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Nehete BP, DeLise A, Nehete PN. Identification of Specific Cell Surface Markers on Immune Cells of Squirrel Monkeys ( Saimiri sciureus). J Immunol Res 2024; 2024:8215195. [PMID: 38566886 PMCID: PMC10985276 DOI: 10.1155/2024/8215195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Nonhuman primates are an important experimental model for the development of targeted biological therapeutics because of their immunological closeness to humans. However, there are very few antibody reagents relevant for delineating the different immune cell subsets based on nonhuman primate antigens directly or with cross-reactivity to those in humans. Here, we report specific expression of HLA-DR, PD-1, and CD123 on different circulating immune cell subsets in the peripheral blood that included T cells (CD3+), T cells subsets (CD4+ and CD8+), B cells (CD20+), natural killer (NK) cells (CD3-CD16+), and natural killer T cells (CD3+CD16+) along with different monocyte subsets in squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus). We established cross-reactivity of commercial mouse antihuman monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), with these various immune cell surface markers. These findings should aid further future comprehensive understanding of the immune parameters and identification of new biomarkers to significantly improve SQM as a model for biomedical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharti P. Nehete
- Department of Comparative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, Texas, USA
| | - Ashley DeLise
- Department of Comparative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, Texas, USA
| | - Pramod N. Nehete
- Department of Comparative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, Texas, USA
- The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, USA
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Ganesan N, Ronsmans S, Hoet P. Methods to Assess Proliferation of Stimulated Human Lymphocytes In Vitro: A Narrative Review. Cells 2023; 12:cells12030386. [PMID: 36766728 PMCID: PMC9913443 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to monitor lymphocyte responses is critical for developing our understanding of the immune response in humans. In the current clinical setting, relying on the metabolic incorporation of [3H] thymidine into cellular DNA via a lymphocyte proliferation test (LPT) is the only method that is routinely performed to determine cell proliferation. However, techniques that measure DNA synthesis with a radioactive material such as [3H] thymidine are intrinsically more sensitive to the different stages of the cell cycle, which could lead to over-analyses and the subsequent inaccurate interpretation of the information provided. With cell proliferation assays, the output should preferably provide a direct and accurate measurement of the number of actively dividing cells, regardless of the stimuli properties or length of exposure. In fact, an ideal technique should have the capacity to measure lymphocyte responses on both a quantitative level, i.e., cumulative magnitude of lymphoproliferative response, and a qualitative level, i.e., phenotypical and functional characterization of stimulated immune cells. There are many LPT alternatives currently available to measure various aspects of cell proliferation. Of the nine techniques discussed, we noted that the majority of these LPT alternatives measure lymphocyte proliferation using flow cytometry. Across some of these alternatives, the covalent labelling of cells with a high fluorescence intensity and low variance with minimal cell toxicity while maximizing the number of detectable cell divisions or magnitude of proliferation was achieved. Herein, we review the performance of these different LPT alternatives and address their compatibility with the [3H] thymidine LPT so as to identify the "best" alternative to the [3H] thymidine LPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirosha Ganesan
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Unit of Environment & Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Surgery (BREATHE), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven Ronsmans
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Unit of Environment & Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Clinic for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Respiratory Diseases, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Hoet
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Unit of Environment & Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Surgery (BREATHE), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Correspondence:
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Saraiva DP, Azeredo-Lopes S, Antunes A, Salvador R, Borralho P, Assis B, Pereira IL, Seabra Z, Negreiros I, Jacinto A, Braga S, Cabral MG. Expression of HLA-DR in Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes: A Validated Predictive Biomarker and a Potential Therapeutic Strategy in Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13153841. [PMID: 34359741 PMCID: PMC8345089 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13153841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary More than 50% of breast cancer (BC) patients selected for neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) are subjected to at least a 6-month regimen of this treatment without a clear benefit, probably delaying more effective therapeutic strategies and being exposed to potential treatment-associated toxicity. Thus, it is urgent to implement reliable predictive biomarkers, as well as novel treatments for NACT non-responder patients. This study validates that the HLA-DR level in cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) is an independent and robust predictive factor of BC patients’ response to NACT, as previously proposed. Hence, a predictive probability model of response was developed as a new tool to improve treatment decisions. HLA-DR level in CTLs also have a general prognostic value, which might be relevant for long-term BC management. In addition, our results suggest that increasing the expression of HLA-DR in CTLs of non-responders could be a promising therapeutic strategy to ameliorate BC response to NACT. Abstract Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) is common in breast cancer (BC) treatment, though more than half of the patients lack an effective response. Therefore, new predictive biomarkers and alternative therapies are crucial. Previously, we proposed HLA-DR-expressing cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) as a potential biomarker of the response to NACT. To validate this observation and further investigate these cells, 202 BC patients were enrolled. Flow cytometry analyses were performed in 61 biopsies and 41 blood samples pre-NACT and 100 non-NACT tumor samples. All the patients were followed up for 34 months. Blood-isolated immune cells were cultured with BC cell lines in a 3D system. We confirmed that HLA-DR level in CTLs is a highly sensitive, specific, and independent biomarker to predict response to NACT and developed a predictive probability model. This biomarker was also associated with progression-free survival, regardless of the treatment. The clinical observations are substantiated by the anti-tumor properties of HLA-DR-expressing CTLs. Intriguingly, HLA-DR level in CTLs can be modulated ex vivo, boosting their capacity to kill tumor cells synergistically with doxorubicin. Thus, HLA-DR expression in CTLs is a validated tool to select patients that will actually benefit from NACT, and its stimulation might be a novel therapeutic approach for BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana P. Saraiva
- iNOVA4Health, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School (NMS), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-082 Lisbon, Portugal; (D.P.S.); (R.S.); (A.J.); (S.B.)
