1
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Levin N, Kim SP, Marquardt CA, Vale NR, Yu Z, Sindiri S, Gartner JJ, Parkhurst M, Krishna S, Lowery FJ, Zacharakis N, Levy L, Prickett TD, Benzine T, Ray S, Masi RV, Gasmi B, Li Y, Islam R, Bera A, Goff SL, Robbins PF, Rosenberg SA. Neoantigen-specific stimulation of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes enables effective TCR isolation and expansion while preserving stem-like memory phenotypes. J Immunother Cancer 2024; 12:e008645. [PMID: 38816232 PMCID: PMC11141192 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2023-008645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) targeting neoantigens can effectively treat a selected set of metastatic solid cancers. However, harnessing TILs for cancer treatments remains challenging because neoantigen-reactive T cells are often rare and exhausted, and ex vivo expansion can further reduce their frequencies. This complicates the identification of neoantigen-reactive T-cell receptors (TCRs) and the development of TIL products with high reactivity for patient treatment. METHODS We tested whether TILs could be in vitro stimulated against neoantigens to achieve selective expansion of neoantigen-reactive TILs. Given their prevalence, mutant p53 or RAS were studied as models of human neoantigens. An in vitro stimulation method, termed "NeoExpand", was developed to provide neoantigen-specific stimulation to TILs. 25 consecutive patient TILs from tumors harboring p53 or RAS mutations were subjected to NeoExpand. RESULTS We show that neoantigenic stimulation achieved selective expansion of neoantigen-reactive TILs and broadened the neoantigen-reactive CD4+ and CD8+ TIL clonal repertoire. This allowed the effective isolation of novel neoantigen-reactive TCRs. Out of the 25 consecutive TIL samples, neoantigenic stimulation enabled the identification of 16 unique reactivities and 42 TCRs, while conventional TIL expansion identified 9 reactivities and 14 TCRs. Single-cell transcriptome analysis revealed that neoantigenic stimulation increased neoantigen-reactive TILs with stem-like memory phenotypes expressing IL-7R, CD62L, and KLF2. Furthermore, neoantigenic stimulation improved the in vivo antitumor efficacy of TILs relative to the conventional OKT3-induced rapid TIL expansion in p53-mutated or KRAS-mutated xenograft mouse models. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, neoantigenic stimulation of TILs selectively expands neoantigen-reactive TILs by frequencies and by their clonal repertoire. NeoExpand led to improved phenotypes and functions of neoantigen-reactive TILs. Our data warrant its clinical evaluation. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT00068003, NCT01174121, and NCT03412877.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noam Levin
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sanghyun P Kim
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Charles A Marquardt
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Nolan R Vale
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Zhiya Yu
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sivasish Sindiri
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jared J Gartner
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Maria Parkhurst
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sri Krishna
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Frank J Lowery
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Nikolaos Zacharakis
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Lior Levy
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Todd D Prickett
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Tiffany Benzine
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Satyajit Ray
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert V Masi
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Billel Gasmi
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yong Li
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Rafiqul Islam
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Alakesh Bera
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephanie L Goff
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Paul F Robbins
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Steven A Rosenberg
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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2
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Cohen M, Laux J, Douagi I. Cytometry in High-Containment Laboratories. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2779:425-456. [PMID: 38526798 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3738-8_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
The emergence of new pathogens continues to fuel the need for advanced high-containment laboratories across the globe. Here we explore challenges and opportunities for integration of cytometry, a central technology for cell analysis, within high-containment laboratories. We review current applications in infectious disease, vaccine research, and biosafety. Considerations specific to cytometry within high-containment laboratories, such as biosafety requirements, and sample containment strategies are also addressed. We further tour the landscape of emerging technologies, including combination of cytometry with other omics, the application of automation, and artificial intelligence. Finally, we propose a framework to fast track the immersion of advanced technologies into the high-containment research setting to improve global preparedness for new emerging diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Cohen
- Flow Cytometry Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Julie Laux
- Flow Cytometry Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Iyadh Douagi
- Flow Cytometry Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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3
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Agarwal D, Thakur AD, Thakur A. Magnetic microbot-based micromanipulation of surrogate biological objects in fluidic channels. JOURNAL OF MICRO-BIO ROBOTICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12213-022-00151-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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4
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McTernan PM, Katz PS, Porretta C, Welsh DA, Siggins RW. A Novel FACS-Based Workflow for Simultaneous Assessment of RedOx Status, Cellular Phenotype, and Mitochondrial Genome Stability. BIOCHEM 2021; 1:1-18. [PMID: 35937039 PMCID: PMC9355044 DOI: 10.3390/biochem1010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular reduction-oxidation (RedOx) status mediates a myriad of critical biological processes. Importantly, RedOx status regulates the differentiation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs), mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) and maturation of CD8+ T Lymphocytes. In most cells, mitochondria are the greatest contributors of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Excess ROS leads to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage and protein depletion. We have developed a fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS)-based protocol to simultaneously analyze RedOx status and mtDNA integrity. This simultaneous analysis includes measurements of ROS (reduced glutathione (GSH)), ATP5H (nuclear encoded protein), MTCO1 (mitochondrial DNA encoded protein), and cell surface markers to allow discrimination of different cell populations. Using the ratio of MTCO1 to ATP5H median fluorescence intensity (MFI), we can gain an understanding of mtDNA genomic stability, since MTCO1 levels are decreased when mtDNA becomes significantly damaged. Furthermore, this workflow can be optimized for sorting cells, using any of the above parameters, allowing for downstream quantification of mtDNA genome copies/nucleus by quantitative PCR (qPCR). This unique methodology can be used to enhance analyses of the impacts of pharmacological interventions, as well as physiological and pathophysiological processes on RedOx status along with mitochondrial dynamics in most cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M. McTernan
- Comprehensive Alcohol Research Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Paige S. Katz
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Constance Porretta
- Comprehensive Alcohol Research Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - David A. Welsh
- Comprehensive Alcohol Research Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Robert W. Siggins
- Comprehensive Alcohol Research Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-504-568-2045
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5
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Cossarizza A, Gibellini L, De Biasi S, Lo Tartaro D, Mattioli M, Paolini A, Fidanza L, Bellinazzi C, Borella R, Castaniere I, Meschiari M, Sita M, Manco G, Clini E, Gelmini R, Girardis M, Guaraldi G, Mussini C. Handling and Processing of Blood Specimens from Patients with COVID-19 for Safe Studies on Cell Phenotype and Cytokine Storm. Cytometry A 2020; 97:668-673. [PMID: 32275124 PMCID: PMC7262259 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 heavily involves all those working in a laboratory. Samples from known infected patients or donors who are considered healthy can arrive, and a colleague might be asymptomatic but able to transmit the virus. Working in a clinical laboratory is posing several safety challenges. Few years ago, International Society for Advancement of Cytometry published guidelines to safely analyze and sort human samples that were revised in these days. We describe the procedures that we have been following since the first patient appeared in Italy, which have only slightly modified our standard one, being all human samples associated with risks. © 2020 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cossarizza
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and AdultsSchool of Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModenaItaly
- National Institute for Cardiovascular ResearchBolognaItaly
