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Disrupted in schizophrenia 1 regulates ectopic neurogenesis in the mouse hilus after pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus. Neuroscience 2022; 494:69-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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2
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Uchida Y, Hashimoto T, Saito H, Takita K, Morimoto Y. Neonatal isoflurane exposure disturbs granule cell migration in the rat dentate gyrus. Biomed Res 2022; 43:1-9. [PMID: 35173111 DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.43.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
It has been reported that neonatal isoflurane exposure causes behavioral abnormalities following neurodegeneration in animals and gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptor activation during the synaptogenesis is considered to be one possible trigger. Additionally, the inhibitory effect of excitatory GABAA receptor signaling on the granule cell (GC) migration in the neonatal rat dentate gyrus (DG) was reported in a febrile seizure model. Then, we hypothesized that neonatal isoflurane exposure, which activates GABAA receptor, causes GC migration disturbances in the neonatal rat. Rat pups were injected with 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) and divided into five treatment groups, and double immunofluorescent staining targeting BrdU and homeobox prospero-like protein 1 (Prox1) was performed to examine the localization of BrdU/Prox1 colabeled cells, and then the GC migration was assessed. As a result, we found that the ectopic migration of GC after 2% isoflurane exposure on postnatal day 7 significantly increased after P21. The number of hilar ectopic GCs was influenced by the concentration of isoflurane and the exposure day but not by carbon dioxide exposure. Our main finding is that neonatal isoflurane anesthesia disturbs the migration of GCs in the rat DG, which may be one possible mechanism underlying the neurotoxicity following neonatal isoflurane anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Uchida
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hokkaido University Hospital
| | | | - Hitoshi Saito
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hokkaido University Hospital
| | - Koichi Takita
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hokkaido University Hospital
| | - Yuji Morimoto
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hokkaido University Hospital
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3
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Youssef M, Atsak P, Cardenas J, Kosmidis S, Leonardo ED, Dranovsky A. Early life stress delays hippocampal development and diminishes the adult stem cell pool in mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4120. [PMID: 30858462 PMCID: PMC6412041 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40868-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Early life stress predisposes to mental illness and behavioral dysfunction in adulthood, but the mechanisms underlying these persistent effects are poorly understood. Stress throughout life impairs the structure and function of the hippocampus, a brain system undergoing considerable development in early life. The long-term behavioral consequences of early life stress may therefore be due in part to interference with hippocampal development, in particular with assembly of the dentate gyrus (DG) region of the hippocampus. We investigated how early life stress produces long-term alterations in DG structure by examining DG assembly and the generation of a stable adult stem cell pool in routine housing and after stress induced by the limited bedding/nesting paradigm in mice. We found that early life stress leads to a more immature, proliferative DG than would be expected for the animal's age immediately after stress exposure, suggesting that early life stress delays DG development. Adult animals exposed to early life stress exhibited a reduction in the number of DG stem cells, but unchanged neurogenesis suggesting a depletion of the stem cell pool with compensation in the birth and survival of adult-born neurons. These results suggest a developmental mechanism by which early life stress can induce long-term changes in hippocampal function by interfering with DG assembly and ultimately diminishing the adult stem cell pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Youssef
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Division of Systems Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Graduate Program in Neurobiology and Behavior, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Piray Atsak
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Division of Systems Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6525 EN, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jovani Cardenas
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Division of Systems Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Stylianos Kosmidis
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - E David Leonardo
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
- Division of Systems Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Alex Dranovsky
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
- Division of Systems Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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4
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Newell AJ, Lalitsasivimol D, Willing J, Gonzales K, Waters EM, Milner TA, McEwen BS, Wagner CK. Progesterone receptor expression in cajal-retzius cells of the developing rat dentate gyrus: Potential role in hippocampus-dependent memory. J Comp Neurol 2018; 526:2285-2300. [PMID: 30069875 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The development of medial temporal lobe circuits is critical for subsequent learning and memory functions later in life. The present study reports the expression of progesterone receptor (PR), a powerful transcription factor of the nuclear steroid receptor superfamily, in Cajal-Retzius cells of the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus of rats. PR was transiently expressed from the day of birth through postnatal day 21, but was absent thereafter. Although PR immunoreactive (PR-ir) cells did not clearly express typical markers of mature neurons, they possessed an ultrastructural morphology consistent with neurons. PRir cells did not express markers for GABAergic neurons, neuronal precursor cells, nor radial glia. However, virtually all PR cells co-expressed the calcium binding protein, calretinin, and the glycoprotein, reelin, both reliable markers for Cajal-Retzius neurons, a transient population of developmentally critical pioneer neurons that guide synaptogenesis of perforant path afferents and histogenesis of the dentate gyrus. Indeed, inhibition of PR activity during the first two weeks of life impaired adult performance on both the novel object recognition and object placement memory tasks, two behavioral tasks hypothesized to describe facets of episodic-like memory in rodents. These findings suggest that PR plays an unexplored and important role in the development of hippocampal circuitry and adult memory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Newell
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany, Albany, New York
| | | | - Jari Willing
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois
| | - Keith Gonzales
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany, Albany, New York
| | - Elizabeth M Waters
- Harold and Margaret Milliken Hatch Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Teresa A Milner
- Harold and Margaret Milliken Hatch Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York.,Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Bruce S McEwen
- Harold and Margaret Milliken Hatch Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
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5
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Youssef M, Krish VS, Kirshenbaum GS, Atsak P, Lass TJ, Lieberman SR, Leonardo ED, Dranovsky A. Ablation of proliferating neural stem cells during early life is sufficient to reduce adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Hippocampus 2018; 28:586-601. [PMID: 29742815 PMCID: PMC6167166 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Environmental exposures during early life, but not during adolescence or adulthood, lead to persistent reductions in neurogenesis in the adult hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG). The mechanisms by which early life exposures lead to long-term deficits in neurogenesis remain unclear. Here, we investigated whether targeted ablation of dividing neural stem cells during early life is sufficient to produce long-term decreases in DG neurogenesis. Having previously found that the stem cell lineage is resistant to long-term effects of transient ablation of dividing stem cells during adolescence or adulthood (Kirshenbaum, Lieberman, Briner, Leonardo, & Dranovsky, ), we used a similar pharmacogenetic approach to target dividing neural stem cells for elimination during early life periods sensitive to environmental insults. We then assessed the Nestin stem cell lineage in adulthood. We found that the adult neural stem cell reservoir was depleted following ablation during the first postnatal week, when stem cells were highly proliferative, but not during the third postnatal week, when stem cells were more quiescent. Remarkably, ablating proliferating stem cells during either the first or third postnatal week led to reduced adult neurogenesis out of proportion to the changes in the stem cell pool, indicating a disruption of the stem cell function or niche following stem cell ablation in early life. These results highlight the first three postnatal weeks as a series of sensitive periods during which elimination of dividing stem cells leads to lasting alterations in adult DG neurogenesis and stem cell function. These findings contribute to our understanding of the relationship between DG development and adult neurogenesis, as well as suggest a possible mechanism by which early life experiences may lead to lasting deficits in adult hippocampal neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Youssef
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Division of Integrative Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Graduate Program in Neurobiology and Behavior, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Varsha S. Krish
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Division of Integrative Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Neuroscience and Behavior, Barnard College, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Greer S. Kirshenbaum
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Division of Integrative Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Piray Atsak
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Division of Integrative Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tamara J. Lass
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Division of Integrative Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Sophie R. Lieberman
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Division of Integrative Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Neuroscience and Behavior, Barnard College, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - E. David Leonardo
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Division of Integrative Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Alex Dranovsky
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Division of Integrative Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
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6
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Saito H, Kato R, Hashimoto T, Uchida Y, Hase T, Tsuruga K, Takita K, Morimoto Y. Influence of nitrous oxide on granule cell migration in the dentate gyrus of the neonatal rat. Biomed Res 2018; 39:39-45. [PMID: 29467350 DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.39.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
For several decades, the neurotoxicities of anesthetics to the developing brain have been reported by many researchers focusing on various phenomena such as apoptosis, neurodegeneration, electrophysiological aberrations, and behavioral abnormalities. According to these reports, signals via N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDA-r) and/or γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptors (GABAA-r) are implicated in the anesthetic neurotoxicity. On the other hand, during brain development, NMDA-r and GABAA-r are also recognized to play primary roles in neural cell migration. Therefore, anesthetics exposed in this period may influence the neural cell migration of neonates, and increase the number of hilar ectopic granule cells, which are reported to be a cause of continuous neurological deficits. To examine this hypothesis, we investigated immunohistochemically granule cell distribution in the hippocampal dentate gyrus of Wistar/ST rats after nitrous oxide (N2O) exposure. At postnatal day (P) 6, 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) was administered to label newly generated cells. Then, rats were divided into groups (n = 6 each group), exposed to 50% N2O at P7, and evaluated at P21. As a result, we found that ectopic ratios (ratio of hilar/total granule cells generated at P6) were decreased in rats at P21 compared with those at P7, and increased in N2O exposed rats for over 120 min compared with the other groups. These results suggest that 50% N2O exposure for over 120 min increases the ratios of ectopic granule cells in the rat dentate gyrus.
