heterogeneity of primary mitochondrial diseases and the resulting diagnostic challenges that follow. Some peculiar features ("red flags") may indicate a primary mitochondrial disease, helping the physician to orient in this diagnostic maze. In this narrative review, we aimed to outline the features of the most common mitochondrial red flags offering a general overview on the topic that could help physicians to untangle mitochondrial medicine complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Conti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Science, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (F.C.); (S.D.M.); (C.B.); (V.M.)
| | - Serena Di Martino
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Science, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (F.C.); (S.D.M.); (C.B.); (V.M.)
| | - Filippo Drago
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Science, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (F.C.); (S.D.M.); (C.B.); (V.M.)
| | - Claudio Bucolo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Science, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (F.C.); (S.D.M.); (C.B.); (V.M.)
- Center for Research in Ocular Pharmacology-CERFO, University of Catania, 95213 Catania, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Micale
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Science, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (F.C.); (S.D.M.); (C.B.); (V.M.)
| | - Vincenzo Montano
- Neurological Institute, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy (P.L.)
| | - Gabriele Siciliano
- Neurological Institute, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy (P.L.)
| | - Michelangelo Mancuso
- Neurological Institute, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy (P.L.)
| | - Piervito Lopriore
- Neurological Institute, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy (P.L.)
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Kristiansen CK, Furriol J, Chen A, Sullivan GJ, Bindoff LA, Liang KX. Deoxyribonucleoside treatment rescues EtBr-induced mtDNA depletion in iPSC-derived neural stem cells with POLG mutations. FASEB J 2023; 37:e23139. [PMID: 37584631 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202300650rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in POLG, the gene encoding the catalytic subunit of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) polymerase gamma (Pol-γ), lead to diseases driven by defective mtDNA maintenance. Despite being the most prevalent cause of mitochondrial disease, treatments for POLG-related disorders remain elusive. In this study, we used POLG patient-induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neural stem cells (iNSCs), one homozygous for the POLG mutation c.2243G>C and one compound heterozygous with c.2243G>C and c.1399G>A, and treated these iNSCs with ethidium bromide (EtBr) to study the rate of depletion and repopulation of mtDNA. In addition, we investigated the effect of deoxyribonucleoside (dNs) supplementation on mtDNA maintenance during EtBr treatment and post-treatment repopulation in the same cells. EtBr-induced mtDNA depletion occurred at a similar rate in both patient and control iNSCs, however, restoration of mtDNA levels was significantly delayed in iNSCs carrying the compound heterozygous POLG mutations. In contrast, iNSC with the homozygous POLG mutation recovered their mtDNA at a rate similar to controls. When we treated cells with dNs, we found that this reduced EtBr-induced mtDNA depletion and significantly increased repopulation rates in both patient iNSCs. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that mutations in POLG impair mtDNA repopulation also within intact neural lineage cells and suggest that those with compound heterozygous mutation have a more severe defect of mtDNA synthesis. Our findings further highlight the potential for dNs to improve mtDNA replication in the presence of POLG mutations, suggesting that this may offer a new therapeutic modality for mitochondrial diseases caused by disturbed mtDNA homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilie Katrin Kristiansen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Neuro-SysMed, Center of Excellence for Clinical Research in Neurological Diseases, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jessica Furriol
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Anbin Chen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Gareth John Sullivan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pediatric Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Laurence A Bindoff
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- National Advisory Unit for Congenital Metabolic Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristina Xiao Liang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Neuro-SysMed, Center of Excellence for Clinical Research in Neurological Diseases, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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Gedikbasi A, Toksoy G, Karaca M, Gulec C, Balci MC, Gunes D, Gunes S, Aslanger AD, Unverengil G, Karaman B, Basaran S, Demirkol M, Gokcay GF, Uyguner ZO. Clinical and bi-genomic DNA findings of patients suspected to have mitochondrial diseases. Front Genet 2023; 14:1191159. [PMID: 37377599 PMCID: PMC10292751 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1191159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Mitochondrial diseases are the most common group of inherited metabolic disorders, causing difficulties in definite diagnosis due to clinical and genetic heterogeneity. Clinical components are predominantly associated with pathogenic variants shown in nuclear or mitochondrial genomes that affect vital respiratory chain function. The development of high-throughput sequencing technologies has accelerated the elucidation of the genetic etiology of many genetic diseases that previously remained undiagnosed. Methods: Thirty affected patients from 24 unrelated families with clinical, radiological, biochemical, and histopathological evaluations considered for mitochondrial diseases were investigated. DNA isolated from the peripheral blood samples of probands was sequenced for nuclear exome and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analyses. MtDNA sequencing was also performed from the muscle biopsy material in one patient. For segregation, Sanger sequencing is performed for pathogenic alterations in five other affected family members and healthy parents. Results: Exome sequencing revealed 14 different pathogenic variants in nine genes encoding mitochondrial function peptides (AARS2, EARS2, ECHS1, FBXL4, MICOS13, NDUFAF6, OXCT1, POLG, and TK2) in 12 patients from nine families and four variants in genes encoding important for muscle structure (CAPN3, DYSF, and TCAP) in six patients from four families. Three probands carried pathogenic mtDNA variations in two genes (MT-ATP6 and MT-TL1). Nine variants in five genes are reported for the first time with disease association: (AARS2: c.277C>T/p.(R93*), c.845C>G/p.(S282C); EARS2: c.319C>T/p.(R107C), c.1283delC/p.(P428Lfs*); ECHS1: c.161G>A/p.(R54His); c.202G>A/p.(E68Lys); NDUFAF6: c.479delA/p.(N162Ifs*27); and OXCT1: c.1370C>T/p.(T457I), c.1173-139G>T/p.(?). Conclusion: Bi-genomic DNA sequencing clarified genetic etiology in 67% (16/24) of the families. Diagnostic utility by mtDNA sequencing in 13% (3/24) and exome sequencing in 54% (13/24) of the families prioritized searching for nuclear genome pathologies for the first-tier test. Weakness and muscle wasting observed in 17% (4/24) of the families underlined that limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, similar to mitochondrial myopathy, is an essential point for differential diagnosis. The correct diagnosis is crucial for comprehensive genetic counseling of families. Also, it contributes to making treatment-helpful referrals, such as ensuring early access to medication for patients with mutations in the TK2 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asuman Gedikbasi
- Department of Pediatric Basic Sciences, Institute of Child Health Istanbul University, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Division of Pediatric Nutrition and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Guven Toksoy
- Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Meryem Karaca
- Division of Pediatric Nutrition and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Cagri Gulec
- Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Mehmet Cihan Balci
- Division of Pediatric Nutrition and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Dilek Gunes
- Division of Pediatric Nutrition and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Seda Gunes
- Division of Pediatric Nutrition and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Ayca Dilruba Aslanger
- Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Gokcen Unverengil
- Department of Pathology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Birsen Karaman
- Department of Pediatric Basic Sciences, Institute of Child Health Istanbul University, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Seher Basaran
- Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Mubeccel Demirkol
- Division of Pediatric Nutrition and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Gulden Fatma Gokcay
- Division of Pediatric Nutrition and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Zehra Oya Uyguner
- Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Türkiye
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9
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Urtizberea JA, Severa G, Malfatti E. Metabolic Myopathies in the Era of Next-Generation Sequencing. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14050954. [PMID: 37239314 DOI: 10.3390/genes14050954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic myopathies are rare inherited disorders that deserve more attention from neurologists and pediatricians. Pompe disease and McArdle disease represent some of the most common diseases in clinical practice; however, other less common diseases are now better-known. In general the pathophysiology of metabolic myopathies needs to be better understood. Thanks to the advent of next-generation sequencing (NGS), genetic testing has replaced more invasive investigations and sophisticated enzymatic assays to reach a final diagnosis in many cases. The current diagnostic algorithms for metabolic myopathies have integrated this paradigm shift and restrict invasive investigations for complicated cases. Moreover, NGS contributes to the discovery of novel genes and proteins, providing new insights into muscle metabolism and pathophysiology. More importantly, a growing number of these conditions are amenable to therapeutic approaches such as diets of different kinds, exercise training protocols, and enzyme replacement therapy or gene therapy. Prevention and management-notably of rhabdomyolysis-are key to avoiding serious and potentially life-threatening complications and improving patients' quality of life. Although not devoid of limitations, the newborn screening programs that are currently mushrooming across the globe show that early intervention in metabolic myopathies is a key factor for better therapeutic efficacy and long-term prognosis. As a whole NGS has largely increased the diagnostic yield of metabolic myopathies, but more invasive but classical investigations are still critical when the genetic diagnosis is unclear or when it comes to optimizing the follow-up and care of these muscular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gianmarco Severa
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, Neurology-Neurophysiology Unit, University of Siena, Policlinico Le Scotte, Viale Bracci 1, 5310 Siena, Italy
- Université Paris Est, U955, IMRB, INSERM, APHP, Centre de Référence de Pathologie Neuromusculaire Nord-Est-Ile-de-France, Henri Mondor Hospital, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Edoardo Malfatti
- Université Paris Est, U955, IMRB, INSERM, APHP, Centre de Référence de Pathologie Neuromusculaire Nord-Est-Ile-de-France, Henri Mondor Hospital, 94000 Créteil, France
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10
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Abstract
Telomere length in humans is associated with lifespan and severe diseases, yet the genetic determinants of telomere length remain incompletely defined. Here we performed genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 functional telomere length screening and identified thymidine (dT) nucleotide metabolism as a limiting factor in human telomere maintenance. Targeted genetic disruption using CRISPR-Cas9 revealed multiple telomere length control points across the thymidine nucleotide metabolism pathway: decreasing dT nucleotide salvage via deletion of the gene encoding nuclear thymidine kinase (TK1) or de novo production by knockout of the thymidylate synthase gene (TYMS) decreased telomere length, whereas inactivation of the deoxynucleoside triphosphohydrolase-encoding gene SAMHD1 lengthened telomeres. Remarkably, supplementation with dT alone drove robust telomere elongation by telomerase in cells, and thymidine triphosphate stimulated telomerase activity in a substrate-independent manner in vitro. In induced pluripotent stem cells derived from patients with genetic telomere biology disorders, dT supplementation or inhibition of SAMHD1 promoted telomere restoration. Our results demonstrate a critical role of thymidine metabolism in controlling human telomerase and telomere length, which may be therapeutically actionable in patients with fatal degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Mannherz
- Division of Hematology/Oncology and Stem Cell Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences Program, Harvard/MIT MD-PhD Program, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Initiative for RNA Medicine, and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Suneet Agarwal
- Division of Hematology/Oncology and Stem Cell Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences Program, Harvard/MIT MD-PhD Program, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Initiative for RNA Medicine, and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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11
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Bryan TM. Nucleotide metabolism regulates human telomere length via telomerase activation. Nat Genet 2023; 55:532-533. [PMID: 36997693 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-023-01359-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
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12
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Karaa A, Klopstock T. Clinical trials in mitochondrial diseases. Handb Clin Neurol 2023; 194:229-250. [PMID: 36813315 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-821751-1.00002-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Primary mitochondrial diseases are some of the most common and complex inherited inborn errors of metabolism. Their molecular and phenotypic diversity has led to difficulties in finding disease-modifying therapies and clinical trial efforts have been slow due to multiple significant challenges. Lack of robust natural history data, difficulties in finding specific biomarkers, absence of well-validated outcome measures, and small patient numbers have made clinical trial design and conduct difficult. Encouragingly, new interest in treating mitochondrial dysfunction in common diseases and regulatory incentives to develop therapies for rare conditions have led to significant interest and efforts to develop drugs for primary mitochondrial diseases. Here, we review past and present clinical trials and future strategies of drug development in primary mitochondrial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amel Karaa
- Mitochondrial Disease Program, Division of Medical Genetics and Metabolism, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - Thomas Klopstock
- Department of Neurology, Friedrich-Baur-Institute, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München, Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany; German Network for mitochondrial disorders (mitoNET), Munich, Germany
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13
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Viscomi C, Zeviani M. Experimental therapy for mitochondrial diseases. Handb Clin Neurol 2023; 194:259-277. [PMID: 36813318 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-821751-1.00013-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases are extremely heterogeneous genetic disorders due to faulty oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos). No cure is currently available for these conditions, beside supportive interventions aimed at relieving complications. Mitochondria are under a double genetic control carried out by the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and by nuclear DNA. Thus, not surprisingly, mutations in either genome can cause mitochondrial disease. Although mitochondria are usually associated with respiration and ATP synthesis, they play fundamental roles in a large number of other biochemical, signaling, and execution pathways, each being a potential target for therapeutic interventions. These can be classified as general therapies, i.e., potentially applicable to a number of different mitochondrial conditions, or therapies tailored to a single disease, i.e., personalized approaches, such as gene therapy, cell therapy, and organ replacement. Mitochondrial medicine is a particularly lively research field, and the last few years witnessed a steady increase in the number of clinical applications. This chapter will present the most recent therapeutic attempts emerged from preclinical work and an update of the currently ongoing clinical applications. We think that we are starting a new era in which the etiologic treatment of these conditions is becoming a realistic option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Viscomi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
| | - Massimo Zeviani
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy.