| | - Lara Gibellini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and AdultsSchool of Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModenaItaly
| | - Sara De Biasi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and AdultsSchool of Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModenaItaly
| | - Domenico Lo Tartaro
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and AdultsSchool of Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModenaItaly
| | - Marco Mattioli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and AdultsSchool of Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModenaItaly
| | - Annamaria Paolini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and AdultsSchool of Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModenaItaly
| | - Lucia Fidanza
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and AdultsSchool of Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModenaItaly
| | - Caterina Bellinazzi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and AdultsSchool of Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModenaItaly
| | - Rebecca Borella
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and AdultsSchool of Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModenaItaly
| | - Ivana Castaniere
- Respiratory Diseases UnitAOU Policlinico and University of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModenaItaly
| | - Marianna Meschiari
- Infectious Diseases Clinics, AOU Policlinico and University of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModenaItaly
| | - Marco Sita
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care UnitAOU Policlinico and University of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModenaItaly
| | - Gianrocco Manco
- Department of SurgeryAOU Policlinico and University of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModenaItaly
| | - Enrico Clini
- Respiratory Diseases UnitAOU Policlinico and University of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModenaItaly
| | - Roberta Gelmini
- Department of SurgeryAOU Policlinico and University of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModenaItaly
| | - Massimo Girardis
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care UnitAOU Policlinico and University of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModenaItaly
| | - Giovanni Guaraldi
- Infectious Diseases Clinics, AOU Policlinico and University of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModenaItaly
| | - Cristina Mussini
- Infectious Diseases Clinics, AOU Policlinico and University of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModenaItaly
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6
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Reifel KM, Swan BK, Jellison ER, Ambrozak D, Baijer J, Nguyen R, Monard S, Lyon G, Fontes B, Perfetto SP. Procedures for Flow Cytometry-Based Sorting of Unfixed Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infected Cells and Other Infectious Agents. Cytometry A 2020; 97:674-680. [PMID: 32488957 PMCID: PMC7300747 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In response to the recent COVID‐19 pandemic, many laboratories are involved in research supporting SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccine development and clinical trials. Flow cytometry laboratories will be responsible for a large part of this effort by sorting unfixed antigen‐specific lymphocytes. Therefore, it is critical and timely that we have an understanding of risk assessment and established procedures of infectious cell sorting. Here we present procedures covering the biosafety aspects of sorting unfixed SARS‐CoV‐2‐infected cells and other infectious agents of similar risk level. These procedures follow the ISAC Biosafety Committee guidelines and were recently approved by the National Institutes of Health Institutional Biosafety Committee for sorting SARS‐CoV‐2‐infected cells. © 2020 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M Reifel
- National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Brandon K Swan
- National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Evan R Jellison
- Department of Immunology, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - David Ambrozak
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jan Baijer
- CEA-DSV-IRCM, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Richard Nguyen
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Simon Monard
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Geoffrey Lyon
- Yale University Flow Cytometry Facility, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Benjamin Fontes
- Yale University Environmental Health and Safety Office, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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7
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Lucas F, Gil-Pulido J, LaMacchia J, Preffer F, Wallace PK, Lopez P. MiSet RFC Standards: Defining a Universal Minimum Set of Standards Required for Reproducibility and Rigor in Research Flow Cytometry Experiments. Cytometry A 2019; 97:148-155. [PMID: 31769204 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Poor adherence to best practices, insufficient training, and pressure to produce data quickly may lead to publications of suboptimal biomedical research flow cytometry data, which contributes to the body of irreproducible research findings. In addition, documentation of compliance with best flow cytometry practices for submission, visualization, and publication of flow cytometry data is currently endorsed by very few scientific journals, which is particularly concerning as numerous peer-reviewed flow cytometry publications emphasize instrumentation, experimental design, and data analysis as important sources of variability. Guidelines and resources for adequate reporting, annotation and deposition of flow cytometry experiments are provided by MIFlowCyt and the FlowRepository database, and comprehensive expert recommendations covering principles and techniques of field-specific flow cytometry applications have been published. To facilitate the integration of quality-defining parameters into manuscript and grant submission and publication requirements across biomedical fields that rely on the use of flow-cytometry-based techniques, a single comprehensive yet easily and universally applicable document is needed. To produce such a list of gold-standard parameters that assess whether a research flow cytometry experiment has been planned, conducted, interpreted, and reported at the highest standard, a new initiative defining the minimum set of standards a robust and rigorous research flow experiment must fulfill (MiSet RFC Standards) was proposed at CYTO 2019. MiSet RFC Standards will integrate and simplify existing resources to provide a universal benchmark a flow cytometry experiment can easily be measured against. The goal of MiSET RFC Standards is its integration into peer-review and publication procedures through partnership with stakeholders, journals and publishers in biomedical and translational research. This article introduces the aims and anticipated timeline and discusses strategies for interdisciplinary consensus and implementation. A single-resource broadly applicable guideline will harmonize standards across different fields of biomedical research and lead to publication of more robust research findings. © 2019 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Lucas
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - John LaMacchia
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Fred Preffer
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Paul K Wallace
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Peter Lopez
- New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
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8
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Li P, Liang M, Lu X, Chow JJM, Ramachandra CJA, Ai Y. Sheathless Acoustic Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting (aFACS) with High Cell Viability. Anal Chem 2019; 91:15425-15435. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peixian Li
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Minhui Liang
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Xiaoguang Lu
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Joycelyn Jia Ming Chow
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Chrishan J. A. Ramachandra
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore 169609, Singapore
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Ye Ai
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore
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9
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Ma Z, Zhou Y, Collins DJ, Ai Y. Fluorescence activated cell sorting via a focused traveling surface acoustic beam. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:3176-3185. [PMID: 28815231 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00678k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) has become an essential technique widely exploited in biological studies and clinical applications. However, current FACS systems are quite complex, expensive, bulky, and pose potential sample contamination and biosafety issues due to the generation of aerosols in an open environment. Microfluidic technology capable of precise cell manipulation has great potential to reinvent and miniaturize conventional FACS systems. In this work, we demonstrate a benchtop scale FACS system that makes use of a highly focused traveling surface acoustic wave beam to sort out micron-sized particles and biological cells upon fluorescence interrogation at ∼kHz rates. The highly focused acoustic wave beam has a width of ∼50 μm that enables highly accurate sorting of individual particles and cells. We have applied our acoustic FACS system to isolate fluorescently labeled MCF-7 breast cancer cells from diluted whole blood samples with the purity of sorted MCF-7 cells higher than 86%. The cell viability before and after acoustic sorting is higher than 95%, indicating excellent biocompatibility that should enable a variety of cell sorting applications in biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Ma
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore.