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7
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Developmental Changes in Oligodendrocyte Genesis, Myelination, and Associated Behavioral Dysfunction in a Rat Model of Intra-generational Protein Malnutrition. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:595-610. [PMID: 29752656 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1065-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Impairments in oligodendrocyte development and resultant myelination deficits appear as a common denominator to all neurological diseases. An optimal in utero environment is obligatory for normal fetal brain development and later life brain functioning. Late embryonic and early postnatal brains from F1 rat born to protein malnourished mothers were studied through a combination of immunocytochemical and quantitative PCR assay for analyzing the relative expression of platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α (PDGFRα), myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG), proteolipid protein (PLP), and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) to determine oligodendrocyte genesis, differentiation, maturation, and myelination. Myelin integrity and corpus callosum caliber was assessed by Luxol fast blue (LFB) staining, whereas grip strength test and open field activity monitoring for behavioral evaluation in F1 rats. We demonstrate that intra-generational protein deprivation results in drastically low PDGFRα+ oligodendrocyte precursor (OPC) population and significantly reduced expression of myelin protein genes resulting in poor pre-myelinating and mature myelinating oligodendrocyte number, hypo-myelination, and misaligned myelinated fibers. LFB staining and MOG immunolabeling precisely revealed long-term changes in corpus callosum (CC) caliber and demyelination lesions in LP brain supporting the behavioral and cognitive changes at early adolescence and adulthood following maternal protein malnutrition (PMN). Thus, intra-generational PMN negatively affects the oligodendrocyte development and maturation resulting in myelination impairments and associated with behavioral deficits typically mimicking clinical hallmarks of neuropsychiatric disorders. Our results further strengthen and augment the hypothesis "Impaired gliogenesis is a big hit for neuropsychiatric phenotype."
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8
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Gstrein T, Edwards A, Přistoupilová A, Leca I, Breuss M, Pilat-Carotta S, Hansen AH, Tripathy R, Traunbauer AK, Hochstoeger T, Rosoklija G, Repic M, Landler L, Stránecký V, Dürnberger G, Keane TM, Zuber J, Adams DJ, Flint J, Honzik T, Gut M, Beltran S, Mechtler K, Sherr E, Kmoch S, Gut I, Keays DA. Mutations in Vps15 perturb neuronal migration in mice and are associated with neurodevelopmental disease in humans. Nat Neurosci 2018; 21:207-217. [PMID: 29311744 PMCID: PMC5897053 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-017-0053-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The formation of the vertebrate brain requires the generation, migration, differentiation and survival of neurons. Genetic mutations that perturb these critical cellular events can result in malformations of the telencephalon, providing a molecular window into brain development. Here we report the identification of an N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea-induced mouse mutant characterized by a fractured hippocampal pyramidal cell layer, attributable to defects in neuronal migration. We show that this is caused by a hypomorphic mutation in Vps15 that perturbs endosomal-lysosomal trafficking and autophagy, resulting in an upregulation of Nischarin, which inhibits Pak1 signaling. The complete ablation of Vps15 results in the accumulation of autophagic substrates, the induction of apoptosis and severe cortical atrophy. Finally, we report that mutations in VPS15 are associated with cortical atrophy and epilepsy in humans. These data highlight the importance of the Vps15-Vps34 complex and the Nischarin-Pak1 signaling hub in the development of the telencephalon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gstrein
- Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocentre (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrew Edwards
- Wellcome Trust Center for Human Genetics (WTCHG), Oxford, UK
| | - Anna Přistoupilová
- Institute of Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ines Leca
- Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocentre (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Breuss
- Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocentre (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Andi H Hansen
- Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocentre (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Ratna Tripathy
- Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocentre (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna K Traunbauer
- Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocentre (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Tobias Hochstoeger
- Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocentre (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Gavril Rosoklija
- Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocentre (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Marco Repic
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology (IMBA), Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Landler
- Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocentre (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Viktor Stránecký
- Institute of Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Gerhard Dürnberger
- Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocentre (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas M Keane
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Johannes Zuber
- Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocentre (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - David J Adams
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Jonathan Flint
- Wellcome Trust Center for Human Genetics (WTCHG), Oxford, UK
| | - Tomas Honzik
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marta Gut
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Beltran
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Karl Mechtler
- Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocentre (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Elliott Sherr
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Stanislav Kmoch
- Institute of Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ivo Gut
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - David A Keays
- Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocentre (VBC), Vienna, Austria.
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Matsue K, Minakawa S, Kashiwagi T, Toda K, Sato T, Shioda S, Seki T. Dentate granule progenitor cell properties are rapidly altered soon after birth. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 223:357-369. [PMID: 28836044 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1499-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neurogenesis occurs during the embryonic period and ceases soon after birth in the neocortex, but continues to occur in the hippocampus even in the adult. The embryonic neocortex has radial glia or progenitor cells expressing brain lipid-binding protein (BLBP), whereas the adult hippocampus has radial granule progenitor cells expressing BLBP and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in the subgranular zone. We previously found that embryonic hippocampal granule progenitor cells express GFAP, but not BLBP, indicating that these cells are different from both embryonic neocortical and adult granule progenitor cells. In the present study, as the first step towards understanding the mechanism of persistent hippocampal neurogenesis, we aimed to determine the stage at which embryonic-type granule progenitors become adult-type progenitors using mouse Gfap-GFP transgenic mice. During the embryonic stages, Gfap-GFP-positive (Gfap-GFP+) cells were distributed in the entire developing dentate gyrus (DG), whereas BLBP-positive (BLBP+) cells were mainly present in the fimbria and subpial region, and to some extent in the DG. Up to postnatal day 0 (P0), double-positive cells were scarcely detected. However, at P1, one-third of the Gfap-GFP+ cells in the DG suddenly began to weakly express BLBP. Thereafter, Gfap-GFP+/BLBP+ cells rapidly increased in number, and extended their radial processes in the inner granular cell layer. At P14 and in the adult, two-thirds of the Gfap-GFP+ cells in the subgranular zone showed BLBP immunoreactivity. These results suggest that the properties of hippocampal granule progenitor cells are rapidly altered from an embryonic to adult type soon after birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Matsue
- Department of Histology and Neuroanatomy, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8402, Japan
| | - Shiori Minakawa
- Department of Histology and Neuroanatomy, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8402, Japan
| | - Taichi Kashiwagi
- Department of Histology and Neuroanatomy, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8402, Japan
| | - Keiko Toda
- Department of Histology and Neuroanatomy, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8402, Japan
| | - Toru Sato
- Department of Histology and Neuroanatomy, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8402, Japan
| | - Seiji Shioda
- Institute for Advanced Bioscience Research, Hoshi University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsunori Seki
- Department of Histology and Neuroanatomy, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8402, Japan.
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10
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Abbink MR, Naninck EFG, Lucassen PJ, Korosi A. Early-life stress diminishes the increase in neurogenesis after exercise in adult female mice. Hippocampus 2017; 27:839-844. [PMID: 28558121 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to early-life stress (ES) has long-lasting consequences for later cognition and hippocampal plasticity, including adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN), i.e., the generation of new neurons from stem/progenitor cells in the adult hippocampal dentate gyrus. We had previously demonstrated a sex-specific vulnerability to ES exposure; female mice exposed to ES from P2-P9 exhibited only very mild cognitive changes and no reductions in AHN as adult, whereas ES-exposed male mice showed impaired cognition closely associated with reductions in AHN. Given the apparent resilience of AHN to ES in females, we here questioned whether ES has also altered the capacity to respond to positive stimuli for neurogenesis. We therefore investigated whether exercise, known for its strong pro-neurogenic effects, can still stimulate AHN in adult female mice that had been earlier exposed to ES. We confirm a strong pro-neurogenic effect of exercise in the dorsal hippocampus of 8-month-old control female mice, but this positive neurogenic response is less apparent in female ES mice. These data provide novel insights in the lasting consequences of ES on hippocampal plasticity in females and also indicate that ES might lastingly reduce the responsiveness of the hippocampal stem cell pool, to exercise, in female mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Abbink
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, Brain plasticity group, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E F G Naninck
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, Brain plasticity group, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P J Lucassen
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, Brain plasticity group, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A Korosi
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, Brain plasticity group, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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11
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Molecular Biomarkers for Embryonic and Adult Neural Stem Cell and Neurogenesis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:727542. [PMID: 26421301 PMCID: PMC4569757 DOI: 10.1155/2015/727542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The procedure of neurogenesis has made numerous achievements in the past decades, during which various molecular biomarkers have been emerging and have been broadly utilized for the investigation of embryonic and adult neural stem cell (NSC). Nevertheless, there is not a consistent and systematic illustration to depict the functional characteristics of the specific markers expressed in distinct cell types during the different stages of neurogenesis. Here we gathered and generalized a series of NSC biomarkers emerging during the procedures of embryonic and adult neural stem cell, which may be used to identify the subpopulation cells with distinguishing characters in different timeframes of neurogenesis. The identifications of cell patterns will provide applications to the detailed investigations of diverse developmental cell stages and the extents of cell differentiation, which will facilitate the tracing of cell time-course and fate determination of specific cell types and promote the further and literal discoveries of embryonic and adult neurogenesis. Meanwhile, via the utilization of comprehensive applications under the aiding of the systematic knowledge framework, researchers may broaden their insights into the derivation and establishment of novel technologies to analyze the more detailed process of embryogenesis and adult neurogenesis.
