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Rajanala K, Upadhyay A. Epigenetic Switches in Retinal Homeostasis and Target for Drug Development. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2840. [PMID: 38474086 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Retinal homeostasis, a tightly regulated process maintaining the functional integrity of the retina, is vital for visual function. Emerging research has unveiled the critical role of epigenetic regulation in controlling gene expression patterns during retinal development, maintenance, and response to mutational loads and injuries. Epigenetic switches, including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs, play pivotal roles in orchestrating retinal gene expression and cellular responses through various intracellular, extracellular, and environmental modulators. This review compiles the current knowledge on epigenetic switches in retinal homeostasis, providing a deeper understanding of their impact on retinal structural integrity and function and using them as potential targets for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arun Upadhyay
- Ocugen Inc., 11 Great Valley Parkway, Malvern, PA 19355, USA
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2
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Ke NY, Zhao TY, Wang WR, Qian YT, Liu C. Role of brahma-related gene 1/brahma-associated factor subunits in neural stem/progenitor cells and related neural developmental disorders. World J Stem Cells 2023; 15:235-247. [PMID: 37181007 PMCID: PMC10173807 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v15.i4.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Different fates of neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) and their progeny are determined by the gene regulatory network, where a chromatin-remodeling complex affects synergy with other regulators. Here, we review recent research progress indicating that the BRG1/BRM-associated factor (BAF) complex plays an important role in NSPCs during neural development and neural developmental disorders. Several studies based on animal models have shown that mutations in the BAF complex may cause abnormal neural differentiation, which can also lead to various diseases in humans. We discussed BAF complex subunits and their main characteristics in NSPCs. With advances in studies of human pluripotent stem cells and the feasibility of driving their differentiation into NSPCs, we can now investigate the role of the BAF complex in regulating the balance between self-renewal and differentiation of NSPCs. Considering recent progress in these research areas, we suggest that three approaches should be used in investigations in the near future. Sequencing of whole human exome and genome-wide association studies suggest that mutations in the subunits of the BAF complex are related to neurodevelopmental disorders. More insight into the mechanism of BAF complex regulation in NSPCs during neural cell fate decisions and neurodevelopment may help in exploiting new methods for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nai-Yu Ke
- The First Clinical Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui Province, China
- Institute of Stem cells and Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui Province, China
| | - Tian-Yi Zhao
- Institute of Stem cells and Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui Province, China
| | - Wan-Rong Wang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui Province, China
- Institute of Stem cells and Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui Province, China
| | - Yu-Tong Qian
- The First Clinical Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui Province, China
- Institute of Stem cells and Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui Province, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Institute of Stem cells and Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui Province, China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui Province, China
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3
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Yin W, Mao X, Xu M, Chen M, Xue M, Su N, Yuan S, Liu Q. Epigenetic regulation in the commitment of progenitor cells during retinal development and regeneration. Differentiation 2023:S0301-4681(23)00023-3. [PMID: 37069005 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2023.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Retinal development is initiated by multipotent retinal progenitor cells, which undergo several rounds of cell divisions and subsequently terminal differentiation. Retinal regeneration is usually considered as the recapitulation of retinal development, which share common mechanisms underlying the cell cycle re-entry of adult retinal stem cells and the differentiation of retinal neurons. However, how proliferative retinal progenitor cells perform a precise transition to postmitotic retinal cell types during the process of development and regeneration remains elusive. It is proposed that both the intrinsic and extrinsic programming are involved in the transcriptional regulation of the spatio-temporal fate commitment. Epigenetic modifications and the regulatory mechanisms at both DNA and chromatin levels are also postulated to play an important role in the timing of differentiation of specific retinal cells. In the present review, we have summarized recent knowledge of epigenetic regulation that underlies the commitment of retinal progenitor cells in the settings of retinal development and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Yin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiying Mao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Miao Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingkang Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengting Xue
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Su
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Songtao Yuan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qinghuai Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, People's Republic of China.
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4
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Molecular Mechanisms Involved in the Regulation of Neurodevelopment by miR-124. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:3569-3583. [PMID: 36840845 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03271-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
miR-124 is a miRNA predominantly expressed in the nervous system and accounts for more than a quarter of the total miRNAs in the brain. It regulates neurogenesis, neuronal differentiation, neuronal maturation, and synapse formation and is the most important miRNA in the brain. Furthermore, emerging evidence has suggested miR-124 may be associated with the pathogenesis of various neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders. Here, we provide an overview of the role of miR-124 in neurodevelopment and the underling mechanisms, and finally, we prospect the significance of miR-124 research to the field of neuroscience.