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14
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Abstract
Progressive external ophthalmoplegia (PEO), characterized by ptosis and impaired eye movements, is a clinical syndrome with an expanding number of etiologically distinct subtypes. Advances in molecular genetics have revealed numerous pathogenic causes of PEO, originally heralded in 1988 by the detection of single large-scale deletions of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in skeletal muscle of people with PEO and Kearns-Sayre syndrome. Since then, multiple point variants of mtDNA and nuclear genes have been identified to cause mitochondrial PEO and PEO-plus syndromes, including mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalomyopathy (MNGIE) and sensory ataxic neuropathy dysarthria ophthalmoplegia (SANDO). Intriguingly, many of those nuclear DNA pathogenic variants impair maintenance of the mitochondrial genome causing downstream mtDNA multiple deletions and depletion. In addition, numerous genetic causes of nonmitochondrial PEO have been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michio Hirano
- H. Houston Merritt Neuromuscular Research Center, Neuromuscular Medicine Division, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Robert D S Pitceathly
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; NHS Highly Specialised Service for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders, Queen Square Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom
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15
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Uusimaa J, Kettunen J, Varilo T, Järvelä I, Kallijärvi J, Kääriäinen H, Laine M, Lapatto R, Myllynen P, Niinikoski H, Rahikkala E, Suomalainen A, Tikkanen R, Tyynismaa H, Vieira P, Zarybnicky T, Sipilä P, Kuure S, Hinttala R. The Finnish genetic heritage in 2022 – from diagnosis to translational research. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:278566. [PMID: 36285626 PMCID: PMC9637267 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Isolated populations have been valuable for the discovery of rare monogenic diseases and their causative genetic variants. Finnish disease heritage (FDH) is an example of a group of hereditary monogenic disorders caused by single major, usually autosomal-recessive, variants enriched in the population due to several past genetic drift events. Interestingly, distinct subpopulations have remained in Finland and have maintained their unique genetic repertoire. Thus, FDH diseases have persisted, facilitating vigorous research on the underlying molecular mechanisms and development of treatment options. This Review summarizes the current status of FDH, including the most recently discovered FDH disorders, and introduces a set of other recently identified diseases that share common features with the traditional FDH diseases. The Review also discusses a new era for population-based studies, which combine various forms of big data to identify novel genotype–phenotype associations behind more complex conditions, as exemplified here by the FinnGen project. In addition to the pathogenic variants with an unequivocal causative role in the disease phenotype, several risk alleles that correlate with certain phenotypic features have been identified among the Finns, further emphasizing the broad value of studying genetically isolated populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Uusimaa
- Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital 1 , 90029 Oulu , Finland
- Research Unit of Clinical Medicine and Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu 2 , 90014 Oulu , Finland
| | - Johannes Kettunen
- Computational Medicine, Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu 3 , 90014 Oulu , Finland
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare 4 , 00271 Helsinki
- Finland 4 , 00271 Helsinki
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu 5 , 90014 Oulu , Finland
| | - Teppo Varilo
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare 4 , 00271 Helsinki
- Finland 4 , 00271 Helsinki
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki 6 , 00251 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Irma Järvelä
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki 6 , 00251 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Jukka Kallijärvi
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center 7 , 00014 Helsinki , Finland
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki 8 , 00014 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Helena Kääriäinen
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare 4 , 00271 Helsinki
- Finland 4 , 00271 Helsinki
| | - Minna Laine
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki 9 , 00029 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Risto Lapatto
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital 10 , 00029 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Päivi Myllynen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu and Northern Finland Laboratory Centre NordLab, Oulu University Hospital 11 , 90029 Oulu , Finland
| | - Harri Niinikoski
- Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku 12 , 20014 Turku , Finland
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku 13 , 20014 Turku , Finland
- Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital 14 , 20014 Turku , Finland
- Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital 15 , 20014 Turku , Finland
| | - Elisa Rahikkala
- Research Unit of Clinical Medicine and Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu 2 , 90014 Oulu , Finland
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Oulu University Hospital 16 , 90029 Oulu , Finland
| | - Anu Suomalainen
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki 8 , 00014 Helsinki , Finland
- HUS Diagnostics, Helsinki University Hospital 17 , 00014 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Ritva Tikkanen
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Giessen 18 , D-35392 Giessen , Germany
| | - Henna Tyynismaa
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki 8 , 00014 Helsinki , Finland
- Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki 19 , 00014 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Päivi Vieira
- Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital 1 , 90029 Oulu , Finland
- Research Unit of Clinical Medicine and Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu 2 , 90014 Oulu , Finland
| | - Tomas Zarybnicky
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki 8 , 00014 Helsinki , Finland
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki 20 , 00014 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Petra Sipilä
- Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku 12 , 20014 Turku , Finland
- Turku Center for Disease Modeling, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku 21 , 20014 Turku , Finland
| | - Satu Kuure
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki 8 , 00014 Helsinki , Finland
- GM-Unit, Laboratory Animal Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki 22 , 00014 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Reetta Hinttala
- Research Unit of Clinical Medicine and Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu 2 , 90014 Oulu , Finland
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu 5 , 90014 Oulu , Finland
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16
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Jou C, Nascimento A, Codina A, Montoya J, López-Gallardo E, Emperador S, Ruiz-Pesini E, Montero R, Natera-de Benito D, Ortez CI, Marquez J, Zelaya MV, Gutierrez-Mata A, Badosa C, Carrera-García L, Expósito-Escudero J, Roldán M, Camara Y, Marti R, Ferrer I, Jimenez-Mallebrera C, Artuch R. Pathological Features in Paediatric Patients with TK2 Deficiency. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911002. [PMID: 36232299 PMCID: PMC9570075 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymidine kinase (TK2) deficiency causes mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome. We aimed to report the clinical, biochemical, genetic, histopathological, and ultrastructural features of a cohort of paediatric patients with TK2 deficiency. Mitochondrial DNA was isolated from muscle biopsies to assess depletions and deletions. The TK2 genes were sequenced using Sanger sequencing from genomic DNA. All muscle biopsies presented ragged red fibres (RRFs), and the prevalence was greater in younger ages, along with an increase in succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity and cytochrome c oxidase (COX)-negative fibres. An endomysial inflammatory infiltrate was observed in younger patients and was accompanied by an overexpression of major histocompatibility complex type I (MHC I). The immunofluorescence study for complex I and IV showed a greater number of fibres than those that were visualized by COX staining. In the ultrastructural analysis, we found three major types of mitochondrial alterations, consisting of concentrically arranged lamellar cristae, electrodense granules, and intramitochondrial vacuoles. The pathological features in the muscle showed substantial differences in the youngest patients when compared with those that had a later onset of the disease. Additional ultrastructural features are described in the muscle biopsy, such as sarcomeric de-structuration in the youngest patients with a more severe phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Jou
- Pathology, Biobank, Pediatric Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit and Clinical Biochemistry Departments, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu and Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Center for Research in Rare Diseases CIBERER-ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Andres Nascimento
- Pathology, Biobank, Pediatric Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit and Clinical Biochemistry Departments, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu and Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Center for Research in Rare Diseases CIBERER-ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Anna Codina
- Pathology, Biobank, Pediatric Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit and Clinical Biochemistry Departments, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu and Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julio Montoya
- Biomedical Center for Research in Rare Diseases CIBERER-ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IISA), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50011 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ester López-Gallardo
- Biomedical Center for Research in Rare Diseases CIBERER-ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IISA), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50011 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Sonia Emperador
- Biomedical Center for Research in Rare Diseases CIBERER-ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IISA), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50011 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Eduardo Ruiz-Pesini
- Biomedical Center for Research in Rare Diseases CIBERER-ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IISA), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50011 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Raquel Montero
- Pathology, Biobank, Pediatric Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit and Clinical Biochemistry Departments, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu and Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Natera-de Benito
- Pathology, Biobank, Pediatric Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit and Clinical Biochemistry Departments, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu and Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos I. Ortez
- Pathology, Biobank, Pediatric Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit and Clinical Biochemistry Departments, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu and Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesus Marquez
- Pathology, Biobank, Pediatric Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit and Clinical Biochemistry Departments, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu and Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria V. Zelaya
- Department of Pathology, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra-IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Alfonso Gutierrez-Mata
- Pediatric Neurology Department, Hospital Nacional Niños “Dr Carlos Sáenz Herrera”, San José 267-1005, Costa Rica
| | - Carmen Badosa
- Pathology, Biobank, Pediatric Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit and Clinical Biochemistry Departments, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu and Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Carrera-García
- Pathology, Biobank, Pediatric Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit and Clinical Biochemistry Departments, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu and Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesica Expósito-Escudero
- Pathology, Biobank, Pediatric Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit and Clinical Biochemistry Departments, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu and Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Monica Roldán
- Unitat de Microscòpia Confocal i Imatge Cel·lular, Servei de Medicina Genètica i Molecular, Institut Pediàtric de Malaties Rares (IPER), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yolanda Camara
- Biomedical Center for Research in Rare Diseases CIBERER-ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Disorders, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramon Marti
- Biomedical Center for Research in Rare Diseases CIBERER-ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Disorders, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isidre Ferrer
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Bellvitge Institute of Biomedical Research (IDI-BELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cecilia Jimenez-Mallebrera
- Pathology, Biobank, Pediatric Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit and Clinical Biochemistry Departments, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu and Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Center for Research in Rare Diseases CIBERER-ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (C.J.-M.); (R.A.)
| | - Rafael Artuch
- Pathology, Biobank, Pediatric Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit and Clinical Biochemistry Departments, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu and Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Center for Research in Rare Diseases CIBERER-ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (C.J.-M.); (R.A.)
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17
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Almannai M, El-Hattab AW, Azamian MS, Ali M, Scaglia F. Mitochondrial DNA maintenance defects: potential therapeutic strategies. Mol Genet Metab 2022; 137:40-48. [PMID: 35914366 PMCID: PMC10401187 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2022.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) replication depends on the mitochondrial import of hundreds of nuclear encoded proteins that control the mitochondrial genome maintenance and integrity. Defects in these processes result in an expanding group of disorders called mtDNA maintenance defects that are characterized by mtDNA depletion and/or multiple mtDNA deletions with variable phenotypic manifestations. As it applies for mitochondrial disorders in general, current treatment options for mtDNA maintenance defects are limited. Lately, with the development of model organisms, improved understanding of the pathophysiology of these disorders, and a better knowledge of their natural history, the number of preclinical studies and existing and planned clinical trials has been increasing. In this review, we discuss recent preclinical studies and current and future clinical trials concerning potential therapeutic options for the different mtDNA maintenance defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Almannai
- Genetics and Precision Medicine Department (GPM), King Abdullah Specialized Children's Hospital (KASCH), King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNG-HA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayman W El-Hattab
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mahshid S Azamian
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - May Ali
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Fernando Scaglia
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA; Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong.
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Fumagalli M, Ronchi D, Bedeschi MF, Manini A, Cristofori G, Mosca F, Dilena R, Sciacco M, Zanotti S, Piga D, Ardissino G, Triulzi F, Corti S, Comi GP, Salviati L. A novel RRM2B mutation associated with mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2022; 32:100887. [PMID: 35756861 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2022.100887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) depletion syndromes are disorders characterized by infantile-onset, severe progression, and the drastic loss of mtDNA content in affected tissues. In a patient who showed severe hypotonia, proximal tubulopathy and sensorineural hearing loss after birth, we observed severe mtDNA depletion and impaired respiratory chain activity in muscle due to heterozygous variants c.686G > T and c.551-2A > G in RRM2B, encoding the p53R2 subunit of the ribonucleotide reductase.
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Montano V, Lopriore P, Gruosso F, Carelli V, Comi GP, Filosto M, Lamperti C, Mongini T, Musumeci O, Servidei S, Tonin P, Toscano A, Primiano G, Valentino ML, Bortolani S, Marchet S, Ricci G, Modenese A, Cotti Piccinelli S, Risi B, Meneri M, Arena IG, Siciliano G, Mancuso M. Primary mitochondrial myopathy: 12-month follow-up results of an Italian cohort. J Neurol 2022. [PMID: 35980466 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-022-11324-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess natural history and 12-month change of a series of scales and functional outcome measures in a cohort of 117 patients with primary mitochondrial myopathy (PMM). METHODS Twelve months follow-up data of 117 patients with PMM were collected. We analysed the 6-min walk test (6MWT), timed up-and-go test (× 3) (3TUG), five-times sit-to-stand test (5XSST), timed water swallow test (TWST), and test of masticating and swallowing solids (TOMASS) as functional outcome measures; the Fatigue Severity Scale and West Haven-Yale Multidimensional pain inventory as patient-reported outcome measures. PMM patients were divided into three phenotypic categories: mitochondrial myopathy (MiMy) without extraocular muscles involvement, pure chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (PEO) and PEO&MiMy. As 6MWT is recognized to have significant test-retest variability, we calculated MCID (minimal clinically important difference) as one third of baseline 6 min walking distance (6MWD) standard deviation. RESULTS At 12-month follow-up, 3TUG, 5XSST and FSS were stable, while TWST and the perceived pain severity (WHYMPI) worsened. 6MWD significantly increased in the entire cohort, especially in the higher percentiles and in PEO patients, while was substantially stable in the lower percentile (< 408 m) and MiMy patients. This increase in 6MWD was considered not significant, as inferior to MCID (33.3 m). NMDAS total score showed a slight but significant decline at 12 months (0.9 point). The perceived pain severity significantly worsened. Patients with PEO performed better in functional measures than patients with PEO&MiMy or MiMy, and had lower values of NMDAS. CONCLUSIONS PMM patients showed a slow global decline valued by NMDAS at 12 months; 6MWT was a more reliable measurement below 408 m, substantially stable at 12 months. PEO patients had better motor performance and lower NMDAS than PEO&MiMy and MiMy also at 12 months of follow-up.