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12
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Breuss M, Morandell J, Nimpf S, Gstrein T, Lauwers M, Hochstoeger T, Braun A, Chan K, Sánchez Guajardo ER, Zhang L, Suplata M, Heinze KG, Elsayad K, Keays DA. The Expression of Tubb2b Undergoes a Developmental Transition in Murine Cortical Neurons. J Comp Neurol 2015; 523:2161-86. [PMID: 26105993 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The development of the mammalian brain requires the generation, migration, and differentiation of neurons, cellular processes that are dependent on a dynamic microtubule cytoskeleton. Mutations in tubulin genes, which encode for the structural subunits of microtubules, cause detrimental neurological disorders known as the tubulinopathies. The disease spectra associated with different tubulin genes are overlapping but distinct, an observation believed to reflect functional specification of this multigene family. Perturbation of the β-tubulin TUBB2B is known to cause polymicrogyria, pachygyria, microcephaly, and axon guidance defects. Here we provide a detailed analysis of the expression pattern of its murine homolog Tubb2b. The generation and characterization of BAC-transgenic eGFP reporter mouse lines has revealed that it is highly expressed in progenitors and postmitotic neurons during cortical development. This contrasts with the 8-week-old cortex, in which Tubb2b expression is restricted to macroglia, and expression is almost completely absent in mature neurons. This developmental transition in neurons is mirrored in the adult hippocampus and the cerebellum but is not a universal feature of Tubb2b; its expression persists in a population of postmitotic neurons in the 8-week-old retina. We propose that the dynamic spatial and temporal expression of Tubb2b reflects specific functional requirements of the microtubule cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Breuss
- IMP-Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | - Jasmin Morandell
- IMP-Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | - Simon Nimpf
- IMP-Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | - Thomas Gstrein
- IMP-Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | - Mattias Lauwers
- IMP-Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | - Tobias Hochstoeger
- IMP-Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | - Andreas Braun
- IMP-Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, 1030, Austria.,Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kelvin Chan
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, New York, 11794
| | | | - Lijuan Zhang
- Advanced Microscopy, Campus Science Support Facilities (CSF), Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | - Marek Suplata
- Rudolf Virchow Center, DFG-Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine of the University of Würzburg, Würzburg, 97080, Germany
| | - Katrin G Heinze
- Rudolf Virchow Center, DFG-Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine of the University of Würzburg, Würzburg, 97080, Germany
| | - Kareem Elsayad
- Advanced Microscopy, Campus Science Support Facilities (CSF), Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | - David A Keays
- IMP-Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, 1030, Austria
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13
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Hoeijmakers L, Lucassen PJ, Korosi A. The interplay of early-life stress, nutrition, and immune activation programs adult hippocampal structure and function. Front Mol Neurosci 2015; 7:103. [PMID: 25620909 PMCID: PMC4288131 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2014.00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Early-life adversity increases the vulnerability to develop psychopathologies and cognitive decline later in life. This association is supported by clinical and preclinical studies. Remarkably, experiences of stress during this sensitive period, in the form of abuse or neglect but also early malnutrition or an early immune challenge elicit very similar long-term effects on brain structure and function. During early-life, both exogenous factors like nutrition and maternal care, as well as endogenous modulators, including stress hormones and mediator of immunological activity affect brain development. The interplay of these key elements and their underlying molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. We discuss here the hypothesis that exposure to early-life adversity (specifically stress, under/malnutrition and infection) leads to life-long alterations in hippocampal-related cognitive functions, at least partly via changes in hippocampal neurogenesis. We further discuss how these different key elements of the early-life environment interact and affect one another and suggest that it is a synergistic action of these elements that shapes cognition throughout life. Finally, we consider different intervention studies aiming to prevent these early-life adversity induced consequences. The emerging evidence for the intriguing interplay of stress, nutrition, and immune activity in the early-life programming calls for a more in depth understanding of the interaction of these elements and the underlying mechanisms. This knowledge will help to develop intervention strategies that will converge on a more complete set of changes induced by early-life adversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianne Hoeijmakers
- Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Paul J Lucassen
- Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Aniko Korosi
- Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
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14
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Cuccioli V, Bueno C, Belvindrah R, Lledo PM, Martinez S. Attractive action of FGF-signaling contributes to the postnatal developing hippocampus. Hippocampus 2014; 25:486-99. [DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. Cuccioli
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Miguel Hernández (CSIC-UMH); Sant Joan d'Alacant 03550 Spain
| | - C. Bueno
- Faculty of Medicine; Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology; IMIB-Arrixaca and CIBERSAM (Centro Investigación Biomedica en Red Salud Mental), University of Murcia E-30071; Murcia Spain
| | - R. Belvindrah
- Laboratory for Perception and Memory; Institut Pasteur; F-75015 Paris France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Unité Mixte de Recherche 3571 F-75015 Paris France
| | - P.-M. Lledo
- Laboratory for Perception and Memory; Institut Pasteur; F-75015 Paris France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Unité Mixte de Recherche 3571 F-75015 Paris France
| | - S. Martinez
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Miguel Hernández (CSIC-UMH); Sant Joan d'Alacant 03550 Spain
- Faculty of Medicine; Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology; IMIB-Arrixaca and CIBERSAM (Centro Investigación Biomedica en Red Salud Mental), University of Murcia E-30071; Murcia Spain
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15
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Naninck EF, Hoeijmakers L, Kakava-Georgiadou N, Meesters A, Lazic SE, Lucassen PJ, Korosi A. Chronic early life stress alters developmental and adult neurogenesis and impairs cognitive function in mice. Hippocampus 2014; 25:309-28. [DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eva F.G. Naninck
- Center for Neuroscience, Structural and Functional Plasticity of the Nervous System Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam; The Netherlands
| | - Lianne Hoeijmakers
- Center for Neuroscience, Structural and Functional Plasticity of the Nervous System Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam; The Netherlands
| | - Nefeli Kakava-Georgiadou
- Center for Neuroscience, Structural and Functional Plasticity of the Nervous System Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam; The Netherlands
| | - Astrid Meesters
- Center for Neuroscience, Structural and Functional Plasticity of the Nervous System Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam; The Netherlands
| | - Stanley E. Lazic
- In Silico Lead Discovery, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research; Basel Switzerland
| | - Paul J. Lucassen
- Center for Neuroscience, Structural and Functional Plasticity of the Nervous System Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam; The Netherlands
| | - Aniko Korosi
- Center for Neuroscience, Structural and Functional Plasticity of the Nervous System Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam; The Netherlands
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16
