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Wang HL, Wang L, Zhao CY, Lan HY. Role of TGF-Beta Signaling in Beta Cell Proliferation and Function in Diabetes. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12030373. [PMID: 35327565 PMCID: PMC8945211 DOI: 10.3390/biom12030373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Beta (β) cell dysfunction or loss is the common pathological feature in all types of diabetes mellitus (diabetes). Resolving the underlying mechanism may facilitate the treatment of diabetes by preserving the β cell population and function. It is known that TGF-β signaling plays diverse roles in β cell development, function, proliferation, apoptosis, and dedifferentiation. Inhibition of TGF-β signaling expands β cell lineage in the development. However, deletion of Tgfbr1 has no influence on insulin demand-induced but abolishes inflammation-induced β cell proliferation. Among canonical TGF-β signaling, Smad3 but not Smad2 is the predominant repressor of β cell proliferation in response to systemic insulin demand. Deletion of Smad3 simultaneously improves β cell function, apoptosis, and systemic insulin resistance with the consequence of eliminated overt diabetes in diabetic mouse models, revealing Smad3 as a key mediator and ideal therapeutic target for type-2 diabetes. However, Smad7 shows controversial effects on β cell proliferation and glucose homeostasis in animal studies. On the other hand, overexpression of Tgfb1 prevents β cells from autoimmune destruction without influence on β cell function. All these findings reveal the diverse regulatory roles of TGF-β signaling in β cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Lian Wang
- Research Center for Integrative Medicine, The Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China; (H.-L.W.); (L.W.)
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Li Wang
- Research Center for Integrative Medicine, The Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China; (H.-L.W.); (L.W.)
| | - Chang-Ying Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China;
| | - Hui-Yao Lan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital Joint Research Laboratory on Immunological and Genetic Kidney Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +852-37-636-061
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Qiu W, Kuo CY, Tian Y, Su GH. Dual Roles of the Activin Signaling Pathway in Pancreatic Cancer. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9070821. [PMID: 34356885 PMCID: PMC8301451 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9070821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Activin, a member of the TGF-β superfamily, is involved in many physiological processes, such as embryonic development and follicle development, as well as in multiple human diseases including cancer. Genetic mutations in the activin signaling pathway have been reported in many cancer types, indicating that activin signaling plays a critical role in tumorigenesis. Recent evidence reveals that activin signaling may function as a tumor-suppressor in tumor initiation, and a promoter in the later progression and metastasis of tumors. This article reviews many aspects of activin, including the signaling cascade of activin, activin-related proteins, and its role in tumorigenesis, particularly in pancreatic cancer development. The mechanisms regulating its dual roles in tumorigenesis remain to be elucidated. Further understanding of the activin signaling pathway may identify potential therapeutic targets for human cancers and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanglong Qiu
- The Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; (W.Q.); (C.K.); (Y.T.)
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Chia-Yu Kuo
- The Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; (W.Q.); (C.K.); (Y.T.)
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Yu Tian
- The Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; (W.Q.); (C.K.); (Y.T.)
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Gloria H. Su
- The Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; (W.Q.); (C.K.); (Y.T.)
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Correspondence:
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Abstract
Pancreatic islet beta cells (β-cells) synthesize and secrete insulin in response to rising glucose levels and thus are a prime target in both major forms of diabetes. Type 1 diabetes ensues due to autoimmune destruction of β-cells. On the other hand, the prevailing insulin resistance and hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes (T2D) elicits a compensatory response from β-cells that involves increases in β-cell mass and function. However, the sustained metabolic stress results in β-cell failure, characterized by severe β-cell dysfunction and loss of β-cell mass. Dynamic changes to β-cell mass also occur during pancreatic development that involves extensive growth and morphogenesis. These orchestrated events are triggered by multiple signaling pathways, including those representing the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) superfamily. TGF-β pathway ligands play important roles during endocrine pancreas development, β-cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Furthermore, new findings are suggestive of TGF-β's role in regulation of adult β-cell mass and function. Collectively, these findings support the therapeutic utility of targeting TGF-β in diabetes. Summarizing the role of the various TGF-β pathway ligands in β-cell development, growth and function in normal physiology, and during diabetes pathogenesis is the topic of this mini-review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hyun Lee
- Cell Growth and Metabolism Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology & Obesity Branch, National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Clinical Research Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ji-Hyeon Lee
- Cell Growth and Metabolism Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology & Obesity Branch, National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Clinical Research Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sushil G Rane
- Cell Growth and Metabolism Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology & Obesity Branch, National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Clinical Research Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Correspondence: Sushil G. Rane, PhD, Cell Growth and Metabolism Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology and Obesity Branch, National Institutes of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Clinical Research Center, Building 10, CRC-West 5-5940, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Li H, Li Y, Xiang L, Zhang J, Zhu B, Xiang L, Dong J, Liu M, Xiang G. GDF11 Attenuates Development of Type 2 Diabetes via Improvement of Islet β-Cell Function and Survival. Diabetes 2017; 66:1914-1927. [PMID: 28450417 DOI: 10.2337/db17-0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11) has been implicated in the regulation of islet development and a variety of aging conditions, but little is known about the physiological functions of GDF11 in adult pancreatic islets. Here, we showed that systematic replenishment of GDF11 not only preserved insulin secretion but also improved the survival and morphology of β-cells and improved glucose metabolism in both nongenetic and genetic mouse models of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Conversely, anti-GDF11 monoclonal antibody treatment caused β-cell failure and lethal T2D. In vitro treatment of isolated murine islets and MIN6 cells with recombinant GDF11 attenuated glucotoxicity-induced β-cell dysfunction and apoptosis. Mechanistically, the GDF11-mediated protective effects could be attributed to the activation of transforming growth factor-β/Smad2 and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase-AKT-FoxO1 signaling. These findings suggest that GDF11 repletion may improve β-cell function and mass and thus may lead to a new therapeutic approach for T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Command, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yixiang Li
