1
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Ohta N, Christiaen L. Cellular remodeling and JAK inhibition promote zygotic gene expression in the Ciona germline. EMBO Rep 2024; 25:2188-2201. [PMID: 38649664 PMCID: PMC11094015 DOI: 10.1038/s44319-024-00139-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Transcription control is a major determinant of cell fate decisions in somatic tissues. By contrast, early germline fate specification in numerous vertebrate and invertebrate species relies extensively on RNA-level regulation, exerted on asymmetrically inherited maternal supplies, with little-to-no zygotic transcription. However delayed, a maternal-to-zygotic transition is nevertheless poised to complete the deployment of pre-gametic programs in the germline. Here, we focus on early germline specification in the tunicate Ciona to study zygotic genome activation. We first demonstrate that a peculiar cellular remodeling event excludes localized postplasmic Pem-1 mRNA, which encodes the general inhibitor of transcription. Subsequently, zygotic transcription begins in Pem-1-negative primordial germ cells (PGCs), as revealed by histochemical detection of elongating RNA Polymerase II, and nascent Mef2 transcripts. In addition, we uncover a provisional antagonism between JAK and MEK/BMPRI/GSK3 signaling, which controls the onset of zygotic gene expression, following cellular remodeling of PGCs. We propose a 2-step model for the onset of zygotic transcription in the Ciona germline and discuss the significance of germ plasm dislocation and remodeling in the context of developmental fate specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Ohta
- Michael Sars Centre, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Lionel Christiaen
- Michael Sars Centre, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
- Center for Developmental Genetics, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
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2
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Frese AN, Mariossi A, Levine MS, Wühr M. Quantitative proteome dynamics across embryogenesis in a model chordate. iScience 2024; 27:109355. [PMID: 38510129 PMCID: PMC10951915 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The evolution of gene expression programs underlying the development of vertebrates remains poorly characterized. Here, we present a comprehensive proteome atlas of the model chordate Ciona, covering eight developmental stages and ∼7,000 translated genes, accompanied by a multi-omics analysis of co-evolution with the vertebrate Xenopus. Quantitative proteome comparisons argue against the widely held hourglass model, based solely on transcriptomic profiles, whereby peak conservation is observed during mid-developmental stages. Our analysis reveals maximal divergence at these stages, particularly gastrulation and neurulation. Together, our work provides a valuable resource for evaluating conservation and divergence of multi-omics profiles underlying the diversification of vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander N. Frese
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Andrea Mariossi
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Michael S. Levine
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Martin Wühr
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
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3
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Negrón-Piñeiro LJ, Wu Y, Popsuj S, José-Edwards DS, Stolfi A, Di Gregorio A. Cis-regulatory interfaces reveal the molecular mechanisms underlying the notochord gene regulatory network of Ciona. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3025. [PMID: 38589372 PMCID: PMC11001920 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46850-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Tissue-specific gene expression is fundamental in development and evolution, and is mediated by transcription factors and by the cis-regulatory regions (enhancers) that they control. Transcription factors and their respective tissue-specific enhancers are essential components of gene regulatory networks responsible for the development of tissues and organs. Although numerous transcription factors have been characterized from different organisms, the knowledge of the enhancers responsible for their tissue-specific expression remains fragmentary. Here we use Ciona to study the enhancers associated with ten transcription factors expressed in the notochord, an evolutionary hallmark of the chordate phylum. Our results illustrate how two evolutionarily conserved transcription factors, Brachyury and Foxa2, coordinate the deployment of other notochord transcription factors. The results of these detailed cis-regulatory analyses delineate a high-resolution view of the essential notochord gene regulatory network of Ciona, and provide a reference for studies of transcription factors, enhancers, and their roles in development, disease, and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenny J Negrón-Piñeiro
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Yushi Wu
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Sydney Popsuj
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Diana S José-Edwards
- Post-Baccalaureate Premedical Program, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Alberto Stolfi
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Anna Di Gregorio
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, 10010, USA.
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4
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Lanoizelet M, Elkhoury Youhanna C, Roure A, Darras S. Molecular control of cellulosic fin morphogenesis in ascidians. BMC Biol 2024; 22:74. [PMID: 38561802 PMCID: PMC10986139 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-024-01872-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tunicates form a group of filter-feeding marine animals closely related to vertebrates. They share with them a number of features such as a notochord and a dorsal neural tube in the tadpole larvae of ascidians, one of the three groups that make tunicates. However, a number of typical chordate characters have been lost in different branches of tunicates, a diverse and fast-evolving phylum. Consequently, the tunic, a sort of exoskeleton made of extracellular material including cellulose secreted by the epidermis, is the unifying character defining the tunicate phylum. In the larva of ascidians, the tunic differentiates in the tail into a median fin (with dorsal and ventral extended blades) and a caudal fin. RESULTS Here we have performed experiments in the ascidian Phallusia mammillata to address the molecular control of tunic 3D morphogenesis. We have demonstrated that the tail epidermis medio-lateral patterning essential for peripheral nervous system specification also controls tunic elongation into fins. More specifically, when tail epidermis midline identity was abolished by BMP signaling inhibition, or CRISPR/Cas9 inactivation of the transcription factor coding genes Msx or Klf1/2/4/17, median fin did not form. We postulated that this genetic program should regulate effectors of tunic secretion. We thus analyzed the expression and regulation in different ascidian species of two genes acquired by horizontal gene transfer (HGT) from bacteria, CesA coding for a cellulose synthase and Gh6 coding for a cellulase. We have uncovered an unexpected dynamic history of these genes in tunicates and high levels of variability in gene expression and regulation among ascidians. Although, in Phallusia, Gh6 has a regionalized expression in the epidermis compatible with an involvement in fin elongation, our functional studies indicate a minor function during caudal fin formation only. CONCLUSIONS Our study constitutes an important step in the study of the integration of HGT-acquired genes into developmental networks and a cellulose-based morphogenesis of extracellular material in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxence Lanoizelet
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Biologie Intégrative Des Organismes Marins (BIOM), Banyuls/Mer, 66650, France.
- Present address: Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Louvain, Belgium.
| | - Christel Elkhoury Youhanna
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Biologie Intégrative Des Organismes Marins (BIOM), Banyuls/Mer, 66650, France
- Present address: Centre de Biologie Structurale, Univ Montpellier, CNRS UMR 5048, INSERM U1054, Montpellier, 34090, France
| | - Agnès Roure
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Biologie Intégrative Des Organismes Marins (BIOM), Banyuls/Mer, 66650, France
| | - Sébastien Darras
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Biologie Intégrative Des Organismes Marins (BIOM), Banyuls/Mer, 66650, France.
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5
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Wei J, Zhang W, Jiang A, Peng H, Zhang Q, Li Y, Bi J, Wang L, Liu P, Wang J, Ge Y, Zhang L, Yu H, Li L, Wang S, Leng L, Chen K, Dong B. Temporospatial hierarchy and allele-specific expression of zygotic genome activation revealed by distant interspecific urochordate hybrids. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2395. [PMID: 38493164 PMCID: PMC10944513 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46780-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Zygotic genome activation (ZGA) is a universal process in early embryogenesis of metazoan, when the quiescent zygotic nucleus initiates global transcription. However, the mechanisms related to massive genome activation and allele-specific expression (ASE) remain not well understood. Here, we develop hybrids from two deeply diverged (120 Mya) ascidian species to symmetrically document the dynamics of ZGA. We identify two coordinated ZGA waves represent early developmental and housekeeping gene reactivation, respectively. Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals that the major expression wave exhibits spatial heterogeneity and significantly correlates with cell fate. Moreover, allele-specific expression occurs in a species- rather than parent-related manner, demonstrating the divergence of cis-regulatory elements between the two species. These findings provide insights into ZGA in chordates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiankai Wei
- Fang Zongxi Center for Marine EvoDevo, MoE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, 266237, China
- MoE Key Laboratory of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Fang Zongxi Center for Marine EvoDevo, MoE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - An Jiang
- Fang Zongxi Center for Marine EvoDevo, MoE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Hongzhe Peng
- Fang Zongxi Center for Marine EvoDevo, MoE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Quanyong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research and Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China
| | - Yuting Li
- Fang Zongxi Center for Marine EvoDevo, MoE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Jianqing Bi
- Fang Zongxi Center for Marine EvoDevo, MoE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Linting Wang
- National Center of Mathematics and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Penghui Liu
- Fang Zongxi Center for Marine EvoDevo, MoE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Fang Zongxi Center for Marine EvoDevo, MoE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Yonghang Ge
- Fang Zongxi Center for Marine EvoDevo, MoE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Liya Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research and Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China
| | - Haiyan Yu
- Fang Zongxi Center for Marine EvoDevo, MoE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Lei Li
- National Center of Mathematics and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Shi Wang
- Fang Zongxi Center for Marine EvoDevo, MoE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Liang Leng
- Institute of Herbgenomics, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Kai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research and Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China.
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), No. 1119 Haibin Rd, Nansha Dist., Guangzhou, 511458, China.
| | - Bo Dong
- Fang Zongxi Center for Marine EvoDevo, MoE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, 266237, China.