| | - Sofia Azeredo-Lopes
- Public Health and Biostatistics Department, NOVA Medical School (NMS), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-082 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Ana Antunes
- CHRC, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School (NMS), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-082 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Rute Salvador
- iNOVA4Health, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School (NMS), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-082 Lisbon, Portugal; (D.P.S.); (R.S.); (A.J.); (S.B.)
| | - Paula Borralho
- Unidade de Mama, Instituto CUF de Oncologia, 1998-018 Lisbon, Portugal; (P.B.); (B.A.); (I.L.P.); (I.N.)
- Instituto de Anatomia Patológica, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Beatriz Assis
- Unidade de Mama, Instituto CUF de Oncologia, 1998-018 Lisbon, Portugal; (P.B.); (B.A.); (I.L.P.); (I.N.)
| | - Isabel L. Pereira
- Unidade de Mama, Instituto CUF de Oncologia, 1998-018 Lisbon, Portugal; (P.B.); (B.A.); (I.L.P.); (I.N.)
| | - Zita Seabra
- Unidade de Imagiologia, Hospital Vila Franca de Xira, 2600-009 Vila Franca de Xira, Portugal;
| | - Ida Negreiros
- Unidade de Mama, Instituto CUF de Oncologia, 1998-018 Lisbon, Portugal; (P.B.); (B.A.); (I.L.P.); (I.N.)
| | - António Jacinto
- iNOVA4Health, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School (NMS), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-082 Lisbon, Portugal; (D.P.S.); (R.S.); (A.J.); (S.B.)
| | - Sofia Braga
- iNOVA4Health, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School (NMS), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-082 Lisbon, Portugal; (D.P.S.); (R.S.); (A.J.); (S.B.)
- Unidade de Mama, Instituto CUF de Oncologia, 1998-018 Lisbon, Portugal; (P.B.); (B.A.); (I.L.P.); (I.N.)
| | - M. Guadalupe Cabral
- iNOVA4Health, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School (NMS), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-082 Lisbon, Portugal; (D.P.S.); (R.S.); (A.J.); (S.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-218-803-000
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Fan Z, Tian Y, Chen Z, Liu L, Zhou Q, He J, Coleman J, Dong C, Li N, Huang J, Xu C, Zhang Z, Gao S, Zhou P, Ding K, Chen L. Blocking interaction between SHP2 and PD-1 denotes a novel opportunity for developing PD-1 inhibitors. EMBO Mol Med 2020; 12:e11571. [PMID: 32391629 PMCID: PMC7278553 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201911571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Small molecular PD-1 inhibitors are lacking in current immuno-oncology clinic. PD-1/PD-L1 antibody inhibitors currently approved for clinical usage block interaction between PD-L1 and PD-1 to enhance cytotoxicity of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL). Whether other steps along the PD-1 signaling pathway can be targeted remains to be determined. Here, we report that methylene blue (MB), an FDA-approved chemical for treating methemoglobinemia, potently inhibits PD-1 signaling. MB enhances the cytotoxicity, activation, cell proliferation, and cytokine-secreting activity of CTL inhibited by PD-1. Mechanistically, MB blocks interaction between Y248-phosphorylated immunoreceptor tyrosine-based switch motif (ITSM) of human PD-1 and SHP2. MB enables activated CTL to shrink PD-L1 expressing tumor allografts and autochthonous lung cancers in a transgenic mouse model. MB also effectively counteracts the PD-1 signaling on human T cells isolated from peripheral blood of healthy donors. Thus, we identify an FDA-approved chemical capable of potently inhibiting the function of PD-1. Equally important, our work sheds light on a novel strategy to develop inhibitors targeting PD-1 signaling axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Fan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yahui Tian
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhipeng Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lu Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingjing He
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - James Coleman
- Biomedical Research Centre, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Changjiang Dong
- Biomedical Research Centre, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Nan Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junqi Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chenqi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Science Research Center, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhimin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Song Gao
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Penghui Zhou
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ke Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Silymarin Restores Regulatory T Cells (Tregs) Function in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Patients In Vitro. Inflammation 2019; 42:1203-1214. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-019-00980-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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6