- Radiation-Diagnostic/Oncology School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Lingwei Xiang
- Mathematics and Statistics Department, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA
| | - JiaJia Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Command, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Biao Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Command, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Lin Xiang
- Department of Endocrinology, Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Command, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jing Dong
- Department of Endocrinology, Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Command, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Command, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Guangda Xiang
- Department of Endocrinology, Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Command, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
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Al-Khawaga S, Memon B, Butler AE, Taheri S, Abou-Samra AB, Abdelalim EM. Pathways governing development of stem cell-derived pancreatic β cells: lessons from embryogenesis. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Al-Khawaga
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute; Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Education City; Doha Qatar
| | - Bushra Memon
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute; Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Education City; Doha Qatar
| | - Alexandra E. Butler
- Larry L. Hillblom Islet Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine; University of California; Los Angeles CA 90095 U.S.A
| | - Shahrad Taheri
- Department of Medicine; Weill Cornell Medicine in Qatar, Qatar Foundation, Education City, PO BOX 24144; Doha Qatar
- Department of Medicine; Qatar Metabolic Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation; Doha Qatar
| | - Abdul B. Abou-Samra
- Department of Medicine; Weill Cornell Medicine in Qatar, Qatar Foundation, Education City, PO BOX 24144; Doha Qatar
- Department of Medicine; Qatar Metabolic Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation; Doha Qatar
| | - Essam M. Abdelalim
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute; Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Education City; Doha Qatar
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El-Gohary Y, Wiersch J, Tulachan S, Xiao X, Guo P, Rymer C, Fischbach S, Prasadan K, Shiota C, Gaffar I, Song Z, Galambos C, Esni F, Gittes GK. Intraislet Pancreatic Ducts Can Give Rise to Insulin-Positive Cells. Endocrinology 2016; 157:166-75. [PMID: 26505114 PMCID: PMC4701882 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A key question in diabetes research is whether new β-cells can be derived from endogenous, nonendocrine cells. The potential for pancreatic ductal cells to convert into β-cells is a highly debated issue. To date, it remains unclear what anatomical process would result in duct-derived cells coming to exist within preexisting islets. We used a whole-mount technique to directly visualize the pancreatic ductal network in young wild-type mice, young humans, and wild-type and transgenic mice after partial pancreatectomy. Pancreatic ductal networks, originating from the main ductal tree, were found to reside deep within islets in young mice and humans but not in mature mice or humans. These networks were also not present in normal adult mice after partial pancreatectomy, but TGF-β receptor mutant mice demonstrated formation of these intraislet duct structures after partial pancreatectomy. Genetic and viral lineage tracings were used to determine whether endocrine cells were derived from pancreatic ducts. Lineage tracing confirmed that pancreatic ductal cells can typically convert into new β-cells in normal young developing mice as well as in adult TGF-β signaling mutant mice after partial pancreatectomy. Here the direct visual evidence of ducts growing into islets, along with lineage tracing, not only represents strong evidence for duct cells giving rise to β-cells in the postnatal pancreas but also importantly implicates TGF-β signaling in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef El-Gohary
- Departments of Surgery (Y.E.-G., J.W., X.X., P.G., K.P., C.S., I.G., Z.S., F.E., G.K.G.) and Pediatrics (C.R.), Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224; Department of Surgery (Y.E.-G.), Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, New York 11794; Department of Surgery (J.W.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229; Section of Gastroenterology/Hepatology (S.T.), Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; Division of Biology and Medicine (S.F.), Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912; Department of General Surgery (Z.S.), The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Yuelu, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China; and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.G.), Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - John Wiersch
- Departments of Surgery (Y.E.-G., J.W., X.X., P.G., K.P., C.S., I.G., Z.S., F.E., G.K.G.) and Pediatrics (C.R.), Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224; Department of Surgery (Y.E.-G.), Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, New York 11794; Department of Surgery (J.W.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229; Section of Gastroenterology/Hepatology (S.T.), Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; Division of Biology and Medicine (S.F.), Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912; Department of General Surgery (Z.S.), The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Yuelu, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China; and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.G.), Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Sidhartha Tulachan
- Departments of Surgery (Y.E.-G., J.W., X.X., P.G., K.P., C.S., I.G., Z.S., F.E., G.K.G.) and Pediatrics (C.R.), Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224; Department of Surgery (Y.E.-G.), Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, New York 11794; Department of Surgery (J.W.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229; Section of Gastroenterology/Hepatology (S.T.), Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; Division of Biology and Medicine (S.F.), Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912; Department of General Surgery (Z.S.), The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Yuelu, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China; and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.G.), Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Xiangwei Xiao