- MoE Key Laboratory of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
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6
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He M, Li Y, Li Y, Dong B, Yu H. Dynamics of Chromatin Opening across Larval Development in the Urochordate Ascidian Ciona savignyi. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2793. [PMID: 38474039 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Ascidian larvae undergo tail elongation and notochord lumenogenesis, making them an ideal model for investigating tissue morphogenesis in embryogenesis. The cellular and mechanical mechanisms of these processes have been studied; however, the underlying molecular regulatory mechanism remains to be elucidated. In this study, assays for transposase-accessible chromatin using sequencing (ATAC-seq) and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) were applied to investigate potential regulators of the development of ascidian Ciona savignyi larvae. Our results revealed 351 and 138 differentially accessible region genes through comparisons of ATAC-seq data between stages 21 and 24 and between stages 24 and 25, respectively. A joint analysis of RNA-seq and ATAC-seq data revealed a correlation between chromatin accessibility and gene transcription. We further verified the tissue expression patterns of 12 different genes. Among them, Cs-matrix metalloproteinase 24 (MMP24) and Cs-krüppel-like factor 5 (KLF5) were highly expressed in notochord cells. Functional assay results demonstrated that both genes are necessary for notochord lumen formation and expansion. Finally, we performed motif enrichment analysis of the differentially accessible regions in different tailbud stages and summarized the potential roles of these motif-bearing transcription factors in larval development. Overall, our study found a correlation between gene expression and chromatin accessibility and provided a vital resource for understanding the mechanisms of the development of ascidian embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muchun He
- Fang Zongxi Center for Marine EvoDevo, MoE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yuting Li
- Fang Zongxi Center for Marine EvoDevo, MoE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yajuan Li
- Fang Zongxi Center for Marine EvoDevo, MoE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Bo Dong
- Fang Zongxi Center for Marine EvoDevo, MoE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266237, China
- MoE Key Laboratory of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Haiyan Yu
- Fang Zongxi Center for Marine EvoDevo, MoE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
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7
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Totsuka NM, Kuwana S, Sawai S, Oka K, Sasakura Y, Hotta K. Distribution changes of non-self-test cells and self-tunic cells surrounding the outer body during Ciona metamorphosis. Dev Dyn 2023; 252:1363-1374. [PMID: 37341471 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ascidians significantly change their body structure through metamorphosis, but the spatio-temporal cell dynamics in the early metamorphosis stage has not been clarified. A natural Ciona embryo is surrounded by maternally derived non-self-test cells before metamorphosis. However, after metamorphosis, the juvenile is surrounded by self-tunic cells derived from mesenchymal cell lineages. Both test cells and tunic cells are thought to be changed their distributions during metamorphosis, but the precise timing is unknown. RESULTS Using a metamorphosis induction by mechanical stimulation, we investigated the dynamics of mesenchymal cells during metamorphosis in a precise time course. After the stimulation, two-round Ca2+ transients were observed. Migrating mesenchymal cells came out through the epidermis within 10 min after the second phase. We named this event "cell extravasation." The cell extravasation occurred at the same time as the backward movement of posterior trunk epidermal cells. Timelapse imaging of transgenic-line larva revealed that non-self-test cells and self-tunic cells temporarily coexist outside the body until the test cells are eliminated. At the juvenile stage, only extravasated self-tunic cells remained outside the body. CONCLUSIONS We found that mesenchymal cells extravasated following two-round Ca2+ transients, and distributions of test cells and tunic cells changed in the outer body after tail regression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomu M Totsuka
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Minato City, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kuwana
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Sawai
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kotaro Oka
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Minato City, Tokyo, Japan
- Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Shinjuku City, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
- School of Frontier Engineering, Kitasato University, Minato City, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasunori Sasakura
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kohji Hotta
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Minato City, Tokyo, Japan
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8
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Lin B, Shi W, Lu Q, Shito TT, Yu H, Dong B. Establishment of a developmental atlas and transgenetic tools in the ascidian Styela clava. MARINE LIFE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 5:435-454. [PMID: 38045543 PMCID: PMC10689645 DOI: 10.1007/s42995-023-00200-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
The ascidian Styela clava is an ecologically important species that is distributed along coastal regions worldwide. It has a long history as a model animal for evolutionary and developmental biology research owing to its phylogenetic position between vertebrates and invertebrates, and its classical mosaic expression patterns. However, the standard developmental atlas and protocols and tools for molecular manipulation of this organism are inadequate. In this study, we established a standard developmental table and provided a web-based digital image resource for S. clava embryogenesis at each developmental stage from fertilized eggs to hatching larvae by utilizing confocal laser microscopy and 3D reconstruction images. It takes around 10 h for fertilized eggs to develop into swimming larvae and 20-30 min to complete the tail regression processes at the metamorphic stage. We observed that the notochord cells in S. clava embryos did not produce an extracellular lumen like Ciona robusta, but showed polarized elongation behaviors, providing us an ideal comparative model to study tissue morphogenesis. In addition, we established a chemical-washing procedure to remove the chorion easily from the fertilized eggs. Based on the dechorionation technique, we further realized transgenic manipulation by electroporation and successfully applied tissue-specific fluorescent labeling in S. clava embryos. Our work provides a standard imaging atlas and powerful genetic tools for investigating embryogenesis and evolution using S. clava as a model organism. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42995-023-00200-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyan Lin
- Fang Zongxi Center, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Wenjie Shi
- Fang Zongxi Center, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Qiongxuan Lu
- Fang Zongxi Center, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Takumi T. Shito
- Department of Bioscience and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, 223-8522 Japan
| | - Haiyan Yu
- Fang Zongxi Center, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Bo Dong
- Fang Zongxi Center, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
- Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, 266237 China
- MoE Key Laboratory of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
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9
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Raghavan R, Coppola U, Wu Y, Ihewulezi C, Negrón-Piñeiro LJ, Maguire JE, Hong J, Cunningham M, Kim HJ, Albert TJ, Ali AM, Saint-Jeannet JP, Ristoratore F, Dahia CL, Di Gregorio A. Gene expression in notochord and nuclei pulposi: a study of gene families across the chordate phylum. BMC Ecol Evol 2023; 23:63. [PMID: 37891482 PMCID: PMC10605842 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-023-02167-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The transition from notochord to vertebral column is a crucial milestone in chordate evolution and in prenatal development of all vertebrates. As ossification of the vertebral bodies proceeds, involutions of residual notochord cells into the intervertebral discs form the nuclei pulposi, shock-absorbing structures that confer flexibility to the spine. Numerous studies have outlined the developmental and evolutionary relationship between notochord and nuclei pulposi. However, the knowledge of the similarities and differences in the genetic repertoires of these two structures remains limited, also because comparative studies of notochord and nuclei pulposi across chordates are complicated by the gene/genome duplication events that led to extant vertebrates. Here we show the results of a pilot study aimed at bridging the information on these two structures. We have followed in different vertebrates the evolutionary trajectory of notochord genes identified in the invertebrate chordate Ciona, and we have evaluated the extent of conservation of their expression in notochord cells. Our results have uncovered evolutionarily conserved markers of both notochord development and aging/degeneration of the nuclei pulposi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Raghavan
- Hospital for Special Surgery, Orthopedic Soft Tissue Research Program, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Ugo Coppola
- Stazione Zoologica 'A. Dohrn', Villa Comunale 1, 80121, Naples, Italy
- Present Address: Molecular Cardiovascular Biology Division and Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Yushi Wu
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Chibuike Ihewulezi
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Lenny J Negrón-Piñeiro
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Julie E Maguire
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Justin Hong
- Hospital for Special Surgery, Orthopedic Soft Tissue Research Program, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Matthew Cunningham
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, 10021, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Han Jo Kim
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, 10021, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Todd J Albert
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, 10021, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Abdullah M Ali
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Jean-Pierre Saint-Jeannet
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | | | - Chitra L Dahia
- Hospital for Special Surgery, Orthopedic Soft Tissue Research Program, New York, NY, 10021, USA.
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Anna Di Gregorio
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, 10010, USA.
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10
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Shito TT, Oka K, Hotta K. Multimodal factor evaluation system for organismal transparency by hyperspectral imaging. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0292524. [PMID: 37819990 PMCID: PMC10566722 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Organismal transparency constitutes a significant concern in whole-body live imaging, yet its underlying structural, genetic, and physiological foundations remain inadequately comprehended. Diverse environmental and physiological factors (multimodal factors) are recognized for their influence on organismal transparency. However, a comprehensive and integrated quantitative evaluation system for biological transparency across a broad spectrum of wavelengths is presently lacking. In this study, we have devised an evaluation system to gauge alterations in organismal transparency induced by multimodal factors, encompassing a wide range of transmittance spanning from 380 to 1000 nm, utilizing hyperspectral microscopy. Through experimentation, we have scrutinized the impact of three environmental variables (temperature, salinity, and pH) and the effect of 11 drugs treatment containing inhibitors targeting physiological processes in the ascidian Ascidiella aspersa. This particular species, known for its exceptionally transparent eggs and embryos, serves as an ideal model. We calculated bio-transparency defined as the mean transmittance ratio of visible light within the range of 400-760 nm. Our findings reveal a positive correlation between bio-transparency and temperature, while an inverse relationship is observed with salinity levels. Notably, reduced pH levels and exposure to six drugs have led to significant decreasing in bio-transparency (ranging from 4.2% to 58.6%). Principal component analysis (PCA) on the measured transmittance data classified these factors into distinct groups. This suggest diverse pathways through which opacification occurs across different spectrum regions. The outcome of our quantitative analysis of bio-transparency holds potential applicability to diverse living organisms on multiple scales. This analytical framework also contributes to a holistic comprehension of the mechanisms underlying biological transparency, which is susceptible to many environmental and physiological modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi T. Shito
- Department of Bioscience and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kotaro Oka
- Department of Bioscience and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
- Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
- School of Frontier Engineering, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Kohji Hotta
- Department of Bioscience and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
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11
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Beyer J, Song Y, Lillicrap A, Rodríguez-Satizábal S, Chatzigeorgiou M. Ciona spp. and ascidians as bioindicator organisms for evaluating effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals: A discussion paper. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 191:106170. [PMID: 37708617 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.106170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
In context of testing, screening and monitoring of endocrine-disrupting (ED) type of environmental pollutants, tunicates could possibly represent a particularly interesting group of bioindicator organisms. These primitive chordates are already important model organisms within developmental and genomics research due to their central position in evolution and close relationship to vertebrates. The solitary ascidians, such as the genus Ciona spp. (vase tunicates), could possibly be extra feasible as ED bioindicators. They have a free-swimming, tadpole-like larval stage that develops extremely quickly (<20 h under favorable conditions), has a short life cycle (typically 2-3 months), are relatively easy to maintain in laboratory culture, have fully sequenced genomes, and transgenic embryos with 3D course data of the embryo ontogeny are available. In this article, we discuss possible roles of Ciona spp. (and other solitary ascidians) as ecotoxicological bioindicator organisms in general but perhaps especially for effect studies of contaminants with presumed endocrine disrupting modes of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonny Beyer
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Økernveien 94, NO-0579, Oslo, Norway.
| | - You Song
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Økernveien 94, NO-0579, Oslo, Norway
| | - Adam Lillicrap
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Økernveien 94, NO-0579, Oslo, Norway
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12
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Li KL, Nakashima K, Hisata K, Satoh N. Expression and possible functions of a horizontally transferred glycosyl hydrolase gene, GH6-1, in Ciona embryogenesis. EvoDevo 2023; 14:11. [PMID: 37434168 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-023-00215-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Tunicata or Urochordata is the only animal group with the ability to synthesize cellulose directly and cellulose is a component of the tunic that covers the entire tunicate body. The genome of Ciona intestinalis type A contains a cellulose synthase gene, CesA, that it acquired via an ancient, horizontal gene transfer. CesA is expressed in embryonic epidermal cells and functions in cellulose production. Ciona CesA is composed of both a glycosyltransferase domain, GT2, and a glycosyl hydrolase domain, GH6, which shows a mutation at a key position and seems functionless. Interestingly, the Ciona genome contains a glycosyl hydrolase gene, GH6-1, in which the GH6 domain seems intact. This suggests expression and possible functions of GH6-1 during Ciona embryogenesis. Is GH6-1 expressed during embryogenesis? If so, in what tissues is the gene expressed? Does GH6-1 serve a function? If so, what is it? Answers to these questions may advance our understanding of evolution of this unique animal group. RESULTS Quantitative reverse transcription PCR and in situ hybridization revealed that GH6-1 is expressed in epidermis of tailbud embryos and in early swimming larvae, a pattern similar to that of CesA. Expression is downregulated at later stages and becomes undetectable in metamorphosed juveniles. The GH6-1 expression level is higher in the anterior-trunk region and caudal-tip regions of late embryos. Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis of the late tailbud stage showed that cells of three clusters with epidermal identity express GH6-1, and that some of them co-express CesA. TALEN-mediated genome editing was used to generate GH6-1 knockout Ciona larvae. Around half of TALEN-electroporated larvae showed abnormal development of adhesive papillae and altered distribution of surface cellulose. In addition, three-fourths of TALEN-electroporated animals failed to complete larval metamorphosis. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that tunicate GH6-1, a gene that originated by horizontal gene transfer of a prokaryote gene, is recruited into the ascidian genome, and that it is expressed and functions in epidermal cells of ascidian embryos. Although further research is required, this observation demonstrates that both CesA and GH6-1 are involved in tunicate cellulose metabolism, impacting tunicate morphology and ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Lung Li
- Marine Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan.