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Mandó P, Rizzo M, Roberti MP, Juliá EP, Pampena MB, Pérez de la Puente C, Loza CM, Ponce C, Nadal J, Coló FA, Mordoh J, Levy EM. High neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and decreased CD69 +NK cells represent a phenotype of high risk in early-stage breast cancer patients. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:2901-2910. [PMID: 29844687 PMCID: PMC5961634 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s160911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Breast cancer (BC) is a highly heterogeneous disease presenting a broad range of clinical and molecular characteristics. In the past years, a growing body of evidence demonstrated that immune response plays a significant role in cancer outcome. However, immune prognostic markers are not completely validated in clinical practice in BC patients. Materials and methods With the aim to characterize immune features, several parameters were analyzed in peripheral blood at diagnosis of 85 nonmetastatic BC patients between April 2011 and July 2014. Results With a median follow-up of 38.6 months, peripheral blood analysis of BC patients (stages I, II, and III) showed that total lymphocyte and T lymphocyte counts were augmented in nonrelapsed patients. Also, a higher neutrophil-to-lymphocytes ratio was associated with prolonged disease-free survival. Natural killer cell receptor analysis revealed that early activation receptor CD69 was associated with a better outcome. Conclusion This preliminary evidence is in accordance with the concept of immune surveillance. We suggest an “immune phenotype” that provides relevant prognostic information in early-stage BC patients and which could be useful in the decision-making process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Mandó
- Oncology Research Center CIO-FUCA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Manglio Rizzo
- Alexander Fleming Institute, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jorge Nadal
- Alexander Fleming Institute, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - José Mordoh
- Oncology Research Center CIO-FUCA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Alexander Fleming Institute, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Biochemical Research Institute of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Wang HY, Dai Y, Wang JL, Yang XY, Jiang XG. Anti-CD69 monoclonal antibody treatment inhibits airway inflammation in a mouse model of asthma. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2016; 16:622-31. [PMID: 26160720 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1400285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Airway inflammation and airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR) are principle pathological manifestations of asthma. Cluster of differentiation 69 (CD69) is a well-known co-stimulatory factor associated with the activation, proliferation as well as apoptosis of immune cells. This study aims to examine the effect of anti-CD69 monoclonal antibody (mAb) on the pathophysiology of a mouse model of asthma. METHODS A murine model of ovalbumin (OVA)-induced allergic airway inflammation was used in this study. Briefly, mice were injected with 20 μg chicken OVA intraperitoneally on Days 0 and 14, followed by aerosol provocation with 1% (0.01 g/ml) OVA on Days 24, 25, and 26. Anti-CD69 mAb or isotype IgG was injected intraperitoneally after OVA challenge; dexamethasone (DXM) was administrated either before or after OVA challenge. AHR, mucus production, and eosinophil infiltration in the peribronchial area were examined. The levels of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin-5 (IL-5) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were also assayed as indices of airway inflammation on Day 28 following OVA injection. RESULTS Pretreatment with DXM together with anti-CD69 mAb treatment after OVA provocation completely inhibited AHR, eosinophil infiltration and mucus overproduction, and significantly reduced BALF IL-5. However, treatment with DXM alone after OVA challenge only partially inhibited AHR, eosinophil infiltration and mucus overproduction, and did not diminish BALF IL-5. Treatment with either DXM or anti-CD69 mAb did not alter the concentration of BALF GM-CSF. CONCLUSIONS Anti-CD69 mAb treatment inhibits established airway inflammation as effectively as DXM pretreatment. This study provides a potential alternative therapeutic opportunity for the clinical management of asthma and its exacerbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-ying Wang
- Department of Allergy, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310006, China; Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China; Department of Medicine, VA Palo Alto Health Care System/Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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8
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Hernandez-Adame L, Cortez-Espinosa N, Portales-Pérez DP, Castillo C, Zhao W, Juarez ZN, Hernandez LR, Bach H, Palestino G. Toxicity evaluation of high-fluorescent rare-earth metal nanoparticles for bioimaging applications. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2015; 105:605-615. [PMID: 26671506 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Research on nanometer-sized luminescent semiconductors and their biological applications in detectors and contrasting agents is an emergent field in nanotechnology. When new nanosize technologies are developed for human health applications, their interaction with biological systems should be studied in depth. Rare-earth elements are used in medical and industrial applications, but their toxic effects are not known. In this work, the biological interaction between terbium-doped gadolinium oxysulfide nanoparticles (GOSNPs) with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), human-derived macrophages (THP-1), and human cervical carcinoma cell (HeLa) were evaluated. The GOSNPs were synthetized using a hydrothermal method to obtain monodisperse nanoparticles with an average size of 91 ± 9 nm. Characterization techniques showed the hexagonal phase of the Gd2 O2 S:Tb3+ free of impurities, and a strong green emission at λemi = 544 nm produced by Tb3+ was observed. Toxic effects of GOSNPs were evaluated using cell viability, apoptosis, cell-cycle progression, and immunological response techniques. In addition, an Artemia model was used to assess the toxicity in vivo. Results indicated cell apoptosis in both types of cells with less sensitivity for PBMC cells compared to HeLa cells. In addition, no toxic effects were observed in the in vivo model of Artemia. Moreover, GOSNPs significantly reduced the activation and cell-cycle progression of PBMC and HeLa cells, respectively. Interestingly, an increase in proinflammatory cytokines was not observed. Our data suggest that fluorescence applications of GOSNPs for biolabeling are not toxic in primary immune cells and they may have an immunomodulatory effect. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 105B: 605-615, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Hernandez-Adame
- Laboratory of BioPolymers and Nanostructrures, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, CP 78210, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., México
| | - Nancy Cortez-Espinosa
- Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular and Celullar Biology, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, CP 78210, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., México
| | - Diana P Portales-Pérez
- Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular and Celullar Biology, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, CP 78210, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., México
| | - Claudia Castillo
- Bioquemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, CP 78210, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., México
| | - Wayne Zhao
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Zaida N Juarez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Food and Environmental, Universidad de las Américas Puebla, 72810, San Andrés Cholula, Puebla, México
| | - Luis R Hernandez
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Universidad de las Américas Puebla, 72810, San Andrés Cholula, Puebla, México
| | - Horacio Bach
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Gabriela Palestino
- Laboratory of BioPolymers and Nanostructrures, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, CP 78210, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., México
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Reducing In-Stent Restenosis: Therapeutic Manipulation of miRNA in Vascular Remodeling and Inflammation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015; 65:2314-27. [PMID: 26022821 PMCID: PMC4444526 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.03.549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Drug-eluting stents reduce the incidence of in-stent restenosis, but they result in delayed arterial healing and are associated with a chronic inflammatory response and hypersensitivity reactions. Identifying novel interventions to enhance wound healing and reduce the inflammatory response may improve long-term clinical outcomes. Micro–ribonucleic acids (miRNAs) are noncoding small ribonucleic acids that play a prominent role in the initiation and resolution of inflammation after vascular injury. Objectives This study sought to identify miRNA regulation and function after implantation of bare-metal and drug-eluting stents. Methods Pig, mouse, and in vitro models were used to investigate the role of miRNA in in-stent restenosis. Results We documented a subset of inflammatory miRNAs activated after stenting in pigs, including the miR-21 stem loop miRNAs. Genetic ablation of the miR-21 stem loop attenuated neointimal formation in mice post-stenting. This occurred via enhanced levels of anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages coupled with an impaired sensitivity of smooth muscle cells to respond to vascular activation. Conclusions MiR-21 plays a prominent role in promoting vascular inflammation and remodeling after stent injury. MiRNA-mediated modulation of the inflammatory response post-stenting may have therapeutic potential to accelerate wound healing and enhance the clinical efficacy of stenting.
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CD69 is the crucial regulator of intestinal inflammation: a new target molecule for IBD treatment? J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:497056. [PMID: 25759842 PMCID: PMC4352431 DOI: 10.1155/2015/497056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CD69 has been identified as an early activation marker of lymphocytes. However, recent work has indicated that CD69 plays an essential role for the regulation of inflammatory processes. Particularly, CD69 is highly expressed by lymphocytes at mucosal sites being constantly exposed to the intestinal microflora (one of the nature's most complex and most densely populated microbial habitats) and food antigens, while only a small number of circulating leukocytes express this molecule. In this review we will discuss the role of CD69 in mucosal tissue and consider CD69 as a potential target for the development of novel treatments of intestinal inflammation.