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Domínguez-González C, Hernández-Voth A, de Fuenmayor-Fernández de la Hoz CP, Guerrero LB, Morís G, García-García J, Muelas N, León Hernández JC, Rabasa M, Lora D, Blázquez A, Arenas J, Martin MÁ. Metrics of progression and prognosis in untreated adults with thymidine kinase 2 deficiency: An observational study. Neuromuscul Disord 2022:S0960-8966(22)00601-0. [PMID: 35907766 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2022.07.399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This historical cohort study evaluated clinical characteristics of progression and prognosis in adults with thymidine kinase 2 deficiency (TK2d). Records were available for 17 untreated adults with TK2d (mean age of onset, 32 years), including longitudinal data from 6 patients (mean follow-up duration, 26.5 months). Pearson's correlation assessed associations between standard motor and respiratory assessments, clinical characteristics, and laboratory values. Longitudinal data were assessed by linear regression mixed models. Respiratory involvement progressed at an annual rate of 8.16% decrement in forced vital capacity (FVC). Most patients under noninvasive ventilation (NIV) remained ambulant (12/14, 86%), reduced FVC was not associated with concomitant decline in 6-minute walk test (6MWT), and 6MWT results were not correlated with FVC. Disease severity, assessed by age at NIV onset, correlated most strongly at diagnosis with: creatinine levels (r = 0.8036; P = 0.0009), followed by FVC (r = 0.7265; P = 0.0033), mtDNA levels in muscle (r = 0.7933; P = 0.0188), and age at disease onset (r = 0.7128; P = 0.0042). This population of adults with TK2d demonstrates rapid deterioration of respiratory muscles, which progresses independently of motor impairment. The results support FVC at diagnosis, mtDNA levels in muscle, and age at disease onset as prognostic indicators. Creatinine levels may also be potentially prognostic, as previously reported in other neuromuscular disorders.
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21
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Hanaford AR, Cho YJ, Nakai H. AAV-vector based gene therapy for mitochondrial disease: progress and future perspectives. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2022; 17:217. [PMID: 35668433 PMCID: PMC9169410 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-022-02324-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases are a group of rare, heterogeneous diseases caused by gene mutations in both nuclear and mitochondrial genomes that result in defects in mitochondrial function. They are responsible for significant morbidity and mortality as they affect multiple organ systems and particularly those with high energy-utilizing tissues, such as the nervous system, skeletal muscle, and cardiac muscle. Virtually no effective treatments exist for these patients, despite the urgent need. As the majority of these conditions are monogenic and caused by mutations in nuclear genes, gene replacement is a highly attractive therapeutic strategy. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is a well-characterized gene replacement vector, and its safety profile and ability to transduce quiescent cells nominates it as a potential gene therapy vehicle for several mitochondrial diseases. Indeed, AAV vector-based gene replacement is currently being explored in clinical trials for one mitochondrial disease (Leber hereditary optic neuropathy) and preclinical studies have been published investigating this strategy in other mitochondrial diseases. This review summarizes the preclinical findings of AAV vector-based gene replacement therapy for mitochondrial diseases including Leigh syndrome, Barth syndrome, ethylmalonic encephalopathy, and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison R Hanaford
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Reserach Institute, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA.
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
| | - Yoon-Jae Cho
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Doernbecher Children's Hospital, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Hiroyuki Nakai
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Microbiology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
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22
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Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases are a group of common inherited diseases causing disruption of oxidative phosphorylation. Some patients with mitochondrial disease have endocrine manifestations, with diabetes mellitus being predominant but also include hypogonadism, hypoadrenalism, and hypoparathyroidism. There have been major developments in mitochondrial disease over the past decade that have major implications for all patients. The collection of large cohorts of patients has better defined the phenotype of mitochondrial diseases and the majority of patients with endocrine abnormalities have involvement of several other systems. This means that patients with mitochondrial disease and endocrine manifestations need specialist follow-up because some of the other manifestations, such as stroke-like episodes and cardiomyopathy, are potentially life threatening. Also, the development and follow-up of large cohorts of patients means that there are clinical guidelines for the management of patients with mitochondrial disease. There is also considerable research activity to identify novel therapies for the treatment of mitochondrial disease. The revolution in genetics, with the introduction of next-generation sequencing, has made genetic testing more available and establishing a precise genetic diagnosis is important because it will affect the risk for involvement for different organ systems. Establishing a genetic diagnosis is also crucial because important reproductive options have been developed that will prevent the transmission of mitochondrial disease because of mitochondrial DNA variants to the next generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Shiau Ng
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- NHS Highly Specialised Service for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Albert Zishen Lim
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- NHS Highly Specialised Service for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Grigorios Panagiotou
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Doug M Turnbull
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- NHS Highly Specialised Service for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Mark Walker
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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23
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López-gómez C, Samara Y, Hirano M, Martí R. 232nd ENMC International Workshop: Recommendations for treatment of mitochondrial DNA maintenance disorders. 16 – 18 June 2017, Heemskerk, The Netherlands. Neuromuscul Disord 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2022.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Domínguez-gonzález C, Fernández-torrón R, Moore U, de Fuenmayor-fernández de la Hoz CP, Vélez-gómez B, Cabezas JA, Alonso-pérez J, González-mera L, Olivé M, García-garcía J, Moris G, León Hernández JC, Muelas N, Servian-morilla E, Martin MA, Díaz-manera J, Paradas C. Muscle MRI characteristic pattern for late-onset TK2 deficiency diagnosis. J Neurol. [PMID: 35286480 PMCID: PMC9217784 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-021-10957-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Background and objective TK2 deficiency (TK2d) is a rare mitochondrial disorder that manifests predominantly as a progressive myopathy with a broad spectrum of severity and age of onset. The rate of progression is variable, and the prognosis is poor due to early and severe respiratory involvement. Early and accurate diagnosis is particularly important since a specific treatment is under development. This study aims to evaluate the diagnostic value of lower limb muscle MRI in adult patients with TK2d. Methods We studied a cohort of 45 genetically confirmed patients with mitochondrial myopathy (16 with mutations in TK2, 9 with mutations in other nuclear genes involved in mitochondrial DNA [mtDNA] synthesis or maintenance, 10 with single mtDNA deletions, and 10 with point mtDNA mutations) to analyze the imaging pattern of fat replacement in lower limb muscles. We compared the identified pattern in patients with TK2d with the MRI pattern of other non-mitochondrial genetic myopathies that share similar clinical characteristics. Results We found a consistent lower limb muscle MRI pattern in patients with TK2d characterized by involvement of the gluteus maximus, gastrocnemius medialis, and sartorius muscles. The identified pattern in TK2 patients differs from the known radiological involvement of other resembling muscle dystrophies that share clinical features. Conclusions By analyzing the largest cohort of muscle MRI from patients with mitochondrial myopathies studied to date, we identified a characteristic and specific radiological pattern of muscle involvement in patients with TK2d that could be useful to speed up its diagnosis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00415-021-10957-0.
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25
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Fang H, Xie A, Du M, Li X, Yang K, Fu Y, Yuan X, Fan R, Yu W, Zhou Z, Sang T, Nie K, Li J, Zhao Q, Chen Z, Yang Y, Hong C, Lyu J. SERAC1 is a component of the mitochondrial serine transporter complex required for the maintenance of mitochondrial DNA. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabl6992. [PMID: 35235340 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abl6992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
SERAC1 deficiency is associated with the mitochondrial 3-methylglutaconic aciduria with deafness, (hepatopathy), encephalopathy, and Leigh-like disease [MEGD(H)EL] syndrome, but the role of SERAC1 in mitochondrial physiology remains unknown. Here, we generated Serac1-/- mice that mimic the major diagnostic clinical and biochemical phenotypes of the MEGD(H)EL syndrome. We found that SERAC1 localizes to the outer mitochondrial membrane and is a protein component of the one-carbon cycle. By interacting with the mitochondrial serine transporter protein SFXN1, SERAC1 facilitated and was required for SFXN1-mediated serine transport from the cytosol to the mitochondria. Loss of SERAC1 impaired the one-carbon cycle and disrupted the balance of the nucleotide pool, which led to primary mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) depletion in mice, HEK293T cells, and patient-derived immortalized lymphocyte cells due to insufficient supply of nucleotides. Moreover, both in vitro and in vivo supplementation of nucleosides/nucleotides restored mtDNA content and mitochondrial function. Collectively, our findings suggest that MEGD(H)EL syndrome shares both clinical and molecular features with the mtDNA depletion syndrome, and nucleotide supplementation may be an effective therapeutic strategy for MEGD(H)EL syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hezhi Fang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, College of Laboratory Medicine and Life sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Anran Xie
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, College of Laboratory Medicine and Life sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Miaomiao Du
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310000, China.,Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Xueyun Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, College of Laboratory Medicine and Life sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China.,Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Kaiqiang Yang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, College of Laboratory Medicine and Life sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Yinxu Fu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, College of Laboratory Medicine and Life sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Xiangshu Yuan
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, College of Laboratory Medicine and Life sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Runxiao Fan
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, College of Laboratory Medicine and Life sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Weidong Yu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, College of Laboratory Medicine and Life sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Zhuohua Zhou
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, College of Laboratory Medicine and Life sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Tiantian Sang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, College of Laboratory Medicine and Life sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Ke Nie
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, College of Laboratory Medicine and Life sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Jin Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, College of Laboratory Medicine and Life sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Qiongya Zhao
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Zhehui Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100000, China
| | - Yanling Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100000, China
| | - Chaoyang Hong
- Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Jianxin Lyu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, College of Laboratory Medicine and Life sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China.,School of Laboratory Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310000, China.,Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310000, China
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Manini A, Meneri M, Rodolico C, Corti S, Toscano A, Comi GP, Musumeci O, Ronchi D. Case Report: Thymidine Kinase 2 (TK2) Deficiency: A Novel Mutation Associated With Childhood-Onset Mitochondrial Myopathy and Atypical Progression. Front Neurol 2022; 13:857279. [PMID: 35280287 PMCID: PMC8914305 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.857279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear gene TK2 encodes the mitochondrial thymidine kinase, an enzyme involved in the phosphorylation of deoxycytidine and deoxythymidine nucleosides. Biallelic TK2 mutations are associated with a spectrum of clinical presentations mainly affecting skeletal muscle and featuring muscle mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) instability. Current classification includes infantile- ( ≤ 1 year), childhood- (1–12 years), and late-onset (≥12 years) forms. In addition to age at onset, these forms differ for progression, life expectancy, and signs of mtDNA instability (mtDNA depletion vs. accumulation of multiple mtDNA deletions). Childhood-onset TK2 deficiency typically causes a rapidly progressive proximal myopathy, which leads to wheelchair-bound status within 10 years of disease onset, and severe respiratory impairment. Muscle biopsy usually reveals a combination of mitochondrial myopathy and dystrophic features with reduced mtDNA content. Here we report the case of an Italian patient presenting childhood-onset, slowly progressive mitochondrial myopathy, ptosis, hypoacusis, dysphonia, and dysphagia, harboring the TK2 variants c.278A>G and c.543del, the latter unreported so far. Compared to other childhood-onset TK2-patients, our case displays atypical features, including slowly progressive muscle weakness and absence of respiratory failure, which are usually observed in late-onset forms. This report extends the genetic background of TK2-related myopathy, highlighting the clinical overlap among different forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Manini
- Dino Ferrari Center, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Megi Meneri
- Dino Ferrari Center, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Neurology Unit, IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Carmelo Rodolico
- Unit of Neurology and Neuromuscular Disorders, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Stefania Corti
- Dino Ferrari Center, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Neurology Unit, IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Toscano
- Unit of Neurology and Neuromuscular Disorders, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giacomo Pietro Comi
- Dino Ferrari Center, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Olimpia Musumeci
- Unit of Neurology and Neuromuscular Disorders, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- Olimpia Musumeci
| | - Dario Ronchi
- Dino Ferrari Center, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- *Correspondence: Dario Ronchi
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Wang H, Han Y, Li S, Chen Y, Chen Y, Wang J, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Wang J, Xia Y, Yuan J. Mitochondrial DNA Depletion Syndrome and Its Associated Cardiac Disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 8:808115. [PMID: 35237671 PMCID: PMC8882844 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.808115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria is a ubiquitous, energy-supplying (ATP-based) organelle found in nearly all eukaryotes. It acts as a “power plant” by producing ATP through oxidative phosphorylation, providing energy for the cell. The bioenergetic functions of mitochondria are regulated by nuclear genes (nDNA). Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and respiratory enzymes lose normal structure and function when nuclear genes encoding the related mitochondrial factors are impaired, resulting in deficiency in energy production. Massive generation of reactive oxygen species and calcium overload are common causes of mitochondrial diseases. The mitochondrial depletion syndrome (MDS) is associated with the mutations of mitochondrial genes in the nucleus. It is a heterogeneous group of progressive disorders characterized by the low mtDNA copy number. TK2, FBXL4, TYPM, and AGK are genes known to be related to MDS. More recent studies identified new mutation loci associated with this disease. Herein, we first summarize the structure and function of mitochondria, and then discuss the characteristics of various types of MDS and its association with cardiac diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Wang