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei City, 115, Taiwan.
| | - Keisuke Nakashima
- Marine Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Kanako Hisata
- Marine Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Satoh
- Marine Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
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13
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Mercurio S, Bozzo M, Pennati A, Candiani S, Pennati R. Serotonin Receptors and Their Involvement in Melanization of Sensory Cells in Ciona intestinalis. Cells 2023; 12:cells12081150. [PMID: 37190059 DOI: 10.3390/cells12081150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)) is a biogenic monoamine with pleiotropic functions. It exerts its roles by binding to specific 5-HT receptors (5HTRs) classified into different families and subtypes. Homologs of 5HTRs are widely present in invertebrates, but their expression and pharmacological characterization have been scarcely investigated. In particular, 5-HT has been localized in many tunicate species but only a few studies have investigated its physiological functions. Tunicates, including ascidians, are the sister group of vertebrates, and data about the role of 5-HTRs in these organisms are thus important for understanding 5-HT evolution among animals. In the present study, we identified and described 5HTRs in the ascidian Ciona intestinalis. During development, they showed broad expression patterns that appeared consistent with those reported in other species. Then, we investigated 5-HT roles in ascidian embryogenesis exposing C. intestinalis embryos to WAY-100635, an antagonist of the 5HT1A receptor, and explored the affected pathways in neural development and melanogenesis. Our results contribute to unraveling the multifaceted functions of 5-HT, revealing its involvement in sensory cell differentiation in ascidians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Mercurio
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Bozzo
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell'Ambiente e della Vita, Università degli Studi di Genova, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Simona Candiani
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell'Ambiente e della Vita, Università degli Studi di Genova, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Roberta Pennati
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
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14
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Utsumi MK, Oka K, Hotta K. Transitions of motor neuron activities during Ciona development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1100887. [PMID: 36711039 PMCID: PMC9880257 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1100887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Motor neurons (MNs) are one of the most important components of Central Pattern Generators (CPG) in vertebrates (Brown, Proceedings of The Royal Society B: Biological Sciences (The Royal Society), 1911, 84(572), 308-319). However, it is unclear how the neural activities of these components develop during their embryogenesis. Our previous study revealed that in Ciona robusta (Ciona intestinalis type A), a model organism with a simple neural circuit, a single pair of MNs (MN2L/MN2R) was determining the rhythm of its spontaneous early motor behavior (developmental stage St.22-24). MN2s are known to be one of the main components of Ciona CPG, though the neural activities of MN2s in the later larval period (St.25-) were not yet investigated. In this study, we investigated the neural activities of MN2s during their later stages and how they are related to Ciona's swimming CPG. Long-term simultaneous Ca2+ imaging of both MN2s with GCaMP6s/f (St.22-34) revealed that MN2s continued to determine the rhythm of motor behavior even in their later larval stages. Their activities were classified into seven phases (I-VII) depending on the interval and the synchronicity of MN2L and MN2R Ca2+ transients. Initially, each MN2 oscillates sporadically (I). As they develop into swimming larvae, they gradually oscillate at a constant interval (II-III), then start to synchronize (IV) and fully synchronize (V). Intervals become longer (VI) and sporadic again during the tail aggression period (VII). Interestingly, 76% of the embryos started to oscillate from MN2R. In addition, independent photostimulations on left and right MN2s were conducted. This is the first report of the live imaging of neural activities in Ciona's developing swimming CPG. These findings will help to understand the development of motor neuron circuits in chordate animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madoka K. Utsumi
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kotaro Oka
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan,Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Shinjuku, Japan,Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kohji Hotta
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan,*Correspondence: Kohji Hotta,
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15
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Kogure YS, Muraoka H, Koizumi WC, Gelin-alessi R, Godard B, Oka K, Heisenberg CP, Hotta K. Admp regulates tail bending by controlling ventral epidermal cell polarity via phosphorylated myosin localization in Ciona. Development 2022; 149:277282. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.200215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Ventral tail bending, which is transient but pronounced, is found in many chordate embryos and constitutes an interesting model of how tissue interactions control embryo shape. Here, we identify one key upstream regulator of ventral tail bending in embryos of the ascidian Ciona. We show that during the early tailbud stages, ventral epidermal cells exhibit a boat-shaped morphology (boat cell) with a narrow apical surface where phosphorylated myosin light chain (pMLC) accumulates. We further show that interfering with the function of the BMP ligand Admp led to pMLC localizing to the basal instead of the apical side of ventral epidermal cells and a reduced number of boat cells. Finally, we show that cutting ventral epidermal midline cells at their apex using an ultraviolet laser relaxed ventral tail bending. Based on these results, we propose a previously unreported function for Admp in localizing pMLC to the apical side of ventral epidermal cells, which causes the tail to bend ventrally by resisting antero-posterior notochord extension at the ventral side of the tail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki S. Kogure
- Keio University 1 Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology , , Kouhoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522 , Japan
| | - Hiromochi Muraoka
- Keio University 1 Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology , , Kouhoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522 , Japan
| | - Wataru C. Koizumi
- Keio University 1 Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology , , Kouhoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522 , Japan
| | - Raphaël Gelin-alessi
- Keio University 1 Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology , , Kouhoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522 , Japan
| | - Benoit Godard
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria 2 , Klosterneuburg , 3400, Austria
| | - Kotaro Oka
- Keio University 1 Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology , , Kouhoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522 , Japan
- Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University 3 , 2-2 Wakamatsucho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8480 , Japan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University 4 , Kaohsiung City 80708 , Taiwan
| | | | - Kohji Hotta
- Keio University 1 Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology , , Kouhoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522 , Japan
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16
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Chowdhury R, Roure A, le Pétillon Y, Mayeur H, Daric V, Darras S. Highly distinct genetic programs for peripheral nervous system formation in chordates. BMC Biol 2022; 20:152. [PMID: 35761237 PMCID: PMC9238270 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01355-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Vertebrates develop their peripheral nervous system (PNS) from transient unique embryonic structures, the neural crest, and the ectodermal placodes that are located at the border of the forming central nervous system. By contrast, in the invertebrate chordates, amphioxus and ascidians, a large part of the PNS originates at the opposite of the embryo, in the ventral ectoderm. In both groups, a biphasic mechanism regulates ventral PNS formation: high BMP levels specify a neurogenic territory within which glutamatergic epidermal sensory neuron formation is controlled by the Notch pathway. Given these similarities and the phylogenetic relationships within chordates, it is likely that ventral PNS is an ancestral feature in chordates and that it has been lost in vertebrates.
Results
In order to get insights into the molecular control of ventral PNS formation and to test the hypothesis of their homology and potential contribution to the emergence of vertebrate PNS, we undertook a close comparison of ventral PNS formation in the ascidian Phallusia mammillata and the amphioxus Branchiostoma lanceolatum. Using timed RNA-seq series, we identified novel markers of the ventral PNS during different phases of its development in both species. By extensively determining the expression of paralogous and orthologous genes, we observed that only a minority of genes have a shared expression in the ventral PNS. However, a large fraction of ventral PNS orthologous genes are expressed in the dorsally forming PNS of vertebrates.
Conclusions
Our work has significantly increased the molecular characterization of ventral PNS formation in invertebrate chordates. The low observed conservation of gene expression in the ventral PNS suggests that the amphioxus and ascidian ventral PNS are either not homologous, or alternatively extensive drift has occurred in their regulatory mechanisms following a long period (600 My) of separate evolution and accelerated evolution in the ascidian lineage. The homology to genes expressed in the dorsally forming PNS of vertebrates suggests that ancestral sensory neurons gene networks have been redeployed in vertebrates.
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17
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Locascio A, Vassalli QA, Castellano I, Palumbo A. Novel Insights on Nitric Oxide Synthase and NO Signaling in Ascidian Metamorphosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073505. [PMID: 35408864 PMCID: PMC8999111 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a pivotal signaling molecule involved in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes. We investigated NOS/NO localization patterns during the different stages of larval development in the ascidia Ciona robusta and evidenced a specific and temporally controlled pattern. NOS/NO expression starts in the most anterior sensory structures of the early larva and progressively moves towards the caudal portion as larval development and metamorphosis proceeds. We here highlight the pattern of NOS/NO expression in the central and peripheral nervous system of Ciona larvae which precisely follows the progression of neural signals of the central pattern generator necessary for the control of the movements of the larva towards the substrate. This highly dynamic localization profile perfectly matches with the central role played by NO from the first phase of settlement induction to the next control of swimming behavior, adhesion to substrate and progressive tissue resorption and reorganization of metamorphosis itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Locascio
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy;
- Correspondence: (A.L.); (A.P.)
| | - Quirino Attilio Vassalli
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Immacolata Castellano
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy;
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Anna Palumbo
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy;
- Correspondence: (A.L.); (A.P.)
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18
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Krasovec G, Hozumi A, Yoshida T, Obita T, Hamada M, Shiraishi A, Satake H, Horie T, Mori H, Sasakura Y. d-Serine controls epidermal vesicle release via NMDA receptor, allowing tissue migration during the metamorphosis of the chordate Ciona. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn3264. [PMID: 35275721 PMCID: PMC8916719 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn3264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
d-Serine, a free amino acid synthesized by serine racemase, is a coagonist of N-methyl-d-aspartate-type glutamate receptor (NMDAR). d-Serine in the mammalian central nervous system modulates glutamatergic transmission. Functions of d-serine in mammalian peripheral tissues such as skin have also been described. However, d-serine's functions in nonmammals are unclear. Here, we characterized d-serine-dependent vesicle release from the epidermis during metamorphosis of the tunicate Ciona. d-Serine leads to the formation of a pocket that facilitates the arrival of migrating tissue during tail regression. NMDAR is the receptor of d-serine in the formation of the epidermal pocket. The epidermal pocket is formed by the release of epidermal vesicles' content mediated by d-serine/NMDAR. This mechanism is similar to observations of keratinocyte vesicle exocytosis in mammalian skin. Our findings provide a better understanding of the maintenance of epidermal homeostasis in animals and contribute to further evolutionary perspectives of d-amino acid function among metazoans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Krasovec
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shizuoka, Japan
- Center for Chromosome Biology, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Akiko Hozumi
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Yoshida
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Takayuki Obita
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Mayuko Hamada
- Ushimado Marine Institute, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Akira Shiraishi
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, Osaka, Japan
| | - Honoo Satake
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeo Horie
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hisashi Mori
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Yasunori Sasakura
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shizuoka, Japan
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19
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Shimai K, Veeman M. Quantitative Dissection of the Proximal Ciona brachyury Enhancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:804032. [PMID: 35127721 PMCID: PMC8814421 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.804032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A major goal in biology is to understand the rules by which cis-regulatory sequences control spatially and temporally precise expression patterns. Here we present a systematic dissection of the proximal enhancer for the notochord-specific transcription factor brachyury in the ascidian chordate Ciona. The study uses a quantitative image-based reporter assay that incorporates a dual-reporter strategy to control for variable electroporation efficiency. We identified and mutated multiple predicted transcription factor binding sites of interest based on statistical matches to the JASPAR binding motif database. Most sites (Zic, Ets, FoxA, RBPJ) were selected based on prior knowledge of cell fate specification in both the primary and secondary notochord. We also mutated predicted Brachyury sites to investigate potential autoregulation as well as Fos/Jun (AP1) sites that had very strong matches to JASPAR. Our goal was to quantitatively define the relative importance of these different sites, to explore the importance of predicted high-affinity versus low-affinity motifs, and to attempt to design mutant enhancers that were specifically expressed in only the primary or secondary notochord lineages. We found that the mutation of all predicted high-affinity sites for Zic, FoxA or Ets led to quantifiably distinct effects. The FoxA construct caused a severe loss of reporter expression whereas the Ets construct had little effect. A strong Ets phenotype was only seen when much lower-scoring binding sites were also mutated. This supports the enhancer suboptimization hypothesis proposed by Farley and Levine but suggests that it may only apply to some but not all transcription factor families. We quantified reporter expression separately in the two notochord lineages with the expectation that Ets mutations and RBPJ mutations would have distinct effects given that primary notochord is induced by Ets-mediated FGF signaling whereas secondary notochord is induced by RBPJ/Su(H)-mediated Notch/Delta signaling. We found, however, that ETS mutations affected primary and secondary notochord expression relatively equally and that RBPJ mutations were only moderately more severe in their effect on secondary versus primary notochord. Our results point to the promise of quantitative reporter assays for understanding cis-regulatory logic but also highlight the challenge of arbitrary statistical thresholds for predicting potentially important sites.