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Kreiser S, Eckhardt J, Kuhnt C, Stein M, Krzyzak L, Seitz C, Tucher C, Knippertz I, Becker C, Günther C, Steinkasserer A, Lechmann M. Murine CD83-positive T cells mediate suppressor functions in vitro and in vivo. Immunobiology 2015; 220:270-9. [PMID: 25151500 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The CD83 molecule (CD83) is a well-known surface marker present on mature dendritic cells (mDC). In this study, we show that CD83 is also expressed on a subset of T cells which mediate regulatory T cell (Treg)-like suppressor functions in vitro and in vivo. Treg-associated molecules including CD25, cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4), glucocorticoid-induced TNFR family-related gene (GITR), Helios and neuropilin-1 (NRP-1) as well as forkhead box protein 3 (FOXP3) were specifically expressed by these CD83(+) T cells. In contrast, CD83(-) T cells showed a naive T cell phenotype with effector T cell properties upon activation. Noteworthy, CD83(-) T cells were not able to upregulate CD83 despite activation. Furthermore, CD83(+) T cells suppressed the proliferation and inflammatory cytokine release of CD83(-) T cells in vitro. Strikingly, stimulated CD83(+) T cells released soluble CD83 (sCD83), which has been reported to possess immunosuppressive properties. In vivo, using the murine transfer colitis model we could show that CD83(+) T cells were able to suppress colitis symptoms while CD83(-) T cells possessed effector functions. In addition, this CD83 expression is also conserved on expanded human Treg. Thus, from these studies we conclude that CD83(+) T cells share important features with regulatory T cells, identifying CD83 as a novel lineage marker to discriminate between different T cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Kreiser
- Department of Immune Modulation at the Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen D-91052, Germany
| | - Jenny Eckhardt
- Department of Immune Modulation at the Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen D-91052, Germany
| | - Christine Kuhnt
- Department of Immune Modulation at the Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen D-91052, Germany
| | - Marcello Stein
- Department of Immune Modulation at the Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen D-91052, Germany
| | - Lena Krzyzak
- Department of Immune Modulation at the Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen D-91052, Germany
| | - Christine Seitz
- Department of Immune Modulation at the Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen D-91052, Germany
| | - Christine Tucher
- Department of Immune Modulation at the Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen D-91052, Germany
| | - Ilka Knippertz
- Department of Immune Modulation at the Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen D-91052, Germany
| | - Christoph Becker
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen D-91052, Germany
| | - Claudia Günther
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen D-91052, Germany
| | - Alexander Steinkasserer
- Department of Immune Modulation at the Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen D-91052, Germany
| | - Matthias Lechmann
- Department of Immune Modulation at the Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen D-91052, Germany; Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen D-91052, Germany.
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12
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Alari-Pahissa E, Notario L, Lorente E, Vega-Ramos J, Justel A, López D, Villadangos JA, Lauzurica P. CD69 does not affect the extent of T cell priming. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48593. [PMID: 23119065 PMCID: PMC3484127 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CD69 is rapidly upregulated on T cells upon activation. In this work we show that this is also the case for CD69 expression on dendritic cells (DC). Thus, the expression kinetics of CD69 on both cell types is reminiscent of the one of costimulatory molecules. Using mouse models of transgenic T cells, we aimed at evaluating the effect of monoclonal antibody (MAb)-based targeting and gene deficiency of CD69 expressed by either DC or T cells on the extent of antigen (Ag)-specific T cell priming, which could be the result of a putative role in costimulation as well as on DC maturation and Ag-processing and presentation. CD69 targeting or deficiency of DC did not affect their expression of costimulatory molecules nor their capacity to induce Ag-specific T cell proliferation in in vitro assays. Also, CD69 targeting or deficiency of transgenic T cells did not affect the minimal proliferative dose for different peptide agonists in vitro. In in vivo models of transgenic T cell transfer and local Ag injection, CD69 deficiency of transferred T cells did not affect the extent of the proliferative response in Ag-draining lymph nodes (LN). In agreement with these results, CD69 MAb targeting or gene deficiency of Vaccinia-virus (VACV) infected mice did not affect the endogenous formation of virus-specific CD8(+) T cell populations at the peak of the primary immune response. Altogether our results argue against a possible role in costimulation or an effect on Ag processing and presentation for CD69.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation/genetics
- Antigen Presentation/immunology
- Antigens/immunology
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Lectins, C-Type/genetics
- Lectins, C-Type/immunology
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- Lipopolysaccharides/immunology
- Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Lymph Nodes/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/immunology
- Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/pharmacology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Toll-Like Receptor 9/agonists
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
- Up-Regulation/immunology
- Vaccinia/immunology
- Vaccinia/virology
- Vaccinia virus/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisenda Alari-Pahissa
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
- Departament de Fisiologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Notario
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Lorente
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Vega-Ramos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Bio21 Institute), University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ana Justel
- Facultad de Matemáticas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel López
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - José A. Villadangos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Bio21 Institute), University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Pilar Lauzurica
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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13
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Gimsa U, Kanitz E, Otten W, Tuchscherer M, Tuchscherer A, Ibrahim SM. Tumour necrosis factor receptor deficiency alters anxiety-like behavioural and neuroendocrine stress responses of mice. Cytokine 2012; 59:72-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Revised: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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14