- Departments of Surgery (Y.E.-G., J.W., X.X., P.G., K.P., C.S., I.G., Z.S., F.E., G.K.G.) and Pediatrics (C.R.), Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224; Department of Surgery (Y.E.-G.), Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, New York 11794; Department of Surgery (J.W.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229; Section of Gastroenterology/Hepatology (S.T.), Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; Division of Biology and Medicine (S.F.), Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912; Department of General Surgery (Z.S.), The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Yuelu, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China; and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.G.), Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Ping Guo
- Departments of Surgery (Y.E.-G., J.W., X.X., P.G., K.P., C.S., I.G., Z.S., F.E., G.K.G.) and Pediatrics (C.R.), Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224; Department of Surgery (Y.E.-G.), Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, New York 11794; Department of Surgery (J.W.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229; Section of Gastroenterology/Hepatology (S.T.), Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; Division of Biology and Medicine (S.F.), Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912; Department of General Surgery (Z.S.), The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Yuelu, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China; and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.G.), Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Christopher Rymer
- Departments of Surgery (Y.E.-G., J.W., X.X., P.G., K.P., C.S., I.G., Z.S., F.E., G.K.G.) and Pediatrics (C.R.), Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224; Department of Surgery (Y.E.-G.), Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, New York 11794; Department of Surgery (J.W.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229; Section of Gastroenterology/Hepatology (S.T.), Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; Division of Biology and Medicine (S.F.), Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912; Department of General Surgery (Z.S.), The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Yuelu, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China; and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.G.), Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Shane Fischbach
- Departments of Surgery (Y.E.-G., J.W., X.X., P.G., K.P., C.S., I.G., Z.S., F.E., G.K.G.) and Pediatrics (C.R.), Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224; Department of Surgery (Y.E.-G.), Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, New York 11794; Department of Surgery (J.W.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229; Section of Gastroenterology/Hepatology (S.T.), Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; Division of Biology and Medicine (S.F.), Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912; Department of General Surgery (Z.S.), The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Yuelu, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China; and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.G.), Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Krishna Prasadan
- Departments of Surgery (Y.E.-G., J.W., X.X., P.G., K.P., C.S., I.G., Z.S., F.E., G.K.G.) and Pediatrics (C.R.), Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224; Department of Surgery (Y.E.-G.), Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, New York 11794; Department of Surgery (J.W.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229; Section of Gastroenterology/Hepatology (S.T.), Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; Division of Biology and Medicine (S.F.), Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912; Department of General Surgery (Z.S.), The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Yuelu, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China; and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.G.), Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Chiyo Shiota
- Departments of Surgery (Y.E.-G., J.W., X.X., P.G., K.P., C.S., I.G., Z.S., F.E., G.K.G.) and Pediatrics (C.R.), Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224; Department of Surgery (Y.E.-G.), Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, New York 11794; Department of Surgery (J.W.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229; Section of Gastroenterology/Hepatology (S.T.), Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; Division of Biology and Medicine (S.F.), Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912; Department of General Surgery (Z.S.), The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Yuelu, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China; and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.G.), Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Iljana Gaffar
- Departments of Surgery (Y.E.-G., J.W., X.X., P.G., K.P., C.S., I.G., Z.S., F.E., G.K.G.) and Pediatrics (C.R.), Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224; Department of Surgery (Y.E.-G.), Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, New York 11794; Department of Surgery (J.W.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229; Section of Gastroenterology/Hepatology (S.T.), Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; Division of Biology and Medicine (S.F.), Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912; Department of General Surgery (Z.S.), The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Yuelu, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China; and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.G.), Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Zewen Song
- Departments of Surgery (Y.E.-G., J.W., X.X., P.G., K.P., C.S., I.G., Z.S., F.E., G.K.G.) and Pediatrics (C.R.), Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224; Department of Surgery (Y.E.-G.), Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, New York 11794; Department of Surgery (J.W.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229; Section of Gastroenterology/Hepatology (S.T.), Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; Division of Biology and Medicine (S.F.), Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912; Department of General Surgery (Z.S.), The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Yuelu, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China; and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.G.), Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Csaba Galambos
- Departments of Surgery (Y.E.-G., J.W., X.X., P.G., K.P., C.S., I.G., Z.S., F.E., G.K.G.) and Pediatrics (C.R.), Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224; Department of Surgery (Y.E.-G.), Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, New York 11794; Department of Surgery (J.W.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229; Section of Gastroenterology/Hepatology (S.T.), Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; Division of Biology and Medicine (S.F.), Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912; Department of General Surgery (Z.S.), The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Yuelu, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China; and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.G.), Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Farzad Esni