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20
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Wu Y, Devotta A, José-Edwards DS, Kugler JE, Negrón-Piñeiro LJ, Braslavskaya K, Addy J, Saint-Jeannet JP, Di Gregorio A. Xbp1 and Brachyury establish an evolutionarily conserved subcircuit of the notochord gene regulatory network. eLife 2022; 11:e73992. [PMID: 35049502 PMCID: PMC8803312 DOI: 10.7554/elife.73992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene regulatory networks coordinate the formation of organs and structures that compose the evolving body plans of different organisms. We are using a simple chordate model, the Ciona embryo, to investigate the essential gene regulatory network that orchestrates morphogenesis of the notochord, a structure necessary for the proper development of all chordate embryos. Although numerous transcription factors expressed in the notochord have been identified in different chordates, several of them remain to be positioned within a regulatory framework. Here, we focus on Xbp1, a transcription factor expressed during notochord formation in Ciona and other chordates. Through the identification of Xbp1-downstream notochord genes in Ciona, we found evidence of the early co-option of genes involved in the unfolded protein response to the notochord developmental program. We report the regulatory interplay between Xbp1 and Brachyury, and by extending these results to Xenopus, we show that Brachyury and Xbp1 form a cross-regulatory subcircuit of the notochord gene regulatory network that has been consolidated during chordate evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushi Wu
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of DentistryNew YorkUnited States
| | - Arun Devotta
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of DentistryNew YorkUnited States
| | - Diana S José-Edwards
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of DentistryNew YorkUnited States
| | - Jamie E Kugler
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of DentistryNew YorkUnited States
| | - Lenny J Negrón-Piñeiro
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of DentistryNew YorkUnited States
| | - Karina Braslavskaya
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of DentistryNew YorkUnited States
| | - Jermyn Addy
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of DentistryNew YorkUnited States
| | | | - Anna Di Gregorio
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of DentistryNew YorkUnited States
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21
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Fiúza UM, Lemaire P. Methods for the Study of Apical Constriction During Ascidian Gastrulation. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2438:377-413. [PMID: 35147954 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2035-9_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Gastrulation is the first major morphogenetic event during ascidian embryogenesis. Ascidian gastrulation begins with the invagination of the endodermal progenitors, a two-step process driven by individual cell shape changes of endoderm cells. During the first step, endoderm cells constrict apically, thereby flattening the vegetal side of the embryo. During the second step, endoderm cells shorten along their apicobasal axis and tissue invagination ensues. Individual cell shape changes are mediated by localized actomyosin contractile activity. Here, we describe methods used during ascidian endoderm apical constriction to study myosin activity and cellular morphodynamics with confocal and light sheet microscopy and followed by quantitative image analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulla-Maj Fiúza
- Systems Bioengineering, DCEXS Universidad Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.
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22
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Yu D, Iwamura Y, Satou Y, Oda-Ishii I. Tbx15/18/22 shares a binding site with Tbx6-r.b to maintain expression of a muscle structural gene in ascidian late embryos. Dev Biol 2021; 483:1-12. [PMID: 34963554 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The ascidian larval tail contains muscle cells for swimming. Most of these muscle cells differentiate autonomously. The genetic program behind this autonomy has been studied extensively and the genetic cascade from maternal factors to initiation of expression of a muscle structural gene, Myl.c, has been uncovered; Myl.c expression is directed initially by transcription factor Tbx6-r.b at the 64-cell stage and then by the combined actions of Tbx6-r.b and Mrf from the gastrula to early tailbud stages. In the present study, we showed that transcription of Myl.c continued in late tailbud embryos and larvae, although a fusion protein of Tbx6-r.b and GFP was hardly detectable in late tailbud embryos. A knockdown experiment, reporter assay, and in vitro binding assay indicated that an essential cis-regulatory element of Myl.c that bound Tbx6-r.b in early embryos bound Tbx15/18/22 in late embryos to maintain expression of Myl.c. We also found that Tbx15/18/22 was controlled by Mrf, which constitutes a regulatory loop with Tbx6-r.b. Therefore, our data indicated that Tbx15/18/22 was activated initially under control of this regulatory loop as in the case of Myl.c, and then Tbx15/18/22 maintained the expression of Myl.c after Tbx6-r.b had disappeared. RNA-sequencing of Tbx15/18/22 morphant embryos revealed that many muscle structural genes were regulated similarly by Tbx15/18/22. Thus, the present study revealed the mechanisms of maintenance of transcription of muscle structural genes in late embryos in which Tbx15/18/22 takes the place of Tbx6-r.b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deli Yu
- Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yuri Iwamura
- Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yutaka Satou
- Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.
| | - Izumi Oda-Ishii
- Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
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23
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Matsuo K, Tamura R, Hotta K, Okada M, Takeuchi A, Wu Y, Hashimoto K, Takano H, Momose A, Nishino A. Bilaterally Asymmetric Helical Myofibrils in Ascidian Tadpole Larvae. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:800455. [PMID: 34950666 PMCID: PMC8688927 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.800455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The locomotor system is highly bilateral at the macroscopic level. Homochirality of biological molecules is fully compatible with the bilateral body. However, whether and how single-handed cells contribute to the bilateral locomotor system is obscure. Here, exploiting the small number of cells in the swimming tadpole larva of the ascidian Ciona, we analyzed morphology of the tail at cellular and subcellular scales. Quantitative phase-contrast X-ray tomographic microscopy revealed a high-density midline structure ventral to the notochord in the tail. Muscle cell nuclei on each side of the notochord were roughly bilaterally aligned. However, fluorescence microscopy detected left-right asymmetry of myofibril inclination relative to the longitudinal axis of the tail. Zernike phase-contrast X-ray tomographic microscopy revealed the presence of left-handed helices of myofibrils in muscle cells on both sides. Therefore, the locomotor system of ascidian larvae harbors symmetry-breaking left-handed helical cells, while maintaining bilaterally symmetrical cell alignment. These results suggest that bilateral animals can override cellular homochirality to generate the bilateral locomotor systems at the supracellular scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Matsuo
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryota Tamura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohji Hotta
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Mayu Okada
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihisa Takeuchi
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI), Sayo, Japan
| | - Yanlin Wu
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Koh Hashimoto
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Takano
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Atsushi Momose
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Atsuo Nishino
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
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24
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Funakoshi HM, Shito TT, Oka K, Hotta K. Developmental Table and Three-Dimensional Embryological Image Resource of the Ascidian Ascidiella aspersa. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:789046. [PMID: 34977032 PMCID: PMC8718802 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.789046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ascidiella aspersa is an ascidian in the class of chordates—the closest relatives of vertebrates. A. aspersa is a potential model organism for bio-imaging studies due to its extremely transparent embryos as well as is a globally distributed cosmopolitan species. However, there is no standard developmental table for this organism. Here, as a first step to establish A. aspersa as a model organism, we report a standard developmental table as a web-based digital image resource. This resource used confocal laser scanning microscopy to scan more than 3,000 cross-sectional images and 3D-reconstructed images of A. aspersa embryos during embryogenesis. With reference to the standardized developmental table of Ciona intestinalis type A, 26 different developmental stages (Stages 1–26) from fertilized eggs to hatched larvae were redefined for A. aspersa. Cell lineages up to the cleavage period were annotated: The cleavage patterns, the embryonic morphology, and the developmental time were then compared with Ciona. We found that the cleavage patterns and developmental time up to the neurula period in A. aspersa were extremely conserved versus. Ciona. The ratio of the trunk and tail length in the tailbud period were smaller than Ciona indicating a relatively short tail. In addition, the timing of the bending of the tail is earlier than Ciona. This A. aspersa standard 3D digital resource is essential for connecting different omics data to different spatiotemporal hierarchies and is useful for a system-level understanding of chordate development and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka M. Funakoshi
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takumi T. Shito
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kotaro Oka
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
- Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Shinjuku, Japan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Kohji Hotta
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
- *Correspondence: Kohji Hotta,
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25
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Bernadskaya YY, Yue H, Copos C, Christiaen L, Mogilner A. Supracellular organization confers directionality and mechanical potency to migrating pairs of cardiopharyngeal progenitor cells. eLife 2021; 10:e70977. [PMID: 34842140 PMCID: PMC8700272 DOI: 10.7554/elife.70977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Physiological and pathological morphogenetic events involve a wide array of collective movements, suggesting that multicellular arrangements confer biochemical and biomechanical properties contributing to tissue-scale organization. The Ciona cardiopharyngeal progenitors provide the simplest model of collective cell migration, with cohesive bilateral cell pairs polarized along the leader-trailer migration path while moving between the ventral epidermis and trunk endoderm. We use the Cellular Potts Model to computationally probe the distributions of forces consistent with shapes and collective polarity of migrating cell pairs. Combining computational modeling, confocal microscopy, and molecular perturbations, we identify cardiopharyngeal progenitors as the simplest cell collective maintaining supracellular polarity with differential distributions of protrusive forces, cell-matrix adhesion, and myosin-based retraction forces along the leader-trailer axis. 4D simulations and experimental observations suggest that cell-cell communication helps establish a hierarchy to align collective polarity with the direction of migration, as observed with three or more cells in silico and in vivo. Our approach reveals emerging properties of the migrating collective: cell pairs are more persistent, migrating longer distances, and presumably with higher accuracy. Simulations suggest that cell pairs can overcome mechanical resistance of the trunk endoderm more effectively when they are polarized collectively. We propose that polarized supracellular organization of cardiopharyngeal progenitors confers emergent physical properties that determine mechanical interactions with their environment during morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yelena Y Bernadskaya