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical College, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Yijun Han
- Clinical Medical College, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Shenwei Li
- Institute of Basic Medical College, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Yunan Chen
- Institute of Basic Medical College, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Yafen Chen
- Institute of Basic Medical College, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Dongying Fifth People's Hospital, Dongying, China
| | - Yuqing Zhang
- Institute of Basic Medical College, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Yawen Zhang
- Institute of Basic Medical College, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Jingsuo Wang
- Institute of Basic Medical College, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Yong Xia
- Key Laboratory of Precision Oncology of Shandong Higher Education, Institute of Precision Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
- Yong Xia
| | - Jinxiang Yuan
- The Collaborative Innovation Center, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
- *Correspondence: Jinxiang Yuan
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Abstract
Defects in the replication, maintenance, and repair of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) constitute a growing and genetically heterogeneous group of mitochondrial disorders. Multiple genes participate in these processes, including thymidine kinase 2 (TK2) encoding the mitochondrial matrix protein TK2, a critical component of the mitochondrial nucleotide salvage pathway. TK2 deficiency (TK2d) causes mtDNA depletion, multiple deletions, or both, which manifest predominantly as mitochondrial myopathy. A wide clinical spectrum phenotype includes a severe, rapidly progressive, early onset form (median survival: < 2 years); a less severe childhood-onset form; and a late-onset form with a variably slower rate of progression. Clinical presentation typically includes progressive weakness of limb, neck, facial, oropharyngeal, and respiratory muscle, whereas limb myopathy with ptosis, ophthalmoparesis, and respiratory involvement is more common in the late-onset form. Deoxynucleoside monophosphates and deoxynucleosides that can bypass the TK2 enzyme defect have been assessed in a mouse model, as well as under open-label compassionate use (expanded access) in TK2d patients, indicating clinical efficacy with a favorable side-effect profile. This treatment is currently undergoing testing in clinical trials intended to support approval in the US and European Union (EU). In the early expanded access program, growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) appears to be a useful biomarker that correlates with therapeutic response. With the advent of a specific treatment and given the high morbidity and mortality associated with TK2d, clinicians need to know how to recognize and diagnose this disorder. Here, we summarize translational research about this rare condition emphasizing clinical aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres Berardo
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kristin Engelstad
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michio Hirano
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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Gilea AI, Ceccatelli Berti C, Magistrati M, di Punzio G, Goffrini P, Baruffini E, Dallabona C. Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a Tool for Studying Mutations in Nuclear Genes Involved in Diseases Caused by Mitochondrial DNA Instability. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:1866. [PMID: 34946817 DOI: 10.3390/genes12121866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) maintenance is critical for oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) since some subunits of the respiratory chain complexes are mitochondrially encoded. Pathological mutations in nuclear genes involved in the mtDNA metabolism may result in a quantitative decrease in mtDNA levels, referred to as mtDNA depletion, or in qualitative defects in mtDNA, especially in multiple deletions. Since, in the last decade, most of the novel mutations have been identified through whole-exome sequencing, it is crucial to confirm the pathogenicity by functional analysis in the appropriate model systems. Among these, the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has proved to be a good model for studying mutations associated with mtDNA instability. This review focuses on the use of yeast for evaluating the pathogenicity of mutations in six genes, MPV17/SYM1, MRM2/MRM2, OPA1/MGM1, POLG/MIP1, RRM2B/RNR2, and SLC25A4/AAC2, all associated with mtDNA depletion or multiple deletions. We highlight the techniques used to construct a specific model and to measure the mtDNA instability as well as the main results obtained. We then report the contribution that yeast has given in understanding the pathogenic mechanisms of the mutant variants, in finding the genetic suppressors of the mitochondrial defects and in the discovery of molecules able to improve the mtDNA stability.
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Wang L, Eriksson S. Mutational analyses of human thymidine kinase 2 reveal key residues in ATP-Mg 2+ binding and catalysis. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids 2021; 41:264-272. [PMID: 34758700 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2021.2001005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial thymidine kinase 2 (TK2) is an essential enzyme for mitochondrial dNTP synthesis in many tissues. Deficiency in TK2 activity causes devastating mitochondrial diseases. Here we investigated several residues involved in substrate binding and catalysis. We showed that mutations of Gln-110 and Glu-133 affected Mg2+ and ATP binding, and thus are crucial for TK2 function. Furthermore, mutations of Gln-110 and Tyr-141 altered the kinetic behavior, suggesting their involvement in substrate binding through conformational changes. Since the 3 D structure of TK2 is still unknown, and thus, the identification of key amino acids for TK2 function may help to explain how TK2 mutations cause mitochondrial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liya Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Staffan Eriksson
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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31
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Olimpio C, Tiet MY, Horvath R. Primary mitochondrial myopathies in childhood. Neuromuscul Disord 2021; 31:978-987. [PMID: 34736635 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2021.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Primary mitochondrial myopathies are genetic metabolic disorders of mitochondrial dysfunction affecting mainly, but not exclusively, skeletal muscle. Although individually rare, they are the most common inherited metabolic disorders in childhood. They can be similar to other childhood muscle diseases such as congenital myopathies, dystrophies, myasthenic syndromes or metabolic myopathies and a muscle biopsy and genetic testing are important in the differential diagnosis. Mitochondrial myopathies can present at any age but typically childhood onset myopathies have more significant muscle involvement and are caused by genes encoded in the nuclear DNA. Mitochondrial myopathy in infants presents with hypotonia, muscle weakness and difficulty feeding. In toddlers and older children delayed motor development, exercise intolerance and premature fatigue are common. A number of nuclear DNA and mitochondrial DNA encoded genes are known to cause isolated myopathy in childhood and they are important in a range of mitochondrial functions such as oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondrial transcription/translation and mitochondrial fusion/fission. A rare cause of isolated myopathy in children, reversible infantile respiratory chain deficiency myopathy, is non-progressive and typically associated with spontaneous full recovery. Promising targeted treatments have been reported for a number or mitochondrial myopathies including riboflavin in ACAD9 and ETFDH-myopathies and deoxynucleoside for TK2-related disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Olimpio
- East Anglian Medical Genetics Service, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - May Yung Tiet
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rita Horvath
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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Domínguez-González C, Madruga-Garrido M, Hirano M, Martí I, Martín MA, Munell F, Nascimento A, Olivé M, Quan J, Sardina MD, Martí R, Paradas C. Collaborative model for diagnosis and treatment of very rare diseases: experience in Spain with thymidine kinase 2 deficiency. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2021; 16:407. [PMID: 34600563 PMCID: PMC8487573 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-021-02030-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mitochondrial diseases are difficult to diagnose and treat. Recent advances in genetic diagnostics and more effective treatment options can improve patient diagnosis and prognosis, but patients with mitochondrial disease typically experience delays in diagnosis and treatment. Here, we describe a unique collaborative practice model among physicians and scientists in Spain focused on identifying TK2 deficiency (TK2d), an ultra-rare mitochondrial DNA depletion and deletions syndrome.
Main Body This collaboration spans research and clinical care, including laboratory scientists, adult and pediatric neuromuscular clinicians, geneticists, and pathologists, and has resulted in diagnosis and consolidation of care for patients with TK2d. The incidence of TK2d is not known; however, the first clinical cases of TK2d were reported in 2001, and only ~ 107 unique cases had been reported as of 2018. This unique collaboration in Spain has led to the diagnosis of more than 30 patients with genetically confirmed TK2d across different regions of the country. Research affiliate centers have led investigative treatment with nucleosides based on understanding of TK2d clinical manifestations and disease mechanisms, which resulted in successful treatment of a TK2d mouse model with nucleotide therapy in 2010. Only 1 year later, this collaboration enabled rapid adoption of treatment with pyrimidine nucleotides (and later, nucleosides) under compassionate use. Success in TK2d diagnosis and treatment in Spain is attributable to two important factors: Spain’s fully public national healthcare system, and the designation in 2015 of major National Reference Centers for Neuromuscular Disorders (CSURs). CSUR networking and dissemination facilitated development of a collaborative care network for TK2d disease, wherein participants share information and protocols to request approval from the Ministry of Health to initiate nucleoside therapy. Data have recently been collected in a retrospective study conducted under a Good Clinical Practice–compliant protocol to support development of a new therapeutic approach for TK2d, a progressive disease with no approved therapies. Conclusions The Spanish experience in diagnosis and treatment of TK2d is a model for the diagnosis and development of new treatments for very rare diseases within an existing healthcare system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Domínguez-González
- Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación imas12, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Network Research On Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Michio Hirano
- Neurology Department, H. Houston Merritt Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Itxaso Martí
- Pediatric Department, Donostia University Hospital, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, University of the Basque Country, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Miguel A Martín
- Center for Biomedical Network Research On Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Mitochondrial Diseases Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francina Munell
- Pediatric Department, Vall d'Hebron Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrés Nascimento
- Center for Biomedical Network Research On Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Pediatric Department, Vall d'Hebron Hospital, Barcelona, Spain.,Neuromuscular Unit, Neurology Department, Sant Joan de Déu Research Institute, Sant Joan de Déu Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montse Olivé
- Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau/Center for Biomedical Network Research On Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - M Dolores Sardina
- Pediatric Neurology Department, Badajoz Hospital Complex, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Ramon Martí
- Center for Biomedical Network Research On Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Research Group On Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Diseases, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Paradas
- Neurology Department, Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital U. Virgen del Rocío, CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, Avd. Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013, Sevilla, Spain. .,Center for Biomedical Network Research On Neurodegenerative Disorders (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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Cheng CY, Chang KC, Hsueh HW, Lee NC, Huang PH, Yang CC, Hwu WL, Hsieh ST, Chao CC. Thymidine Kinase 2 Deficiency-Induced Adult-Onset Ptosis and Proximal Weakness. Neurol Clin Pract 2021; 11:e379-e382. [PMID: 34484922 DOI: 10.1212/cpj.0000000000000850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Yu Cheng
- Department of Neurology (C-YC, K-CC, H-WH, C-CY, S-TH, C-CC); Department of Pediatric and Medical Genetics (N-CL, W-LH); and Department of Pathology (P-HH), National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Chieh Chang
- Department of Neurology (C-YC, K-CC, H-WH, C-CY, S-TH, C-CC); Department of Pediatric and Medical Genetics (N-CL, W-LH); and Department of Pathology (P-HH), National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Wen Hsueh
- Department of Neurology (C-YC, K-CC, H-WH, C-CY, S-TH, C-CC); Department of Pediatric and Medical Genetics (N-CL, W-LH); and Department of Pathology (P-HH), National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ni-Chung Lee
- Department of Neurology (C-YC, K-CC, H-WH, C-CY, S-TH, C-CC); Department of Pediatric and Medical Genetics (N-CL, W-LH); and Department of Pathology (P-HH), National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Hsin Huang
- Department of Neurology (C-YC, K-CC, H-WH, C-CY, S-TH, C-CC); Department of Pediatric and Medical Genetics (N-CL, W-LH); and Department of Pathology (P-HH), National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chao Yang
- Department of Neurology (C-YC, K-CC, H-WH, C-CY, S-TH, C-CC); Department of Pediatric and Medical Genetics (N-CL, W-LH); and Department of Pathology (P-HH), National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wuh-Liang Hwu
- Department of Neurology (C-YC, K-CC, H-WH, C-CY, S-TH, C-CC); Department of Pediatric and Medical Genetics (N-CL, W-LH); and Department of Pathology (P-HH), National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Tsang Hsieh
- Department of Neurology (C-YC, K-CC, H-WH, C-CY, S-TH, C-CC); Department of Pediatric and Medical Genetics (N-CL, W-LH); and Department of Pathology (P-HH), National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chao Chao
- Department of Neurology (C-YC, K-CC, H-WH, C-CY, S-TH, C-CC); Department of Pediatric and Medical Genetics (N-CL, W-LH); and Department of Pathology (P-HH), National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Lopez-Gomez C, Sanchez-Quintero MJ, Lee EJ, Kleiner G, Tadesse S, Xie J, Akman HO, Gao G, Hirano M. Synergistic Deoxynucleoside and Gene Therapies for Thymidine Kinase 2 Deficiency. Ann Neurol 2021; 90:640-652. [PMID: 34338329 PMCID: PMC9307066 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Autosomal recessive human thymidine kinase 2 (TK2) mutations cause TK2 deficiency, which typically manifests as a progressive and fatal mitochondrial myopathy in infants and children. Treatment with pyrimidine deoxynucleosides deoxycytidine and thymidine ameliorates mitochondrial defects and extends the lifespan of Tk2 knock-in mouse (Tk2KI ) and compassionate use deoxynucleoside therapy in TK2 deficient patients have shown promising indications of efficacy. To augment therapy for Tk2 deficiency, we assessed gene therapy alone and in combination with deoxynucleoside therapy in Tk2KI mice. METHODS We generated pAAVsc CB6 PI vectors containing human TK2 cDNA (TK2). Adeno-associated virus (AAV)-TK2 was administered to Tk2KI , which were serially assessed for weight, motor functions, and survival as well as biochemical functions in tissues. AAV-TK2 treated mice were further treated with deoxynucleosides. RESULTS AAV9 delivery of human TK2 cDNA to Tk2KI mice efficiently rescued Tk2 activity in all the tissues tested except the kidneys, delayed disease onset, and increased lifespan. Sequential treatment of Tk2KI mice with AAV9 first followed by AAV2 at different ages allowed us to reduce the viral dose while further prolonging the lifespan. Furthermore, addition of deoxycytidine and deoxythymidine supplementation to AAV9 + AAV2 treated Tk2KI mice dramatically improved mtDNA copy numbers in the liver and kidneys, animal growth, and lifespan. INTERPRETATION Our data indicate that AAV-TK2 gene therapy as well as combination deoxynucleoside and gene therapies is more effective in Tk2KI mice than pharmacological alone. Thus, combination of gene therapy with substrate enhancement is a promising therapeutic approach for TK2 deficiency and potentially other metabolic disorders. ANN NEUROL 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Lopez-Gomez
- H. Houston Merritt Neuromuscular Research Center, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY.,Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria/Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Málaga, Spain
| | - Maria J Sanchez-Quintero