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10
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Sakuma S, Kasai Y, Hayakawa T, Arai F. On-chip cell sorting by high-speed local-flow control using dual membrane pumps. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:2760-2767. [PMID: 28685786 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00536a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Although researchers have proposed various methods of on-chip cell sorting, high-throughput sorting of large cells remains hampered by the difficulty of controlling high-speed flow over a wide sorting area. To overcome this problem, we proposed high-speed local-flow control using dual membrane pumps driven by piezoelectric actuators placed on the outside of a microfluidic chip in this paper. We evaluated the controllability of shifting the flow profile by the local-flow. The results indicated that we could sort large cells up to approximately 150 μm in size with an equivalent throughput of 31 kHz. Because our method can control the flow profiles, it is applicable not only to large cells but also to small cells. The cell-sorting efficacy of the proposed method was experimentally evaluated on Euglena gracilis NIES-48 (E. gracilis) cells as large target cells and GCIY-EGFP (GCIY) cells derived from a gastric cancer cell line as small target cells. In E. gracilis cells sorting, the throughput is 23 kHz with a 92.8% success rate, 95.8% purity, and 90.8% cell viability. In GCIY sorting, the throughput is 11 kHz with a 97.8% success rate, 98.9% purity, and 90.7% cell viability. These results confirm that the proposed method sorts differently sized cells with high throughput and hence, overcomes the throughput-size trade-off that exists in conventional on-chip cell sorters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Sakuma
- Department of Micro-Nano Mechanical Science and Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.
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11
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Depince-Berger AE, Aanei C, Iobagiu C, Jeraiby M, Lambert C. New tools in cytometry. Morphologie 2016; 100:199-209. [PMID: 27369290 DOI: 10.1016/j.morpho.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cytometry aims to analyze cells, of any type, using dedicated instruments. The quantitative aspect makes flow cytometry (FCM) a good complementary tool for morphology. Most of the identification tools are based on immunostaining of cell structure details and more and more tools are available in terms of specificities and labels. FCM is under exponential development thanks to technical, immunological and data analysis progresses. Actual generations are now routinely using 6 to 10 simultaneous immuno-labeling on 20 to 100,000 cells, at high speed and short sample preparation and can easily detect rare events at frequency below 10-4 cells. Data interpretation is complex and requires expertise. Mathematical tools are available to support analysis and classification of cells based. Cells from tissues can also be analyzed by FCM after mechanical and or enzymatic separation, but in situ cells can also be analyzed with the help of cytometry. Very new instruments bring spectral analysis, image in flow and mass spectrometry. Medical applications are very broad, notably in hemopathies, immunology, solid tumors, but also microbiology, toxicology, drug discovery, food and environmental industry. But, the limit of FCM is its dependence on operator from sample preparation, instrument settings up to data analysis and a strong effort is now under progress for standardization and constitution of international data bank for references and education.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-E Depince-Berger
- Immunology Laboratory, CNRS, UMR5307, Laboratoire Georges-Friedel (LGF), Biology-Pathology Department, University Hospital, CHU de Saint-Étienne, 42055 Saint-Étienne cedex 2, France
| | - C Aanei
- Haematology Laboratory; Biology-Pathology Department, University Hospital, 42055 Saint-Étienne cedex 2, France
| | - C Iobagiu
- Haematology Laboratory, General hospital, CS 80511, 42328 Roanne cedex, France
| | - M Jeraiby
- Immunology Laboratory, CNRS, UMR5307, Laboratoire Georges-Friedel (LGF), Biology-Pathology Department, University Hospital, CHU de Saint-Étienne, 42055 Saint-Étienne cedex 2, France
| | - C Lambert
- Immunology Laboratory, CNRS, UMR5307, Laboratoire Georges-Friedel (LGF), Biology-Pathology Department, University Hospital, CHU de Saint-Étienne, 42055 Saint-Étienne cedex 2, France.
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12
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Lei J, Peng S, Samuel SB, Zhang S, Wu Y, Wang P, Li YF, Liu H. A simple and biosafe method for isolation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Anal Biochem 2016; 508:15-8. [PMID: 27335213 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2016.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECS) are used as an irreplaceable tool for the study of vascular diseases. However, the technicians who isolate HUVECs are largely exposed to potential infectious threats. Here we report the development of a specialized instrument to protect researchers from known or unknown infectious agents when they operate on human umbilical cords. This instrument can be assembled by common laboratory supplies and adapted to accommodate umbilical cords of different lengths. When the cord is enclosed within the instrument, the risk of sample contamination and operator infection is greatly reduced. Using our instrument, endothelial cells were successfully isolated from human umbilical veins without contamination. The cells were verified by their cobblestone-like morphology and by immunofluorescence staining (Factor VIII and CD31 positivity and α-SMA negativity). Our instrument simplifies and optimizes the cell extraction process, and most importantly elevates the biosafety to a higher level during the isolation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghui Lei
- Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases and Related Metabolic Dysfunction, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Sha Peng
- Department of Gynecology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Sonia B Samuel
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research and Thrombosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Suli Zhang
- Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases and Related Metabolic Dysfunction, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ye Wu
- Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases and Related Metabolic Dysfunction, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Pengli Wang
- Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases and Related Metabolic Dysfunction, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ya-Feng Li
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research and Thrombosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Huirong Liu
- Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases and Related Metabolic Dysfunction, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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13
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Orman MA, Henry TC, DeCoste CJ, Brynildsen MP. Analyzing Persister Physiology with Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1333:83-100. [PMID: 26468102 PMCID: PMC4908830 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2854-5_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial persisters are phenotypic variants that exhibit an impressive ability to tolerate antibiotics. Persisters are hypothesized to cause relapse infections, and therefore, understanding their physiology may lead to novel therapeutics to treat recalcitrant infections. However, persisters have yet to be isolated due to their low abundance, transient nature, and similarity to the more highly abundant viable but non-culturable cells (VBNCs), resulting in limited knowledge of their phenotypic state. This technical hurdle has been addressed through the use of fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and quantification of persister levels in the resulting sorted fractions. These assays provide persister phenotype distributions, which can be compared to the phenotype distributions of the entire population, and can also be used to examine persister heterogeneity. Here, we describe two detailed protocols for analysis of persister physiology with FACS. One protocol assays the metabolic state of persisters using a fluorescent metabolic stain, whereas the other assays the growth state of persisters with use of a fluorescent protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet A Orman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, 205 Hoyt Laboratory, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Theresa C Henry
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | | | - Mark P Brynildsen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, 205 Hoyt Laboratory, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA.