- Departments of Surgery (Y.E.-G., J.W., X.X., P.G., K.P., C.S., I.G., Z.S., F.E., G.K.G.) and Pediatrics (C.R.), Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224; Department of Surgery (Y.E.-G.), Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, New York 11794; Department of Surgery (J.W.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229; Section of Gastroenterology/Hepatology (S.T.), Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; Division of Biology and Medicine (S.F.), Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912; Department of General Surgery (Z.S.), The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Yuelu, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China; and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.G.), Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - George K Gittes
- Departments of Surgery (Y.E.-G., J.W., X.X., P.G., K.P., C.S., I.G., Z.S., F.E., G.K.G.) and Pediatrics (C.R.), Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224; Department of Surgery (Y.E.-G.), Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, New York 11794; Department of Surgery (J.W.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229; Section of Gastroenterology/Hepatology (S.T.), Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; Division of Biology and Medicine (S.F.), Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912; Department of General Surgery (Z.S.), The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Yuelu, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China; and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.G.), Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045
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Andrzejewski D, Brown ML, Ungerleider N, Burnside A, Schneyer AL. Activins A and B Regulate Fate-Determining Gene Expression in Islet Cell Lines and Islet Cells From Male Mice. Endocrinology 2015; 156:2440-50. [PMID: 25961841 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
TGFβ superfamily ligands, receptors, and second messengers, including activins A and B, have been identified in pancreatic islets and proposed to have important roles regulating development, proliferation, and function. We previously demonstrated that Fstl3 (an antagonist of activin activity) null mice have larger islets with β-cell hyperplasia and improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in the absence of altered β-cell proliferation. This suggested the hypothesis that increased activin signaling influences β-cell expansion by destabilizing the α-cell phenotype and promoting transdifferentiation to β-cells. We tested the first part of this hypothesis by treating α- and β-cell lines and sorted mouse islet cells with activin and related ligands. Treatment of the αTC1-6 α cell line with activins A or B suppressed critical α-cell gene expression, including Arx, glucagon, and MafB while also enhancing β-cell gene expression. In INS-1E β-cells, activin A treatment induced a significant increase in Pax4 (a fate determining β-cell gene) and insulin expression. In sorted primary islet cells, α-cell gene expression was again suppressed by activin treatment in α-cells, whereas Pax4 was enhanced in β-cells. Activin treatment in both cell lines and primary cells resulted in phosphorylated mothers against decapentaplegic-2 phosphorylation. Finally, treatment of αTC1-6 cells with activins A or B significantly inhibited proliferation. These results support the hypothesis that activin signaling destabilized the α-cell phenotype while promoting a β-cell fate. Moreover, these results support a model in which the β-cell expansion observed in Fstl3 null mice may be due, at least in part, to enhanced α- to β-cell transdifferentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Andrzejewski
- Departments of Veterinary and Animal Science (D.A., A.B., A.L.S.) and Nutrition (M.L.B.), and Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program (N.U.), University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Melissa L Brown
- Departments of Veterinary and Animal Science (D.A., A.B., A.L.S.) and Nutrition (M.L.B.), and Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program (N.U.), University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Nathan Ungerleider
- Departments of Veterinary and Animal Science (D.A., A.B., A.L.S.) and Nutrition (M.L.B.), and Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program (N.U.), University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Amy Burnside
- Departments of Veterinary and Animal Science (D.A., A.B., A.L.S.) and Nutrition (M.L.B.), and Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program (N.U.), University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Alan L Schneyer
- Departments of Veterinary and Animal Science (D.A., A.B., A.L.S.) and Nutrition (M.L.B.), and Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program (N.U.), University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
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8
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Nomura M, Morinaga H, Zhu HL, Wang L, Hasuzawa N, Takayanagi R, Teramoto N. Activation of activin type IB receptor signals in pancreatic β cells leads to defective insulin secretion through the attenuation of ATP-sensitive K+ channel activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 450:440-6. [PMID: 24928396 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.05.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In studies of gene-ablated mice, activin signaling through activin type IIB receptors (ActRIIB) and Smad2 has been shown to regulate not only pancreatic β cell mass but also insulin secretion. However, it still remains unclear whether gain of function of activin signaling is involved in the modulation of pancreatic β cell mass and insulin secretion. To identify distinct roles of activin signaling in pancreatic β cells, the Cre-loxP system was used to activate signaling through activin type IB receptor (ActRIB) in pancreatic β cells. The resultant mice (pancreatic β cell-specific ActRIB transgenic (Tg) mice; ActRIBCAβTg) exhibited a defect in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) and a progressive impairment of glucose tolerance. Patch-clamp techniques revealed that the activity of ATP-sensitive K(+) channels (KATP channels) was decreased in mutant β cells. These results indicate that an appropriate level of activin signaling may be required for GSIS in pancreatic β cells, and that activin signaling involves modulation of KATP channel activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Nomura
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi Ward, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Morinaga
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi Ward, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hai-Lei Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga 849-8501, Japan
| | - Lixiang Wang
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi Ward, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Nao Hasuzawa
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi Ward, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Takayanagi
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi Ward, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Noriyoshi Teramoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga 849-8501, Japan; Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo, Aoba Ward, Sendai 980-8575, Japan.