- H. Houston Merritt Neuromuscular Research Center, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY.,Area del Corazón. Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, CIBERCV. Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA. UMA, Málaga, Spain
| | - Eung Jeon Lee
- H. Houston Merritt Neuromuscular Research Center, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Gulio Kleiner
- H. Houston Merritt Neuromuscular Research Center, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Saba Tadesse
- H. Houston Merritt Neuromuscular Research Center, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Jun Xie
- Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester, MA.,Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester, MA
| | - Hasan Orhan Akman
- H. Houston Merritt Neuromuscular Research Center, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Guangping Gao
- Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester, MA.,Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester, MA
| | - Michio Hirano
- H. Houston Merritt Neuromuscular Research Center, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
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Ng YS, Bindoff LA, Gorman GS, Klopstock T, Kornblum C, Mancuso M, McFarland R, Sue CM, Suomalainen A, Taylor RW, Thorburn DR, Turnbull DM. Mitochondrial disease in adults: recent advances and future promise. Lancet Neurol 2021; 20:573-584. [PMID: 34146515 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(21)00098-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases are some of the most common inherited neurometabolic disorders, and major progress has been made in our understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of these conditions in the past 5 years. Development of national mitochondrial disease cohorts and international collaborations has changed our knowledge of the spectrum of clinical phenotypes and natural history of mitochondrial diseases. Advances in high-throughput sequencing technologies have altered the diagnostic algorithm for mitochondrial diseases by increasingly using a genetics-first approach, with more than 350 disease-causing genes identified to date. While the current management strategy for mitochondrial disease focuses on surveillance for multisystem involvement and effective symptomatic treatment, new endeavours are underway to find better treatments, including repurposing current drugs, use of novel small molecules, and gene therapies. Developments made in reproductive technology offer women the opportunity to prevent transmission of DNA-related mitochondrial disease to their children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Shiau Ng
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; NHS Highly Specialised Service for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Directorate of Neurosciences, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Laurence A Bindoff
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Neuro-SysMed, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Gráinne S Gorman
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; NHS Highly Specialised Service for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Directorate of Neurosciences, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Thomas Klopstock
- Department of Neurology, Friedrich-Baur-Institute, LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, Munich, Germany
| | - Cornelia Kornblum
- Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Disease Section, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Centre for Rare Diseases, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michelangelo Mancuso
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Neurological Institute, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Robert McFarland
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; NHS Highly Specialised Service for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Carolyn M Sue
- Department of Neurogenetics, Kolling Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Anu Suomalainen
- Research Program in Stem Cells and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Neuroscience Centre, HiLife, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Helsinki University Hospital, HUSlab, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Robert W Taylor
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; NHS Highly Specialised Service for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - David R Thorburn
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Doug M Turnbull
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; NHS Highly Specialised Service for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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Landoni JC, Wang L, Suomalainen A. Whole-Cell and Mitochondrial dNTP Pool Quantification from Cells and Tissues. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2276:143-151. [PMID: 34060038 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1266-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Deoxynucleoside 5'-triphosphates (dNTPs) are the molecular building blocks for DNA synthesis, and their balanced concentration in the cell is fundamental for health. dNTP imbalance can lead to genomic instability and other metabolic disturbances, resulting in devastating mitochondrial diseases.The accurate and efficient measurement of dNTPs from different biological samples and cellular compartments is vital to understand the mechanisms behind these diseases and develop and scrutinize their possible treatments. This chapter describes an update on the most recent development of the traditional radiolabeled polymerase extension method and its adaptation for the measurement of whole-cell and mitochondrial dNTP pools from cultured cells and tissue samples. The solid-phase reaction setting enables an increase in efficiency, accuracy, and measurement scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C Landoni
- Research Programs Unit, Stem Cells and Metabolism, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Liya Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anu Suomalainen
- University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Helsinki, Finland.
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Ramón J, Vila-Julià F, Molina-Granada D, Molina-Berenguer M, Melià MJ, García-Arumí E, Torres-Torronteras J, Cámara Y, Martí R. Therapy Prospects for Mitochondrial DNA Maintenance Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6447. [PMID: 34208592 PMCID: PMC8234938 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA depletion and multiple deletions syndromes (MDDS) constitute a group of mitochondrial diseases defined by dysfunctional mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) replication and maintenance. As is the case for many other mitochondrial diseases, the options for the treatment of these disorders are rather limited today. Some aggressive treatments such as liver transplantation or allogeneic stem cell transplantation are among the few available options for patients with some forms of MDDS. However, in recent years, significant advances in our knowledge of the biochemical pathomechanisms accounting for dysfunctional mtDNA replication have been achieved, which has opened new prospects for the treatment of these often fatal diseases. Current strategies under investigation to treat MDDS range from small molecule substrate enhancement approaches to more complex treatments, such as lentiviral or adenoassociated vector-mediated gene therapy. Some of these experimental therapies have already reached the clinical phase with very promising results, however, they are hampered by the fact that these are all rare disorders and so the patient recruitment potential for clinical trials is very limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Ramón
- Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Diseases, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (J.R.); (F.V.-J.); (D.M.-G.); (M.M.-B.); (M.J.M.); (E.G.-A.); (J.T.-T.); (Y.C.)
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ferran Vila-Julià
- Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Diseases, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (J.R.); (F.V.-J.); (D.M.-G.); (M.M.-B.); (M.J.M.); (E.G.-A.); (J.T.-T.); (Y.C.)
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - David Molina-Granada
- Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Diseases, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (J.R.); (F.V.-J.); (D.M.-G.); (M.M.-B.); (M.J.M.); (E.G.-A.); (J.T.-T.); (Y.C.)
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Molina-Berenguer
- Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Diseases, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (J.R.); (F.V.-J.); (D.M.-G.); (M.M.-B.); (M.J.M.); (E.G.-A.); (J.T.-T.); (Y.C.)
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Jesús Melià
- Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Diseases, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (J.R.); (F.V.-J.); (D.M.-G.); (M.M.-B.); (M.J.M.); (E.G.-A.); (J.T.-T.); (Y.C.)
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena García-Arumí
- Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Diseases, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (J.R.); (F.V.-J.); (D.M.-G.); (M.M.-B.); (M.J.M.); (E.G.-A.); (J.T.-T.); (Y.C.)
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Torres-Torronteras
- Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Diseases, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (J.R.); (F.V.-J.); (D.M.-G.); (M.M.-B.); (M.J.M.); (E.G.-A.); (J.T.-T.); (Y.C.)
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Yolanda Cámara
- Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Diseases, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (J.R.); (F.V.-J.); (D.M.-G.); (M.M.-B.); (M.J.M.); (E.G.-A.); (J.T.-T.); (Y.C.)
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ramon Martí
- Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Diseases, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (J.R.); (F.V.-J.); (D.M.-G.); (M.M.-B.); (M.J.M.); (E.G.-A.); (J.T.-T.); (Y.C.)
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Laine-Menéndez S, Domínguez-González C, Blázquez A, Delmiro A, García-Consuegra I, Fernández-de la Torre M, Hernández-Laín A, Sayas J, Martín MÁ, Morán M. Preferent Diaphragmatic Involvement in TK2 Deficiency: An Autopsy Case Study. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5598. [PMID: 34070501 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Our goal was to analyze postmortem tissues of an adult patient with late-onset thymidine kinase 2 (TK2) deficiency who died of respiratory failure. Compared with control tissues, we found a low mtDNA content in the patient’s skeletal muscle, liver, kidney, small intestine, and particularly in the diaphragm, whereas heart and brain tissue showed normal mtDNA levels. mtDNA deletions were present in skeletal muscle and diaphragm. All tissues showed a low content of OXPHOS subunits, and this was especially evident in diaphragm, which also exhibited an abnormal protein profile, expression of non-muscular β-actin and loss of GAPDH and α-actin. MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry analysis demonstrated the loss of the enzyme fructose-bisphosphate aldolase, and enrichment for serum albumin in the patient’s diaphragm tissue. The TK2-deficient patient’s diaphragm showed a more profound loss of OXPHOS proteins, with lower levels of catalase, peroxiredoxin 6, cytosolic superoxide dismutase, p62 and the catalytic subunits of proteasome than diaphragms of ventilated controls. Strong overexpression of TK1 was observed in all tissues of the patient with diaphragm showing the highest levels. TK2 deficiency induces a more profound dysfunction of the diaphragm than of other tissues, which manifests as loss of OXPHOS and glycolytic proteins, sarcomeric components, antioxidants and overactivation of the TK1 salvage pathway that is not attributed to mechanical ventilation.
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Hirano M, Berardo A, Barca E, Emmanuele V, Quinzii C, Simpson CV, Engelstad K, Rosales XQ, Thompson JLP. Regulatory environment for novel therapeutic development in mitochondrial diseases. J Inherit Metab Dis 2021; 44:292-300. [PMID: 33368420 PMCID: PMC9326497 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
At present, there is just one approved therapy for patients with mitochondrial diseases in Europe, another in Japan, and none in the United States. These facts reveal an important and significant unmet need for approved therapies for these debilitating and often fatal disorders. To fill this need, it is critical for clinicians and drug developers to work closely with regulatory agencies. In the United States, mitochondrial disease patients and clinicians, the United Mitochondrial Disease Foundation, and pharmaceutical industry members have engaged with the Food and Drug Administration to educate each other about these complex and heterogeneous diseases and about regulatory requirements to obtain approvals for novel therapies. Clinical development of therapies for rare diseases has been facilitated by the 1983 US Orphan Drug Act (ODA) and similar legislation in Japan and the European Union. Further legislation and regulatory guidance have expanded and refined regulatory flexibility. While regulatory and financial incentives of the ODA have augmented involvement of pharmaceutical companies, clinicians, with patient advocacy groups and industry, need to conduct natural history studies, develop clinical outcome measures, and identify potential supportive surrogate endpoints predictive of clinical benefit, which together are critical foundations for clinical trials. Thus, the regulatory environment for novel therapeutic development is conducive and offers flexibility for mitochondrial diseases. Nevertheless, flexibility does not mean lower standards, as well-controlled rigorous clinical trials of high quality are still required to establish the efficacy of potential therapies and to obtain regulatory agency approvals for their commercial use. This process is illustrated through the authors' ongoing efforts to develop therapy for thymidine kinase 2 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michio Hirano
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Andres Berardo
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Emanuele Barca
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Valentina Emmanuele
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Catarina Quinzii
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | | | - Kristin Engelstad
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Xiomara Q. Rosales
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - John L. P. Thompson
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
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de Fuenmayor-Fernández de la Hoz CP, Morís G, Jiménez-Mallebrera C, Badosa C, Hernández-Laín A, Blázquez Encinar A, Martín MÁ, Domínguez-González C. Recurrent rhabdomyolysis and exercise intolerance: A new phenotype of late-onset thymidine kinase 2 deficiency. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2021; 26:100701. [PMID: 33457207 PMCID: PMC7797901 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2020.100701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A 29-year-old man developed, since the age of 18, exercise intolerance and exercise-induced rhabdomyolysis, with myoglobinuria. Muscle biopsy showed ragged-red fibers. Multiple mitochondrial DNA deletions were detected. The previously reported pathogenic homozygous mutation c.323C>T (p.Thr108Met) in TK2 was identified. This case expands the phenotypic spectrum of TK2 deficiency and indicates that it should be considered in the differential diagnosis of episodic rhabdomyolysis and exercise intolerance, along with other metabolic and mitochondrial myopathies. Since a new treatment is under development, it is essential improving knowledge of the natural history of TK2 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Germán Morís
- Neuromuscular Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Cecilia Jiménez-Mallebrera
- Neuromuscular Unit, Neuropediatrics Department, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Badosa
- Neuromuscular Unit, Neuropediatrics Department, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aurelio Hernández-Laín
- Neuromuscular Unit, Department of Pathology (Neuropathology), Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Blázquez Encinar
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Hospital 12 de Octubre Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain.,Mitochondrial Diseases Laboratory, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Martín
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Hospital 12 de Octubre Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain.,Mitochondrial Diseases Laboratory, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Domínguez-González
- Neuromuscular Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Hospital 12 de Octubre Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
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Gruosso F, Montano V, Simoncini C, Siciliano G, Mancuso M. Therapeutical Management and Drug Safety in Mitochondrial Diseases-Update 2020. J Clin Med 2020; 10:E94. [PMID: 33383961 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10010094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases (MDs) are a group of genetic disorders that may manifest with vast clinical heterogeneity in childhood or adulthood. These diseases are characterized by dysfunctional mitochondria and oxidative phosphorylation deficiency. Patients are usually treated with supportive and symptomatic therapies due to the absence of a specific disease-modifying therapy. Management of patients with MDs is based on different therapeutical strategies, particularly the early treatment of organ-specific complications and the avoidance of catabolic stressors or toxic medication. In this review, we discuss the therapeutic management of MDs, supported by a revision of the literature, and provide an overview of the drugs that should be either avoided or carefully used both for the specific treatment of MDs and for the management of comorbidities these subjects may manifest. We finally discuss the latest therapies approved for the management of MDs and some ongoing clinical trials.