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Yamauchi K, Kasuya Y, Kuroda F, Tanaka K, Tsuyusaki J, Ishizaki S, Matsunaga H, Iwamura C, Nakayama T, Tatsumi K. Attenuation of lung inflammation and fibrosis in CD69-deficient mice after intratracheal bleomycin. Respir Res 2011; 12:131. [PMID: 21970554 PMCID: PMC3198935 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-12-131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cluster of differentiation 69 (CD69), an early activation marker antigen on T and B cells, is also expressed on activated macrophages and neutrophils, suggesting that CD69 may play a role in inflammatory diseases. To determine the effect of CD69 deficiency on bleomycin(BLM)-induced lung injury, we evaluated the inflammatory response following intratracheal BLM administration and the subsequent fibrotic changes in wild type (WT) and CD69-deficient (CD69-/-) mice. Methods The mice received a single dose of 3 mg/kg body weight of BLM and were sacrificed at 7 or 14 days post-instillation (dpi). Lung inflammation in the acute phase (7 dpi) was investigated by differential cell counts and cytokine array analyses of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. In addition, lung fibrotic changes were evaluated at 14 dpi by histopathology and collagen assays. We also used reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction to measure the mRNA expression level of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) in the lungs of BLM-treated mice. Results CD69-/- mice exhibited less lung damage than WT mice, as shown by reductions in the following indices: (1) loss of body weight, (2) wet/dry ratio of lung, (3) cytokine levels in BALF, (4) histological evidence of lung injury, (5) lung collagen deposition, and (6) TGF-β1 mRNA expression in the lung. Conclusion The present study clearly demonstrates that CD69 plays an important role in the progression of lung injury induced by BLM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Yamauchi
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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15
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Lichtfuss GF, Hoy J, Rajasuriar R, Kramski M, Crowe SM, Lewin SR. Biomarkers of immune dysfunction following combination antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection. Biomark Med 2011; 5:171-86. [PMID: 21473720 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.11.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has significantly reduced morbidity and mortality of HIV-infected patients, yet their life expectancy remains reduced compared with the general population. Most HIV-infected patients receiving cART have some persistent immune dysfunction characterized by chronic immune activation and premature aging of the immune system. Here we review biomarkers of T-cell activation (CD69, -25 and -38, HLA-DR, and soluble CD26 and -30); generalized immune activation (C-reactive protein, IL-6 and D-dimer); microbial translocation (lipopolysaccharide, 16S rDNA, lipopolysaccharide-binding protein and soluble CD14); and immune dysfunction of specific cellular subsets (T cells, natural killer cells and monocytes) in HIV-infected patients on cART and their relationship to adverse clinical outcomes including impaired CD4 T-cell recovery, as well as non-AIDS clinical events, such as cardiovascular disease.
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16
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Kwak-Kim J, Park JC, Ahn HK, Kim JW, Gilman-Sachs A. Immunological Modes of Pregnancy Loss. Am J Reprod Immunol 2010; 63:611-23. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2010.00847.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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17
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Yang KM, Ntrivalas E, Cho HJ, Kim NY, Beaman K, Gilman-Sachs A, Kwak-Kim J. ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Women with Multiple Implantation Failures and Recurrent Pregnancy Losses have Increased Peripheral Blood T Cell Activation. Am J Reprod Immunol 2010; 63:370-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2010.00811.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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18
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Pitsios C, Dimitrakopoulou A, Tsalimalma K, Kordossis T, Choremi‐Papadopoulou H. Expression of CD69 on T‐cell subsets in HIV‐1 disease. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2009; 68:233-41. [DOI: 10.1080/00365510701630227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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19
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Han Y, Guo Q, Zhang M, Chen Z, Cao X. CD69+CD4+CD25−T Cells, a New Subset of Regulatory T Cells, Suppress T Cell Proliferation through Membrane-Bound TGF-β1. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 182:111-20. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.182.1.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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20
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FERNÁNDEZ-HERRERA J, FERNÁNDKZ-RUIZ E, LÓPEZ-CABRERA M, GARCÍA-DÍEZ A, SÁNCHEZ-MADRID F, GONZÁLEZ-AMARO R. CD69 expression and tumour necrosis factor-α immunoreactivity in the inflammatory cell infiltrate of halo naevi. Br J Dermatol 2008. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.1996.20755.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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21
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Schwulst SJ, Muenzer JT, Chang KC, Brahmbhatt TS, Coopersmith CM, Hotchkiss RS. Lymphocyte phenotyping to distinguish septic from nonseptic critical illness. J Am Coll Surg 2007; 206:335-42. [PMID: 18222389 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2007.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2007] [Revised: 07/23/2007] [Accepted: 07/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical signs and symptoms of sepsis are nonspecific and often indistinguishable from those of nonseptic critical illness. This ambiguity frequently delays the diagnosis of sepsis until culture results can confirm the presence or absence of an infectious organism. Lymphocyte phenotyping can be conducted rapidly and may provide information on the presence of infection before culture results are available. In this study, we hypothesized that lymphocyte phenotype can distinguish between septic and nonseptic critical illness. STUDY DESIGN C57Bl/6 mice were subjected to either P aeruginosa pneumonia or lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury (ALI). Animals were sacrificed 24 hours postinjury and splenic lymphocytes were harvested. Additionally, 13 patients in a surgical ICU were enrolled in the study. Whole blood was obtained and lymphocytes were isolated by density gradient centrifugation. Lymphocyte phenotype was identified through flow cytometry after labeling lymphocytes for CD3, CD4, CD8, CD20, CD40, CD69, and CD86 with fluorochrome-conjugated antibodies. RESULTS CD69 expression on B cells and CD8+ splenocytes from septic mice was significantly increased compared with acute lung injury mice (p < 0.001 and p < 0.05, respectively). Similarly, CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes from septic patients had a two- to threefold increase in the expression of CD69 compared with nonseptic critically ill patients (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These data indicated that CD69 expression on lymphocytes may be useful in distinguishing between septic and nonseptic critical illness. Continued investigation into the expression of CD69 during sepsis is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Schwulst