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9
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Lodh S, O’Hare EA, Zaghloul NA. Primary cilia in pancreatic development and disease. BIRTH DEFECTS RESEARCH. PART C, EMBRYO TODAY : REVIEWS 2014; 102:139-58. [PMID: 24864023 PMCID: PMC4213238 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia and their anchoring basal bodies are important regulators of a growing list of signaling pathways. Consequently, dysfunction in proteins associated with these structures results in perturbation of the development and function of a spectrum of tissue and cell types. Here, we review the role of cilia in mediating the development and function of the pancreas. We focus on ciliary regulation of major pathways involved in pancreatic development, including Shh, Wnt, TGF-β, Notch, and fibroblast growth factor. We also discuss pancreatic phenotypes associated with ciliary dysfunction, including pancreatic cysts and defects in glucose homeostasis, and explore the potential role of cilia in such defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanya Lodh
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Elizabeth A. O’Hare
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Norann A. Zaghloul
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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10
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Stevens A, De Leonibus C, Hanson D, Dowsey AW, Whatmore A, Meyer S, Donn RP, Chatelain P, Banerjee I, Cosgrove KE, Clayton PE, Dunne MJ. Network analysis: a new approach to study endocrine disorders. J Mol Endocrinol 2014; 52:R79-93. [PMID: 24085748 DOI: 10.1530/jme-13-0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Systems biology is the study of the interactions that occur between the components of individual cells - including genes, proteins, transcription factors, small molecules, and metabolites, and their relationships to complex physiological and pathological processes. The application of systems biology to medicine promises rapid advances in both our understanding of disease and the development of novel treatment options. Network biology has emerged as the primary tool for studying systems biology as it utilises the mathematical analysis of the relationships between connected objects in a biological system and allows the integration of varied 'omic' datasets (including genomics, metabolomics, proteomics, etc.). Analysis of network biology generates interactome models to infer and assess function; to understand mechanisms, and to prioritise candidates for further investigation. This review provides an overview of network methods used to support this research and an insight into current applications of network analysis applied to endocrinology. A wide spectrum of endocrine disorders are included ranging from congenital hyperinsulinism in infancy, through childhood developmental and growth disorders, to the development of metabolic diseases in early and late adulthood, such as obesity and obesity-related pathologies. In addition to providing a deeper understanding of diseases processes, network biology is also central to the development of personalised treatment strategies which will integrate pharmacogenomics with systems biology of the individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Stevens
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, 5th Floor, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, UK Paediatric and Adolescent Oncology, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9WL, UK Stem Cell and Leukaemia Proteomics Laboratory, School of Cancer and Imaging Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK Musculoskeletal Research Group, NIHR BRU, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK Department Pediatrie, Hôpital Mère-Enfant, Université Claude Bernard, 69677 Lyon, France Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
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11
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Nomura M, Zhu HL, Wang L, Morinaga H, Takayanagi R, Teramoto N. SMAD2 disruption in mouse pancreatic beta cells leads to islet hyperplasia and impaired insulin secretion due to the attenuation of ATP-sensitive K+ channel activity. Diabetologia 2014; 57:157-66. [PMID: 24068386 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-013-3062-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The TGF-β superfamily of ligands provides important signals for the development of pancreas islets. However, it is not yet known whether the TGF-β family signalling pathway is required for essential islet functions in the adult pancreas. METHODS To identify distinct roles for the downstream components of the canonical TGF-β signalling pathway, a Cre-loxP system was used to disrupt SMAD2, an intracellular transducer of TGF-β signals, in pancreatic beta cells (i.e. Smad2β knockout [KO] mice). The activity of ATP-sensitive K(+) channels (KATP channels) was recorded in mutant beta cells using patch-clamp techniques. RESULTS The Smad2βKO mice exhibited defective insulin secretion in response to glucose and overt diabetes. Interestingly, disruption of SMAD2 in beta cells was associated with a striking islet hyperplasia and increased pancreatic insulin content, together with defective glucose-responsive insulin secretion. The activity of KATP channels was decreased in mutant beta cells. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These results suggest that in the adult pancreas, TGF-β signalling through SMAD2 is crucial for not only the determination of beta cell mass but also the maintenance of defining features of mature pancreatic beta cells, and that this involves modulation of KATP channel activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Nomura
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi Ward, Fukuoka, Japan
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12
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El-Gohary Y, Tulachan S, Wiersch J, Guo P, Welsh C, Prasadan K, Paredes J, Shiota C, Xiao X, Wada Y, Diaz M, Gittes G. A smad signaling network regulates islet cell proliferation. Diabetes 2014; 63:224-36. [PMID: 24089514 PMCID: PMC3868054 DOI: 10.2337/db13-0432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic β-cell loss and dysfunction are critical components of all types of diabetes. Human and rodent β-cells are able to proliferate, and this proliferation is an important defense against the evolution and progression of diabetes. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling has been shown to affect β-cell development, proliferation, and function, but β-cell proliferation is thought to be the only source of new β-cells in the adult. Recently, β-cell dedifferentiation has been shown to be an important contributory mechanism to β-cell failure. In this study, we tie together these two pathways by showing that a network of intracellular TGF-β regulators, smads 7, 2, and 3, control β-cell proliferation after β-cell loss, and specifically, smad7 is necessary for that β-cell proliferation. Importantly, this smad7-mediated proliferation appears to entail passing through a transient, nonpathologic dedifferentiation of β-cells to a pancreatic polypeptide-fold hormone-positive state. TGF-β receptor II appears to be a receptor important for controlling the status of the smad network in β-cells. These studies should help our understanding of properly regulated β-cell replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef El-Gohary
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Sidhartha Tulachan
- Department of Internal Medicine, St. Elizabeth Health Center, Youngstown, OH
| | - John Wiersch
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Ping Guo
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Carey Welsh
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Krishna Prasadan
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Jose Paredes
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Chiyo Shiota
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Xiangwei Xiao
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Yoko Wada
- Division of Clinical Nephrology and Rheumatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Marilyn Diaz
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - George Gittes
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Corresponding author: George Gittes,
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13
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Szabat M, Johnson JD. Modulation of β-cell fate and function by TGFβ ligands: a superfamily with many powers. Endocrinology 2013; 154:3965-9. [PMID: 24141995 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Szabat
- PhD, Associate Professor, Medicine and Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Surgery, Diabetes Research Group, Cardiovascular Research Group, The University of British Columbia, Point Grey Campus, 5358-2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3.