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5
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Nguyen H, Sokpor G, Parichha A, Pham L, Saikhedkar N, Xie Y, Ulmke PA, Rosenbusch J, Pirouz M, Behr R, Stoykova A, Brand-Saberi B, Nguyen HP, Staiger JF, Tole S, Tuoc T. BAF (mSWI/SNF) complex regulates mediolateral cortical patterning in the developing forebrain. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1011109. [PMID: 36263009 PMCID: PMC9573979 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1011109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Early forebrain patterning entails the correct regional designation of the neuroepithelium, and appropriate specification, generation, and distribution of neural cells during brain development. Specific signaling and transcription factors are known to tightly regulate patterning of the dorsal telencephalon to afford proper structural/functional cortical arealization and morphogenesis. Nevertheless, whether and how changes of the chromatin structure link to the transcriptional program(s) that control cortical patterning remains elusive. Here, we report that the BAF chromatin remodeling complex regulates the spatiotemporal patterning of the mouse dorsal telencephalon. To determine whether and how the BAF complex regulates cortical patterning, we conditionally deleted the BAF complex scaffolding subunits BAF155 and BAF170 in the mouse dorsal telencephalic neuroepithelium. Morphological and cellular changes in the BAF mutant forebrain were examined using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. RNA sequencing, Co-immunoprecipitation, and mass spectrometry were used to investigate the molecular basis of BAF complex involvement in forebrain patterning. We found that conditional ablation of BAF complex in the dorsal telencephalon neuroepithelium caused expansion of the cortical hem and medial cortex beyond their developmental boundaries. Consequently, the hippocampal primordium is not specified, the mediolateral cortical patterning is compromised, and the cortical identity is disturbed in the absence of BAF complex. The BAF complex was found to interact with the cortical hem suppressor LHX2. The BAF complex suppresses cortical hem fate to permit proper forebrain patterning. We provide evidence that BAF complex modulates mediolateral cortical patterning possibly by interacting with the transcription factor LHX2 to drive the LHX2-dependent transcriptional program essential for dorsal telencephalon patterning. Our data suggest a putative mechanistic synergy between BAF chromatin remodeling complex and LHX2 in regulating forebrain patterning and ontogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huong Nguyen
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Thai Nguyen University of Sciences, Thai Nguyen, Vietnam
| | - Godwin Sokpor
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Embryology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Linh Pham
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Yuanbin Xie
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Pauline Antonie Ulmke
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Joachim Rosenbusch
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Mehdi Pirouz
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Goettingen, Germany
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Rüdiger Behr
- German Primate Center-Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Goettingen, Germany
| | | | - Beate Brand-Saberi
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Embryology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Huu Phuc Nguyen
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jochen F. Staiger
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Shubha Tole
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
- *Correspondence: Shubha Tole, ; Tran Tuoc,
| | - Tran Tuoc
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- *Correspondence: Shubha Tole, ; Tran Tuoc,
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6
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Brahma safeguards canalization of cardiac mesoderm differentiation. Nature 2022; 602:129-134. [PMID: 35082446 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04336-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Differentiation proceeds along a continuum of increasingly fate-restricted intermediates, referred to as canalization1,2. Canalization is essential for stabilizing cell fate, but the mechanisms that underlie robust canalization are unclear. Here we show that the BRG1/BRM-associated factor (BAF) chromatin-remodelling complex ATPase gene Brm safeguards cell identity during directed cardiogenesis of mouse embryonic stem cells. Despite the establishment of a well-differentiated precardiac mesoderm, Brm-/- cells predominantly became neural precursors, violating germ layer assignment. Trajectory inference showed a sudden acquisition of a non-mesodermal identity in Brm-/- cells. Mechanistically, the loss of Brm prevented de novo accessibility of primed cardiac enhancers while increasing the expression of neurogenic factor POU3F1, preventing the binding of the neural suppressor REST and shifting the composition of BRG1 complexes. The identity switch caused by the Brm mutation was overcome by increasing BMP4 levels during mesoderm induction. Mathematical modelling supports these observations and demonstrates that Brm deletion affects cell fate trajectory by modifying saddle-node bifurcations2. In the mouse embryo, Brm deletion exacerbated mesoderm-deleted Brg1-mutant phenotypes, severely compromising cardiogenesis, and reveals an in vivo role for Brm. Our results show that Brm is a compensable safeguard of the fidelity of mesoderm chromatin states, and support a model in which developmental canalization is not a rigid irreversible path, but a highly plastic trajectory.
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7
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Daghsni M, Aldiri I. Building a Mammalian Retina: An Eye on Chromatin Structure. Front Genet 2021; 12:775205. [PMID: 34764989 PMCID: PMC8576187 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.775205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of gene expression by chromatin structure has been under intensive investigation, establishing nuclear organization and genome architecture as a potent and effective means of regulating developmental processes. The substantial growth in our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying retinogenesis has been powered by several genome-wide based tools that mapped chromatin organization at multiple cellular and biochemical levels. Studies profiling the retinal epigenome and transcriptome have allowed the systematic annotation of putative cis-regulatory elements associated with transcriptional programs that drive retinal neural differentiation, laying the groundwork to understand spatiotemporal retinal gene regulation at a mechanistic level. In this review, we outline recent advances in our understanding of the chromatin architecture in the mammalian retina during development and disease. We focus on the emerging roles of non-coding regulatory elements in controlling retinal cell-type specific transcriptional programs, and discuss potential implications in untangling the etiology of eye-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Daghsni
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Issam Aldiri
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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8
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Raeisossadati R, Ferrari MFR, Kihara AH, AlDiri I, Gross JM. Epigenetic regulation of retinal development. Epigenetics Chromatin 2021; 14:11. [PMID: 33563331 PMCID: PMC7871400 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-021-00384-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In the developing vertebrate retina, retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) proliferate and give rise to terminally differentiated neurons with exquisite spatio-temporal precision. Lineage commitment, fate determination and terminal differentiation are controlled by intricate crosstalk between the genome and epigenome. Indeed, epigenetic regulation plays pivotal roles in numerous cell fate specification and differentiation events in the retina. Moreover, aberrant chromatin structure can contribute to developmental disorders and retinal pathologies. In this review, we highlight recent advances in our understanding of epigenetic regulation in the retina. We also provide insight into several aspects of epigenetic-related regulation that should be investigated in future studies of retinal development and disease. Importantly, focusing on these mechanisms could contribute to the development of novel treatment strategies targeting a variety of retinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Raeisossadati
- Departamento de Genética E Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociencias, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Rua Do Matao, 277, Cidade Universitaria, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil.,Departments of Ophthalmology and Developmental Biology, Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Merari F R Ferrari
- Departamento de Genética E Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociencias, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Rua Do Matao, 277, Cidade Universitaria, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
| | | | - Issam AlDiri
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Developmental Biology, Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Gross
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Developmental Biology, Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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9
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Targeting chromatin dysregulation in organ fibrosis. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2020; 57:64-72. [PMID: 32900600 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis leads to destruction of organ architecture accompanied by chronic inflammation and loss of function. Fibrosis affects nearly every organ in the body and accounts for ∼45% of total deaths worldwide. Over the past decade, tremendous progress has been made in understanding the basic mechanisms leading to organ fibrosis. However, we are limited with therapeutic options and there is a significant need to develop highly effective anti-fibrotic therapies. Recent advances in sequencing technologies have advanced the burgeoning field of epigenetics towards molecular understanding at a higher resolution. Here we provide a comprehensive review of the recent advances in chromatin regulatory processes, specifically DNA methylation, post-translational modification of histones, and chromatin remodeling complexes in kidney, liver and lung fibrosis. Although this research field is young, we discuss new strategies for potential therapeutic interventions for treating organ fibrosis.