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Koňaříková E, Marković A, Korandová Z, Houštěk J, Mráček T. Current progress in the therapeutic options for mitochondrial disorders. Physiol Res 2020; 69:967-994. [PMID: 33129249 PMCID: PMC8549882 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial disorders manifest enormous genetic and clinical heterogeneity - they can appear at any age, present with various phenotypes affecting any organ, and display any mode of inheritance. What mitochondrial diseases do have in common, is impairment of respiratory chain activity, which is responsible for more than 90% of energy production within cells. While diagnostics of mitochondrial disorders has been accelerated by introducing Next-Generation Sequencing techniques in recent years, the treatment options are still very limited. For many patients only a supportive or symptomatic therapy is available at the moment. However, decades of basic and preclinical research have uncovered potential target points and numerous compounds or interventions are now subjects of clinical trials. In this review, we focus on current and emerging therapeutic approaches towards the treatment of mitochondrial disorders. We focus on small compounds, metabolic interference, such as endurance training or ketogenic diet and also on genomic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Koňaříková
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics, Institute of Physiology Czech Acad. Sci., Prague, Czech Republic. ,
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Hernandez-Voth A, Sayas Catalan J, Corral Blanco M, Castaño Mendez A, Martin MA, De Fuenmayor Fernandez de la Hoz C, Villena Garrido V, Dominguez-Gonzalez C. Deoxynucleoside therapy for respiratory involvement in adult patients with thymidine kinase 2-deficient myopathy. BMJ Open Respir Res 2020; 7:7/1/e000774. [PMID: 33246973 PMCID: PMC7703425 DOI: 10.1136/bmjresp-2020-000774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recessive mutations in the thymidine
kinase 2 (TK2) gene cause a rare mitochondrial myopathy, frequently with severe respiratory involvement. Deoxynucleoside therapy is currently under investigation. Research question What is the impact of nucleosides in respiratory function in patients with TK2-deficient myopathy? Study design and methods Retrospective observational study of patients treated with deoxycytidine and deoxythymidine. Evaluations were performed every 3 to 4 months after treatment during approximately 30 months. Forced vital capacity (FVC), maximuminspiratory and expiratory pressures (MIP/MEP), sniff nasal inspiratory pressure (SNIP), cough peak flow (CPF), arterial blood gas and nocturnal pulse oximeter (SpO2) were collected. Results We studied six patients, five of which were women, with a median age at onset of symptoms was 35.8 (range 5 to 60) years old. Patients presented a restrictive ventilatory pattern (median FVC of 50 (26 to 71)%) and severe neuromuscular respiratory weakness (MIP 38 (12 to 47)% and SNIP 14 (8 to 19) cmH2O). Four patients required ventilatory support before starting the treatment. FVC improved by 6%, proportion of sleep time with SpO2 <90% diminished from 14% to 0%, CPF increased by 23%, MEP increased by 73%, production and management of bronchial secretions improved and respiratory infections diminished. Interpretation Early detection of respiratory involvement requires an active search, even in asymptomatic patients. The nucleosides therapy may improve respiratory function, and stabilise the loss of respiratory capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Hernandez-Voth
- Servicio de Neumología, Unidad de Ventilación Mecánica, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain .,Servicio de Neurologia, Unidad de Enfermedades Neuromusculares, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Sayas Catalan
- Servicio de Neumología, Unidad de Ventilación Mecánica, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.,Servicio de Neurologia, Unidad de Enfermedades Neuromusculares, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigacion imas12, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Corral Blanco
- Servicio de Neumología, Unidad de Ventilación Mecánica, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.,Servicio de Neurologia, Unidad de Enfermedades Neuromusculares, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alba Castaño Mendez
- Servicio de Neumología, Unidad de Ventilación Mecánica, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Angel Martin
- Instituto de Investigacion imas12, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Laboratorio de Enfermedades Mitocondriales, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Victoria Villena Garrido
- Instituto de Investigacion imas12, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Dominguez-Gonzalez
- Servicio de Neurologia, Unidad de Enfermedades Neuromusculares, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigacion imas12, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Bottani E, Lamperti C, Prigione A, Tiranti V, Persico N, Brunetti D. Therapeutic Approaches to Treat Mitochondrial Diseases: "One-Size-Fits-All" and "Precision Medicine" Strategies. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E1083. [PMID: 33187380 PMCID: PMC7696526 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12111083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary mitochondrial diseases (PMD) refer to a group of severe, often inherited genetic conditions due to mutations in the mitochondrial genome or in the nuclear genes encoding for proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). The mutations hamper the last step of aerobic metabolism, affecting the primary source of cellular ATP synthesis. Mitochondrial diseases are characterized by extremely heterogeneous symptoms, ranging from organ-specific to multisystemic dysfunction with different clinical courses. The limited information of the natural history, the limitations of currently available preclinical models, coupled with the large variability of phenotypical presentations of PMD patients, have strongly penalized the development of effective therapies. However, new therapeutic strategies have been emerging, often with promising preclinical and clinical results. Here we review the state of the art on experimental treatments for mitochondrial diseases, presenting "one-size-fits-all" approaches and precision medicine strategies. Finally, we propose novel perspective therapeutic plans, either based on preclinical studies or currently used for other genetic or metabolic diseases that could be transferred to PMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Bottani
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Pharmacology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Costanza Lamperti
- Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, 20126 Milan, Italy; (C.L.); (V.T.)
| | - Alessandro Prigione
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology, and Pediatric Cardiology, University Clinic Düsseldorf (UKD), Heinrich Heine University (HHU), 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany;
| | - Valeria Tiranti
- Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, 20126 Milan, Italy; (C.L.); (V.T.)
| | - Nicola Persico
- Department of Clinical Science and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy;
- Fetal Medicine and Surgery Service, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Dario Brunetti
- Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, 20126 Milan, Italy; (C.L.); (V.T.)
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20129 Milan, Italy
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45
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Montano V, Gruosso F, Carelli V, Comi GP, Filosto M, Lamperti C, Mongini T, Musumeci O, Servidei S, Tonin P, Toscano A, Modenese A, Primiano G, Valentino ML, Bortolani S, Marchet S, Meneri M, Tavilla G, Siciliano G, Mancuso M. Primary mitochondrial myopathy: Clinical features and outcome measures in 118 cases from Italy. Neurol Genet 2020; 6:e519. [PMID: 33209982 PMCID: PMC7670572 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000000519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Objective To determine whether a set of functional tests, clinical scales, patient-reported questionnaires, and specific biomarkers can be considered reliable outcome measures in patients with primary mitochondrial myopathy (PMM), we analyzed a cohort of Italian patients. Methods Baseline data were collected from 118 patients with PMM, followed by centers of the Italian network for mitochondrial diseases. We used the 6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT), Timed Up-and-Go Test (x3) (3TUG), Five-Times Sit-To-Stand Test (5XSST), Timed Water Swallow Test (TWST), and Test of Masticating and Swallowing Solids (TOMASS) as functional outcome measures; the Fatigue Severity Scale and West Haven-Yale Multidimensional Pain Inventory as patient-reported outcome measures; and FGF21, GDF15, lactate, and creatine kinase (CK) as biomarkers. Results A total of 118 PMM cases were included. Functional outcome measures (6MWT, 3TUG, 5XSST, TWST, and TOMASS) and biomarkers significantly differed from healthy reference values and controls. Moreover, functional measures correlated with patients' perceived fatigue and pain severity. Patients with either mitochondrial or nuclear DNA point mutations performed worse in functional measures than patients harboring single deletion, even if the latter had an earlier age at onset but similar disease duration. Both the biomarkers FGF21 and GDF15 were significantly higher in the patients compared with a matched control population; however, there was no relation with severity of disease. Conclusions We characterized a large cohort of PMM by evaluating baseline mitochondrial biomarkers and functional scales that represent potential outcome measures to monitor the efficacy of treatment in clinical trials; these outcome measures will be further reinvestigated longitudinally to define the natural history of PMM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Montano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (V.M., F.G., G.S., M.M.), Neurological Clinic, University of Pisa, Italy; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.C., M.L.V.), UOC Clinica Neurologica, Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM) (V.C., M.L.V.), University of Bologna, Italy; Dino Ferrari Centre (G.P.C.), Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (G.P.C., M.M.), Neuromuscular and Rare Disease Unit; Unit of Neurology (M.F.), ASST "Spedali Civili" and University of Brescia, Italy; UO Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics (C.L., S.M.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C.Besta, Milan, Italy; Neuromuscular Unit (M.T., S.B.), Department of Neurosciences, University of Torino, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (O.M., A.T., G.T.), UOC Neurologia e Malattie Neuromuscolari, University of Messina, Italy; UOC Neurofisiopatologia Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS (S.S., G.P.), Roma, Italy; Dipartimento Universitario di Neuroscienze, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (S.S., G.P.), Roma, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (P.T.), Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Clinical Neurology, University of Verona, Italy; Neurorehabilitation Unit (A.M.), Department of Neurosciences, University Hospital of Verona, Italy; Neuromuscular Unit (S.B.), Department of Neurosciences, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Francesco Gruosso
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (V.M., F.G., G.S., M.M.), Neurological Clinic, University of Pisa, Italy; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.C., M.L.V.), UOC Clinica Neurologica, Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM) (V.C., M.L.V.), University of Bologna, Italy; Dino Ferrari Centre (G.P.C.), Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (G.P.C., M.M.), Neuromuscular and Rare Disease Unit; Unit of Neurology (M.F.), ASST "Spedali Civili" and University of Brescia, Italy; UO Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics (C.L., S.M.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C.Besta, Milan, Italy; Neuromuscular Unit (M.T., S.B.), Department of Neurosciences, University of Torino, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (O.M., A.T., G.T.), UOC Neurologia e Malattie Neuromuscolari, University of Messina, Italy; UOC Neurofisiopatologia Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS (S.S., G.P.), Roma, Italy; Dipartimento Universitario di Neuroscienze, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (S.S., G.P.), Roma, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (P.T.), Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Clinical Neurology, University of Verona, Italy; Neurorehabilitation Unit (A.M.), Department of Neurosciences, University Hospital of Verona, Italy; Neuromuscular Unit (S.B.), Department of Neurosciences, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Valerio Carelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (V.M., F.G., G.S., M.M.), Neurological Clinic, University of Pisa, Italy; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.C., M.L.V.), UOC Clinica Neurologica, Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM) (V.C., M.L.V.), University of Bologna, Italy; Dino Ferrari Centre (G.P.C.), Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (G.P.C., M.M.), Neuromuscular and Rare Disease Unit; Unit of Neurology (M.F.), ASST "Spedali Civili" and University of Brescia, Italy; UO Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics (C.L., S.M.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C.Besta, Milan, Italy; Neuromuscular Unit (M.T., S.B.), Department of Neurosciences, University of Torino, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (O.M., A.T., G.T.), UOC Neurologia e Malattie Neuromuscolari, University of Messina, Italy; UOC Neurofisiopatologia Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS (S.S., G.P.), Roma, Italy; Dipartimento Universitario di Neuroscienze, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (S.S., G.P.), Roma, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (P.T.), Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Clinical Neurology, University of Verona, Italy; Neurorehabilitation Unit (A.M.), Department of Neurosciences, University Hospital of Verona, Italy; Neuromuscular Unit (S.B.), Department of Neurosciences, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Giacomo Pietro Comi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (V.M., F.G., G.S., M.M.), Neurological Clinic, University of Pisa, Italy; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.C., M.L.V.), UOC Clinica Neurologica, Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM) (V.C., M.L.V.), University of Bologna, Italy; Dino Ferrari Centre (G.P.C.), Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (G.P.C., M.M.), Neuromuscular and Rare Disease Unit; Unit of Neurology (M.F.), ASST "Spedali Civili" and University of Brescia, Italy; UO Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics (C.L., S.M.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C.Besta, Milan, Italy; Neuromuscular Unit (M.T., S.B.), Department of Neurosciences, University of Torino, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (O.M., A.T., G.T.), UOC Neurologia e Malattie Neuromuscolari, University of Messina, Italy; UOC Neurofisiopatologia Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS (S.S., G.P.), Roma, Italy; Dipartimento Universitario di Neuroscienze, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (S.S., G.P.), Roma, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (P.T.), Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Clinical Neurology, University of Verona, Italy; Neurorehabilitation Unit (A.M.), Department of Neurosciences, University Hospital of Verona, Italy; Neuromuscular Unit (S.B.), Department of Neurosciences, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Filosto