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
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14
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Geraghty RJ, Capes-Davis A, Davis JM, Downward J, Freshney RI, Knezevic I, Lovell-Badge R, Masters JRW, Meredith J, Stacey GN, Thraves P, Vias M. Guidelines for the use of cell lines in biomedical research. Br J Cancer 2014; 111:1021-46. [PMID: 25117809 PMCID: PMC4453835 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-line misidentification and contamination with microorganisms, such as mycoplasma, together with instability, both genetic and phenotypic, are among the problems that continue to affect cell culture. Many of these problems are avoidable with the necessary foresight, and these Guidelines have been prepared to provide those new to the field and others engaged in teaching and instruction with the information necessary to increase their awareness of the problems and to enable them to deal with them effectively. The Guidelines cover areas such as development, acquisition, authentication, cryopreservation, transfer of cell lines between laboratories, microbial contamination, characterisation, instability and misidentification. Advice is also given on complying with current legal and ethical requirements when deriving cell lines from human and animal tissues, the selection and maintenance of equipment and how to deal with problems that may arise.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Geraghty
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge
Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way,
Cambridge
CB2 0RE, UK
| | - A Capes-Davis
- CellBank Australia, Children's
Medical Research Institute, Locked Bag 23,
Wentworthville, New South Wales
2145, Australia
| | - J M Davis
- School of Life and Medical Sciences,
University of Hertfordshire, College Lane, Hatfield,
Hertfordshire
AL10 9AB, UK
| | - J Downward
- Cancer Research UK, London Research
Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London
WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - R I Freshney
- Institute for Cancer Sciences,
University of Glasgow, 24 Greenwood Drive, Bearsden,
Glasgow
G61 2HA, UK
| | - I Knezevic
- Department of Essential Medicines and
Health Products, Quality, Safety and Standards Team, World Health
Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211
Geneva 27, Switzerland
| | - R Lovell-Badge
- MRC National Institute for Medical
Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London
NW7 1AA, UK
| | - J R W Masters
- University College London, 67 Riding
House Street, London
W1W 7EJ, UK
| | - J Meredith
- Cancer Research UK, Angel Building,
407 St John Street, London
EC1V 4AD, UK
| | - G N Stacey
- National Institute for Biological
Standards and Control, A Centre of the Medicines and Healthcare Products
Regulatory Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Herts
EN6 3QG, UK
| | - P Thraves
- Culture Collections, Public Health
England, Porton Down, Salisbury
SP4 0JG, UK
| | - M Vias
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge
Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way,
Cambridge
CB2 0RE, UK
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15
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Abstract
Cell-line misidentification and contamination with microorganisms, such as mycoplasma, together with instability, both genetic and phenotypic, are among the problems that continue to affect cell culture. Many of these problems are avoidable with the necessary foresight, and these Guidelines have been prepared to provide those new to the field and others engaged in teaching and instruction with the information necessary to increase their awareness of the problems and to enable them to deal with them effectively. The Guidelines cover areas such as development, acquisition, authentication, cryopreservation, transfer of cell lines between laboratories, microbial contamination, characterisation, instability and misidentification. Advice is also given on complying with current legal and ethical requirements when deriving cell lines from human and animal tissues, the selection and maintenance of equipment and how to deal with problems that may arise.
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16
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Chen Y, Chung AJ, Wu TH, Teitell MA, Di Carlo D, Chiou PY. Pulsed laser activated cell sorting with three dimensional sheathless inertial focusing. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2014; 10:1746-51. [PMID: 24536017 PMCID: PMC4324602 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201302885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), 43–147 Eng. IV, 420 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095–1597, USA
| | - Aram J. Chung
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Nuclear Engineering, JEC 2024, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180–3590, USA
| | - Ting-Hsiang Wu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), 43–147 Eng. IV, 420 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095–1597, USA. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095–1732, USA
| | - Michael A. Teitell
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Pediatrics, and Bioengineering; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Broad Stem Cell Research Center, Molecular Biology Institute; and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095–1732, USA
| | - Dino Di Carlo
- Department of Bioengineering and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Pei-Yu Chiou
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), 43–147 Eng. IV, 420 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095–1597, USA. Department of Bioengineering and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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17
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Holmes KL, Fontes B, Hogarth P, Konz R, Monard S, Pletcher CH, Wadley RB, Schmid I, Perfetto SP. International Society for the Advancement of Cytometry cell sorter biosafety standards. Cytometry A 2014; 85:434-53. [PMID: 24634405 PMCID: PMC4117398 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Flow cytometric cell sorting of biological specimens has become prevalent in basic and clinical research laboratories. These specimens may contain known or unknown infectious agents, necessitating precautions to protect instrument operators and the environment from biohazards arising from the use of sorters. To this end the International Society of Analytical Cytology (ISAC) was proactive in establishing biosafety guidelines in 1997 (Schmid et al., Cytometry 1997;28:99-117) and subsequently published revised biosafety standards for cell sorting of unfixed samples in 2007 (Schmid et al., Cytometry Part A J Int Soc Anal Cytol 2007;71A:414-437). Since their publication, these documents have become recognized worldwide as the standard of practice and safety precautions for laboratories performing cell sorting experiments. However, the field of cytometry has progressed since 2007, and the document requires an update. The new Standards provides guidance: (1) for laboratory design for cell sorter laboratories; (2) for the creation of laboratory or instrument specific Standard Operating Procedures (SOP); and (3) on procedures for the safe operation of cell sorters, including personal protective equipment (PPE) and validation of aerosol containment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin L. Holmes
- Flow Cytometry Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Benjamin Fontes
- Environmental Health and Safety, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Philip Hogarth
- Flow Cytometry Facility, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Weybridge, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Konz
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Simon Monard
- The Cytometry Laboratory, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Charles H. Pletcher
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert B. Wadley
- Dendritic Cell Program, Mater Medical Research Institute, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ingrid Schmid
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, UCLA, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Stephen P. Perfetto
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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18
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Piyasena ME, Graves SW. The intersection of flow cytometry with microfluidics and microfabrication. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:1044-59. [PMID: 24488050 PMCID: PMC4077616 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc51152a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A modern flow cytometer can analyze and sort particles on a one by one basis at rates of 50,000 particles per second. Flow cytometers can also measure as many as 17 channels of fluorescence, several angles of scattered light, and other non-optical parameters such as particle impedance. More specialized flow cytometers can provide even greater analysis power, such as single molecule detection, imaging, and full spectral collection, at reduced rates. These capabilities have made flow cytometers an invaluable tool for numerous applications including cellular immunophenotyping, CD4+ T-cell counting, multiplex microsphere analysis, high-throughput screening, and rare cell analysis and sorting. Many bio-analytical techniques have been influenced by the advent of microfluidics as a component in analytical tools and flow cytometry is no exception. Here we detail the functions and uses of a modern flow cytometer, review the recent and historical contributions of microfluidics and microfabricated devices to field of flow cytometry, examine current application areas, and suggest opportunities for the synergistic application of microfabrication approaches to modern flow cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menake E. Piyasena
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM USA
- Department of Chemistry, New Mexico Tech, Socorro, NM USA
| | - Steven W. Graves
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM USA
- Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM USA, FAX: 15052771979; TEL:15052772043
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19