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Seki T, Sato T, Toda K, Osumi N, Imura T, Shioda S. Distinctive population of Gfap-expressing neural progenitors arising around the dentate notch migrate and form the granule cell layer in the developing hippocampus. J Comp Neurol 2014; 522:261-83. [PMID: 23983092 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In the adult hippocampus, granule cells continue to be generated from astrocyte-like progenitors expressing glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) that differ from embryonic neocortical progenitors. However, during the embryonic period, dentate granule neurons and neocortical pyramidal neurons are derived from the ventricular zone (VZ) of the pallium. Our question is when do GFAP+ progenitors of granule neurons appear in the developing hippocampus during the embryonic period, and how do they form the granule cell layer. The present analysis using Gfap-GFP transgenic mice shows that the GFP+ distinct cell population first appears in the VZ of the medial pallium at the dorsal edge of the fimbria on embryonic day 13.5. During the perinatal period, they form a migratory stream from the VZ to the developing dentate gyrus, and establish the germinal zones in the migratory stream, and the marginal and hilar regions in the developing dentate gyrus. GFP+ cells in these regions were positive for Sox2 and Ki67, but negative for BLBP. GFP+ cells with Neurogenin2 expression were largely distributed in the VZ, whereas GFP+ cells with Tbr2 and NeuroD expressions were seen in the migratory stream and developing dentate gyrus. Prox1-expressing GFP+ cells were restricted to the developing dentate gyrus. These results suggest that distinctive Gfap-expressing progenitors arising around the dentate notch form germinal regions in the migratory stream and the developing dentate gyrus where they differentiate into granule neurons, indicating that distinct astrocyte-like neural progenitors continue to generate granule neurons, from the beginning of dentate development and throughout life. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:261-283, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsunori Seki
- Department of Histology and Neuroanatomy, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, 160-8402, Japan
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17
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Carrillo-García C, Prochnow S, Simeonova IK, Strelau J, Hölzl-Wenig G, Mandl C, Unsicker K, von Bohlen Und Halbach O, Ciccolini F. Growth/differentiation factor 15 promotes EGFR signalling, and regulates proliferation and migration in the hippocampus of neonatal and young adult mice. Development 2014; 141:773-83. [PMID: 24496615 PMCID: PMC3930467 DOI: 10.1242/dev.096131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) affects multiple aspects of neural precursor behaviour, including proliferation and migration. Telencephalic precursors acquire EGF responsiveness and upregulate EGFR expression at late stages of development. The events regulating this process and its significance are still unclear. We here show that in the developing and postnatal hippocampus (HP), growth/differentiation factor (GDF) 15 and EGFR are co-expressed in primitive precursors as well as in more differentiated cells. We also provide evidence that GDF15 promotes responsiveness to EGF and EGFR expression in hippocampal precursors through a mechanism that requires active CXC chemokine receptor (CXCR) 4. Besides EGFR expression, GDF15 ablation also leads to decreased proliferation and migration. In particular, lack of GDF15 impairs both processes in the cornu ammonis (CA) 1 and only proliferation in the dentate gyrus (DG). Importantly, migration and proliferation in the mutant HP were altered only perinatally, when EGFR expression was also affected. These data suggest that GDF15 regulates migration and proliferation by promoting EGFR signalling in the perinatal HP and represent a first description of a functional role for GDF15 in the developing telencephalon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Carrillo-García
- Department of Neurobiology, Interdisciplinary Centre for Neuroscience (IZN), Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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18
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McLenachan S, Zhang D, Palomo ABA, Edel MJ, Chen FK. mRNA transfection of mouse and human neural stem cell cultures. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83596. [PMID: 24386231 PMCID: PMC3873397 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of synthetic mRNA as an alternative gene delivery vector to traditional DNA-based constructs provides an effective method for inducing transient gene expression in cell cultures without genetic modification. Delivery of mRNA has been proposed as a safer alternative to viral vectors in the induction of pluripotent cells for regenerative therapies. Although mRNA transfection of fibroblasts, dendritic and embryonic stem cells has been described, mRNA delivery to neurosphere cultures has not been previously reported. Here we sought to establish an efficient method for delivering mRNA to primary neurosphere cultures. Neurospheres derived from the subventricular zone of adult mice or from human embryonic stem cells were transfected with EGFP mRNA by lipofection and electroporation. Transfection efficiency and expression levels were monitored by flow cytometry. Cell survival following transfection was examined using live cell counting and the MTT assay. Both lipofection and electroporation provided high efficiency transfection of neurospheres. In comparison with lipofection, electroporation resulted in increased transfection efficiencies, but lower expression per cell and shorter durations of expression. Additional rounds of lipofection renewed EGFP expression in neurospheres, suggesting this method may be suitable for reprogramming applications. In summary, we have developed a protocol for achieving high efficiency transfection rates in mouse and human neurosphere cell culture that can be applied for future studies of gene function studies in neural stem cells, such as defining efficient differentiation protocols for glial and neuronal linages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel McLenachan
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia ; Ocular Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Dan Zhang
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia ; Ocular Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ana Belén Alvarez Palomo
- Control of Pluripotency Laboratory, Molecular Genetics Research Group, Department of Physiological Sciences I, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michael J Edel
- Control of Pluripotency Laboratory, Molecular Genetics Research Group, Department of Physiological Sciences I, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain ; University of Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Westmead Childrens Hospital, Division of Pediatrics and Child Health, Sydney, Australia
| | - Fred K Chen
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia ; Ocular Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia ; Ophthalmology Department, Royal Perth Hospital, Wellington Street, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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19
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Cisplatin inhibits hippocampal cell proliferation and alters the expression of apoptotic genes. Neurotox Res 2013; 25:369-80. [PMID: 24277158 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-013-9443-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The hippocampus, which is critical for memory and spatial navigation, contains a proliferating stem cell niche that is especially vulnerable to antineoplastic drugs such as cisplatin. Although the damaging effects of cisplatin have recently been recognized, the molecular mechanisms underlying its toxic effects on this vital region are largely unknown. Using a focused apoptosis gene array, we analyzed the early cisplatin-induced changes in gene expression in the hippocampus of adult Sprague-Dawley rats and compared the results to those from the inferior colliculus, a non-mitotic auditory region resistant to cisplatin-induced cell death. Two days after a 12 mg/kg dose of cisplatin, significant increases were observed in five proapoptotic genes: Bik, Bid, Bok, Trp53p2, and Card6 and a significant decrease in one antiapoptotic gene Bcl2a1. In contrast, Nol3, an antiapoptotic gene, showed a significant increase in expression. The cisplatin-induced increase in Bid mRNA and decrease in Bcl2a1 mRNA were accompanied by a corresponding increase and decrease of their respective proteins in the hippocampus. In contrast, the cisplatin-induced changes in Bcl2a1, Bid, Bik, and Bok gene expression in the inferior colliculus were strikingly different from those in the hippocampus consistent with the greater susceptibility of the hippocampus to cisplatin toxicity. Cisplatin also significantly reduced immunolabeling of the cell proliferation marker Ki67 in the subgranular zone of the hippocampus 2 days post-treatment. These results indicate that cisplatin-induced hippocampal cell death is mediated by increased expression of proapoptotic and decreased antiapoptotic genes and proteins that likely inhibit hippocampal cell proliferation.