- Center for Developmental Genetics, Department of Biology, New York UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Haicen Yue
- Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences and Department of Biology, New York UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Calina Copos
- Mathematics and Computational Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillUnited States
| | - Lionel Christiaen
- Center for Developmental Genetics, Department of Biology, New York UniversityNew YorkUnited States
- Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular BiologyBergenNorway
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University HospitalBergenNorway
| | - Alex Mogilner
- Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences and Department of Biology, New York UniversityNew YorkUnited States
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26
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Winkley KM, Reeves WM, Veeman MT. Single-cell analysis of cell fate bifurcation in the chordate Ciona. BMC Biol 2021; 19:180. [PMID: 34465302 PMCID: PMC8408944 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01122-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inductive signaling interactions between different cell types are a major mechanism for the further diversification of embryonic cell fates. Most blastomeres in the model chordate Ciona robusta become restricted to a single predominant fate between the 64-cell and mid-gastrula stages. The deeply stereotyped and well-characterized Ciona embryonic cell lineages allow the transcriptomic analysis of newly established cell types very early in their divergence from sibling cell states without the pseudotime inference needed in the analysis of less synchronized cell populations. This is the first ascidian study to use droplet scRNAseq with large numbers of analyzed cells as early as the 64-cell stage when major lineages such as primary notochord first become fate restricted. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS We identify 59 distinct cell states, including new subregions of the b-line neural lineage and the early induction of the tail tip epidermis. We find that 34 of these cell states are directly or indirectly dependent on MAPK-mediated signaling critical to early Ciona patterning. Most of the MAPK-dependent bifurcations are canalized with the signal-induced cell fate lost upon MAPK inhibition, but the posterior endoderm is unique in being transformed into a novel state expressing some but not all markers of both endoderm and muscle. Divergent gene expression between newly bifurcated sibling cell types is dominated by upregulation in the induced cell type. The Ets family transcription factor Elk1/3/4 is uniquely upregulated in nearly all the putatively direct inductions. Elk1/3/4 upregulation together with Ets transcription factor binding site enrichment analysis enables inferences about which bifurcations are directly versus indirectly controlled by MAPK signaling. We examine notochord induction in detail and find that the transition between a Zic/Ets-mediated regulatory state and a Brachyury/FoxA-mediated regulatory state is unexpectedly late. This supports a "broad-hourglass" model of cell fate specification in which many early tissue-specific genes are induced in parallel to key tissue-specific transcriptional regulators via the same set of transcriptional inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konner M Winkley
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Wendy M Reeves
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Michael T Veeman
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
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27
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Marotta P, Salatiello F, Ambrosino L, Berruto F, Chiusano ML, Locascio A. The Ascidia Ciona robusta Provides Novel Insights on the Evolution of the AP-1 Transcriptional Complex. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:709696. [PMID: 34414189 PMCID: PMC8369891 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.709696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Activator Protein-1 transcription factor family (AP-1) transcriptional complex is historically defined as an early response group of transcription factors formed by dimeric complexes of the Jun, Fos, Atf, and Maf bZIP proteins that control cell proliferation and differentiation by regulating gene expression. It has been greatly investigated in many model organisms across metazoan evolution. Nevertheless, its complexity and variability of action made its multiple functions difficult to be defined. Here, we place the foundations for understanding the complexity of AP-1 transcriptional members in tunicates. We investigated the gene members of this family in the ascidian Ciona robusta and identified single copies of Jun, Fos, Atf3, Atf2/7, and Maf bZIP-related factors that could have a role in the formation of the AP-1 complex. We highlight that mesenchyme is a common cellular population where all these factors are expressed during embryonic development, and that, moreover, Fos shows a wider pattern of expression including also notochord and neural cells. By ectopic expression in transgenic embryos of Jun and Fos genes alone or in combination, we investigated the phenotypic alterations induced by these factors and highlighted a degree of functional conservation of the AP-1 complex between Ciona and vertebrates. The lack of gene redundancy and the first pieces of evidence of conserved functions in the control of cell movements and structural organization exerted by these factors open the way for using Ciona as a helpful model system to uncover the multiple potentialities of this highly complex family of bZIP transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pina Marotta
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Naples, Italy.,Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Department of Research Infrastructures for Marine Biological Resources, Naples, Italy
| | - Federica Salatiello
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Naples, Italy
| | - Luca Ambrosino
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Department of Research Infrastructures for Marine Biological Resources, Naples, Italy
| | - Federica Berruto
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Chiusano
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Department of Research Infrastructures for Marine Biological Resources, Naples, Italy.,Department of Agriculture, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Annamaria Locascio
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Naples, Italy
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28
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Bremer K, Yasuo H, Debes PV, Jacobs HT. The alternative oxidase (AOX) increases sulphide tolerance in the highly invasive marine invertebrate Ciona intestinalis. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:271920. [PMID: 34423818 PMCID: PMC8407659 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.242985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Ecological communities and biodiversity are shaped by both abiotic and biotic factors. This is well illustrated by extreme environments and invasive species. Besides naturally occurring sulphide-rich environments, global change can lead to an increase in hydrogen sulphide episodes that threaten many multicellular organisms. With the increase in the formation, size and abundance of oxygen minimum zones and hypoxic environments, bacterial-associated sulphide production is favoured and, as such, hydrogen-sulphide-rich environments are likely to also increase in size and abundance. Many species are challenged by the inhibiting effect of sulphide on aerobic energy production via cytochrome c oxidase, ultimately causing the death of the organism. Interestingly, many protist, yeast, plant and also animal species possess a sulphide-resistant alternative oxidase (AOX). In this study, we investigated whether AOX is functionally involved in the sulphide stress response of the highly invasive marine tunicate Ciona intestinalis. At the LC50, the sulphide-induced reduction of developmental success was three times stronger in AOX knock-down embryos than in control embryos. Further, AOX mRNA levels were higher under sulphide than under control conditions, and this effect increased during embryonic development. Together, we found that AOX is indeed functionally involved in the sulphide tolerance of C. intestinalis embryos, hence, very likely contributing to its invasive potential; and that the response of AOX to sulphide seems to be controlled at the transcriptional level. We suggest that AOX-possessing species play an important role in shaping marine ecological communities, and this importance may increase under ongoing global change. Summary: A functional study on the role of the mitochondrial alternative oxidase (AOX) in an animal species indicates that AOX increases the sulphide tolerance of the marine chordate Ciona intestinalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Bremer
- Tampere University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Hitoyoshi Yasuo
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer, Institut de la Mer de Villefranche, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 06230 Villefranche-sur-mer, France
| | - Paul Vincent Debes
- Hólar University College, Department of Aquaculture and Fish Biology, 551 Sauðárkrókur, Iceland
| | - Howard Trevor Jacobs
- Tampere University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, 33014 Tampere, Finland
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29
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Kourakis MJ, Bostwick M, Zabriskie A, Smith WC. Disruption of left-right axis specification in Ciona induces molecular, cellular, and functional defects in asymmetric brain structures. BMC Biol 2021; 19:141. [PMID: 34256748 PMCID: PMC8276506 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01075-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Left-right asymmetries are a common feature of metazoans and can be found in a number of organs including the nervous system. These asymmetries are particularly pronounced in the simple central nervous system (CNS) of the swimming tadpole larva of the tunicate Ciona, which displays a chordate ground plan. While common pathway elements for specifying the left/right axis are found among chordates, particularly a requirement for Nodal signaling, Ciona differs temporally from its vertebrate cousins by specifying its axis at the neurula stage, rather than at gastrula. Additionally, Ciona and other ascidians require an intact chorionic membrane for proper left-right specification. Whether such differences underlie distinct specification mechanisms between tunicates and vertebrates will require broad understanding of their influence on CNS formation. Here, we explore the consequences of disrupting left-right axis specification on Ciona larval CNS cellular anatomy, gene expression, synaptic connectivity, and behavior. Results We show that left-right asymmetry disruptions caused by removal of the chorion (dechorionation) are highly variable and present throughout the Ciona larval nervous system. While previous studies have documented disruptions to the conspicuously asymmetric sensory systems in the anterior brain vesicle, we document asymmetries in seemingly symmetric structures such as the posterior brain vesicle and motor ganglion. Moreover, defects caused by dechorionation include misplaced or absent neuron classes, loss of asymmetric gene expression, aberrant synaptic projections, and abnormal behaviors. In the motor ganglion, a brain structure that has been equated with the vertebrate hindbrain, we find that despite the apparent left-right symmetric distribution of interneurons and motor neurons, AMPA receptors are expressed exclusively on the left side, which equates with asymmetric swimming behaviors. We also find that within a population of dechorionated larvae, there is a small percentage with apparently normal left-right specification and approximately equal population with inverted (mirror-image) asymmetry. We present a method based on a behavioral assay for isolating these larvae. When these two classes of larvae (normal and inverted) are assessed in a light dimming assay, they display mirror-image behaviors, with normal larvae responding with counterclockwise swims, while inverted larvae respond with clockwise swims. Conclusions Our findings highlight the importance of left-right specification pathways not only for proper CNS anatomy, but also for correct synaptic connectivity and behavior. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12915-021-01075-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Kourakis
- Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Michaela Bostwick
- College of Creative Studies, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Amanda Zabriskie
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - William C Smith
- Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA. .,Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA.