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Emery FD, Stabenow JM, Miller MA. Efficient inactivation of Burkholderia pseudomallei or Francisella tularensis in infected cells for safe removal from biosafety level 3 containment laboratories. Pathog Dis 2014; 71:276-81. [PMID: 24449562 DOI: 10.1111/2049-632x.12138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Working with infectious agents that require BSL-3 level containment agents offers many challenges for researchers. BSL-3 containment laboratories are usually not equipped with expensive specialty equipment that is needed for studies such as flow cytometric analysis, microscopy, and proteomic analyses. Therefore, for most researchers that are working with BSL-3 level infectious agents, removal of samples from BSL-3 laboratories for these types of studies is necessary, and methods for complete and dependable inactivation of the samples are required. In this report, we have carried out a thorough characterization of the effectiveness of paraformaldehyde fixation for inactivation of cell samples infected with the intracellular bacterial agents Burkholderia pseudomallei (Bp) and Francisella tularensis (Ft), both of which are Tier 1 select agent pathogens that require BSL-3 containment. We have demonstrated that cells infected with these pathogens are completely inactivated via 5-min treatment with 4% paraformaldehyde. Moreover, a 15-min treatment with 2% paraformaldehyde completely sterilized both Bp- and Ft-infected cells. These studies also revealed that Bp is significantly more sensitive to paraformaldehyde treatment than Ft. Our findings have clearly demonstrated that a 15-min treatment of Bp- or Ft-infected cells with 4% paraformaldehyde solution will allow for safe removal of the cell samples from BSL-3 laboratories for downstream studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicia D Emery
- The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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20
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Chen Y, Wu TH, Kung YC, Teitell MA, Chiou PY. 3D pulsed laser-triggered high-speed microfluidic fluorescence-activated cell sorter. Analyst 2013; 138:7308-15. [PMID: 23844418 PMCID: PMC4210433 DOI: 10.1039/c3an01266b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We report a 3D microfluidic pulsed laser-triggered fluorescence-activated cell sorter capable of sorting at a throughput of 23 000 cells per s with 90% purity in high-purity mode and at a throughput of 45 000 cells per s with 45% purity in enrichment mode in one stage and in a single channel. This performance is realized by exciting laser-induced cavitation bubbles in a 3D PDMS microfluidic channel to generate high-speed liquid jets that deflect detected fluorescent cells and particles focused by 3D sheath flows. The ultrafast switching mechanism (20 μs complete on-off cycle), small liquid jet perturbation volume, and three-dimensional sheath flow focusing for accurate timing control of fast (1.5 m s(-1)) passing cells and particles are three critical factors enabling high-purity sorting at high-throughput in this sorter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), 43-147 Eng. IV, 420 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1597, USA
| | - Ting-Hsiang Wu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), 43-147 Eng. IV, 420 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1597, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Broad Stem Cell Research Center, Molecular Biology Institute, and California NanoSystems Institute,University of California at LosAngeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1732, USA
| | - Yu-Chun Kung
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), 43-147 Eng. IV, 420 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1597, USA
| | - Michael A. Teitell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Broad Stem Cell Research Center, Molecular Biology Institute, and California NanoSystems Institute,University of California at LosAngeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1732, USA
- Departments of Bioengineering and Pediatrics, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Broad Stem Cell Research Center, Molecular Biology Institute, and California NanoSystems Institute,University of California at LosAngeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1732, USA
| | - Pei-Yu Chiou
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), 43-147 Eng. IV, 420 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1597, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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21
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Weinkove R, Brooks CR, Carter JM, Hermans IF, Ronchese F. Efficient depletion of chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells using serial rounds of immunomagnetic depletion. J Immunol Methods 2013; 396:152-6. [PMID: 23911312 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Functional studies of cellular immunity in patients with leukemia often require separation of leukemic cells from other peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). This can pose a challenge when the number of leukemic cells is very high, such as in untreated patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). We found that when leukemia cell frequency was very high, anti-CD19 coated immunomagnetic beads did not thoroughly deplete B cells when used according to manufacturer's instructions. In this study, we depleted leukemic B cells using a modified protocol comprising serial rounds of depletion using immunomagnetic beads at reduced bead to cell ratios. This resulted in more effective B cell depletion with the use of fewer immunomagnetic beads, and without affecting viability or yield of non-B cells. CD19- PBMC subsets were retained, and serial depletion rounds did not activate T cells and monocytes. The positively isolated CLL cells were of high purity and were available for downstream analysis. This is a convenient and cost-effective method to enable in vitro analysis of immunocompetent cells from patients with leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Weinkove
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand; Wellington Blood & Cancer Centre, Capital & Coast District Health Board, Wellington, New Zealand; Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, University of Otago Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand.
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22
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Abstract
The use of fluidics is implicit in a technology named "flow cytometry," which flows a cell or particle through a sensing volume to obtain serial analysis of particles on a one by one basis. This flow of particles enables flow cytometry to collect information on multiple particle populations, giving it a distinct advantage over bulk analysis approaches. Moreover, flow cytometers can analyze thousands of particles per second in a single flowing stream. Additionally, use of volumetric sample delivery makes it possible for flow cytometers to accurately count cells and particles. Furthermore, the analysis results can be coupled with a fluidic diversion mechanism to sort and collect particles based on desired properties. Finally, when high-throughput sampling technologies are employed to rapidly change the input of the sample stream, a flow cytometer can become an integral tool for high-throughput screening. The above properties have made flow cytometry useful in a wide range of biomedical applications. In this unit we will present an overview of fluidic systems that make flow cytometry possible. This will introduce historical approaches, explanations of the commonly implemented current fluidics, and brief discussions of potential future fluidics where appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steven W Graves
- Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
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23
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Almamun M, Schnabel JL, Gater ST, Ning J, Taylor KH. Isolation of precursor B-cell subsets from umbilical cord blood. J Vis Exp 2013:50402. [PMID: 23629542 PMCID: PMC3664972 DOI: 10.3791/50402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Umbilical cord blood is highly enriched for hematopoietic progenitor cells at different lineage commitment stages. We have developed a protocol for isolating precursor B-cells at four different stages of differentiation. Because genes are expressed and epigenetic modifications occur in a tissue specific manner, it is vital to discriminate between tissues and cell types in order to be able to identify alterations in the genome and the epigenome that may lead to the development of disease. This method can be adapted to any type of cell present in umbilical cord blood at any stage of differentiation. This method comprises 4 main steps. First, mononuclear cells are separated by density centrifugation. Second, B-cells are enriched using biotin conjugated antibodies that recognize and remove non B-cells from the mononuclear cells. Third the B-cells are fluorescently labeled with cell surface protein antibodies specific to individual stages of B-cell development. Finally, the fluorescently labeled cells are sorted and individual populations are recovered. The recovered cells are of sufficient quantity and quality to be utilized in downstream nucleic acid assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Almamun
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, USA
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24
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Schmid I. How to develop a standard operating procedure for sorting unfixed cells. Methods 2012; 57:392-7. [PMID: 22381383 PMCID: PMC3380136 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Written standard operating procedures (SOPs) are an important tool to assure that recurring tasks in a laboratory are performed in a consistent manner. When the procedure covered in the SOP involves a high-risk activity such as sorting unfixed cells using a jet-in-air sorter, safety elements are critical components of the document. The details on sort sample handling, sorter set-up, validation, operation, troubleshooting, and maintenance, personal protective equipment (PPE), and operator training, outlined in the SOP are to be based on careful risk assessment of the procedure. This review provides background information on the hazards associated with sorting of unfixed cells and the process used to arrive at the appropriate combination of facility design, instrument placement, safety equipment, and practices to be followed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Schmid
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Department of Hematology/Oncology, Los Angeles, USA.