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (V.M., F.G., G.S., M.M.), Neurological Clinic, University of Pisa, Italy; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.C., M.L.V.), UOC Clinica Neurologica, Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM) (V.C., M.L.V.), University of Bologna, Italy; Dino Ferrari Centre (G.P.C.), Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (G.P.C., M.M.), Neuromuscular and Rare Disease Unit; Unit of Neurology (M.F.), ASST "Spedali Civili" and University of Brescia, Italy; UO Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics (C.L., S.M.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C.Besta, Milan, Italy; Neuromuscular Unit (M.T., S.B.), Department of Neurosciences, University of Torino, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (O.M., A.T., G.T.), UOC Neurologia e Malattie Neuromuscolari, University of Messina, Italy; UOC Neurofisiopatologia Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS (S.S., G.P.), Roma, Italy; Dipartimento Universitario di Neuroscienze, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (S.S., G.P.), Roma, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (P.T.), Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Clinical Neurology, University of Verona, Italy; Neurorehabilitation Unit (A.M.), Department of Neurosciences, University Hospital of Verona, Italy; Neuromuscular Unit (S.B.), Department of Neurosciences, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Costanza Lamperti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (V.M., F.G., G.S., M.M.), Neurological Clinic, University of Pisa, Italy; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.C., M.L.V.), UOC Clinica Neurologica, Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM) (V.C., M.L.V.), University of Bologna, Italy; Dino Ferrari Centre (G.P.C.), Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (G.P.C., M.M.), Neuromuscular and Rare Disease Unit; Unit of Neurology (M.F.), ASST "Spedali Civili" and University of Brescia, Italy; UO Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics (C.L., S.M.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C.Besta, Milan, Italy; Neuromuscular Unit (M.T., S.B.), Department of Neurosciences, University of Torino, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (O.M., A.T., G.T.), UOC Neurologia e Malattie Neuromuscolari, University of Messina, Italy; UOC Neurofisiopatologia Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS (S.S., G.P.), Roma, Italy; Dipartimento Universitario di Neuroscienze, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (S.S., G.P.), Roma, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (P.T.), Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Clinical Neurology, University of Verona, Italy; Neurorehabilitation Unit (A.M.), Department of Neurosciences, University Hospital of Verona, Italy; Neuromuscular Unit (S.B.), Department of Neurosciences, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Tiziana Mongini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (V.M., F.G., G.S., M.M.), Neurological Clinic, University of Pisa, Italy; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.C., M.L.V.), UOC Clinica Neurologica, Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM) (V.C., M.L.V.), University of Bologna, Italy; Dino Ferrari Centre (G.P.C.), Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (G.P.C., M.M.), Neuromuscular and Rare Disease Unit; Unit of Neurology (M.F.), ASST "Spedali Civili" and University of Brescia, Italy; UO Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics (C.L., S.M.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C.Besta, Milan, Italy; Neuromuscular Unit (M.T., S.B.), Department of Neurosciences, University of Torino, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (O.M., A.T., G.T.), UOC Neurologia e Malattie Neuromuscolari, University of Messina, Italy; UOC Neurofisiopatologia Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS (S.S., G.P.), Roma, Italy; Dipartimento Universitario di Neuroscienze, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (S.S., G.P.), Roma, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (P.T.), Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Clinical Neurology, University of Verona, Italy; Neurorehabilitation Unit (A.M.), Department of Neurosciences, University Hospital of Verona, Italy; Neuromuscular Unit (S.B.), Department of Neurosciences, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Olimpia Musumeci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (V.M., F.G., G.S., M.M.), Neurological Clinic, University of Pisa, Italy; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.C., M.L.V.), UOC Clinica Neurologica, Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM) (V.C., M.L.V.), University of Bologna, Italy; Dino Ferrari Centre (G.P.C.), Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (G.P.C., M.M.), Neuromuscular and Rare Disease Unit; Unit of Neurology (M.F.), ASST "Spedali Civili" and University of Brescia, Italy; UO Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics (C.L., S.M.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C.Besta, Milan, Italy; Neuromuscular Unit (M.T., S.B.), Department of Neurosciences, University of Torino, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (O.M., A.T., G.T.), UOC Neurologia e Malattie Neuromuscolari, University of Messina, Italy; UOC Neurofisiopatologia Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS (S.S., G.P.), Roma, Italy; Dipartimento Universitario di Neuroscienze, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (S.S., G.P.), Roma, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (P.T.), Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Clinical Neurology, University of Verona, Italy; Neurorehabilitation Unit (A.M.), Department of Neurosciences, University Hospital of Verona, Italy; Neuromuscular Unit (S.B.), Department of Neurosciences, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Serenella Servidei
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (V.M., F.G., G.S., M.M.), Neurological Clinic, University of Pisa, Italy; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.C., M.L.V.), UOC Clinica Neurologica, Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM) (V.C., M.L.V.), University of Bologna, Italy; Dino Ferrari Centre (G.P.C.), Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (G.P.C., M.M.), Neuromuscular and Rare Disease Unit; Unit of Neurology (M.F.), ASST "Spedali Civili" and University of Brescia, Italy; UO Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics (C.L., S.M.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C.Besta, Milan, Italy; Neuromuscular Unit (M.T., S.B.), Department of Neurosciences, University of Torino, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (O.M., A.T., G.T.), UOC Neurologia e Malattie Neuromuscolari, University of Messina, Italy; UOC Neurofisiopatologia Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS (S.S., G.P.), Roma, Italy; Dipartimento Universitario di Neuroscienze, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (S.S., G.P.), Roma, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (P.T.), Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Clinical Neurology, University of Verona, Italy; Neurorehabilitation Unit (A.M.), Department of Neurosciences, University Hospital of Verona, Italy; Neuromuscular Unit (S.B.), Department of Neurosciences, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Paola Tonin
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (V.M., F.G., G.S., M.M.), Neurological Clinic, University of Pisa, Italy; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.C., M.L.V.), UOC Clinica Neurologica, Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM) (V.C., M.L.V.), University of Bologna, Italy; Dino Ferrari Centre (G.P.C.), Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (G.P.C., M.M.), Neuromuscular and Rare Disease Unit; Unit of Neurology (M.F.), ASST "Spedali Civili" and University of Brescia, Italy; UO Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics (C.L., S.M.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C.Besta, Milan, Italy; Neuromuscular Unit (M.T., S.B.), Department of Neurosciences, University of Torino, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (O.M., A.T., G.T.), UOC Neurologia e Malattie Neuromuscolari, University of Messina, Italy; UOC Neurofisiopatologia Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS (S.S., G.P.), Roma, Italy; Dipartimento Universitario di Neuroscienze, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (S.S., G.P.), Roma, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (P.T.), Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Clinical Neurology, University of Verona, Italy; Neurorehabilitation Unit (A.M.), Department of Neurosciences, University Hospital of Verona, Italy; Neuromuscular Unit (S.B.), Department of Neurosciences, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Antonio Toscano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (V.M., F.G., G.S., M.M.), Neurological Clinic, University of Pisa, Italy; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.C., M.L.V.), UOC Clinica Neurologica, Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM) (V.C., M.L.V.), University of Bologna, Italy; Dino Ferrari Centre (G.P.C.), Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (G.P.C., M.M.), Neuromuscular and Rare Disease Unit; Unit of Neurology (M.F.), ASST "Spedali Civili" and University of Brescia, Italy; UO Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics (C.L., S.M.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C.Besta, Milan, Italy; Neuromuscular Unit (M.T., S.B.), Department of Neurosciences, University of Torino, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (O.M., A.T., G.T.), UOC Neurologia e Malattie Neuromuscolari, University of Messina, Italy; UOC Neurofisiopatologia Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS (S.S., G.P.), Roma, Italy; Dipartimento Universitario di Neuroscienze, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (S.S., G.P.), Roma, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (P.T.), Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Clinical Neurology, University of Verona, Italy; Neurorehabilitation Unit (A.M.), Department of Neurosciences, University Hospital of Verona, Italy; Neuromuscular Unit (S.B.), Department of Neurosciences, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Angela Modenese
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (V.M., F.G., G.S., M.M.), Neurological Clinic, University of Pisa, Italy; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.C., M.L.V.), UOC Clinica Neurologica, Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM) (V.C., M.L.V.), University of Bologna, Italy; Dino Ferrari Centre (G.P.C.), Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (G.P.C., M.M.), Neuromuscular and Rare Disease Unit; Unit of Neurology (M.F.), ASST "Spedali Civili" and University of Brescia, Italy; UO Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics (C.L., S.M.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C.Besta, Milan, Italy; Neuromuscular Unit (M.T., S.B.), Department of Neurosciences, University of Torino, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (O.M., A.T., G.T.), UOC Neurologia e Malattie Neuromuscolari, University of Messina, Italy; UOC Neurofisiopatologia Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS (S.S., G.P.), Roma, Italy; Dipartimento Universitario di Neuroscienze, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (S.S., G.P.), Roma, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (P.T.), Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Clinical Neurology, University of Verona, Italy; Neurorehabilitation Unit (A.M.), Department of Neurosciences, University Hospital of Verona, Italy; Neuromuscular Unit (S.B.), Department of Neurosciences, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Guido Primiano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (V.M., F.G., G.S., M.M.), Neurological Clinic, University of Pisa, Italy; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.C., M.L.V.), UOC Clinica Neurologica, Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM) (V.C., M.L.V.), University of Bologna, Italy; Dino Ferrari Centre (G.P.C.), Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (G.P.C., M.M.), Neuromuscular and Rare Disease Unit; Unit of Neurology (M.F.), ASST "Spedali Civili" and University of Brescia, Italy; UO Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics (C.L., S.M.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C.Besta, Milan, Italy; Neuromuscular Unit (M.T., S.B.), Department of Neurosciences, University of Torino, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (O.M., A.T., G.T.), UOC Neurologia e Malattie Neuromuscolari, University of Messina, Italy; UOC Neurofisiopatologia Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS (S.S., G.P.), Roma, Italy; Dipartimento Universitario di Neuroscienze, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (S.S., G.P.), Roma, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (P.T.), Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Clinical Neurology, University of Verona, Italy; Neurorehabilitation Unit (A.M.), Department of Neurosciences, University Hospital of Verona, Italy; Neuromuscular Unit (S.B.), Department of Neurosciences, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Maria Lucia Valentino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (V.M., F.G., G.S., M.M.), Neurological Clinic, University of Pisa, Italy; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.C., M.L.V.), UOC Clinica Neurologica, Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM) (V.C., M.L.V.), University of Bologna, Italy; Dino Ferrari Centre (G.P.C.), Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (G.P.C., M.M.), Neuromuscular and Rare Disease Unit; Unit of Neurology (M.F.), ASST "Spedali Civili" and University of Brescia, Italy; UO Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics (C.L., S.M.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C.Besta, Milan, Italy; Neuromuscular Unit (M.T., S.B.), Department of Neurosciences, University of Torino, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (O.M., A.T., G.T.), UOC Neurologia e Malattie Neuromuscolari, University of Messina, Italy; UOC Neurofisiopatologia Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS (S.S., G.P.), Roma, Italy; Dipartimento Universitario di Neuroscienze, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (S.S., G.P.), Roma, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (P.T.), Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Clinical Neurology, University of Verona, Italy; Neurorehabilitation Unit (A.M.), Department of Neurosciences, University Hospital of Verona, Italy; Neuromuscular Unit (S.B.), Department of Neurosciences, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Sara Bortolani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (V.M., F.G., G.S., M.M.), Neurological Clinic, University of Pisa, Italy; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.C., M.L.V.), UOC Clinica Neurologica, Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM) (V.C., M.L.V.), University of Bologna, Italy; Dino Ferrari Centre (G.P.C.), Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (G.P.C., M.M.), Neuromuscular and Rare Disease Unit; Unit of Neurology (M.F.), ASST "Spedali Civili" and University of Brescia, Italy; UO Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics (C.L., S.M.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C.Besta, Milan, Italy; Neuromuscular Unit (M.T., S.B.), Department of Neurosciences, University of Torino, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (O.M., A.T., G.T.), UOC Neurologia e Malattie Neuromuscolari, University of Messina, Italy; UOC Neurofisiopatologia Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS (S.S., G.P.), Roma, Italy; Dipartimento Universitario di Neuroscienze, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (S.S., G.P.), Roma, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (P.T.), Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Clinical Neurology, University of Verona, Italy; Neurorehabilitation Unit (A.M.), Department of Neurosciences, University Hospital of Verona, Italy; Neuromuscular Unit (S.B.), Department of Neurosciences, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Silvia Marchet