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
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22
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Shimada S, Nakamura M, Tanaka Y, Tsutsumi K, Katano M, Masuko K, Yudoh K, Koizuka I, Kato T. Crosslinking of the CD69 molecule enhances S100A9 production in activated neutrophils. Microbiol Immunol 2007; 51:87-98. [PMID: 17237603 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2007.tb03878.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Expression of CD69 on neutrophils and generation of anti-CD69 autoantibodies in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have been reported. Thus natural ligands for CD69 not yet identified and/or the anti-CD69 autoantibodies possibly affect neutrophils by evoking CD69 signaling, which may further affect joint-composing cells in RA. However, the effect of the CD69 signaling in neutrophils remains largely unclear. To elucidate the issue, we tried to identify proteins affected by the crosslinking of CD69 on neutrophils using a proteomic approach. Specifically, CD69 on granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-activated neutrophils was crosslinked by anti-CD69 monoclonal antibodies, and then intracellular proteins were detected using 2-dimensional electrophoresis and further identified by mass spectrometry and subsequent protein database searching. As a result, we successfully identified multiple proteins that increased their production by the CD69 signaling. Among the proteins, we focused on one of the up-regulated proteins, S100A9 calcium binding protein (S100A9), and investigated proteome changes brought by a recombinant S100A9 in a human synovial sarcoma cell line (SW982), a human chondrosarcoma cell line (OUMS-27), and a human T leukemia cell line (Jurkat). This revealed that the recombinant S100A9 altered proteomes of SW982 and OUMS-27, and to a lesser extent, that of the Jurkat cells. Further, S100A9 induced IL-1beta production from neutrophils and the SW982 cells. These data suggest that unidentified natural ligands for CD69 and/or the anti-CD69 autoantibodies possibly affect joint-composing cell types through the increased production of S100A9 in neutrophils, providing a new insight into functions of CD69 on neutrophils in RA.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Autoantibodies/immunology
- Calgranulin B/biosynthesis
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cells, Cultured
- Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/immunology
- Humans
- Jurkat Cells
- Lectins, C-Type
- Ligands
- Mass Spectrometry
- Neutrophils/immunology
- Neutrophils/metabolism
- Proteome/analysis
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonoko Shimada
- Department of Bioregulation and Proteomics, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
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23
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Wang Q, Liu Y, Wang J, Ding G, Zhang W, Chen G, Zhang M, Zheng S, Cao X. Induction of allospecific tolerance by immature dendritic cells genetically modified to express soluble TNF receptor. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:2175-85. [PMID: 16887977 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.4.2175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The ability of dendritic cells (DC) to initiate immune responses or induce immune tolerance is strictly dependent on their maturation state. TNF-alpha plays a pivotal role in the differentiation and maturation of DC. Blockade of TNF-alpha action may arrest DC in an immature state, prolonging their window of tolerogenic opportunity. Immature DC (imDC) were transfected with recombinant adenovirus to express soluble TNF-alpha receptor type I (sTNFRI), a specific inhibitor of TNF-alpha. The capacity of sTNFRI gene-modified imDC (DC-sTNFRI) to induce immune tolerance was analyzed. sTNFRI expression renders imDC resistant to maturation induction and impairs their capacity to migrate or present Ag. This process leads to induction of allogeneic T cell hyporesponsiveness and the generation of IL-10-producing T regulatory-like cells. In vivo pretreatment of transplant recipients with DC-sTNFRI induces long-term survival of cardiac allografts in 50% of cases, and leads to a substantial increase in the generation of microchimerism and T regulatory cell numbers. Thus, blockade of TNF-alpha action by sTNFRI genetic modification can inhibit the maturation of DC and potentiate the in vivo capacity of imDC to induce donor-specific immune tolerance and prolong allograft survival.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Dendritic Cells/cytology
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Heart Transplantation/immunology
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/physiology
- Skin Transplantation/immunology
- Solubility
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- Transfection/methods
- Transplantation Tolerance/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/antagonists & inhibitors
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanxing Wang
- Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, 800 Yiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
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24
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Vance BA, Harley PH, Backlund PS, Ward Y, Phelps TL, Gress RE. Human CD69 associates with an N-terminal fragment of calreticulin at the cell surface. Arch Biochem Biophys 2005; 438:11-20. [PMID: 15893733 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2005.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2004] [Revised: 04/11/2005] [Accepted: 04/12/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
CD69 is thought to be a pluripotent signaling molecule expressed on the surface of a number of activated leukocytes including B, T, and NK cells, monocytes, neutrophils, and platelets. While some advances have been made regarding the mechanisms by which CD69 may participate in such diverse functions as cell aggregation, cellular cytotoxicity, and release of cytokines and inflammatory mediators, the most proximal links of signal initiation have not been identified. Our study has identified, by immunoprecipitation and direct protein sequencing (LC/MS/MS), binding of CD69 to an N-terminal protein fragment of calreticulin expressed on the cell surface of human PBMCs. Given the recently identified roles calreticulin plays in cell adhesion and angiogensis, the identification of CD69 binding directly to calreticulin may provide insights into mechanism(s) by which CD69 or other CD69 family members, i.e., LLT1 and AICL participates in such diverse functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara A Vance
- National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, Bethesda, MD 20892-1306, USA.