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25
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Kakasi B, Kováts N, Nagy S. Assessment of the genotoxic potential of Hoechst 33342, SYBR-14 and PI using the SOS ChromoTest™. Biotech Histochem 2012; 87:372-5. [DOI: 10.3109/10520295.2012.674557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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26
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Greve B, Kelsch R, Spaniol K, Eich HT, Götte M. Flow cytometry in cancer stem cell analysis and separation. Cytometry A 2012; 81:284-93. [PMID: 22311742 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, a special type of cancer cell--the cancer stem cell (CSC)--has been identified and characterized for different tumors. CSCs may be responsible for the recurrence of a tumor following a primarily successful therapy and are thought to bear a high metastatic potential. For the development of efficient treatment strategies, the establishment of reliable methods for the identification and effective isolation of CSCs is imperative. Similar to their stem cell counterparts in bone marrow or small intestine, different cluster of differentiation surface antigens have been characterized, thus enabling researchers to identify them within the tumor bulk and to determine their degree of differentiation. In addition, functional properties characteristic of stem cells can be measured. Side population analysis is based on the stem cell-specific activity of certain ATP-binding cassette transporter proteins, which are able to transport fluorescent dyes out of the cells. Furthermore, the stem cell-specific presence of aldehyde dehydrogenase isoform 1 can be used for CSC labeling. However, the flow cytometric analysis of these CSC functional features requires specific technical adjustments. This review focuses on the principles and strategies of the flow cytometric analysis of CSCs and provides an overview of current protocols as well as technical requirements and pitfalls. A special focus is set on side population analysis and analysis of ALDH activity. Flow cytometry-based sorting principles and future flow cytometric applications for CSC analysis are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burkhard Greve
- Department of Radiotherapy, University Hospital, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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27
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Sokolow S, Henkins KM, Williams IA, Vinters HV, Schmid I, Cole GM, Gylys KH. Isolation of synaptic terminals from Alzheimer's disease cortex. Cytometry A 2011; 81:248-54. [PMID: 22213704 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid beta (Aβ) oligomers and phosphorylated tau (p-tau) aggregates are increasingly identified as potential toxic intermediates in Alzheimer's disease (AD). In cortical AD synapses, p-tau co-localizes with Aβ, but the Aβ and p-tau peptide species responsible for synaptic dysfunction and demise remains unclear. The present experiments were designed to use high-speed cell sorting techniques to purify synaptosome population based on size, and then extend the method to physically isolate Aβ-positive synaptosomes with the goal of understanding the nature of Aβ and tau pathology in AD synapses. To examine the purity of size-gated synaptosomes, samples were first gated on size; particles with sizes between 0.5 and 1.5 microns were collected. Electron microscopy documented a homogenous population of spherical particles with internal vesicles and synaptic densities. Next, size-gated synaptosomes positive for Aβ were collected by fluorescence activated sorting and then analyzed by immunoblotting techniques. Sorted Aβ-positive synaptosomes were enriched for amyloid precursor protein (APP) and for Aβ oligomers and aggregates; immunolabeling for p-tau showed a striking accumulation of p-tau aggregates compared to the original homogenate and purified synaptosomes. These results confirm co-localization of Aβ and p-tau within individual synaptic terminals and provide proof of concept for the utility of flow sorting synaptosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Sokolow
- UCLA School of Nursing, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
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28
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Holmes KL. Characterization of aerosols produced by cell sorters and evaluation of containment. Cytometry A 2011; 79:1000-8. [PMID: 22052694 PMCID: PMC3319021 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.21163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Despite the recognition of potential aerosol hazards associated with cell sorting by the flow cytometry community, there has been no previous study that has thoroughly characterized the aerosols that can be produced by cell sorters. In this study, an aerodynamic particle sizer was used to determine the concentration and aerodynamic diameter (AD) of aerosols produced by a FACS Aria II cell sorter under various conditions. Aerosol containment and evacuation were also evaluated using this novel methodology. The results showed that high concentrations of aerosols in the range of 1-3 μm can be produced in fail mode and that with decreased sheath pressure, aerosol concentration decreased and AD increased. Although the engineering controls of the FACS Aria II for containment were effective, sort chamber evacuation of aerosols following a simulated nozzle obstruction was ineffective. However, simple modifications to the FACS Aria II are described that greatly improved sort chamber aerosol evacuation. The results of this study will facilitate the risk assessment of cell sorting potentially biohazardous samples by providing much needed data regarding aerosol production and containment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin L Holmes
- Flow Cytometry Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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29
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Perfetto SP, Ambrozak DR, Nguyen R, Roederer M, Koup RA, Holmes KL. Standard practice for cell sorting in a BSL-3 facility. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 699:449-69. [PMID: 21116997 PMCID: PMC4789760 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61737-950-5_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Over the past decade, there has been a rapid growth in the number of BSL-3 and BSL-4 laboratories in the USA and an increase in demand for infectious cell sorting in BSL-3 laboratories. In 2007, the International Society for Advancement of Cytometry (ISAC) Biosafety Committee published standards for the sorting of unfixed cells and is an important resource for biosafety procedures when performing infectious cell sorting. Following a careful risk assessment, if it is determined that a cell sorter must be located within a BSL-3 laboratory, there are a variety of factors to be considered prior to the establishment of the laboratory. This chapter outlines procedures for infectious cell sorting in a BSL-3 environment to facilitate the establishment and safe operation of a BSL-3 cell sorting laboratory. Subjects covered include containment verification, remote operation, disinfection, personal protective equipment (PPE), and instrument-specific modifications for enhanced aerosol evacuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Perfetto