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10
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Hainer SJ, Kaplan CD. Specialized RSC: Substrate Specificities for a Conserved Chromatin Remodeler. Bioessays 2020; 42:e2000002. [PMID: 32490565 PMCID: PMC7329613 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202000002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The remodel the structure of chromatin (RSC) nucleosome remodeling complex is a conserved chromatin regulator with roles in chromatin organization, especially over nucleosome depleted regions therefore functioning in gene expression. Recent reports in Saccharomyces cerevisiae have identified specificities in RSC activity toward certain types of nucleosomes. RSC has now been shown to preferentially evict nucleosomes containing the histone variant H2A.Z in vitro. Furthermore, biochemical activities of distinct RSC complexes has been found to differ when their nucleosome substrate is partially unraveled. Mammalian BAF complexes, the homologs of yeast RSC and SWI/SNF complexes, are also linked to nucleosomes with H2A.Z, but this relationship may be complex and extent of conservation remains to be determined. The interplay of remodelers with specific nucleosome substrates and regulation of remodeler outcomes by nucleosome composition are tantalizing questions given the wave of structural data emerging for RSC and other SWI/SNF family remodelers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Hainer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Craig D Kaplan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
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11
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Abstract
In eukaryotes, DNA is highly compacted within the nucleus into a structure known as chromatin. Modulation of chromatin structure allows for precise regulation of gene expression, and thereby controls cell fate decisions. Specific chromatin organization is established and preserved by numerous factors to generate desired cellular outcomes. In embryonic stem (ES) cells, chromatin is precisely regulated to preserve their two defining characteristics: self-renewal and pluripotent state. This action is accomplished by a litany of nucleosome remodelers, histone variants, epigenetic marks, and other chromatin regulatory factors. These highly dynamic regulatory factors come together to precisely define a chromatin state that is conducive to ES cell maintenance and development, where dysregulation threatens the survival and fitness of the developing organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Klein
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Sarah J Hainer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
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12
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Corso-Díaz X, Jaeger C, Chaitankar V, Swaroop A. Epigenetic control of gene regulation during development and disease: A view from the retina. Prog Retin Eye Res 2018; 65:1-27. [PMID: 29544768 PMCID: PMC6054546 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Complex biological processes, such as organogenesis and homeostasis, are stringently regulated by genetic programs that are fine-tuned by epigenetic factors to establish cell fates and/or to respond to the microenvironment. Gene regulatory networks that guide cell differentiation and function are modulated and stabilized by modifications to DNA, RNA and proteins. In this review, we focus on two key epigenetic changes - DNA methylation and histone modifications - and discuss their contribution to retinal development, aging and disease, especially in the context of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic retinopathy. We highlight less-studied roles of DNA methylation and provide the RNA expression profiles of epigenetic enzymes in human and mouse retina in comparison to other tissues. We also review computational tools and emergent technologies to profile, analyze and integrate epigenetic information. We suggest implementation of editing tools and single-cell technologies to trace and perturb the epigenome for delineating its role in transcriptional regulation. Finally, we present our thoughts on exciting avenues for exploring epigenome in retinal metabolism, disease modeling, and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximena Corso-Díaz
- Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Catherine Jaeger
- Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Vijender Chaitankar
- Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Anand Swaroop
- Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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Wang RR, Pan R, Zhang W, Fu J, Lin JD, Meng ZX. The SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling factors BAF60a, b, and c in nutrient signaling and metabolic control. Protein Cell 2018; 9:207-215. [PMID: 28688083 PMCID: PMC5818368 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-017-0442-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome has become a global epidemic that adversely affects human health. Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders; however, the mechanisms that integrate these cues to regulate metabolic physiology and the development of metabolic disorders remain incompletely defined. Emerging evidence suggests that SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling complexes are critical for directing metabolic reprogramming and adaptation in response to nutritional and other physiological signals. The ATP-dependent SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling complexes comprise up to 11 subunits, among which the BAF60 subunit serves as a key link between the core complexes and specific transcriptional factors. The BAF60 subunit has three members, BAF60a, b, and c. The distinct tissue distribution patterns and regulatory mechanisms of BAF60 proteins confer each isoform with specialized functions in different metabolic cell types. In this review, we summarize the emerging roles and mechanisms of BAF60 proteins in the regulation of nutrient sensing and energy metabolism under physiological and disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruo-Ran Wang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Chronic Disease Research Institute of School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ran Pan
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Chronic Disease Research Institute of School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Chronic Disease Research Institute of School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Junfen Fu
- Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Jiandie D Lin
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Zhuo-Xian Meng
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Chronic Disease Research Institute of School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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14