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30
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Silva M, Seijas P, Otero P. Exploitation of Marine Molecules to Manage Alzheimer's Disease. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19070373. [PMID: 34203244 PMCID: PMC8307759 DOI: 10.3390/md19070373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are sociosanitary challenges of today, as a result of increased average life expectancy, with Alzheimer’s disease being one of the most prevalent. This pathology is characterized by brain impairment linked to a neurodegenerative process culminating in cognitive decline and behavioral disorders. Though the etiology of this pathology is still unknown, it is usually associated with the appearance of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. The most used prophylaxis relies on anticholinesterase drugs and NMDA receptor antagonists, whose main action is to relieve symptoms and not to treat or prevent the disease. Currently, the scientific community is gathering efforts to disclose new natural compounds effective against Alzheimer’s disease and other neurodegenerative pathologies. Marine natural products have been shown to be promising candidates, and some have been proven to exert a high neuroprotection effect, constituting a large reservoir of potential drugs and nutraceutical agents. The present article attempts to describe the processes of extraction and isolation of bioactive compounds derived from sponges, algae, marine bacteria, invertebrates, crustaceans, and tunicates as drug candidates against AD, with a focus on the success of pharmacological activity in the process of finding new and effective drug compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Silva
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal;
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paula Seijas
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
| | - Paz Otero
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
- Department of Production and Characterization of Novel Foods, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL), Campus of International Excellence UAM+CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, CITACA, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Ourense Campus, 32004 Ourense, Spain
- Correspondence: or
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31
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Oonuma K, Kusakabe TG. The complete cell lineage and MAPK- and Otx-dependent specification of the dopaminergic cells in the Ciona brain. Development 2021; 148:269114. [PMID: 34121117 DOI: 10.1242/dev.198754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The Ciona larva has served as a unique model for understanding the development of dopaminergic cells at single-cell resolution owing to the exceptionally small number of neurons in its brain and its fixed cell lineage during embryogenesis. A recent study suggested that the transcription factors Fer2 and Meis directly regulate the dopamine synthesis genes in Ciona, but the dopaminergic cell lineage and the gene regulatory networks that control the development of dopaminergic cells have not been fully elucidated. Here, we reveal that the dopaminergic cells in Ciona are derived from a bilateral pair of cells called a9.37 cells at the center of the neural plate. The a9.37 cells divide along the anterior-posterior axis, and all of the descendants of the posterior daughter cells differentiate into the dopaminergic cells. We show that the MAPK pathway and the transcription factor Otx are required for the expression of Fer2 in the dopaminergic cell lineage. Our findings establish the cellular and molecular framework for fully understanding the commitment to dopaminergic cells in the simple chordate brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouhei Oonuma
- Institute for Integrative Neurobiology and Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Konan University, Kobe 658-8501, Japan
| | - Takehiro G Kusakabe
- Institute for Integrative Neurobiology and Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Konan University, Kobe 658-8501, Japan
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32
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Mercurio S, Moni L, Scarì G, Manenti R, Riva R, Pennati R. Fluorescence Properties of a Novel Isoquinoline Derivative Tested in an Invertebrate Chordate, Ciona intestinalis. Chembiochem 2021; 22:2140-2145. [PMID: 33871133 PMCID: PMC8251550 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
3‐Hydroxyisoquinolines (ISOs) and their tautomeric isoquinolin‐3‐ones are heterocycles with attractive biological properties. Here we reported the revisited synthesis of a highly functionalized ISO that showed blue fluorescence and the characterization of its biological properties in an invertebrate animal model, the ascidian Ciona intestinalis. Larvae exposed to ISO at concentrations higher than 1 μM showed an intense fluorescence localized in the cell nuclei of all tissues. Moreover, exposure to ISO interfered with larval ability to swim; this neuromuscular effect was reversible. Overall, these results suggested that ISOs can have promising applications as novel fluorescent dyes of the cell nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Mercurio
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 10, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Lisa Moni
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Genova, via Dodecaneso 31, 16146, Genova, Italy
| | - Giorgio Scarì
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 26, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Raoul Manenti
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 10, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Renata Riva
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Genova, via Dodecaneso 31, 16146, Genova, Italy
| | - Roberta Pennati
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 10, 20133, Milano, Italy
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33
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Vassalli QA, Colantuono C, Nittoli V, Ferraioli A, Fasano G, Berruto F, Chiusano ML, Kelsh RN, Sordino P, Locascio A. Onecut Regulates Core Components of the Molecular Machinery for Neurotransmission in Photoreceptor Differentiation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:602450. [PMID: 33816460 PMCID: PMC8012850 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.602450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoreceptor cells (PRC) are neurons highly specialized for sensing light stimuli and have considerably diversified during evolution. The genetic mechanisms that underlie photoreceptor differentiation and accompanied the progressive increase in complexity and diversification of this sensory cell type are a matter of great interest in the field. A role of the homeodomain transcription factor Onecut (Oc) in photoreceptor cell formation is proposed throughout multicellular organisms. However, knowledge of the identity of the Oc downstream-acting factors that mediate specific tasks in the differentiation of the PRC remains limited. Here, we used transgenic perturbation of the Ciona robusta Oc protein to show its requirement for ciliary PRC differentiation. Then, transcriptome profiling between the trans-activation and trans-repression Oc phenotypes identified differentially expressed genes that are enriched in exocytosis, calcium homeostasis, and neurotransmission. Finally, comparison of RNA-Seq datasets in Ciona and mouse identifies a set of Oc downstream genes conserved between tunicates and vertebrates. The transcription factor Oc emerges as a key regulator of neurotransmission in retinal cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quirino Attilio Vassalli
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Colantuono
- Department of Research Infrastructures for Marine Biological Resources, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| | - Valeria Nittoli
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Ferraioli
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| | - Giulia Fasano
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| | - Federica Berruto
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Chiusano
- Department of Research Infrastructures for Marine Biological Resources, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
- Department of Agriculture, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Robert Neil Kelsh
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry and Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Bath, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paolo Sordino
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| | - Annamaria Locascio
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
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Fujii Y, Koizumi WC, Imai T, Yokobori M, Matsuo T, Oka K, Hotta K, Okajima T. Spatiotemporal dynamics of single cell stiffness in the early developing ascidian chordate embryo. Commun Biol 2021; 4:341. [PMID: 33727646 PMCID: PMC7966737 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01869-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
During the developmental processes of embryos, cells undergo massive deformation and division that are regulated by mechanical cues. However, little is known about how embryonic cells change their mechanical properties during different cleavage stages. Here, using atomic force microscopy, we investigated the stiffness of cells in ascidian embryos from the fertilised egg to the stage before gastrulation. In both animal and vegetal hemispheres, we observed a Rho kinase (ROCK)-independent cell stiffening that the cell stiffness exhibited a remarkable increase at the timing of cell division where cortical actin filaments were organized. Furthermore, in the vegetal hemisphere, we observed another mechanical behaviour, i.e., a ROCK-associated cell stiffening, which was retained even after cell division or occurred without division and propagated sequentially toward adjacent cells, displaying a characteristic cell-to-cell mechanical variation. The results indicate that the mechanical properties of embryonic cells are regulated at the single cell level in different germ layers. Fujii et al. investigate the stiffness of cells in ascidian embryos from the fertilised egg to the stage before gastrulation. They find two types of cell stiffening, occurring during cell division and in the interphase, the latter of which is associated with the Rho kinase pathway. They conclude that the mechanical properties of early embryonic cells are regulated specifically at the single cell level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Fujii
- Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Wataru C Koizumi
- Department of Bioscience and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Taichi Imai
- Department of Bioscience and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Megumi Yokobori
- Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Matsuo
- Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kotaro Oka
- Department of Bioscience and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kohji Hotta
- Department of Bioscience and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan.
| | - Takaharu Okajima
- Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
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Clutton EA, Alurralde G, Repolho T. Early developmental stages of native populations of Ciona intestinalis under increased temperature are affected by local habitat history. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:jeb233403. [PMID: 33472872 PMCID: PMC7938807 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.233403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Temperature modulates marine ectotherm physiology, influencing survival, abundance and species distribution. While native species could be susceptible to ocean warming, thermal tolerance might favour the spread of non-native species. Determining the success of invasive species in response to climate change is confounded by the cumulative, synergistic or antagonistic effects of environmental drivers, which vary at a geographical and temporal scale. Thus, an organism's acclimation or adaptive potential could play an important evolutionary role by enabling or conditioning species tolerance to stressful environmental conditions. We investigated developmental performance of early life stages of the ascidian Ciona intestinalis (derived from populations of anthropogenically impacted and control sites) to an extreme weather event (i.e. marine heatwave). Fertilization rate, embryo and larval development, settlement, metamorphosis success and juvenile heart rate were assessed as experimental endpoints. With the exception of fertilization and heart rates, temperature influenced all analysed endpoints. C. intestinalis derived from control sites were the most negatively affected by increased temperature conditions. By contrast, C. intestinalis from anthropogenically impacted sites showed a positive response to thermal stress, with a higher proportion of larvae development, settlement and metamorphosis success being observed under increased temperature conditions. No differences were observed for heart rates between sampled populations and experimental temperature conditions. Moreover, interaction between temperature and populations was statistically significant for embryo and larvae development, and metamorphosis. We hypothesize that selection resulting from anthropogenic forcing could shape stress resilience of species in their native range and subsequently confer advantageous traits underlying their invasive potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Clutton
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health, University of Portsmouth, Eastney, Portsmouth PO4 9LY, UK
| | - Gaston Alurralde
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Departamento Diversidad Biológica y Ecología, Ecología Marina, Av. Velez Sarsfield 299 (X5000JJC), Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Diversidad y Ecologıa Animal (IDEA), Av. Velez Sarsfield 299 (X5000JJC), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Tiago Repolho
- MARE - Centro de Ciências do Mar e do Ambiente (MARE), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
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Wakai MK, Nakamura MJ, Sawai S, Hotta K, Oka K. Two-Round Ca 2+ transient in papillae by mechanical stimulation induces metamorphosis in the ascidian Ciona intestinalis type A. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20203207. [PMID: 33593191 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.3207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine invertebrate larvae are known to begin metamorphosis in response to environmentally derived cues. However, little is known about the relationships between the perception of such cues and internal signalling for metamorphosis. To elucidate the mechanism underlying the initiation of metamorphosis in the ascidian, Ciona intestinalis type A (Ciona robusta), we artificially induced ascidian metamorphosis and investigated Ca2+ dynamics from pre- to post-metamorphosis. Ca2+ transients were observed and consisted of two temporally distinct phases with different durations before tail regression which is the early event of metamorphosis. In the first phase, Phase I, the Ca2+ transient in the papillae (adhesive organ of the anterior trunk) was coupled with the Ca2+ transient in dorsally localized cells and endoderm cells just after mechanical stimulation. The Ca2+ transients in Phase I were also observed when applying only short stimulation. In the second phase, Phase II, the Ca2+ transient in papillae was observed again and lasted for approximately 5-11 min just after the Ca2+ transient in Phase I continued for a few minutes. The impaired papillae by Foxg-knockdown failed to induce the second Ca2+ transient in Phase II and tail regression. In Phase II, a wave-like Ca2+ propagation was also observed across the entire epidermis. Our results indicate that the papillae sense a mechanical cue and two-round Ca2+ transients in papillae transmits the internal metamorphic signals to different tissues, which subsequently induces tail regression. Our study will help elucidate the internal mechanism of metamorphosis in marine invertebrate larvae in response to environmental cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiki K Wakai
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Kouhoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Mitsuru J Nakamura
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Komaba, 153-8902 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Sawai
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Komaba, 153-8902 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohji Hotta
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Kouhoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Kotaro Oka
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Kouhoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan.,Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsucho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan.,Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 80708, Taiwan
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Reeves WM, Shimai K, Winkley KM, Veeman MT. Brachyury controls Ciona notochord fate as part of a feed-forward network. Development 2021; 148:dev195230. [PMID: 33419874 PMCID: PMC7875503 DOI: 10.1242/dev.195230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The notochord is a defining feature of the chordates. The transcription factor Brachyury (Bra) is a key regulator of notochord fate but here we show that it is not a unitary master regulator in the model chordate Ciona Ectopic Bra expression only partially reprograms other cell types to a notochord-like transcriptional profile and a subset of notochord-enriched genes is unaffected by CRISPR Bra disruption. We identify Foxa.a and Mnx as potential co-regulators, and find that combinatorial cocktails are more effective at reprogramming other cell types than Bra alone. We reassess the network relationships between Bra, Foxa.a and other components of the notochord gene regulatory network, and find that Foxa.a expression in the notochord is regulated by vegetal FGF signaling. It is a direct activator of Bra expression and has a binding motif that is significantly enriched in the regulatory regions of notochord-enriched genes. These and other results indicate that Bra and Foxa.a act together in a regulatory network dominated by positive feed-forward interactions, with neither being a classically defined master regulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy M Reeves
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Kotaro Shimai
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Konner M Winkley
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Michael T Veeman
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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Mercurio S, Messinetti S, Manenti R, Ficetola GF, Pennati R. Embryotoxicity characterization of the flame retardant tris(1-chloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TCPP) in the invertebrate chordate Ciona intestinalis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART 2021; 335:339-347. [PMID: 33503327 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Tris(1-chloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TCPP) is the most common chlorinated organophosphorus flame retardant in seawater. Due to its chemical features and abundance, TCPP has been classified as a high hazard, and restrictions of use have been set in multiple countries. Despite TCPP being highly present in the marine environment, only a few studies have explored the TCPP impact on the development of marine invertebrates. Ascidians are important invertebrate members of benthic marine communities and reliable model systems for ecotoxicological research. The aim of this study was to assess the adverse effects of TCPP exposure on the embryogenesis of the ascidian Ciona intestinalis. Our results showed that this pollutant affected both muscles and nervous system development. Malformations appeared similar to those reported in other animal models for other flame retardants, suggesting that these molecules could share a common mechanism of action and induce a mixture effect when simultaneously present in the aquatic environment even at sub-teratogenic concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Mercurio
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Messinetti
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Raoul Manenti
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Roberta Pennati
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Kowarsky M, Anselmi C, Hotta K, Burighel P, Zaniolo G, Caicci F, Rosental B, Neff NF, Ishizuka KJ, Palmeri KJ, Okamoto J, Gordon T, Weissman IL, Quake SR, Manni L, Voskoboynik A. Sexual and asexual development: two distinct programs producing the same tunicate. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108681. [PMID: 33503429 PMCID: PMC7949349 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Colonial tunicates are the only chordate that possess two distinct developmental pathways to produce an adult body: either sexually through embryogenesis or asexually through a stem cell-mediated renewal termed blastogenesis. Using the colonial tunicate Botryllus schlosseri, we combine transcriptomics and microscopy to build an atlas of the molecular and morphological signatures at each developmental stage for both pathways. The general molecular profiles of these processes are largely distinct. However, the relative timing of organogenesis and ordering of tissue-specific gene expression are conserved. By comparing the developmental pathways of B. schlosseri with other chordates, we identify hundreds of putative transcription factors with conserved temporal expression. Our findings demonstrate that convergent morphology need not imply convergent molecular mechanisms but that it showcases the importance that tissue-specific stem cells and transcription factors play in producing the same mature body through different pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Kowarsky
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Chiara Anselmi
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, and Ludwig Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Biology, Stanford University, Hopkins Marine Station, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA
| | - Kohji Hotta
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Keio University, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Paolo Burighel
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy
| | - Giovanna Zaniolo
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy
| | - Federico Caicci
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy
| | - Benyamin Rosental
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, and Ludwig Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Biology, Stanford University, Hopkins Marine Station, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA; The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cells, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Norma F Neff
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Katherine J Ishizuka
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, and Ludwig Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Biology, Stanford University, Hopkins Marine Station, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA
| | - Karla J Palmeri
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, and Ludwig Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Biology, Stanford University, Hopkins Marine Station, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA
| | | | - Tal Gordon
- Zoology Department, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Irving L Weissman
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, and Ludwig Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Biology, Stanford University, Hopkins Marine Station, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Stephen R Quake
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Departments of Applied Physics and Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lucia Manni
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy.