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20
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Annenkov A. Receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signalling in the control of neural stem and progenitor cell (NSPC) development. Mol Neurobiol 2013; 49:440-71. [PMID: 23982746 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8532-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Important developmental responses are elicited in neural stem and progenitor cells (NSPC) by activation of the receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK), including the fibroblast growth factor receptors, epidermal growth factor receptor, platelet-derived growth factor receptors and insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF1R). Signalling through these RTK is necessary and sufficient for driving a number of developmental processes in the central nervous system. Within each of the four RTK families discussed here, receptors are activated by sets of ligands that do not cross-activate receptors of the other three families, and therefore, their activation can be independently regulated by ligand availability. These RTK pathways converge on a conserved core of signalling molecules, but differences between the receptors in utilisation of signalling molecules and molecular adaptors for intracellular signal propagation become increasingly apparent. Intracellular inhibitors of RTK signalling are widely involved in the regulation of developmental signalling in NSPC and often determine developmental outcomes of RTK activation. In addition, cellular responses of NSPC to the activation of a given RTK may be significantly modulated by signal strength. Cellular propensity to respond also plays a role in developmental outcomes of RTK signalling. In combination, these mechanisms regulate the balance between NSPC maintenance and differentiation during development and in adulthood. Attribution of particular developmental responses of NSPC to specific pathways of RTK signalling becomes increasingly elucidated. Co-activation of several RTK in developing NSPC is common, and analysis of co-operation between their signalling pathways may advance knowledge of RTK role in NSPC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Annenkov
- Bone and Joint Research Unit, William Harvey Research Institute, Bart's and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK,
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21
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Petrik D, Yun S, Latchney SE, Kamrudin S, LeBlanc JA, Bibb JA, Eisch AJ. Early postnatal in vivo gliogenesis from nestin-lineage progenitors requires cdk5. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72819. [PMID: 23991155 PMCID: PMC3753242 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The early postnatal period is a unique time of brain development, as diminishing amounts of neurogenesis coexist with waves of gliogenesis. Understanding the molecular regulation of early postnatal gliogenesis may provide clues to normal and pathological embryonic brain ontogeny, particularly in regards to the development of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Cyclin dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) contributes to neuronal migration and cell cycle control during embryogenesis, and to the differentiation of neurons and oligodendrocytes during adulthood. However, Cdk5's function in the postnatal period and within discrete progenitor lineages is unknown. Therefore, we selectively removed Cdk5 from nestin-expressing cells and their progeny by giving transgenic mice (nestin-CreERT2/R26R-YFP/CDK5(flox/flox) [iCdk5] and nestin-CreERT2/R26R-YFP/CDK5(wt/wt) [WT]) tamoxifen during postnatal (P) days P2-P 4 or P7-P 9, and quantified and phenotyped recombined (YFP+) cells at P14 and P21. When Cdk5 gene deletion was induced in nestin-expressing cells and their progeny during the wave of cortical and hippocampal gliogenesis (P2-P4), significantly fewer YFP+ cells were evident in the cortex, corpus callosum, and hippocampus. Phenotypic analysis revealed the cortical decrease was due to fewer YFP+ astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, with a slightly earlier influence seen in oligodendrocytes vs. astrocytes. This effect on cortical gliogenesis was accompanied by a decrease in YFP+ proliferative cells, but not increased cell death. The role of Cdk5 in gliogenesis appeared specific to the early postnatal period, as induction of recombination at a later postnatal period (P7-P9) resulted in no change YFP+ cell number in the cortex or hippocampus. Thus, glial cells that originate from nestin-expressing cells and their progeny require Cdk5 for proper development during the early postnatal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Petrik
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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22
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Sancho-Bielsa FJ, Navarro-López JD, Alonso-Llosa G, Molowny A, Ponsoda X, Yajeya J, López-García C. Neurons of the dentate molecular layer in the rabbit hippocampus. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48470. [PMID: 23144890 PMCID: PMC3492497 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular layer of the dentate gyrus appears as the main entrance gate for information into the hippocampus, i.e., where the perforant path axons from the entorhinal cortex synapse onto the spines and dendrites of granule cells. A few dispersed neuronal somata appear intermingled in between and probably control the flow of information in this area. In rabbits, the number of neurons in the molecular layer increases in the first week of postnatal life and then stabilizes to appear permanent and heterogeneous over the individuals' life span, including old animals. By means of Golgi impregnations, NADPH histochemistry, immunocytochemical stainings and intracellular labelings (lucifer yellow and biocytin injections), eight neuronal morphological types have been detected in the molecular layer of developing adult and old rabbits. Six of them appear as interneurons displaying smooth dendrites and GABA immunoreactivity: those here called as globoid, vertical, small horizontal, large horizontal, inverted pyramidal and polymorphic. Additionally there are two GABA negative types: the sarmentous and ectopic granular neurons. The distribution of the somata and dendritic trees of these neurons shows preferences for a definite sublayer of the molecular layer: small horizontal, sarmentous and inverted pyramidal neurons are preferably found in the outer third of the molecular layer; vertical, globoid and polymorph neurons locate the intermediate third, while large horizontal and ectopic granular neurons occupy the inner third or the juxtagranular molecular layer. Our results reveal substantial differences in the morphology and electrophysiological behaviour between each neuronal archetype in the dentate molecular layer, allowing us to propose a new classification for this neural population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J. Sancho-Bielsa
- Cellular Neurobiology, Department of Cell Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Behaviour, School of Medicine of Ciudad Real, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
- * E-mail: (CLG); (FSB); (JNL)
| | - Juan D. Navarro-López
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Behaviour, School of Medicine of Ciudad Real, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- * E-mail: (CLG); (FSB); (JNL)
| | - Gregori Alonso-Llosa
- Cellular Neurobiology, Department of Cell Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Asunción Molowny
- Cellular Neurobiology, Department of Cell Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Xavier Ponsoda
- Cellular Neurobiology, Department of Cell Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier Yajeya
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Carlos López-García
- Cellular Neurobiology, Department of Cell Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- * E-mail: (CLG); (FSB); (JNL)
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23
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Bueno C, Ramirez C, Rodríguez-Lozano FJ, Tabarés-Seisdedos R, Rodenas M, Moraleda JM, Jones JR, Martinez S. Human adult periodontal ligament-derived cells integrate and differentiate after implantation into the adult mammalian brain. Cell Transplant 2012; 22:2017-28. [PMID: 23043788 DOI: 10.3727/096368912x657305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies suggest that neural crest (NC)-derived stem cells may reside in NC derivatives including the human periodontal ligament (hPDL). The isolation and manipulation of autologous NC-derived cells could be an accessible source of adult neural stem cells for their use in cell replacement and gene transfer to the diseased central nervous system. In this study, we examined the expression of NC markers and neural differentiation potential of hPDL-derived cells both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro we found that hPDL-derived cells expressed stem cell markers (Oct3/4, Nestin, Sox2, and Musashi-1) and a subset of NC cell markers (Slug, p75(NTR), Twist, and Sox9). hPDL-derived cells differentiated into neural-like cells based on cellular morphology and neural marker expression (TUJ1, MAP2, MAP1b, GAD65/67, GABA, NeuN, ChAT, GAT1, synaptophysin, GFAP, NG2, and O4). In vivo, hPDL-derived cells survive, migrate, and give rise to DCX(+), NF-M(+), GABA(+), GFAP(+), and NG2(+) cells after grafting the adult mouse brain. Some of the grafted hPDL-derived cells were located in stem cell niches such as the ventricular epithelium and the subventricular zone of the anterolateral ventricle wall as well as in the subgranular zone of the hippocampal dentate gyrus. Thus, the hPDL contains stem cells that originate from the NC and can differentiate into neural cells. The engraftment and differentiation properties of hPDL-derived cells in the adult brain indicate that they are a potential stem cell source to be used in neuroregenerative and/or neurotrophic medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Bueno
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante (UMH-CSIC), Sant Juan, Alicante, Spain
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24
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Clarke L, van der Kooy D. The adult mouse dentate gyrus contains populations of committed progenitor cells that are distinct from subependymal zone neural stem cells. Stem Cells 2012; 29:1448-58. [PMID: 21774038 DOI: 10.1002/stem.692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
There is currently a debate as to whether or not a neural stem cell (NSC) exists in the adult mammalian hippocampus. Clonal colony-forming assays allow single cells to cells to be evaluated for stem cell properties: self-renewal and multipotentiality. In these in vitro assays, single cells from the subependymal zone (SEZ) of the adult lateral ventricle yield large colonies which self-renew and are multipotential, while single cells from the adult dentate gyrus (DG) produce small, unipotent, and nonself-renewing colonies. We find that multipotential and long-term self-renewing colonies can be isolated only from the early embryonic hippocampus, before the formation of the DG. No movement of progenitors from the postnatal SEZ to the newly forming DG subgranular zone is detected and adult DG colonies in vitro originate from the embryonic hippocampal primordium. These data support a model where embryonic hippocampal NSCs change their properties as the organism ages. When adult DG spheres are cocultured with embryonic brain slices, self-renewal (but not multipotentiality) is restored and maintained for several passages off of slices. Adult clonal DG spheres grown on embryonic brain slices or transplanted into brains of neonatal mice do not give rise to neurons. Neurons arise from separate, small clones that are approximately 10 times more frequent than sphere colonies in vitro and may be responsible for maintaining neurogenesis in the adult in vivo. We propose that there are separate glial and neuronal clones in the adult hippocampus, with glial progenitors being the most proliferative in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Clarke
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Sox2 up-regulation and glial cell proliferation following degeneration of spiral ganglion neurons in the adult mouse inner ear. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 2011; 12:151-71. [PMID: 21061038 DOI: 10.1007/s10162-010-0244-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, glial cell responses to spiral ganglion neuron (SGN) degeneration were evaluated using a murine model of auditory neuropathy. Ouabain, a well-known Na,K-ATPase inhibitor, has been shown to induce SGN degeneration while sparing hair cell function. In addition to selectively removing type I SGNs, ouabain leads to hyperplasia and hypertrophy of glia-like cells in the injured auditory nerves. As the transcription factor Sox2 is predominantly expressed in proliferating and undifferentiated neural precursors during neurogenesis,we sought to examine Sox2 expression patterns following SGN injury by ouabain. Real-time RT-PCR and Western blot analyses of cochlea indicated a significant increase in Sox2 expression by 3 days posttreatment with ouabain. Cells incorporating bromodeoxyuridine(BrdU) and expressing Sox2 were counted in the auditory nerves of control and ouabain-treated ears. The glial phenotype of Sox2+cells was identified by two neural glial markers: S100 and Sox10. The number of Sox2+ glial cells significantly increased at 3 days post-treatment and reached its maximum level at 7 days post-treatment. Similarly,the number of BrdU+ cells increased at 3 and 7 days post-treatment in the injured nerves. Quantitative analysis with dual-immunostaining procedures indicated that about 70% of BrdU+ cells in the injured nerves were Sox2+ glial cells. These results demonstrate that up-regulation of Sox2 expression is associated with increased cell proliferation in the auditory nerve after injury.