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Aldiri I, Ajioka I, Xu B, Zhang J, Chen X, Benavente C, Finkelstein D, Johnson D, Akiyama J, Pennacchio LA, Dyer MA. Brg1 coordinates multiple processes during retinogenesis and is a tumor suppressor in retinoblastoma. Development 2016; 142:4092-106. [PMID: 26628093 PMCID: PMC4712833 DOI: 10.1242/dev.124800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Retinal development requires precise temporal and spatial coordination of cell cycle exit, cell fate specification, cell migration and differentiation. When this process is disrupted, retinoblastoma, a developmental tumor of the retina, can form. Epigenetic modulators are central to precisely coordinating developmental events, and many epigenetic processes have been implicated in cancer. Studying epigenetic mechanisms in development is challenging because they often regulate multiple cellular processes; therefore, elucidating the primary molecular mechanisms involved can be difficult. Here we explore the role of Brg1 (Smarca4) in retinal development and retinoblastoma in mice using molecular and cellular approaches. Brg1 was found to regulate retinal size by controlling cell cycle length, cell cycle exit and cell survival during development. Brg1 was not required for cell fate specification but was required for photoreceptor differentiation and cell adhesion/polarity programs that contribute to proper retinal lamination during development. The combination of defective cell differentiation and lamination led to retinal degeneration in Brg1-deficient retinae. Despite the hypocellularity, premature cell cycle exit, increased cell death and extended cell cycle length, retinal progenitor cells persisted in Brg1-deficient retinae, making them more susceptible to retinoblastoma. ChIP-Seq analysis suggests that Brg1 might regulate gene expression through multiple mechanisms. Summary: The SWI/SNF protein Brg1 controls cell cycle length, cell cycle exit and cell survival, and is required for cell differentiation and retinal lamination, in the developing mouse retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issam Aldiri
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Itsuki Ajioka
- Center for Brain Integration Research (CBIR), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Beisi Xu
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jiakun Zhang
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Claudia Benavente
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - David Finkelstein
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Dianna Johnson
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Jennifer Akiyama
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Genomics Division, Berkeley, CA 94701, USA Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA
| | - Len A Pennacchio
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Genomics Division, Berkeley, CA 94701, USA Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA
| | - Michael A Dyer
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
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15
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Del Debbio CB, Mir Q, Parameswaran S, Mathews S, Xia X, Zheng L, Neville AJ, Ahmad I. Notch Signaling Activates Stem Cell Properties of Müller Glia through Transcriptional Regulation and Skp2-mediated Degradation of p27Kip1. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152025. [PMID: 27011052 PMCID: PMC4806989 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Müller glia (MG), the sole glial cells generated by retinal progenitors, have emerged as a viable cellular target for therapeutic regeneration in degenerative blinding diseases, as they possess dormant stem cell properties. However, the mammalian MG does not display the neurogenic potential of their lower vertebrate counterparts, precluding their practical clinical use. The answer to this barrier may be found in two interlinked processes underlying the neurogenic potential, i.e., the activation of the dormant stem cell properties of MG and their differentiation along the neuronal lineage. Here, we have focused on the former and examined Notch signaling-mediated activation of MG. We demonstrate that one of the targets of Notch signaling is the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CKI), p27Kip1, which is highly expressed in quiescent MG. Notch signaling facilitates the activation of MG by inhibiting p27Kip1 expression. This is likely achieved through the Notch- p27Kip1 and Notch-Skp2-p27Kip1 axes, the former inhibiting the expression of p27Kip1 transcripts and the latter levels of p27Kip1 proteins by Skp2-mediated proteasomal degradation. Thus, Notch signaling may facilitate re-entry of MG into the cell cycle by inhibiting p27Kip1 expression both transcriptionally and post-translationally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Beltrame Del Debbio
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Qulsum Mir
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Sowmya Parameswaran
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Saumi Mathews
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Xiaohuan Xia
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Li Zheng
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Andrew J. Neville
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Iqbal Ahmad
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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16
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Schwanbeck R. The role of epigenetic mechanisms in Notch signaling during development. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:969-81. [PMID: 25336183 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The Notch pathway is a highly conserved cell-cell communication pathway in metazoan involved in numerous processes during embryogenesis, development, and adult organisms. Ligand-receptor interaction of Notch components on adjacent cells facilitates controlled sequential proteolytic cleavage resulting in the nuclear translocation of the intracellular domain of Notch (NICD). There it binds to the Notch effector protein RBP-J, displaces a corepressor complex and enables the induction of target genes by recruitment of coactivators in a cell-context dependent manner. Both, the gene-specific repression and the context dependent activation require an intense communication with the underlying chromatin of the regulatory regions. Since the epigenetic landscape determines the function of the genome, processes like cell fate decision, differentiation, and self-renewal depend on chromatin structure and its remodeling during development. In this review, structural features enabling the Notch pathway to read these epigenetic marks by proteins interacting with RBP-J/Notch will be discussed. Furthermore, mechanisms of the Notch pathway to write and erase chromatin marks like histone acetylation and methylation are depicted as well as ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling during the activation of target genes. An additional fine-tuning of transcriptional regulation upon Notch activation seems to be controlled by the commitment of miRNAs. Since cells within an organism have to react to environmental changes, and developmental and differentiation cues in a proper manner, different signaling pathways have to crosstalk to each other. The chromatin status may represent one major platform to integrate these different pathways including the canonical Notch signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Schwanbeck