| | - Ayelet Voskoboynik
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, and Ludwig Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Biology, Stanford University, Hopkins Marine Station, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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40
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Harder MJ, Hix J, Reeves WM, Veeman MT. Ciona Brachyury proximal and distal enhancers have different FGF dose-response relationships. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009305. [PMID: 33465083 PMCID: PMC7846015 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many genes are regulated by two or more enhancers that drive similar expression patterns. Evolutionary theory suggests that these seemingly redundant enhancers must have functionally important differences. In the simple ascidian chordate Ciona, the transcription factor Brachyury is induced exclusively in the presumptive notochord downstream of lineage specific regulators and FGF-responsive Ets family transcription factors. Here we exploit the ability to finely titrate FGF signaling activity via the MAPK pathway using the MEK inhibitor U0126 to quantify the dependence of transcription driven by different Brachyury reporter constructs on this direct upstream regulator. We find that the more powerful promoter-adjacent proximal enhancer and a weaker distal enhancer have fundamentally different dose-response relationships to MAPK inhibition. The Distal enhancer is more sensitive to MAPK inhibition but shows a less cooperative response, whereas the Proximal enhancer is less sensitive and more cooperative. A longer construct containing both enhancers has a complex dose-response curve that supports the idea that the proximal and distal enhancers are moderately super-additive. We show that the overall expression loss from intermediate doses of U0126 is not only a function of the fraction of cells expressing these reporters, but also involves graded decreases in expression at the single-cell level. Expression of the endogenous gene shows a comparable dose-response relationship to the full length reporter, and we find that different notochord founder cells are differentially sensitive to MAPK inhibition. Together, these results indicate that although the two Brachyury enhancers have qualitatively similar expression patterns, they respond to FGF in quantitatively different ways and act together to drive high levels of Brachyury expression with a characteristic input/output relationship. This indicates that they are fundamentally not equivalent genetic elements. When and where genes are expressed is controlled by regulatory DNA regions known as enhancers. Genes often have multiple enhancers that control expression in different cell types or embryonic regions, but there are also genes that have multiple enhancers that control near-identical expression patterns. These ‘shadow’ enhancers are common features of many animal genomes, but it is unclear to what extent they are truly identical in function. Here we studied a pair of shadow enhancers for the notochord-specific gene Brachyury in the simple model chordate Ciona that are both directly activated by the same signaling pathway. We titrated the activity of this pathway with graded doses of a pharmacological inhibitor and measured the effects in quantitative enhancer assays. We found that the two enhancers had significant differences in sensitivity and cooperativity to the same shared regulator and are thus not identical in function when assessed quantitatively. We also identified subtle differences in sensitivity to this upstream signal between different notochord precursor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Harder
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Julie Hix
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Wendy M. Reeves
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Michael T. Veeman
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Cyclin-dependent Kinase 1 and Aurora Kinase choreograph mitotic storage and redistribution of a growth factor receptor. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001029. [PMID: 33395410 PMCID: PMC7808676 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Endosomal trafficking of receptors and associated proteins plays a critical role in signal processing. Until recently, it was thought that trafficking was shut down during cell division. Thus, remarkably, the regulation of trafficking during division remains poorly characterized. Here we delineate the role of mitotic kinases in receptor trafficking during asymmetric division. Targeted perturbations reveal that Cyclin-dependent Kinase 1 (CDK1) and Aurora Kinase promote storage of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors (FGFRs) by suppressing endosomal degradation and recycling pathways. As cells progress through metaphase, loss of CDK1 activity permits differential degradation and targeted recycling of stored receptors, leading to asymmetric induction. Mitotic receptor storage, as delineated in this study, may facilitate rapid reestablishment of signaling competence in nascent daughter cells. However, mutations that limit or enhance the release of stored signaling components could alter daughter cell fate or behavior thereby promoting oncogenesis. This study provides fundamental insights into the crosstalk between cell division and signaling, with implications for cancer. High-resolution in vivo analysis reveals that dividing cells sequester signal receptor proteins into internal compartments; stored receptors are then redistributed as cells complete division.
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Lu Q, Gao Y, Fu Y, Peng H, Shi W, Li B, Lv Z, Feng XQ, Dong B. Ciona embryonic tail bending is driven by asymmetrical notochord contractility and coordinated by epithelial proliferation. Development 2020; 147:147/24/dev185868. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.185868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Ventral bending of the embryonic tail within the chorion is an evolutionarily conserved morphogenetic event in both invertebrates and vertebrates. However, the complexity of the anatomical structure of vertebrate embryos makes it difficult to experimentally identify the mechanisms underlying embryonic folding. This study investigated the mechanisms underlying embryonic tail bending in chordates. To further understand the mechanical role of each tissue, we also developed a physical model with experimentally measured parameters to simulate embryonic tail bending. Actomyosin asymmetrically accumulated at the ventral side of the notochord, and cell proliferation of the dorsal tail epidermis was faster than that in the ventral counterpart during embryonic tail bending. Genetic disruption of actomyosin activity and inhibition of cell proliferation dorsally caused abnormal tail bending, indicating that both asymmetrical actomyosin contractility in the notochord and the discrepancy of epidermis cell proliferation are required for tail bending. In addition, asymmetrical notochord contractility was sufficient to drive embryonic tail bending, whereas differential epidermis proliferation was a passive response to mechanical forces. These findings showed that asymmetrical notochord contractility coordinates with differential epidermis proliferation mechanisms to drive embryonic tail bending.
This article has an associated ‘The people behind the papers’ interview.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongxuan Lu
- Sars-Fang Centre, MoE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuanyuan Fu
- Sars-Fang Centre, MoE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Hongzhe Peng
- Sars-Fang Centre, MoE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Wenjie Shi
- Sars-Fang Centre, MoE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Bo Li
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhiyi Lv
- Sars-Fang Centre, MoE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xi-Qiao Feng
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bo Dong
- Sars-Fang Centre, MoE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
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Coulcher JF, Roure A, Chowdhury R, Robert M, Lescat L, Bouin A, Carvajal Cadavid J, Nishida H, Darras S. Conservation of peripheral nervous system formation mechanisms in divergent ascidian embryos. eLife 2020; 9:e59157. [PMID: 33191918 PMCID: PMC7710358 DOI: 10.7554/elife.59157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Ascidians with very similar embryos but highly divergent genomes are thought to have undergone extensive developmental system drift. We compared, in four species (Ciona and Phallusia for Phlebobranchia, Molgula and Halocynthia for Stolidobranchia), gene expression and gene regulation for a network of six transcription factors regulating peripheral nervous system (PNS) formation in Ciona. All genes, but one in Molgula, were expressed in the PNS with some differences correlating with phylogenetic distance. Cross-species transgenesis indicated strong levels of conservation, except in Molgula, in gene regulation despite lack of sequence conservation of the enhancers. Developmental system drift in ascidians is thus higher for gene regulation than for gene expression and is impacted not only by phylogenetic distance, but also in a clade-specific manner and unevenly within a network. Finally, considering that Molgula is divergent in our analyses, this suggests deep conservation of developmental mechanisms in ascidians after 390 My of separate evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua F Coulcher
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins (BIOM)Banyuls-sur-MerFrance
| | - Agnès Roure
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins (BIOM)Banyuls-sur-MerFrance
| | - Rafath Chowdhury
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins (BIOM)Banyuls-sur-MerFrance
| | - Méryl Robert
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins (BIOM)Banyuls-sur-MerFrance
| | - Laury Lescat
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins (BIOM)Banyuls-sur-MerFrance
| | - Aurélie Bouin
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins (BIOM)Banyuls-sur-MerFrance
| | - Juliana Carvajal Cadavid
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins (BIOM)Banyuls-sur-MerFrance
| | - Hiroki Nishida
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka UniversityToyonakaJapan
| | - Sébastien Darras
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins (BIOM)Banyuls-sur-MerFrance
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Hotta K, Dauga D, Manni L. The ontology of the anatomy and development of the solitary ascidian Ciona: the swimming larva and its metamorphosis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17916. [PMID: 33087765 PMCID: PMC7578030 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73544-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ciona robusta (Ciona intestinalis type A), a model organism for biological studies, belongs to ascidians, the main class of tunicates, which are the closest relatives of vertebrates. In Ciona, a project on the ontology of both development and anatomy is ongoing for several years. Its goal is to standardize a resource relating each anatomical structure to developmental stages. Today, the ontology is codified until the hatching larva stage. Here, we present its extension throughout the swimming larva stages, the metamorphosis, until the juvenile stages. For standardizing the developmental ontology, we acquired different time-lapse movies, confocal microscope images and histological serial section images for each developmental event from the hatching larva stage (17.5 h post fertilization) to the juvenile stage (7 days post fertilization). Combining these data, we defined 12 new distinct developmental stages (from Stage 26 to Stage 37), in addition to the previously defined 26 stages, referred to embryonic development. The new stages were grouped into four Periods named: Adhesion, Tail Absorption, Body Axis Rotation, and Juvenile. To build the anatomical ontology, 203 anatomical entities were identified, defined according to the literature, and annotated, taking advantage from the high resolution and the complementary information obtained from confocal microscopy and histology. The ontology describes the anatomical entities in hierarchical levels, from the cell level (cell lineage) to the tissue/organ level. Comparing the number of entities during development, we found two rounds on entity increase: in addition to the one occurring after fertilization, there is a second one during the Body Axis Rotation Period, when juvenile structures appear. Vice versa, one-third of anatomical entities associated with the embryo/larval life were significantly reduced at the beginning of metamorphosis. Data was finally integrated within the web-based resource "TunicAnatO", which includes a number of anatomical images and a dictionary with synonyms. This ontology will allow the standardization of data underpinning an accurate annotation of gene expression and the comprehension of mechanisms of differentiation. It will help in understanding the emergence of elaborated structures during both embryogenesis and metamorphosis, shedding light on tissue degeneration and differentiation occurring at metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohji Hotta
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Kouhoku-ku, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan.
| | - Delphine Dauga
- Bioself Communication, 28 rue de la bibliotheque, 13001, Marseille, France
| | - Lucia Manni
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35121, Padova, Italy.