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Immunohistological markers for proliferative events, gliogenesis, and neurogenesis within the adult hippocampus. Cell Tissue Res 2011; 345:1-19. [PMID: 21647561 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-011-1196-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Biologists long believed that, once development is completed, no new neurons are produced in the forebrain. However, as is now firmly established, new neurons can be produced at least in two specific forebrain areas: the subventricular zone (SVZ) and the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampal formation. Neurogenesis within the adult DG occurs constitutively throughout postnatal life, and the rate of neurogenesis within the DG can be altered under various physiological and pathophysiological conditions. The process of adult neurogenesis within the DG is a multi-step process (proliferation, differentiation, migration, targeting, and synaptic integration) that ends with the formation of a post-mitotic functionally integrated new neuron. Various markers are expressed during specific stages of adult neurogenesis. The availability of such markers allows the time-course and fate of newly born cells to be followed within the DG in a detailed and precise fashion. Several of the available markers (e.g., PCNA, Ki-67, PH3, MCM2) are markers for proliferative events, whereas others are more specific for early phases of neurogenesis and gliogenesis within the adult DG (e.g., nestin, GFAP, Sox2, Pax6). In addition, markers are available allowing events to be distinguished that are related to later steps of gliogenesis (e.g., vimentin, BLBP, S100beta) or neurogenesis (e.g., NeuroD, PSA-NCAM, DCX).
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Guerrero-Cázares H, Gonzalez-Perez O, Soriano-Navarro M, Zamora-Berridi G, García-Verdugo JM, Quinoñes-Hinojosa A. Cytoarchitecture of the lateral ganglionic eminence and rostral extension of the lateral ventricle in the human fetal brain. J Comp Neurol 2011; 519:1165-80. [PMID: 21344407 DOI: 10.1002/cne.22566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The fetal development of the anterior subventricular zone (SVZ) involves the transformation of radial glia into neural stem cells, in addition to the migration of neuroblasts from the SVZ towards different regions in the brain. In adult rodents this migration from the anterior SVZ is restricted to the olfactory bulb following a rostral migratory stream (RMS) formed by chains of migratory neuroblasts. Similar to rodents, an RMS has been suggested in the adult human brain, where the SVZ remains as an active proliferative region. Nevertheless, a human fetal RMS has not been described and the presence of migratory neuroblasts in the adult remains controversial. Here we describe the cytoarchitecture of the human SVZ at the lateral ganglionic eminence late in the second trimester of development (23-24 weeks postconception). Cell organization in this region is heterogeneous along the ventricular wall, with GFAP-positive cells aligned to the ventricle. These cells coexpress markers for radial glia like GFAPδ, nestin, and vimentin. We also show the presence of abundant migratory neuroblasts in the anterior horn SVZ forming structures here denominated cell throngs. Interestingly, a ventral extension of the lateral ventricle suggests the presence of a putative RMS. Nevertheless, in the olfactory bulb neuroblast throngs or chain-like structures were not observed. The lack of these structures closer to the olfactory bulb could indicate a destination for the migratory neuroblasts outside the olfactory bulb in the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Guerrero-Cázares
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Stem Cell Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
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Griffin GD, Ferri-Kolwicz SL, Reyes BAS, Van Bockstaele EJ, Flanagan-Cato LM. Ovarian hormone-induced reorganization of oxytocin-labeled dendrites and synapses lateral to the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus in female rats. J Comp Neurol 2011; 518:4531-45. [PMID: 20886620 DOI: 10.1002/cne.22470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Central oxytocin (OT) modulates many social behaviors, including female rat sexual receptivity, quantified as the copulatory stance known as lordosis. The expression of the lordosis response is modulated by OT action in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH), as demonstrated by behavioral pharmacology experiments. However, the subcellular localization of OT in this brain region has been unclear. We tested the hypothesis that ovarian hormones reorganize OT-labeled pre- or postsynaptic elements in the fiber complex lateral to the VMH by using immunoelectron microscopy. OT immunolabeling occurred in axonal boutons identified by the presence of small, clear synaptic vesicles and double labeling with the presynaptic markers synaptophysin and vesicular glutamate transporter 2. OT immunoreactivity also was observed in dendritic profiles, verified with double labeling for the dendrite-specific marker microtubule-associated protein 2. Ovarian hormones did not alter the density of axonal boutons; however, estradiol treatment reduced the density of dendritic profiles by 34%. This effect was reversed when progesterone was given subsequent to estradiol. The effect of estradiol treatment was specific to dendrites that lacked OT immunostaining; the density of OT-labeled dendritic profiles remained constant during estradiol treatment. With the estradiol-induced exit of non-OT-labeled dendritic profiles, the remaining OT-labeled dendritic profiles experienced an increase in their number of synaptic contacts. Thus, hormone treatments that mimic the 4-day rat estrous cycle provoke a chemically coded reorganization of dendrite innervation in the fiber plexus lateral to the VMH that may underlie the hormone-specific effect of OT on reproductive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald D Griffin
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6241, USA.
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Mathews EA, Morgenstern NA, Piatti VC, Zhao C, Jessberger S, Schinder AF, Gage FH. A distinctive layering pattern of mouse dentate granule cells is generated by developmental and adult neurogenesis. J Comp Neurol 2011; 518:4479-90. [PMID: 20886617 DOI: 10.1002/cne.22489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
New neurons are continuously added throughout life to the dentate gyrus of the mammalian hippocampus. During embryonic and early postnatal development, the dentate gyrus is formed in an outside-in layering pattern that may extend through adulthood. In this work, we sought to quantify systematically the relative position of dentate granule cells generated at different ages. We used 5'-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) and retroviral methodologies to birth date cells born in the embryonic, early postnatal, and adult hippocampus and assessed their final position in the adult mouse granule cell layer. We also quantified both developmental and adult-born cohorts of neural progenitor cells that contribute to the pool of adult progenitor cells. Our data confirm that the outside-in layering of the dentate gyrus continues through adulthood and that early-born cells constitute most of the adult dentate gyrus. We also found that substantial numbers of the dividing cells in the adult dentate gyrus were derived from early-dividing cells and retained BrdU, suggesting that a subpopulation of hippocampal progenitors divides infrequently from early development onward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Mathews
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Carrillo-García C, Suh Y, Obernier K, Hölzl-Wenig G, Mandl C, Ciccolini F. Multipotent precursors in the anterior and hippocampal subventricular zone display similar transcription factor signatures but their proliferation and maintenance are differentially regulated. Mol Cell Neurosci 2010; 44:318-29. [PMID: 20417282 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2010.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Revised: 03/22/2010] [Accepted: 04/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Precursors within the subventricular zone (SVZ) exhibit regional variations in the expression of transcription factors important for the regulation of their proliferation and differentiation. In the anterior SVZ (aSVZ) the homeobox transcription factor distalless (Dlx)2 modulates both processes by promoting neural stem cell (NSC) activation as well as neurogenesis. Activated NSCs and transit-amplifying precursors (TAPs) in the aSVZ both express high levels of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR(high)) and form clones in response to exogenous EGF. EGF-responsive cells are also present in the hippocampal subependyma (hSVZ). However, it is not clear whether they represent NSCs or TAPs and whether their proliferation and differentiation are regulated as in the aSVZ. Here we have purified EGFR(high) cells from both the aSVZ and hSVZ at different ages. When isolated from perinatal tissue both populations were enriched in multipotent clonogenic precursors, which generated GABAergic neurons. Although they differed in absolute expression levels, activated NSCs and TAPs in both regions displayed similar signatures of transcription factor expression. However, activated NSCs were less frequent in the hSVZ than in the aSVZ. Furthermore, increasing age had a greater inhibitory effect on NSC proliferation in the hSVZ than in the aSVZ. This suggests that NSC activation is differentially regulated in the two regions. Consistent with this hypothesis, we found that in hippocampal precursors Dlx2 promoted neurogenesis but not NSC activation. Thus, most clonogenic EGFR(high) precursors in the hSVZ represent TAPs and NSC proliferation in the aSVZ and hSVZ is regulated by different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Carrillo-García
- Department of Neurobiology, Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Rodrigo C, Zaben M, Lawrence T, Laskowski A, Howell OW, Gray WP. NPY augments the proliferative effect of FGF2 and increases the expression of FGFR1 on nestin positive postnatal hippocampal precursor cells, via the Y1 receptor. J Neurochem 2010; 113:615-27. [PMID: 20132466 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06633.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We have shown that neuropeptide Y (NPY), a peptide neurotransmitter released by hippocampal interneurons, is proliferative for hippocampal neural stem progenitor cells (NSPCs) via the Y1 receptor. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 2, released predominantly by astrocytes, is also a powerful mitogen for postnatal and adult NSPCs, via the FGFR1 receptor. Knockout studies show that NPY and FGF2 are individually necessary, but not sufficient, for seizure-induced neurogenesis, suggesting a possible interaction. Here, we examined for interactions between NPY and FGF2 on NSPCs from the postnatal hippocampus and report that the combination of NPY and FGF2 significantly shortens the cell cycle time of nestin positive NSPCs, more than either factor alone. This augmentation of proliferation rate is NPY Y1 receptor mediated, and Y1 receptor activation increases both FGFR1 mRNA and protein in NSPC cultures. NSPCs immunostain for both Y1 and FGFR1 receptors and the interaction is specific for dentate NSPCs. This is the first report of a proliferative factor that augments the proliferative effect of FGF2 and is the first evidence of a positive proliferative interaction between a glial growth factor and a neuronal transmitter, identifying a novel neural activity driven mechanism for modulating the proliferation of hippocampal NSPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chamira Rodrigo
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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Annenkov A. The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) receptor type 1 (IGF1R) as an essential component of the signalling network regulating neurogenesis. Mol Neurobiol 2009; 40:195-215. [PMID: 19714501 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-009-8081-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2009] [Accepted: 08/14/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor receptor type 1 (IGF1R) signalling pathway is activated in the mammalian nervous system from early developmental stages. Its major effect on developing neural cells is to promote their growth and survival. This pathway can integrate its action with signalling pathways of growth and morphogenetic factors that induce cell fate specification and selective expansion of specified neural cell subsets. This suggests that during developmental and adult neurogenesis cellular responses to many signalling factors, including ligands of Notch, sonic hedgehog, fibroblast growth factor family members, ligands of the epidermal growth factor receptor, bone morphogenetic proteins and Wingless and Int-1, may be modified by co-activation of the IGF1R. Modulation of cell migration is another possible role that IGF1R activation may play in neurogenesis. Here, I briefly overview neurogenesis and discuss a role for IGF1R-mediated signalling in the developing and mature nervous system with emphasis on crosstalk between the signalling pathways of the IGF1R and other factors regulating neural cell development and migration. Studies on neural as well as on non-neural cells are highlighted because it may be interesting to test in neurogenic paradigms some of the models based on the information obtained in studies on non-neural cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Annenkov
- William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, UK.