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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17
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Goljanek-Whysall K, Mok GF, Fahad Alrefaei A, Kennerley N, Wheeler GN, Münsterberg A. myomiR-dependent switching of BAF60 variant incorporation into Brg1 chromatin remodeling complexes during embryo myogenesis. Development 2014; 141:3378-87. [PMID: 25078649 PMCID: PMC4199139 DOI: 10.1242/dev.108787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Myogenesis involves the stable commitment of progenitor cells followed by the execution of myogenic differentiation, processes that are coordinated by myogenic regulatory factors, microRNAs and BAF chromatin remodeling complexes. BAF60a, BAF60b and BAF60c are structural subunits of the BAF complex that bind to the core ATPase Brg1 to provide functional specificity. BAF60c is essential for myogenesis; however, the mechanisms regulating the subunit composition of BAF/Brg1 complexes, in particular the incorporation of different BAF60 variants, are not understood. Here we reveal their dynamic expression during embryo myogenesis and uncover the concerted negative regulation of BAF60a and BAF60b by the muscle-specific microRNAs (myomiRs) miR-133 and miR-1/206 during somite differentiation. MicroRNA inhibition in chick embryos leads to increased BAF60a or BAF60b levels, a concomitant switch in BAF/Brg1 subunit composition and delayed myogenesis. The phenotypes are mimicked by sustained BAF60a or BAF60b expression and are rescued by morpholino knockdown of BAF60a or BAF60b. This suggests that myomiRs contribute to select BAF60c for incorporation into the Brg1 complex by specifically targeting the alternative variants BAF60a and BAF60b during embryo myogenesis, and reveals that interactions between tissue-specific non-coding RNAs and chromatin remodeling factors confer robustness to mesodermal lineage determination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gi Fay Mok
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | | | - Niki Kennerley
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Grant N Wheeler
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Andrea Münsterberg
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
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18
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Araújo AC, Marques S, Belo JA. Targeted inactivation of Cerberus like-2 leads to left ventricular cardiac hyperplasia and systolic dysfunction in the mouse. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102716. [PMID: 25033293 PMCID: PMC4102536 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous analysis of the Cerberus like 2 knockout (Cerl2−/−) mouse revealed a significant mortality during the first day after birth, mostly due to cardiac defects apparently associated with randomization of the left-right axis. We have however, identified Cerl2-associated cardiac defects, particularly a large increase in the left ventricular myocardial wall in neonates that cannot be explained by laterality abnormalities. Therefore, in order to access the endogenous role of Cerl2 in cardiogenesis, we analyzed the embryonic and neonatal hearts of Cerl2 null mutants that did not display a laterality phenotype. Neonatal mutants obtained from the compound mouse line Cer2−/−::Mlc1v-nLacZ24+, in which the pulmonary ventricle is genetically marked, revealed a massive enlargement of the ventricular myocardium in animals without laterality defects. Echocardiography analysis in Cerl2−/− neonates showed a left ventricular systolic dysfunction that is incompatible with a long lifespan. We uncovered that the increased ventricular muscle observed in Cerl2−/− mice is caused by a high cardiomyocyte mitotic index in the compact myocardium which is mainly associated with increased Ccnd1 expression levels in the left ventricle at embryonic day (E) 13. Interestingly, at this stage we found augmented left ventricular expression of Cerl2 levels when compared with the right ventricle, which may elucidate the regionalized contribution of Cerl2 to the left ventricular muscle formation. Importantly, we observed an increase of phosphorylated Smad2 (pSmad2) levels in embryonic (E13) and neonatal hearts indicating a prolonged TGFβs/Nodal-signaling activation. Concomitantly, we detected an increase of Baf60c levels, but only in Cerl2−/− embryonic hearts. These results indicate that independently of its well-known role in left-right axis establishment Cerl2 plays an important role during heart development in the mouse, mediating Baf60c levels by exerting an important control of the TGFβs/Nodal-signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Araújo
- Laboratory of Embryology and Genetic Manipulation, Regenerative Medicine Program, Departamento de Ciências Biomédicas e Medicina, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
- IBB - Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centro de Biomedicina Molecular e Estrutural, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
- PhD Program in Biomedical Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
| | - Sara Marques
- Laboratory of Embryology and Genetic Manipulation, Regenerative Medicine Program, Departamento de Ciências Biomédicas e Medicina, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
- IBB - Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centro de Biomedicina Molecular e Estrutural, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
| | - José António Belo
- Laboratory of Embryology and Genetic Manipulation, Regenerative Medicine Program, Departamento de Ciências Biomédicas e Medicina, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
- IBB - Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centro de Biomedicina Molecular e Estrutural, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
- CEDOC – Chronic Diseases Research Center, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- * E-mail:
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19
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Yan B, Yao J, Tao ZF, Jiang Q. Epigenetics and ocular diseases: from basic biology to clinical study. J Cell Physiol 2014; 229:825-33. [PMID: 24318407 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetics is an emerging field in ophthalmology and has opened a new avenue for understanding ocular development and ocular diseases related to aging and environment. Epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation, histone modifications, chromatin remodeling, and deployment of non-coding RNAs, result in the heritable silencing of gene expression without any change in DNA sequence. Accumulating evidence suggests a potential link between gene expression, chromatin structure, non-coding RNAs, and cellular differentiation during ocular development. Disruption of the balance of epigenetic networks could become the etiology of several ocular diseases. Here, we summarized the current knowledge about epigenetic regulatory mechanisms in ocular development and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Yan