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14
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Boerner BP, George NM, Targy NM, Sarvetnick NE. TGF-β superfamily member Nodal stimulates human β-cell proliferation while maintaining cellular viability. Endocrinology 2013; 154:4099-112. [PMID: 23970788 PMCID: PMC3800770 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In an effort to expand human islets and enhance allogeneic islet transplant for the treatment of type 1 diabetes, identifying signaling pathways that stimulate human β-cell proliferation is paramount. TGF-β superfamily members, in particular activin-A, are likely involved in islet development and may contribute to β-cell proliferation. Nodal, another TGF-β member, is present in both embryonic and adult rodent islets. Nodal, along with its coreceptor, Cripto, are pro-proliferative factors in certain cell types. Although Nodal stimulates apoptosis of rat insulinoma cells (INS-1), Nodal and Cripto signaling have not been studied in the context of human islets. The current study investigated the effects of Nodal and Cripto on human β-cell proliferation, differentiation, and viability. In the human pancreas and isolated human islets, we observed Nodal mRNA and protein expression, with protein expression observed in β and α-cells. Cripto expression was absent from human islets. Furthermore, in cultured human islets, exogenous Nodal stimulated modest β-cell proliferation and inhibited α-cell proliferation with no effect on cellular viability, apoptosis, or differentiation. Nodal stimulated the phosphorylation of mothers against decapentaplegic (SMAD)-2, with no effect on AKT or MAPK signaling, suggesting phosphorylated SMAD signaling was involved in β-cell proliferation. Cripto had no effect on human islet cell proliferation, differentiation, or viability. In conclusion, Nodal stimulates human β-cell proliferation while maintaining cellular viability. Nodal signaling warrants further exploration to better understand and enhance human β-cell proliferative capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P Boerner
- MD, and Nora E. Sarvetnick, PhD, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985965 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5965. ; or
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15
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El-Gohary Y, Tulachan S, Guo P, Welsh C, Wiersch J, Prasadan K, Paredes J, Shiota C, Xiao X, Wada Y, Diaz M, Gittes G. Smad signaling pathways regulate pancreatic endocrine development. Dev Biol 2013; 378:83-93. [PMID: 23603491 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Expansion of the pancreatic endocrine cell population occurs during both embryonic development and during post-natal pancreatic growth and regeneration. Mechanisms of the expansion of endocrine cells during embryonic development are not completely understood, and no clear mechanistic link has been established between growth of the embryonic endocrine pancreas and the islet cell replication that occurs in an adult animal. We found that transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) superfamily signaling, which has been implicated in many developmental processes, plays a key role in regulating pancreatic endocrine maturation and development. Specifically, the intracellular mediators of TGF-β signaling, smad2 and smad3, along with their inhibitor smad7, appear to mediate this process. Smad2, smad3 and smad7 were all broadly expressed throughout the early embryonic pancreatic epithelium. However, during later stages of development, smad2 and smad3 became strongly localized to the nuclei of the endocrine positive cells, whereas the inhibitory smad7 became absent in the endocrine component. Genetic inactivation of smad2 and smad3 led to a significant expansion of the embryonic endocrine compartment, whereas genetic inactivation of smad7 led to a significant decrease in the endocrine compartment. In vitro antisense studies further corroborated these results and supported the possibility that interplay between the inhibitory smad7 and the intracellular mediators smad2/3 is a control point for pancreatic endocrine development. These results should provide a better understanding of the key control mechanisms for β-cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef El-Gohary
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, One Children's Hospital Drive, 4401 Penn Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA.