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Sugino H, Arakawa T, Nara Y, Shirasaki Y, Ozaki K, Shoji S, Funatsu T. Integration in a multilayer microfluidic chip of 8 parallel cell sorters with flow control by sol-gel transition of thermoreversible gelation polymer. LAB ON A CHIP 2010; 10:2559-2565. [PMID: 20689871 DOI: 10.1039/c004192k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic systems have significant implications in the field of cell separation since they could provide platforms with inexpensive, disposable and sterile structures. Here, we present a novel strategy to integrate microfluidic sorters into a single chip for high throughput sorting. Our parallel sorter consists of a microfluidic chip with a three-dimensional channel network that utilizes flow switching by a heat-induced sol-gel transition of thermoreversible gelation polymer. The 8 parallel sheathed sample flows were realized by injecting sample and buffer solutions into only 2 inlets. The sheathed flows enabled disposal of unwanted sample waste without laser irradiation, and collection of wanted sample upon irradiation. As an application of the sorter, two kinds of fluorescent microspheres were separated with recovery ratio and purity of 70% or 90% at throughputs of about 100 or 20 particles per second, respectively. Next, Escherichia coli cells expressing green fluorescent protein were separated from those expressing DsRed with recovery ratio and purity of 90% at a throughput of about 20 cells per second.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Sugino
- Laboratory of Bio-analytical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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31
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Cho SH, Chen CH, Tsai FS, Godin JM, Lo YH. Human mammalian cell sorting using a highly integrated micro-fabricated fluorescence-activated cell sorter (microFACS). LAB ON A CHIP 2010; 10:1567-73. [PMID: 20379604 PMCID: PMC3118392 DOI: 10.1039/c000136h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a high performance microfabricated FACS system with highly integrated microfluidics, optics, acoustics, and electronics. Single cell manipulation at a high speed is made possible by the fast response time (approximately 0.1 ms) of the integrated PZT actuator and the nozzle structure at the sorting junction. A Teflon AF-coated optofluidic waveguide along the microfluidic channel guides the illumination light, enabling multi-spot detection, while a novel space-time coding technology enhances the detection sensitivity of the microFACS system. The real-time control loop system is implemented using a field-programmable-gate-array (FPGA) for automated and accurate sorting. The microFACS achieves a high purification enrichment factor: up to approximately 230 fold for both polystyrene microbeads and suspended human mammalian cells (K562) at a high throughput (>1000 cells s(-1)). The sorting mechanism is independent of cell properties such as size, density, and shape, thus the presented system can be applied to sort out any pure sub-populations. This new lab-on-a-chip FACS system, therefore, holds promise to revolutionize microfluidic cytometers to meet cost, size, and performance goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Hwan Cho
- Materials Science Engineering Program, 9500 Gilman Drive, Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Abstract
Modern flow cytometric cell sorters are all capable of so-called "high-speed sorting." However, there is confusion about exactly how fast a "high-speed" cell sorter can sort cells. There are many considerations in achieving the fastest sorting speed, as well as the highest quality sort results--cell recovery, purity, and functionality. This requires the same considerations required for "slow-speed sorting"; however, a more precise implementation is required for high-speed sorting. The modern cell sorters enable high-speed sorting because of advances in high-speed electronics and data processing. We discuss the practical considerations of high-speed sorting in terms of the theory and practical aspects of the mechanical and software components of sorting, statistics of sorting, cell preparation and viability, instrument setup, sort strategies, and biosafety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry W Arnold
- The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Effect of a healthcare gender gap on progression of HIV/AIDS defined by clinical-biological criteria among adults from Cordoba City (Argentina) from 1995 to 2005. GACETA SANITARIA 2010; 24:204-8. [PMID: 20189691 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaceta.2009.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2008] [Revised: 06/30/2009] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish the influence of clinical status at diagnosis and of gender on progression of HIV/AIDS determined by clinical-biological factors in patients from Cordoba City (Argentina) from 1995 to 2005). METHODS Gender and clinical and laboratory data were evaluated by descriptive statistics, non-parametric survival analysis, and generalized linear models at the beginning of the study (diagnosis) and at the end (hospital records, n=209). RESULTS At diagnosis, women (n=28, 13.4%) had a higher probability of being asymptomatic than men (n=181, 86.6%). High viremia was associated with advanced clinical stages, but was inversely related to CD4 count. Truncated Kaplan-Meier curves were similar for both sexes. The probability of not having AIDS criteria at the end of the study was higher in patients without these criteria at diagnosis. Women had a higher probability of having AIDS at the end of the follow-up than men. In contrast, men had a higher prevalence of venereal diseases (n=38, 21%), dysmetabolic profile (n=14, 7.7%) and positive serology for opportunists (n=31, 17.1%). Marker diseases were mainly represented by internal mycosis and waste syndrome, although less specific findings (anemia, oral lesions) were also associated with progression. CONCLUSIONS Using an integrative approach, high viremia was critically linked to clinical and lymphocyte impairment. Early diagnosis was a major determinant of clinical course, with women having a worse prognosis. However, men were diagnosed in clinically advanced stages and with other non-HIV-related entities, which could affect progression. These findings should be integrated into the planning of preventive strategies.
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Rao V. Stem Cell Technology–Emerging Framework for Hazard Assessment and Biosafety Considerations. APPLIED BIOSAFETY 2010. [DOI: 10.1177/153567601001500104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Venkat Rao
- Computer Sciences Corporation, National and Defense Programs, Alexandria,
Virginia
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Lecoeur H, de La Llave E, Osorio Y Fortéa J, Goyard S, Kiefer-Biasizzo H, Balazuc AM, Milon G, Prina E, Lang T. Sorting of Leishmania-bearing dendritic cells reveals subtle parasite-induced modulation of host-cell gene expression. Microbes Infect 2010; 12:46-54. [PMID: 19786115 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2009.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2009] [Revised: 09/04/2009] [Accepted: 09/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Once in the mouse skin, Leishmania (L) amazonensis amastigotes are hosted by professional mononuclear phagocytes such as dendritic cells (DCs). When monitored after parasite inoculation, the frequency of amastigote-hosting DCs is very low (<1%) in both the skin and skin-draining lymph nodes. Therefore, we designed and validated an efficient procedure to purify live amastigotes-hosting DCs with the objective to facilitate quantitative and qualitative analysis of such rare cells. To this end, a L. amazonensis transgenic parasite expressing DsRed2 fluorescent protein was generated and added to mouse bone marrow-derived DC cultures. Then, a high speed sorting procedure, performed in BSL-2 containment, was setup to pick out only DCs hosting live amastigotes. This study reveals, for the first time, a unique transcript pattern from sorted live amastigotes-hosting DCs that would have been undetectable in unsorted samples. It was indeed possible to highlight a significant and coordinated up-regulation of L-arginine transporter and arginase2 transcripts in Leishmania-hosting DCs compared to un-parasitized DCs. These results indicate that arginine catabolism for polyamine generation is dominating over L-arginine catabolism for NO generation. In conclusion, this approach provides a powerful method for further characterisation, of amastigote-hosting DCs in the skin and the skin-draining lymph nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Lecoeur
- Institut Pasteur, Unité d'Immunophysiologie et Parasitisme Intracellulaire, Département de Parasitologie et Mycologie, Paris Cedex 15, France.