- Eye Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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20
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Tang J, Yoo AS, Crabtree GR. Reprogramming human fibroblasts to neurons by recapitulating an essential microRNA-chromatin switch. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2014; 23:591-8. [PMID: 24035011 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2013] [Revised: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The development of the vertebrate nervous system requires a switch of ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling mechanisms, which occurs by substituting subunits within these complexes near cell cycle exit. This switching involves a triple negative genetic circuitry in which REST represses miR-9 and miR-124, which in turn repress BAF53a, which in turn repress the homologous neuron-specific BAF53b. Recapitulation of this microRNA/chromatin switch in human fibroblasts converts them to neurons. The genes involved in this fate-determining chromatin switch play genetically dominant roles in several human neurologic diseases suggesting that they are rate-limiting for aspects of human neural development. We review how this switch in ATP-dependent chromatin complexes might interface with traditional ideas about neural determination and reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiong Tang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pathology and Developmental Biology, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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21
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Plank JL, Suflita MT, Galindo CL, Labosky PA. Transcriptional targets of Foxd3 in murine ES cells. Stem Cell Res 2013; 12:233-40. [PMID: 24270162 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2013.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding gene regulatory networks controlling properties of pluripotent stem cells will facilitate development of stem cell-based therapies. The transcription factor Foxd3 is critical for maintenance of self-renewal, survival, and pluripotency in murine embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Using a conditional deletion of Foxd3 followed by gene expression analyses, we demonstrate that genes required for several developmental processes including embryonic organ development, epithelium development, and epithelial differentiation were misregulated in the absence of Foxd3. Additionally, we identified 6 novel targets of Foxd3 (Sox4, Safb, Sox15, Fosb, Pmaip1 and Smarcd3). Finally, we present data suggesting that Foxd3 functions upstream of genes required for skeletal muscle development. Together, this work provides further evidence that Foxd3 is a critical regulator of murine development through the regulation of lineage specific differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Plank
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Michael T Suflita
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Cristi L Galindo
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Patricia A Labosky
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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22
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The SWI/SNF genetic blockade: effects in cell differentiation, cancer and developmental diseases. Oncogene 2013; 33:2681-9. [PMID: 23752187 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Our rapidly growing knowledge about cancer genetics attests to the widespread occurrence of alterations at genes encoding different components of the SWI/SNF complex. This reveals an important new feature that sustains cancer development: the blockade of chromatin remodeling. Here, we provide an overview of our current knowledge on the gene alterations of chromatin-remodeling factors, and how they relate to cancer and human developmental diseases. We also consider the functional repercussions, particularly how the inactivation of the SWI/SNF complex impairs the appropriate cell response to nuclear receptor signaling, which, in turn, prevents cell differentiation and sustains cell growth independently of the environment.
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23
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Regulation of gene expression during early neuronal differentiation: evidence for patterns conserved across neuron populations and vertebrate classes. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 348:1-27. [PMID: 22437873 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-012-1367-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of transcription factor function during neurogenesis has provided a huge amount of data on the generation and specification of diverse neuron populations in the central and peripheral nervous systems of vertebrates. However, an understanding of the induction of key neuron functions including electrical information processing and synaptic transmission lags seriously behind. Whereas pan-neuronal markers such as neurofilaments, neuron-specific tubulin and RNA-binding proteins have often been included in developmental analysis, the molecular players underlying electrical activity and transmitter release have been neglected in studies addressing gene expression during neuronal induction. Here, I summarize the evidence for a distinct accumulation pattern of mRNAs for synaptic proteins, a pattern that is delayed compared with pan-neuronal gene expression during neurogenesis. The conservation of this pattern across diverse avian and mammalian neuron populations suggests a common mechanism for the regulation of various sets of neuronal genes during initial neuronal differentiation. The co-regulation of genes coding for synaptic proteins from embryonic to postnatal development indicates that the expression of the players required for synaptic transmission shares common regulatory features. For the ion channels involved in neuronal electrical activity, such as voltage-gated sodium channels, the situation is less clear because of the lack of comparative studies early during neurogenesis. Transcription factors have been characterized that regulate the expression of synaptic proteins in vitro and in vivo. They currently do not explain the co-regulation of these genes across different neuron populations. The neuron-restrictive silencing factor NRSF/REST targets a large gene set, but not all of the genes coding for pan-neuronal, synaptic and ion channel proteins. The discrepancy between NRSF/REST loss-of-function and silencer-to-activator-switch studies leaves the full functional implications of this factor open. Together with microRNAs, splicing regulators, chromatin remodellers and an increasing list of transcriptional regulators, the factor is embedded in feedback circuits with the potential to orchestrate neuronal differentiation. The precise regulation of the coordinated expression of proteins underlying key neuronal functions by these circuits during neuronal induction is a major emerging topic.