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (V.M., F.G., G.S., M.M.), Neurological Clinic, University of Pisa, Italy; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.C., M.L.V.), UOC Clinica Neurologica, Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM) (V.C., M.L.V.), University of Bologna, Italy; Dino Ferrari Centre (G.P.C.), Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (G.P.C., M.M.), Neuromuscular and Rare Disease Unit; Unit of Neurology (M.F.), ASST "Spedali Civili" and University of Brescia, Italy; UO Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics (C.L., S.M.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C.Besta, Milan, Italy; Neuromuscular Unit (M.T., S.B.), Department of Neurosciences, University of Torino, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (O.M., A.T., G.T.), UOC Neurologia e Malattie Neuromuscolari, University of Messina, Italy; UOC Neurofisiopatologia Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS (S.S., G.P.), Roma, Italy; Dipartimento Universitario di Neuroscienze, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (S.S., G.P.), Roma, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (P.T.), Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Clinical Neurology, University of Verona, Italy; Neurorehabilitation Unit (A.M.), Department of Neurosciences, University Hospital of Verona, Italy; Neuromuscular Unit (S.B.), Department of Neurosciences, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Megi Meneri
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (V.M., F.G., G.S., M.M.), Neurological Clinic, University of Pisa, Italy; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.C., M.L.V.), UOC Clinica Neurologica, Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM) (V.C., M.L.V.), University of Bologna, Italy; Dino Ferrari Centre (G.P.C.), Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (G.P.C., M.M.), Neuromuscular and Rare Disease Unit; Unit of Neurology (M.F.), ASST "Spedali Civili" and University of Brescia, Italy; UO Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics (C.L., S.M.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C.Besta, Milan, Italy; Neuromuscular Unit (M.T., S.B.), Department of Neurosciences, University of Torino, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (O.M., A.T., G.T.), UOC Neurologia e Malattie Neuromuscolari, University of Messina, Italy; UOC Neurofisiopatologia Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS (S.S., G.P.), Roma, Italy; Dipartimento Universitario di Neuroscienze, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (S.S., G.P.), Roma, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (P.T.), Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Clinical Neurology, University of Verona, Italy; Neurorehabilitation Unit (A.M.), Department of Neurosciences, University Hospital of Verona, Italy; Neuromuscular Unit (S.B.), Department of Neurosciences, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Graziana Tavilla
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (V.M., F.G., G.S., M.M.), Neurological Clinic, University of Pisa, Italy; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.C., M.L.V.), UOC Clinica Neurologica, Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM) (V.C., M.L.V.), University of Bologna, Italy; Dino Ferrari Centre (G.P.C.), Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (G.P.C., M.M.), Neuromuscular and Rare Disease Unit; Unit of Neurology (M.F.), ASST "Spedali Civili" and University of Brescia, Italy; UO Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics (C.L., S.M.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C.Besta, Milan, Italy; Neuromuscular Unit (M.T., S.B.), Department of Neurosciences, University of Torino, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (O.M., A.T., G.T.), UOC Neurologia e Malattie Neuromuscolari, University of Messina, Italy; UOC Neurofisiopatologia Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS (S.S., G.P.), Roma, Italy; Dipartimento Universitario di Neuroscienze, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (S.S., G.P.), Roma, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (P.T.), Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Clinical Neurology, University of Verona, Italy; Neurorehabilitation Unit (A.M.), Department of Neurosciences, University Hospital of Verona, Italy; Neuromuscular Unit (S.B.), Department of Neurosciences, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Gabriele Siciliano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (V.M., F.G., G.S., M.M.), Neurological Clinic, University of Pisa, Italy; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.C., M.L.V.), UOC Clinica Neurologica, Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM) (V.C., M.L.V.), University of Bologna, Italy; Dino Ferrari Centre (G.P.C.), Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (G.P.C., M.M.), Neuromuscular and Rare Disease Unit; Unit of Neurology (M.F.), ASST "Spedali Civili" and University of Brescia, Italy; UO Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics (C.L., S.M.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C.Besta, Milan, Italy; Neuromuscular Unit (M.T., S.B.), Department of Neurosciences, University of Torino, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (O.M., A.T., G.T.), UOC Neurologia e Malattie Neuromuscolari, University of Messina, Italy; UOC Neurofisiopatologia Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS (S.S., G.P.), Roma, Italy; Dipartimento Universitario di Neuroscienze, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (S.S., G.P.), Roma, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (P.T.), Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Clinical Neurology, University of Verona, Italy; Neurorehabilitation Unit (A.M.), Department of Neurosciences, University Hospital of Verona, Italy; Neuromuscular Unit (S.B.), Department of Neurosciences, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Michelangelo Mancuso
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (V.M., F.G., G.S., M.M.), Neurological Clinic, University of Pisa, Italy; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.C., M.L.V.), UOC Clinica Neurologica, Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM) (V.C., M.L.V.), University of Bologna, Italy; Dino Ferrari Centre (G.P.C.), Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (G.P.C., M.M.), Neuromuscular and Rare Disease Unit; Unit of Neurology (M.F.), ASST "Spedali Civili" and University of Brescia, Italy; UO Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics (C.L., S.M.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C.Besta, Milan, Italy; Neuromuscular Unit (M.T., S.B.), Department of Neurosciences, University of Torino, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (O.M., A.T., G.T.), UOC Neurologia e Malattie Neuromuscolari, University of Messina, Italy; UOC Neurofisiopatologia Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS (S.S., G.P.), Roma, Italy; Dipartimento Universitario di Neuroscienze, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (S.S., G.P.), Roma, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (P.T.), Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Clinical Neurology, University of Verona, Italy; Neurorehabilitation Unit (A.M.), Department of Neurosciences, University Hospital of Verona, Italy; Neuromuscular Unit (S.B.), Department of Neurosciences, University of Torino, Italy
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Abstract
Mitochondrial disorders comprise a molecular and clinically diverse group of diseases that are associated with mitochondrial dysfunction leading to multi-organ disease. With recent advances in molecular technologies, the understanding of the pathomechanisms of a growing list of mitochondrial disorders has been greatly expanded. However, the therapeutic approaches for mitochondrial disorders have lagged behind with treatment options limited mainly to symptom specific therapies and supportive measures. There is an increasing number of clinical trials in mitochondrial disorders aiming for more specific and effective therapies. This review will cover different treatment modalities currently used in mitochondrial disorders, focusing on recent and ongoing clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Almannai
- Section of Medical Genetics, Children's Hospital, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayman W El-Hattab
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - May Ali
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Claudia Soler-Alfonso
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Fernando Scaglia
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA; Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong.
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47
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Abstract
Charlie Gard (August 4, 2016, to July 28, 2017) was an infant in the United Kingdom who was diagnosed with an encephalopathic form of mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome caused by a mutation in the RRM2B gene. Charlie's parents raised £1.3 million (∼$1.6 million US) on a crowdfunding platform to travel to New York to pursue experimental nucleoside bypass treatment, which was being used to treat a myopathic form of mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome caused by mutations in a different gene (TK2). The case made international headlines about what was in Charlie's best interest. In the medical ethics community, it raised the question of whether best interest serves as a guidance principle (a principle that provides substantive directions as to how decisions are to be made), an intervention principle (a principle specifying the conditions under which third parties are to intervene), both guidance and intervention, or neither. I show that the United Kingdom uses best interest as both guidance and intervention, and the United States uses best interest for neither. This explains why the decision to withdraw the ventilator without attempting nucleoside bypass treatment was the correct decision in the United Kingdom and why the opposite conclusion would have been reached in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lainie Friedman Ross
- The College and Departments of Pediatrics, Medicine, and Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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48
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Dominguez-Gonzalez C, Badosa C, Madruga-Garrido M, Martí I, Paradas C, Ortez C, Diaz-Manera J, Berardo A, Alonso-Pérez J, Trifunov S, Cuadras D, Kalko SG, Blázquez-Bermejo C, Cámara Y, Martí R, Mavillard F, Martin MA, Montoya J, Ruiz-Pesini E, Villarroya J, Montero R, Villarroya F, Artuch R, Hirano M, Nascimento A, Jimenez-Mallebrera C. Growth Differentiation Factor 15 is a potential biomarker of therapeutic response for TK2 deficient myopathy. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10111. [PMID: 32572108 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66940-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
GDF-15 is a biomarker for mitochondrial diseases. We investigated the application of GDF-15 as biomarker of disease severity and response to deoxynucleoside treatment in patients with thymidine kinase 2 (TK2) deficiency and compared it to FGF-21. GDF-15 and FGF-21 were measured in serum from 24 patients with TK2 deficiency treated 1–49 months with oral deoxynucleosides. Patients were grouped according to age at treatment and biomarkers were analyzed at baseline and various time points after treatment initiation. GDF-15 was elevated on average 30-fold in children and 6-fold in adults before the start of treatment. There was a significant correlation between basal GDF-15 and severity based on pretreatment distance walked (6MWT) and weight (BMI). During treatment, GDF-15 significantly declined, and the decrease was accompanied by relevant clinical improvements. The decline was greater in the paediatric group, which included the most severe patients and showed the greatest clinical benefit, than in the adult patients. The decline of FGF-21 was less prominent and consistent. GDF-15 is a potential biomarker of severity and of therapeutic response for patients with TK2 deficiency. In addition, we show evidence of clinical benefit of deoxynucleoside treatment, especially when treatment is initiated at an early age.
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49
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Papadimas GK, Vargiami E, Dragoumi P, Van Coster R, Smet J, Seneca S, Papadopoulos C, Kararizou E, Zafeiriou D. Mild myopathic phenotype in a patient with homozygous c.416C > T mutation in TK2 gene. Acta Myol 2020; 39:94-97. [PMID: 32904881 PMCID: PMC7460728 DOI: 10.36185/2532-1900-012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome (MDDS) is characterized by extensive phenotypic variability and is due to nuclear gene mutations resulting in reduced mtDNA copy number. Thymidine kinase 2 (TK2) mutations are well known to be associated with MDDS. Few severely affected cases carrying the c.416C > T mutation in TK2 gene have been described so far. We describe the case of a 14months boy with the aforementioned TK2 gene pathogenic mutation at a homozygous state, presenting with a mild clinical phenotype. In addition to severe mitochondrial pathology on muscle biopsy, there was also histochemical evidence of adenylate deaminase deficiency. Overall, this report serves to further expand the clinical spectrum of TK2 mutations associated with MDDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- George K Papadimas
- 1 Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Efthimia Vargiami
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, Developmental Center "A. Fokas", Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, "Hippokratio" General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Pinelopi Dragoumi
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, Developmental Center "A. Fokas", Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, "Hippokratio" General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Rudy Van Coster
- Division of Pediatric Neurology and Metabolism, Ghent University Hospital, Belgium
| | - Joel Smet
- Division of Pediatric Neurology and Metabolism, Ghent University Hospital, Belgium
| | - Sara Seneca
- Center for Medical Genetics" Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, UZ Brussel, Belgium
| | - Constantinos Papadopoulos
- 1 Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelia Kararizou
- 1 Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Zafeiriou
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, Developmental Center "A. Fokas", Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, "Hippokratio" General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
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50
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Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases are extremely heterogeneous genetic conditions characterized by faulty oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). OXPHOS deficiency can be the result of mutation in mtDNA genes, encoding either proteins (13 subunits of the mitochondrial complexes I, III, IV and V) or the tRNA and rRNA components of the in situ mtDNA translation. The remaining mitochondrial disease genes are in the nucleus, encoding proteins with a huge variety of functions, from structural subunits of the mitochondrial complexes, to factors involved in their formation and regulation, components of the mtDNA replication and expression machinery, biosynthetic enzymes for the biosynthesis or incorporation of prosthetic groups, components of the mitochondrial quality control and proteostasis, enzymes involved in the clearance of toxic compounds, factors involved in the formation of the lipid milieu, etc. These different functions represent potential targets for 'general' therapeutic interventions, as they may be adapted to a number of different mitochondrial conditions. This is in contrast with 'tailored', personalized therapeutic approaches, such as gene therapy, cell therapy and organ replacement, that can be useful only for individual conditions. This review will present the most recent concepts emerged from preclinical work and the attempts to translate them into the clinics. The common notion that mitochondrial disorders have no cure is currently challenged by a massive effort of scientists and clinicians, and we do expect that thanks to this intensive investigation work and tangible results for the development of strategies amenable to the treatment of patients with these tremendously difficult conditions are not so far away.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Viscomi
- From the, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - M Zeviani
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
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