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Baret JC, Miller OJ, Taly V, Ryckelynck M, El-Harrak A, Frenz L, Rick C, Samuels ML, Hutchison JB, Agresti JJ, Link DR, Weitz DA, Griffiths AD. Fluorescence-activated droplet sorting (FADS): efficient microfluidic cell sorting based on enzymatic activity. LAB ON A CHIP 2009; 9:1850-8. [PMID: 19532959 DOI: 10.1039/b902504a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 601] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We describe a highly efficient microfluidic fluorescence-activated droplet sorter (FADS) combining many of the advantages of microtitre-plate screening and traditional fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Single cells are compartmentalized in emulsion droplets, which can be sorted using dielectrophoresis in a fluorescence-activated manner (as in FACS) at rates up to 2000 droplets s(-1). To validate the system, mixtures of E. coli cells, expressing either the reporter enzyme beta-galactosidase or an inactive variant, were compartmentalized with a fluorogenic substrate and sorted at rates of approximately 300 droplets s(-1). The false positive error rate of the sorter at this throughput was <1 in 10(4) droplets. Analysis of the sorted cells revealed that the primary limit to enrichment was the co-encapsulation of E. coli cells, not sorting errors: a theoretical model based on the Poisson distribution accurately predicted the observed enrichment values using the starting cell density (cells per droplet) and the ratio of active to inactive cells. When the cells were encapsulated at low density ( approximately 1 cell for every 50 droplets), sorting was very efficient and all of the recovered cells were the active strain. In addition, single active droplets were sorted and cells were successfully recovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Christophe Baret
- Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS), Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7006, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, BP 70028, F-67083, Strasbourg Cedex, France
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Flow Cytometry: A Multipurpose Technology for a Wide Spectrum of Global Biosecurity Applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jala.2009.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Flow cytometry, and its offspring-flow sorting, are extremely useful technologies for biosecurity and public health studies related to infectious disease. Applications range from environmental surveillance of pathogens to diagnosis and the development of vaccines and therapeutics for prevention and control of infectious diseases. Flow cytometers have been developed for laboratory analysis and field deployment. The current state of the art could enjoy more widespread use if instruments and data analysis were made simpler and had more automated functions, and if technology was modified to reduce biosafety concerns related to analysis and sorting of infectious organisms. The full spectrum of possible applications of flow cytometry technology to global biosecurity challenges has not yet been realized.
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Sugino H, Ozaki K, Shirasaki Y, Arakawa T, Shoji S, Funatsu T. On-chip microfluidic sorting with fluorescence spectrum detection and multiway separation. LAB ON A CHIP 2009; 9:1254-60. [PMID: 19370245 DOI: 10.1039/b815765k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The microfluidic platform is an important tool for diagnosis and biomedical studies because it enables us to handle precious cells and infectious materials safely. We have developed an on-chip microfluidic sorter with fluorescence spectrum detection and multiway separation. The fluorescence spectrum of specimens (495-685 nm) in the microchannels was obtained every 2 ms using a 1 x 16 arrayed photomultiplier tube. The specimen was identified by its spectrum and collected into the corresponding channel based on our previously reported thermoreversible gelation polymer technique (Y. Shirasaki, J. Tanaka, H. Makazu, K. Tashiro, S. Shoji, S. Tsukita and T. Funatsu, Anal. Chem., 2006, 78, 695-701). Four kinds of fluorescence microspheres and three kinds of Escherichia coli cells, expressing different fluorescent proteins, were successfully separated with accuracy and purity better than 90% at a throughput of about one particle per second.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Sugino
- Laboratory of Bio-Analytical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Soria EA, Cadile II, Allende LR, Kremer LE. Pharmacoepidemiological approach to the predisposing factors for highly active antiretroviral therapy failure in an HIV-positive cohort from Cordoba City (Argentina) 1995-2005. Int J STD AIDS 2008; 19:335-8. [PMID: 18482965 DOI: 10.1258/ijsa.2007.007164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) restores immunity, avoids resistance and delays disease progression. Nonetheless, adverse medicament reactions (AMRs) and therapeutic failure (TF) are still deleterious events. Consequently, their predisposing factors should be evaluated. Data from 181 men and 28 women of an Argentinean cohort (1995-2005) were collected and analysed by logistic regression, studying 63 schemes (15 active principles). The AMRs were the main cause of scheme change, followed by TF and medicament simplification, without influence of age and sex. Twenty-nine schemes exhibited TF at least once. Compared with zidovudine-lamivudine-nevirapine (success: >75%), the following schemes fail more frequently (P < 0.01): pre-HAART (8-fold), indinavir-containing ones (30-fold) and retrotranscriptase inhibitors with > or =3 protease inhibitors (11-fold). Inadequate patient adherence preceded failure (>95%), but not successful treatments, with a strong AMR-TF association (P < 0.005). Although some schemes had inherently increased TF, low adherence, drug toxicity and TF were critically interrelated, interfering with HAART goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Soria
- Hospital Nacional de Clínicas, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.
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Evidence-based biosafety: a review of the principles and effectiveness of microbiological containment measures. Clin Microbiol Rev 2008; 21:403-25. [PMID: 18625678 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00014-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the available evidence on the effectiveness of measures aimed at protecting humans and the environment against the risks of working with genetically modified microorganisms (GMOs) and with non-GMO pathogenic microorganisms. A few principles and methods underlie the current biosafety practice: risk assessment, biological containment, concentration and enclosure, exposure minimization, physical containment, and hazard minimization. Many of the current practices are based on experience and expert judgment. The effectiveness of biosafety measures may be evaluated at the level of single containment equipment items and procedures, at the level of the laboratory as a whole, or at the clinical-epidemiological level. Data on the containment effectiveness of equipment and laboratories are scarce and fragmented. Laboratory-acquired infections (LAIs) are therefore important for evaluating the effectiveness of biosafety. For the majority of LAIs there appears to be no direct cause, suggesting that failures of biosafety were not noticed or that containment may have been insufficient. The number of reported laboratory accidents associated with GMOs is substantially lower than that of those associated with non-GMOs. It is unknown to what extent specific measures contribute to the overall level of biosafety. We therefore recommend that the evidence base of biosafety practice be strengthened.
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Perroud TD, Kaiser JN, Sy JC, Lane TW, Branda CS, Singh AK, Patel KD. Microfluidic-Based Cell Sorting of Francisella tularensis Infected Macrophages Using Optical Forces. Anal Chem 2008; 80:6365-72. [DOI: 10.1021/ac8007779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D. Perroud
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 969, Livermore, California 94551, and Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30332
| | - Julia N. Kaiser
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 969, Livermore, California 94551, and Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30332
| | - Jay C. Sy
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 969, Livermore, California 94551, and Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30332
| | - Todd W. Lane
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 969, Livermore, California 94551, and Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30332
| | - Catherine S. Branda
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 969, Livermore, California 94551, and Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30332
| | - Anup K. Singh
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 969, Livermore, California 94551, and Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30332
| | - Kamlesh D. Patel
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 969, Livermore, California 94551, and Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30332
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