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24
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Karl MO, Reh TA. Studying the generation of regenerated retinal neuron from Müller glia in the mouse eye. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 884:213-27. [PMID: 22688709 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-848-1_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Retinal regeneration has been studied for decades in nonmammalian species. From these studies, we learned that retinal Müller glia are a potential source of neuronal regeneration by de novo neurogenesis. Although spontaneous regeneration in mammals is absent after retinal damage, we discovered that certain manipulations stimulate a limited regenerative program in adult mice. This allows the study of cellular and molecular barriers that limit regeneration in mice and man as well as to compare it to regenerative species with more complete repair-like fish and birds. Thereby, it may offer novel means to the better understanding of retinal regeneration and develop successful therapies of retinal diseases. In this chapter, we describe the methods to study Müller glia-derived regeneration in adult mice in vivo and discuss potential caveats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike O Karl
- Department of Biological Structure, Institute for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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25
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Focus on molecules: Brg1: a range of functions during eye development. Exp Eye Res 2011; 103:117-8. [PMID: 21963585 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2011.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Revised: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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26
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Nasonkin IO, Lazo K, Hambright D, Brooks M, Fariss R, Swaroop A. Distinct nuclear localization patterns of DNA methyltransferases in developing and mature mammalian retina. J Comp Neurol 2011; 519:1914-30. [PMID: 21452232 DOI: 10.1002/cne.22613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
DNA methyltransferases--DNMT1, DNMT3a, and DNMT3b--produce methylation patterns that dynamically regulate chromatin remodeling and gene expression. The vertebrate retina provides an ideal model to elucidate molecular control of neurogenesis as all neuronal cell types and Müller glia are generated in a conserved order from common pools of progenitor cells. As a prelude to exploring epigenetic regulation of mammalian retinal development, we investigated the expression of Dnmt1, Dnmt3a, and Dnmt3b in the mouse retina from embryonic day (E) 10.5 to 10 months of age. High levels of transcripts for all three Dnmt genes were observed in early stages of retinal differentiation, with significantly reduced expression after birth. Although DNMT1 protein is abundant in retinal progenitors at E10.5, it becomes restricted to postmitotic cells by E15.5. Most cells in the postnatal retina show nuclear immunostaining of DNMT1; however, the photoreceptors exhibit distinctive patterns. In rods, weak expression of DNMT1 is detected in perinuclear region and in the nucleus, whereas a strong nuclear labeling is evident in cones. DNMT3a and DNMT3b show a discrete pattern in developing retina with high expression at E11.5, little or no immunostaining by E15.5, and then postnatal expression overlapping with DNMT1 in early born neurons (ganglion, amacrine and horizontal cells, and cones). Robust nuclear localization of DNMTs in cones compared to rods suggests a potential role of DNA methylation in differential remodeling of chromatin in these two specialized neurons. Our studies indicate that DNA methyltransferases contribute to the establishment and maturation of cell fates during retinal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor O Nasonkin
- Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory (N-NRL), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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27
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Robel S, Berninger B, Götz M. The stem cell potential of glia: lessons from reactive gliosis. Nat Rev Neurosci 2011; 12:88-104. [PMID: 21248788 DOI: 10.1038/nrn2978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 386] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Astrocyte-like cells, which act as stem cells in the adult brain, reside in a few restricted stem cell niches. However, following brain injury, glia outside these niches acquire or reactivate stem cell potential as part of reactive gliosis. Recent studies have begun to uncover the molecular pathways involved in this process. A comparison of molecular pathways activated after injury with those involved in the normal neural stem cell niches highlights strategies that could overcome the inhibition of neurogenesis outside the stem cell niche and instruct parenchymal glia towards a neurogenic fate. This new view on reactive glia therefore suggests a widespread endogenous source of cells with stem cell potential, which might potentially be harnessed for local repair strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Robel
- Physiological Genomics, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Germany
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28
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Del Debbio CB, Balasubramanian S, Parameswaran S, Chaudhuri A, Qiu F, Ahmad I. Notch and Wnt signaling mediated rod photoreceptor regeneration by Müller cells in adult mammalian retina. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12425. [PMID: 20865053 PMCID: PMC2928741 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence emerging from a variety of approaches used in different species suggests that Müller cell function may extend beyond its role of maintaining retinal homeostasis to that of progenitors in the adult retina. Enriched Müller cells in vitro or those that re-enter cell cycle in response to neurotoxin-damage to retina in vivo display multipotential and self-renewing capacities, the cardinal features of stem cells. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We demonstrate that Notch and Wnt signaling activate Müller cells through their canonical pathways and that a rare subset of activated Müller cells differentiates along rod photoreceptor lineage in the outer nuclear layer. The differentiation of activated Müller cells along photoreceptor lineage is confirmed by multiple approaches that included Hoechst dye efflux analysis, genetic analysis using retina from Nrl-GFP mice, and lineage tracing using GS-GFP lentivirus in wild type and rd mice in vitro and S334ter rats in vivo. Examination of S334ter rats for head-neck tracking of visual stimuli, a behavioral measure of light perception, demonstrates a significant improvement in light perception in animals treated to activate Müller cells. The number of activated Müller cells with rod photoreceptor phenotype in treated animals correlates with the improvement in their light perception. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE In summary, our results provide a proof of principle for non-neurotoxin-mediated activation of Müller cells through Notch and Wnt signaling toward the regeneration of rod photoreceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Beltrame Del Debbio
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Sudha Balasubramanian
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Sowmya Parameswaran
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Anathbandhu Chaudhuri
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Fang Qiu
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Iqbal Ahmad
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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29
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Costa MR, Götz M, Berninger B. What determines neurogenic competence in glia? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 63:47-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2010.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2009] [Revised: 01/12/2010] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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30
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Epigenetic regulatory mechanisms in vertebrate eye development and disease. Heredity (Edinb) 2010; 105:135-51. [PMID: 20179734 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2010.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic DNA is organized as a nucleoprotein polymer termed chromatin with nucleosomes serving as its repetitive architectural units. Cellular differentiation is a dynamic process driven by activation and repression of specific sets of genes, partitioning the genome into transcriptionally active and inactive chromatin domains. Chromatin architecture at individual genes/loci may remain stable through cell divisions, from a single mother cell to its progeny during mitosis, and represents an example of epigenetic phenomena. Epigenetics refers to heritable changes caused by mechanisms distinct from the primary DNA sequence. Recent studies have shown a number of links between chromatin structure, gene expression, extracellular signaling, and cellular differentiation during eye development. This review summarizes recent advances in this field, and the relationship between sequence-specific DNA-binding transcription factors and their roles in recruitment of chromatin remodeling enzymes. In addition, lens and retinal differentiation is accompanied by specific changes in the nucleolar organization, expression of non-coding RNAs, and DNA methylation. Epigenetic regulatory mechanisms in ocular tissues represent exciting areas of research that have opened new avenues for understanding normal eye development, inherited eye diseases and eye diseases related to aging and the environment.