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McLenachan S, Lum MG, Waters MJ, Turnley AM. Growth hormone promotes proliferation of adult neurosphere cultures. Growth Horm IGF Res 2009; 19:212-218. [PMID: 18976947 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2008.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2008] [Revised: 09/08/2008] [Accepted: 09/09/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Growth hormone (GH) and its receptor (GHR) are widely expressed in the CNS. During development, GH signaling regulates both proliferation of neural progenitor cells as well as their differentiation into neurons and glia. Here we have examined the effect of GH signaling on adult subventricular zone derived neural progenitor cells cultured as neurospheres. DESIGN GH was added to adult wild-type (WT) neurosphere cultures and neurosphere growth measured using the MTT cell proliferation assay. To examine the influence of endogenous GH production on neural progenitors, neurospheres derived from GH receptor knockout (GHRKO) mice were examined by measuring neurosphere sizes and Ki67 and TUNEL immunoreactivity. In addition, neurosphere growth curves were compared following long term culture. Finally, the differentiation of WT vs. GHRKO neurospheres was compared using immunocytochemistry for betaIII-tubulin and GFAP. RESULTS While GH alone was insufficient to support neurosphere formation, it enhanced neurosphere growth by 20% in the presence of epidermal growth factor and fibroblast growth factor-2. Compared to wildtype neurospheres, GHRKO neurospheres were smaller, contained fewer proliferating cells and exhibited reduced self-renewal in long term culture. Addition of GH increased STAT5 phosphorylation levels in neurosphere cells. Upon differentiation, GHRKO neurospheres showed accelerated neurogenesis, although over time similar numbers of betaIII-tubulin positive neurons were generated by cells of both genotypes. CONCLUSIONS GH functions as an autocrine mitogen in adult neurosphere cultures and promotes proliferation of neural progenitor cells as well as self-renewal of neurosphere cultures. In addition, signaling through the GHR appeared to delay neuronal differentiation in adult neurospheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- S McLenachan
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Cayre M, Canoll P, Goldman JE. Cell migration in the normal and pathological postnatal mammalian brain. Prog Neurobiol 2009; 88:41-63. [PMID: 19428961 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2009.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2008] [Revised: 12/23/2008] [Accepted: 02/05/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the developing brain, cell migration is a crucial process for structural organization, and is therefore highly regulated to allow the correct formation of complex networks, wiring neurons, and glia. In the early postnatal brain, late developmental processes such as the production and migration of astrocyte and oligodendrocyte progenitors still occur. Although the brain is completely formed and structured few weeks after birth, it maintains a degree of plasticity throughout life, including axonal remodeling, synaptogenesis, but also neural cell birth, migration and integration. The subventricular zone (SVZ) and the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus are the two main neurogenic niches in the adult brain. Neural stem cells reside in these structures and produce progenitors that migrate toward their ultimate location: the olfactory bulb and granular cell layer of the DG respectively. The aim of this review is to synthesize the increasing information concerning the organization, regulation and function of cell migration in a mature brain. In a normal brain, proteins involved in cell-cell or cell-matrix interactions together with secreted proteins acting as chemoattractant or chemorepellant play key roles in the regulation of neural progenitor cell migration. In addition, recent data suggest that gliomas arise from the transformation of neural stem cells or progenitor cells and that glioma cell infiltration recapitulates key aspects of glial progenitor migration. Thus, we will consider glioma migration in the context of progenitor migration. Finally, many observations show that brain lesions and neurological diseases trigger neural stem/progenitor cell activation and migration toward altered structures. The factors involved in such cell migration/recruitment are just beginning to be understood. Inflammation which has long been considered as thoroughly disastrous for brain repair is now known to produce some positive effects on stem/progenitor cell recruitment via the regulation of growth factor signaling and the secretion of a number of chemoattractant cytokines. This knowledge is crucial for the development of new therapeutic strategies. One of these strategies could consist in increasing the mobilization of endogenous progenitor cells that could replace lost cells and improve functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Cayre
- Institut de Biologie du Developpement de Marseille Luminy (IBDML), Parc scientifique de Luminy, case 907, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France.