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16
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Wiater E, Vale W. Roles of activin family in pancreatic development and homeostasis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 359:23-9. [PMID: 22406274 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Revised: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) superfamily of ligands have been recognized as important signals in vertebrate embryonic development from the blastula stage to adulthood. In addition to roles in early development, TGF-β superfamily ligands, and particularly activin family ligands, are involved in specification, differentiation, and proliferation of multiple organ systems, including the pancreas. More recently, research has suggested that activin family ligands, binding proteins, receptors, and Smad signal transducers and modulators are involved in regulating adult pancreatic function and maintaining pancreatic islet homeostasis in the adult. This article will focus on outlining common themes in activin family regulation of embryonic pancreatic development and adult pancreatic homeostasis, particularly in activin family involvement in setting and maintaining populations of islet cells such as β-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezra Wiater
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute of Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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17
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Signaling pathways regulating murine pancreatic development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2012; 23:663-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2012.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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18
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19
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Morine KJ, Bish LT, Selsby JT, Gazzara JA, Pendrak K, Sleeper MM, Barton ER, Lee SJ, Sweeney HL. Activin IIB receptor blockade attenuates dystrophic pathology in a mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Muscle Nerve 2010; 42:722-30. [PMID: 20730876 DOI: 10.1002/mus.21743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Modulation of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling to promote muscle growth holds tremendous promise for the muscular dystrophies and other disorders involving the loss of functional muscle mass. Previous studies have focused on the TGF-β family member myostatin and demonstrated that inhibition of myostatin leads to muscle growth in normal and dystrophic mice. We describe a unique method of systemic inhibition of activin IIB receptor signaling via adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated gene transfer of a soluble form of the extracellular domain of the activin IIB receptor to the liver. Treatment of mdx mice with activin IIB receptor blockade led to increased skeletal muscle mass, increased force production in the extensor digitorum longus (EDL), and reduced serum creatine kinase. No effect on heart mass or function was observed. Our results indicate that activin IIB receptor blockade represents a novel and effective therapeutic strategy for the muscular dystrophies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Morine
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
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20
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Brown ML, Schneyer AL. Emerging roles for the TGFbeta family in pancreatic beta-cell homeostasis. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2010; 21:441-8. [PMID: 20382030 PMCID: PMC2897975 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2010.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2009] [Revised: 02/24/2010] [Accepted: 02/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Loss of functional beta-cells is the primary cause of type 2 diabetes, so that there is an acute need to understand how beta-cell number and function are regulated in the adult under normal physiological conditions. Recent studies suggest that members of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta family regulate beta-cell function and glucose homeostasis. These factors are also likely to influence beta-cell proliferation and/or the incorporation of new beta-cells from progenitors in adults. Soluble TGFbeta antagonists also appear to have important roles in maintaining homeostasis, and the coordinated activity of TGFbeta family members is likely to regulate the differentiation and function of adult beta-cells, raising the possibility of developing new diabetes therapies based on TGFbeta agonists or antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa L Brown
- Pioneer Valley Life Science Institute, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Springfield, MA 01107, USA
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21
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Tsuchida K, Nakatani M, Hitachi K, Uezumi A, Sunada Y, Ageta H, Inokuchi K. Activin signaling as an emerging target for therapeutic interventions. Cell Commun Signal 2009; 7:15. [PMID: 19538713 PMCID: PMC2713245 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-7-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2009] [Accepted: 06/18/2009] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
After the initial discovery of activins as important regulators of reproduction, novel and diverse roles have been unraveled for them. Activins are expressed in various tissues and have a broad range of activities including the regulation of gonadal function, hormonal homeostasis, growth and differentiation of musculoskeletal tissues, regulation of growth and metastasis of cancer cells, proliferation and differentiation of embryonic stem cells, and even higher brain functions. Activins signal through a combination of type I and II transmembrane serine/threonine kinase receptors. Activin receptors are shared by multiple transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) ligands such as myostatin, growth and differentiation factor-11 and nodal. Thus, although the activity of each ligand is distinct, they are also redundant, both physiologically and pathologically in vivo. Activin receptors activated by ligands phosphorylate the receptor-regulated Smads for TGF-β, Smad2 and 3. The Smad proteins then undergo multimerization with the co-mediator Smad4, and translocate into the nucleus to regulate the transcription of target genes in cooperation with nuclear cofactors. Signaling through receptors and Smads is controlled by multiple mechanisms including phosphorylation and other posttranslational modifications such as sumoylation, which affect potein localization, stability and transcriptional activity. Non-Smad signaling also plays an important role in activin signaling. Extracellularly, follistatin and related proteins bind to activins and related TGF-β ligands, and control the signaling and availability of ligands. The functions of activins through activin receptors are pleiotrophic, cell type-specific and contextual, and they are involved in the etiology and pathogenesis of a variety of diseases. Accordingly, activin signaling may be a target for therapeutic interventions. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on activin signaling and discuss the potential roles of this pathway as a molecular target of therapy for metabolic diseases, musculoskeletal disorders, cancers and neural damages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunihiro Tsuchida
- Division for Therapies against Intractable Diseases, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science (ICMS), Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan.