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Abstract
Neurogenesis in the retina occurs via the coordination of proliferation, cell cycle exit and differentiation of retinal progenitor cells. Until recently, it was widely assumed that once a retinal progenitor cell produced a postmitotic neuron, there was no possibility for cell-cycle re-entry. However, recent studies have shown that mature differentiated horizontal neurons with reduced Rb pathway function can re-enter the cell cycle and proliferate while maintaining their differentiated features. This chapter will explore the molecular and cellular mechanisms that help to keep differentiated retinal neurons and glia postmitotic. We propose that there are cell-type specific barriers to cell-cycle re-entry by differentiated neurons and these may include apoptosis, chromatin/epigenetics mechanisms, cellular morphology and/or metabolic demands that are distinct across cell populations. Our data suggest that differentiated neurons span a continuum of cellular properties related to their ability to re-enter the cell cycle and undergo cytokinesis while maintaining their differentiated features. A deeper understanding of these processes may allow us to begin to explain the cell type specificity of neuronal cell death and tumor susceptibility. For example, neurons that have more barriers to cell-cycle re-entry may be less likely to form tumors but more likely to undergo degeneration. Conversely, neurons that have fewer barriers to cell-cycle re-entry may be more likely to form tumors but less likely to undergo degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise M Davis
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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Making neurons from mature glia: a far-fetched dream? Neuropharmacology 2009; 58:894-902. [PMID: 19931285 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2009.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2009] [Revised: 11/05/2009] [Accepted: 11/12/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The fact that cells with glial characteristics such as forebrain radial glia during development and astroglial stem cells in the adult neurogenic zones serve as neuronal precursors provokes the question why glia in most other areas of the adult central nervous system are apparently incapable of generating new neurons. Besides being of pivotal biological interest answers to this question may also open new avenues for cell-based therapies of neurodegenerative diseases that involve a permanent loss of neurons which are not replaced naturally. For if one could indeed instruct glia to generate neurons, such a strategy would carry the enormous advantage of making use of a large pool of endogenous, and hence autologous cells, thereby circumventing many of the problems associated with therapeutic strategies based on transplantation. Accordingly, the recent years have seen increasing effort in assessing the plasticity of astroglia and other types of resident non-neuronal cells as a potential source for new neurons in the injured brain or eye. For instance, following injury astroglia in the cerebral cortex and Müller glia in the retina can de-differentiate and acquire stem or precursor cell like properties. Moreover, it has been shown that astroglia can be reprogrammed in vitro by forced expression of neurogenic transcription factors to transgress their lineage restriction and stably acquire a neuronal identity. In this review I will discuss the status quo of these early attempts, the limitations currently encountered and the future challenges before the full potential of this approach can be weighed.
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Agathocleous M, Harris WA. From Progenitors to Differentiated Cells in the Vertebrate Retina. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2009; 25:45-69. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev.cellbio.042308.113259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michalis Agathocleous
- Department of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, United Kingdom;
- Gonville and Caius College, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TA, United Kingdom;
| | - William A. Harris
- Department of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, United Kingdom;
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Yoo AS, Crabtree GR. ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling in neural development. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2009; 19:120-6. [PMID: 19442513 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2009.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2009] [Accepted: 04/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances have revealed that modification of chromatin structure is an important determinant of cell fate and function. DNA methylation and covalent modifications of histone tails contribute to changes in chromatin architectures, either enhancing or repressing gene expression. Another mechanism underlying the modification of chromatin structure relies on the activity of the SWI/SNF-related ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes that control the accessibility of DNA sequences to transcription factors. There is increasing evidence that ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes based on the alternative DNA-dependent ATPases, Brg1 and Brm, plays essential roles during neural development in both vertebrates and invertebrates. This remodeling complex has dedicated functions at different stages of neural development that appear to arise by combinatorial assembly of its subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Yoo
- Departments of Developmental Biology and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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