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Abe Y, Nawa H, Namba H. Activation of epidermal growth factor receptor ErbB1 attenuates inhibitory synaptic development in mouse dentate gyrus. Neurosci Res 2009; 63:138-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2008.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2008] [Revised: 11/13/2008] [Accepted: 11/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Muramatsu R, Ikegaya Y, Matsuki N, Koyama R. Early-life status epilepticus induces ectopic granule cells in adult mice dentate gyrus. Exp Neurol 2008; 211:503-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2007] [Revised: 01/29/2008] [Accepted: 02/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Boekhoorn K, Sarabdjitsingh A, Kommerie H, de Punder K, Schouten T, Lucassen PJ, Vreugdenhil E. Doublecortin (DCX) and doublecortin-like (DCL) are differentially expressed in the early but not late stages of murine neocortical development. J Comp Neurol 2008; 507:1639-52. [PMID: 18231966 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
During corticogenesis, radial glia-derived neural progenitors divide and migrate along radial fibers to their designated positions within the cortical plate. The microtubule-associated proteins doublecortin (DCX) and doublecortin-like (DCL) are critically involved in neuronal migration and division, and may function in a partially redundant pathway. Since little is known about the important early stages of corticogenesis, when neurogenesis is extensive, we addressed a possible differential role by examining spatiotemporal expression patterns of DCX, DCL, and the radial glia marker vimentin during murine development. We found expression patterns of DCL and DCX to differ remarkably prior to embryonic day (E)13. DCL was already expressed at E9 and largely overlapped with vimentin, whereas DCX expression started modestly from E10/E11 onward. DCL was mainly found in the ventricular zone, often in mitotic cells and in pial-oriented radial fibers. In contrast, DCX was expressed in tangential fibers in the outer cortical regions. After E13, DCX and DCL expression largely overlapped but DCL expression had disappeared from the ventricular zone. Also, DCL levels were attenuated, whereas DCX remained high beyond E17. In conclusion, DCX and DCL are differentially expressed, particularly during early corticogenesis, consistent with their different functional roles. Given its involvement in mitosis, DCL appears to have a unique role in the early neuroepithelium that is different from later developmental stages when DCX is coexpressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Boekhoorn
- Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Holter NI, Zuber N, Bruehl C, Draguhn A. Functional maturation of developing interneurons in the molecular layer of mouse dentate gyrus. Brain Res 2007; 1186:56-64. [PMID: 17996219 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.09.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2007] [Revised: 09/12/2007] [Accepted: 09/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The dentate gyrus is the main target for cortical inputs to the hippocampal formation and is particularly strongly controlled by synaptic inhibition. Many GABAergic interneurons migrate from the dentate molecular layer towards their final position in the hilus during the first two postnatal weeks. During this critical period of development we monitored the intrinsic and synaptic properties of developing interneurons in the molecular layer of mouse hippocampal slices. We focussed on multipolar cells in the middle portion of the molecular layer. With increasing age, input resistance decreased and action potential waveform changed to larger amplitude and shorter duration. Repetitive spiking was scarce at early stages, while trains of action potentials could be readily elicited after the first postnatal week. At all ages, we observed spontaneous postsynaptic currents which were almost exclusively GABA(A) receptor-mediated and increased in frequency with age. All developmental changes in intrinsic and synaptic properties occurred between p 6-8 and p 9-11, indicating a rapid functional maturation at the end of the first postnatal week. Parallel immunohistochemical experiments revealed that calretinin positive cells formed the major part of developing interneurons in the middle molecular layer. Together, the data shows a rapid functional maturation of intrinsic and synaptic properties of interneurons in the dentate molecular layer and an early integration into synaptic networks with clear prevalence of inhibitory synaptic inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine I Holter
- Institut für Physiologie und Pathophysiologie, Fakultät für Medizin, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 326, Heidelberg, Germany
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Muramatsu R, Ikegaya Y, Matsuki N, Koyama R. Neonatally born granule cells numerically dominate adult mice dentate gyrus. Neuroscience 2007; 148:593-8. [PMID: 17706367 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2007] [Revised: 06/12/2007] [Accepted: 06/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Hippocampal granule cells (GCs) are continuously generated in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus (DG) and functionally incorporated to dentate neural circuits even in adulthood. This raises a question about the fate of neonatally born GCs in adult DG. Do they exist until adulthood or are they largely superseded by adult-born GCs? To investigate this question, we examined the contributions of postnatally born GCs to the adult mouse DG. C57BL/6 mice were grouped in three different postnatal (P) ages (group 1: P0, group 2: P7, and group 3: P35) and received a daily bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) injection for three consecutive days (P0/1/2, P7/8/9, and P35/36/37, respectively) to label dividing cells. At 6 months old, hippocampal sections were prepared from the animals and immunostained with anti-BrdU antibody and an antibody against the homeobox prospero-like protein Prox1, a marker of GCs. We defined BrdU- and Prox1-double positive cells as newborn GCs and analyzed their density and distribution in the granule cell layer (gcl), revealing that newborn GCs of each group still existed 6 months after BrdU injections and that the density of GCs born during P0-2 (group 1) was significantly higher compared with the other groups. Although the density of newborn GCs in the each group did not differ between male and female, the radial distribution of them in gcl showed some differences, that is, male newborn GCs localized toward the molecular layer compared with female ones in group 1, while to the hilus in group 2. These results suggest that GCs born in early postnatal days numerically dominate adult DG and that there exist sex differences in GC localizations which depend on the time when they were born.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Muramatsu
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Ichikawa J, Yamada RX, Muramatsu R, Ikegaya Y, Matsuki N, Koyama R. Cryopreservation of granule cells from the postnatal rat hippocampus. J Pharmacol Sci 2007; 104:387-91. [PMID: 17675794 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.sc0070162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although primary cultures of neurons are essential methods for cell biological and pharmacological researches, many animals must be sacrificed for each experiment. Here we introduce a novel system to cryopreserve hippocampal granule cells (GCs) prepared from postnatal rats. Being thawed after as long as 60 days of cryopreservation, GCs expressed the mature neuronal marker MAP-2 and elongated single tau-1-positive axons and multiple tau-1-negative dendrites. These properties closely resembled intact GCs in primary cultures, providing the advantage of being able to repeatedly prepare stable cultures with a single sacrifice of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junya Ichikawa
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
Prox1, a homeobox gene related to the Drosophila gene prospero, is necessary for retina, lens, liver, pancreas, and lymphatics development. However, not much is yet known about Prox1 expression during central nervous system development. Here we provide a detailed analysis of Prox1 mRNA and protein expression during prenatal and postnatal murine brain development. Prenatally, Prox1 is expressed in the subventricular zone or in early differentiating regions of the brain. At these stages, Prox1 mRNA, but not Prox1 protein, was also detected in several regions of the prethalamus and hypothalamus. At an early postnatal stage, Prox1 expression is mainly detected in several nuclei of the thalamus, the cerebellum, and the hippocampus. In adulthood, Prox1 expression remains only in the hippocampus and cerebellum. These complex patterns of expression suggest that Prox1 activity is differentially required during brain development and adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Lavado
- Department of Genetics and Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
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Tran PB, Banisadr G, Ren D, Chenn A, Miller RJ. Chemokine receptor expression by neural progenitor cells in neurogenic regions of mouse brain. J Comp Neurol 2007; 500:1007-33. [PMID: 17183554 PMCID: PMC2758702 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that chemokine receptors are expressed by neural progenitors grown as cultured neurospheres. To examine the significance of these findings for neural progenitor function in vivo, we investigated whether chemokine receptors were expressed by cells having the characteristics of neural progenitors in neurogenic regions of the postnatal brain. Using in situ hybridization we demonstrated the expression of CCR1, CCR2, CCR5, CXCR3, and CXCR4 chemokine receptors by cells in the dentate gyrus (DG), subventricular zone of the lateral ventricle, and olfactory bulb. The pattern of expression for all of these receptors was similar, including regions where neural progenitors normally reside. In addition, we attempted to colocalize chemokine receptors with markers for neural progenitors. In order to do this we used nestin-EGFP and TLX-LacZ transgenic mice, as well as labeling for Ki67, a marker for dividing cells. In all three areas of the brain we demonstrated colocalization of chemokine receptors with these three markers in populations of cells. Expression of chemokine receptors by neural progenitors was further confirmed using CXCR4-EGFP BAC transgenic mice. Expression of CXCR4 in the DG included cells that expressed nestin and GFAP as well as cells that appeared to be immature granule neurons expressing PSA-NCAM, calretinin, and Prox-1. CXCR4-expressing cells in the DG were found in close proximity to immature granule neurons that expressed the chemokine SDF-1/CXCL12. Cells expressing CXCR4 frequently coexpressed CCR2 receptors. These data support the hypothesis that chemokine receptors are important in regulating the migration of progenitor cells in postnatal brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong B. Tran
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Ghazal Banisadr
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Dongjun Ren
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Anjen Chenn
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Richard J. Miller
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611
- Correspondence to: Richard J. Miller, Dept. of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University Medical School, 303 E Chicago Ave., Chicago IL 60611.
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Howell OW, Silva S, Scharfman HE, Sosunov AA, Zaben M, Shtaya A, Shatya A, McKhann G, Herzog H, Laskowski A, Gray WP. Neuropeptide Y is important for basal and seizure-induced precursor cell proliferation in the hippocampus. Neurobiol Dis 2006; 26:174-88. [PMID: 17317195 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2006.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2006] [Revised: 11/21/2006] [Accepted: 12/14/2006] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We have shown that neuropeptide Y (NPY) regulates neurogenesis in the normal dentate gyrus (DG) via Y(1) receptors (Howell, O.W., Scharfman, H.E., Herzog, H., Sundstrom, L.E., Beck-Sickinger, A. and Gray, W.P. (2003) Neuropeptide Y is neuroproliferative for post-natal hippocampal precursor cells. J Neurochem, 86, 646-659; Howell, O.W., Doyle, K., Goodman, J.H., Scharfman, H.E., Herzog, H., Pringle, A., Beck-Sickinger, A.G. and Gray, W.P. (2005) Neuropeptide Y stimulates neuronal precursor proliferation in the post-natal and adult dentate gyrus. J Neurochem, 93, 560-570). This regulation may be relevant to epilepsy, because seizures increase both NPY expression and precursor cell proliferation in the DG. Therefore, the effects of NPY on DG precursors were evaluated in normal conditions and after status epilepticus. In addition, potentially distinct NPY-responsive precursors were identified, and an analysis performed not only of the DG, but also the caudal subventricular zone (cSVZ) and subcallosal zone (SCZ) where seizures modulate glial precursors. We show a proliferative effect of NPY on multipotent nestin cells expressing the stem cell marker Lewis-X from both the DG and the cSVZ/SCZ in vitro. We confirm an effect on proliferation in the cSVZ/SCZ of Y(1) receptor(-/-) mice and demonstrate a significant reduction in basal and seizure-induced proliferation in the DG of NPY(-/-) mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owain W Howell
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Southampton, Room LD70, D Level, South Academic Block, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
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