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22
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Gittes GK. Developmental biology of the pancreas: a comprehensive review. Dev Biol 2008; 326:4-35. [PMID: 19013144 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2008] [Revised: 10/09/2008] [Accepted: 10/13/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic development represents a fascinating process in which two morphologically distinct tissue types must derive from one simple epithelium. These two tissue types, exocrine (including acinar cells, centro-acinar cells, and ducts) and endocrine cells serve disparate functions, and have entirely different morphology. In addition, the endocrine tissue must become disconnected from the epithelial lining during its development. The pancreatic development field has exploded in recent years, and numerous published reviews have dealt specifically with only recent findings, or specifically with certain aspects of pancreatic development. Here I wish to present a more comprehensive review of all aspects of pancreatic development, though still there is not a room for discussion of stem cell differentiation to pancreas, nor for discussion of post-natal regeneration phenomena, two important fields closely related to pancreatic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- George K Gittes
- Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh and the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Surgery, 3705 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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23
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Reid JG, Nagaraja AK, Lynn FC, Drabek RB, Muzny DM, Shaw CA, Weiss MK, Naghavi AO, Khan M, Zhu H, Tennakoon J, Gunaratne GH, Corry DB, Miller J, McManus MT, German MS, Gibbs RA, Matzuk MM, Gunaratne PH. Mouse let-7 miRNA populations exhibit RNA editing that is constrained in the 5'-seed/ cleavage/anchor regions and stabilize predicted mmu-let-7a:mRNA duplexes. Genes Dev 2008; 18:1571-81. [PMID: 18614752 PMCID: PMC2556275 DOI: 10.1101/gr.078246.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2008] [Accepted: 06/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Massively parallel sequencing of millions of < 30-nt RNAs expressed in mouse ovary, embryonic pancreas (E14.5), and insulin-secreting beta-cells (betaTC-3) reveals that approximately 50% of the mature miRNAs representing mostly the mmu-let-7 family display internal insertion/deletions and substitutions when compared to precursor miRNA and the mouse genome reference sequences. Approximately, 12%-20% of species associated with mmu-let-7 populations exhibit sequence discrepancies that are dramatically reduced in nucleotides 3-7 (5'-seed) and 10-15 (cleavage and anchor sites). This observation is inconsistent with sequencing error and leads us to propose that the changes arise predominantly from post-transcriptional RNA-editing activity operating on miRNA:target mRNA complexes. Internal nucleotide modifications are most enriched at the ninth nucleotide position. A common ninth base edit of U-to-G results in a significant increase in stability of down-regulated let-7a targets in inhibin-deficient mice (Inha-/-). An excess of U-insertions (14.8%) over U-deletions (1.5%) and the presence of cleaved intermediates suggest that a mammalian TUTase (terminal uridylyl transferase) mediated dUTP-dependent U-insertion/U-deletion cycle may be a possible mechanism. We speculate that mRNA target site-directed editing of mmu-let-7a duplex-bulges stabilizes "loose" miRNA:mRNA target associations and functions to expand the target repertoire and/or enhance mRNA decay over translational repression. Our results also demonstrate that the systematic study of sequence variation within specific RNA classes in a given cell type from millions of sequences generated by next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies ("intranomics") can be used broadly to infer functional constraints on specific parts of completely uncharacterized RNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey G. Reid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, USA
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Ankur K. Nagaraja
- Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Francis C. Lynn
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Rafal B. Drabek
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, USA
| | - Donna M. Muzny
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Chad A. Shaw
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Michelle K. Weiss
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, USA
| | - Arash O. Naghavi
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, USA
| | - Mahjabeen Khan
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, USA
| | - Huifeng Zhu
- Department of Physics, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, USA
| | - Jayantha Tennakoon
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, USA
| | | | - David B. Corry
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Jonathan Miller
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Michael T. McManus
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Michael S. German
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Richard A. Gibbs
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Martin M. Matzuk
- Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Preethi H. Gunaratne
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, USA
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Abstract
The major forms of diabetes are characterized by pancreatic islet beta-cell dysfunction and decreased beta-cell numbers, raising hope for cell replacement therapy. Although human islet transplantation is a cell-based therapy under clinical investigation for the treatment of type 1 diabetes, the limited availability of human cadaveric islets for transplantation will preclude its widespread therapeutic application. The result has been an intense focus on the development of alternate sources of beta cells, such as through the guided differentiation of stem or precursor cell populations or the transdifferentiation of more plentiful mature cell populations. Realizing the potential for cell-based therapies, however, requires a thorough understanding of pancreas development and beta-cell formation. Pancreas development is coordinated by a complex interplay of signaling pathways and transcription factors that determine early pancreatic specification as well as the later differentiation of exocrine and endocrine lineages. This review describes the current knowledge of these factors as they relate specifically to the emergence of endocrine beta cells from pancreatic endoderm. Current therapeutic efforts to generate insulin-producing beta-like cells from embryonic stem cells have already capitalized on recent advances in our understanding of the embryonic signals and transcription factors that dictate lineage specification and will most certainly be further enhanced by a continuing emphasis on the identification of novel factors and regulatory relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M. Oliver-Krasinski
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism and the Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Doris A. Stoffers
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism and the Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Diabetes and the endocrine pancreas II. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2008; 15:383-93. [PMID: 18594281 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e32830c6b8e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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