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Coppola U, Kamal AK, Stolfi A, Ristoratore F. The Cis-Regulatory Code for Kelch-like 21/30 Specific Expression in Ciona robusta Sensory Organs. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:569601. [PMID: 33043001 PMCID: PMC7517041 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.569601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The tunicate Ciona robusta is an emerging model system to study the evolution of the nervous system. Due to their small embryos and compact genomes, tunicates, like Ciona robusta, have great potential to comprehend genetic circuitry underlying cell specific gene repertoire, among different neuronal cells. Their simple larvae possess a sensory vesicle comprising two pigmented sensory organs, the ocellus and the otolith. We focused here on Klhl21/30, a gene belonging to Kelch family, that, in Ciona robusta, starts to be expressed in pigmented cell precursors, becoming specifically maintained in the otolith precursor during embryogenesis. Evolutionary analyses demonstrated the conservation of Klhl21/30 in all the chordates. Cis-regulatory analyses and CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis of potential upstream factors, revealed that Klhl21/30 expression is controlled by the combined action of three transcription factors, Mitf, Dmrt, and Msx, which are downstream of FGF signaling. The central role of Mitf is consistent with its function as a fundamental regulator of vertebrate pigment cell development. Moreover, our results unraveled a new function for Dmrt and Msx as transcriptional co-activators in the context of the Ciona otolith.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Coppola
- Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn Napoli, Naples, Italy.,School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Ashwani Kumar Kamal
- Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Alberto Stolfi
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Filomena Ristoratore
- Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn Napoli, Naples, Italy
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Coppola U, Olivo P, D’Aniello E, Johnson CJ, Stolfi A, Ristoratore F. Rimbp, a New Marker for the Nervous System of the Tunicate Ciona robusta. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11091006. [PMID: 32867148 PMCID: PMC7565545 DOI: 10.3390/genes11091006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Establishment of presynaptic mechanisms by proteins that regulate neurotransmitter release in the presynaptic active zone is considered a fundamental step in animal evolution. Rab3 interacting molecule-binding proteins (Rimbps) are crucial components of the presynaptic active zone and key players in calcium homeostasis. Although Rimbp involvement in these dynamics has been described in distantly related models such as fly and human, the role of this family in most invertebrates remains obscure. To fill this gap, we defined the evolutionary history of Rimbp family in animals, from sponges to mammals. We report, for the first time, the expression of the two isoforms of the unique Rimbp family member in Ciona robusta in distinct domains of the larval nervous system. We identify intronic enhancers that are able to drive expression in different nervous system territories partially corresponding to Rimbp endogenous expression. The analysis of gene expression patterns and the identification of regulatory elements of Rimbp will positively impact our understanding of this family of genes in the context of Ciona embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Coppola
- Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80121 Napoli, Italy; (U.C.); (P.O.); (E.D.)
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA;
| | - Paola Olivo
- Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80121 Napoli, Italy; (U.C.); (P.O.); (E.D.)
| | - Enrico D’Aniello
- Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80121 Napoli, Italy; (U.C.); (P.O.); (E.D.)
| | | | - Alberto Stolfi
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA;
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (F.R.)
| | - Filomena Ristoratore
- Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80121 Napoli, Italy; (U.C.); (P.O.); (E.D.)
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (F.R.)
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Transphyletic conservation of nitric oxide synthase regulation in cephalochordates and tunicates. Dev Genes Evol 2020; 230:329-338. [PMID: 32839880 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-020-00668-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide synthase is ubiquitously present in metazoans and is involved in a wide range of biological processes. Three distinct Nos genes have been so far identified in vertebrates exhibiting a complex expression pattern and transcriptional regulation. Nevertheless, although independent events of Nos duplication have been observed in several taxa, only few studies described the regulatory mechanisms responsible for their activation in non-vertebrate animals. To shed light on the mechanisms underlying neuronal-type Nos expression, we focused on two non-vertebrate chordates: the cephalochordate Branchiostoma lanceolatum and the tunicate Ciona robusta. Here, throughout transphyletic and transgenic approaches, we identified genomic regions in both species acting as Nos functional enhancers during development. In vivo analyses of Nos genomic fragments revealed their ability to recapitulate the endogenous expression territories. Therefore, our results suggest the existence of evolutionary conserved mechanisms responsible for neuronal-type Nos regulation in non-vertebrate chordates. In conclusion, this study paves the way for future characterization of conserved transcriptional logic underlying the expression of neuronal-type Nos genes in chordates.
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48
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Hashimoto H, Munro E. Differential Expression of a Classic Cadherin Directs Tissue-Level Contractile Asymmetry during Neural Tube Closure. Dev Cell 2020; 51:158-172.e4. [PMID: 31639367 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Embryos control force generation at tissue boundaries, but how they do so remains poorly understood. Here we show how tissue-specific expression of the type II cadherin, Cadherin2, patterns actomyosin contractility along tissue boundaries to control zippering and neural tube closure in the basal chordate, Ciona robusta. Cadherin2 is differentially expressed and homotypically enriched in neural cells along the neural/epidermal (Ne/Epi) boundary, where RhoA and myosin are activated during zipper progression. Homotypically enriched Cadherin2 sequesters the Rho GTPase-activating protein, Gap21/23, to homotypic junctions. Gap21/23 in turn redirects RhoA/myosin activity to heterotypic Ne/Epi junctions. By activating myosin II along Ne/Epi junctions ahead of the zipper and inhibiting myosin II along newly formed Ne/Ne junctions behind the zipper, Cadherin2 promotes tissue-level contractile asymmetry to drive zipper progression. We propose that dynamic coupling of junction exchange to local changes in contractility may control fusion and separation of epithelia in many other contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidehiko Hashimoto
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | - Edwin Munro
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Committee on Development, Regeneration, and Stem Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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49
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Sladitschek HL, Fiuza UM, Pavlinic D, Benes V, Hufnagel L, Neveu PA. MorphoSeq: Full Single-Cell Transcriptome Dynamics Up to Gastrulation in a Chordate. Cell 2020; 181:922-935.e21. [PMID: 32315617 PMCID: PMC7237864 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) provides a leap forward in resolving cellular diversity and developmental trajectories but fails to comprehensively delineate the spatial organization and precise cellular makeup of individual embryos. Here, we reconstruct from scRNA-seq and light sheet imaging data a canonical digital embryo that captures the genome-wide gene expression trajectory of every single cell at every cell division in the 18 lineages up to gastrulation in the ascidian Phallusia mammillata. By using high-coverage scRNA-seq, we devise a computational framework that stratifies single cells of individual embryos into cell types without prior knowledge. Unbiased transcriptome data analysis mapped each cell’s physical position and lineage history, yielding the complete history of gene expression at the genome-wide level for every single cell in a developing embryo. A comparison of individual embryos reveals both extensive reproducibility between symmetric embryo sides and a large inter-embryonic variability due to small differences in embryogenesis timing. Integration of scRNA-seq and imaging data yield a canonical digital embryo Cell type classification without prior knowledge De novo reconstruction of the lineage history and spatial organization of the embryo Timing differences contribute to inter-embryo variability in gene expression
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna L Sladitschek
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua School of Medicine, 35126 Padua, Italy
| | - Ulla-Maj Fiuza
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dinko Pavlinic
- Genomics Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vladimir Benes
- Genomics Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lars Hufnagel
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Pierre A Neveu
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
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50
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Matsumura KD, Nakamura MJ, Koizumi WC, Hotta K, Oka K. Different strategies for tissue scaling in dwarf tailbud embryos revealed by single-cell analysis. Dev Biol 2020; 460:215-223. [PMID: 31981562 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The tailbud stage is part of the organogenesis period-an evolutionarily conserved developmental period among chordates that is essential for determining the characteristics of the chordate body plan. When the volume of the egg is artificially decreased by cutting, ascidians produce a normal-looking but miniature (dwarf) tailbud embryo. Although cell lineages during ascidian embryogenesis are invariant, the number of cell divisions in the dwarf embryo is altered by a different mechanism in each tissue (Yamada and Nishida, 1999). Here, to elucidate the size-regulation strategies of the Ciona robusta dwarf tailbud embryo, we compared anatomical structure, developmental speed, and cell number/volume in each tissue between dwarf and wild type (WT) embryos. To do this, we constructed a 3D virtual mid-tailbud embryo (Nakamura et al., 2012). We could make a Ciona dwarf tailbud embryo from eggs with a diameter over 108 μm (correspond to > 40% of the wild type egg volume). The timings of cleavage (~St. 12) and subsequent morphogenesis were nearly the same but blastomeres of animal hemisphere slightly delayed the timing of mitosis in the early cleavage period. Intriguingly, the tissue-to-tissue volume ratios of dwarf tailbud embryos were similar to those of wild type embryos suggesting that the ratio of tissue volumes is essential for maintaining the proper shape of the tailbud embryo. The number of cells in the epidermis, nervous system, and mesenchyme was significantly reduced in the dwarf embryos whereas the cell volume distribution of these tissues was similar in the dwarf and wild type. In contrast, the number of cells in the notochord, muscle, heart, and endoderm were maintained in the dwarf embryos; cell volumes were significantly reduced. Neither parameter changed in germline precursors. These results indicate that each tissue uses different scaling strategies to coordinate cell number and cell volume in accordance with the embryo size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru D Matsumura
- Department of Bioscience and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Mitsuru J Nakamura
- Department of Bioscience and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan; Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Komaba, 153-8902, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wataru C Koizumi
- Department of Bioscience and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Kohji Hotta
- Department of Bioscience and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan.
| | - Kotaro Oka
- Department of Bioscience and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan; Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsucho, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan; Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, 80708, Taiwan
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