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25
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Sancho D, Gómez M, Sánchez-Madrid F. CD69 is an immunoregulatory molecule induced following activation. Trends Immunol 2005; 26:136-40. [PMID: 15745855 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2004.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David Sancho
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital de la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Diego de León 62, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
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26
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Wu P, Hyodoh F, Hatayama T, Sakaguchi H, Hatada S, Miura Y, Takata-Tomokuni A, Katsuyama H, Otsuki T. Induction of CD69 antigen expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells on exposure to silica, but not by asbestos/chrysotile-A. Immunol Lett 2005; 98:145-52. [PMID: 15790520 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2004.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2004] [Revised: 10/20/2004] [Accepted: 11/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
While cases of silicosis are often complicated by various autoimmune disorders, patients with asbestosis develop malignant tumors such as lung cancer and malignant mesothelioma. These differences may derive from different biological effects, particularly on immunological cells, of silica and asbestos. To find differences between silica and asbestos, the early activation antigen, CD69, on T cells was examined because dysregulated and continuous activation of T cells may promote the survival of self-recognizing T cells. After cultivation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with or without silica or chrysotile-A, an asbestos, only silica induced CD69 expression on the lymphocytes. This induction of CD69 expression was mediated by protein kinase C activation. In addition, cell-cell contact mediated by HLA-DR was more important than soluble factors secreted from silica-phagocytosed cells such as IL-1beta, IL-6, and IL-8, even though IL-6 and IL-8 were produced during the culture of PBMCs with silica and chrysotile-A. It should be examined how these activated, CD69-expressing lymphocytes affect other immune systems as well as alter themselves in terms of cytokine production and cell-cell interaction, leading to autoimmune disorders in silicosis patients.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Asbestos, Serpentine/pharmacology
- Coculture Techniques
- Humans
- Lectins, C-Type
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/drug effects
- Protein Kinase C/antagonists & inhibitors
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wu
- Department of Hygiene, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama 701-0192, Japan
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27
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Molina A, Valladares M, Magadán S, Sancho D, Viedma F, Sanjuan I, Gambón F, Sánchez-Madrid F, González-Fernández A. The use of transgenic mice for the production of a human monoclonal antibody specific for human CD69 antigen. J Immunol Methods 2003; 282:147-58. [PMID: 14604548 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2003.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The CD69 antigen is the earliest activation marker expressed on leukocyte surfaces after stimulation and it has been correlated with disease state in a variety of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. We were interested in the generation of a human monoclonal antibody (mAb) against the CD69 antigen. To do this, mice carrying human Ig transgenes (on an inactivated endogenous immunoglobulin H and Igkappa background) were immunized with rat cells transfected with the human CD69 molecule. From over 2000 hybridoma clones generated in different fusions, we were able to obtain a human monoclonal antibody, hAIM-29, which specifically recognizes human CD69 on the surface of activated-human leukocytes. We demonstrate that the antibody is specific for the human CD69 molecule, as shown by double staining with mouse anti-human CD69 antibodies, ELISA, immunoblot and immunoprecipitation studies. Results of additional experiments show that hAIM-29 activates intracellular calcium influx without Ig cross-linking and enhances phorbol myristate acetate-induced cell proliferation in a manner similar to other mouse anti-CD69 antibodies. This report is the first to describe the isolation and characterization of a novel human mAb, hAIM-29, which may have therapeutic potential in diseases associated with the presence of activated cells expressing CD69 antigen.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/biosynthesis
- Antigens, CD/analysis
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/analysis
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Calcium/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Humans
- Lectins, C-Type
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Rats
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Molina
- Area de Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Vigo, Lagoas-Marcosende s/n 36200 Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
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28
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Sancho D, Gómez M, Viedma F, Esplugues E, Gordón-Alonso M, Angeles García-López M, de la Fuente H, Martínez-A C, Lauzurica P, Sánchez-Madrid F. CD69 downregulates autoimmune reactivity through active transforming growth factor-β production in collagen-induced arthritis. J Clin Invest 2003. [DOI: 10.1172/jci200319112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
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29
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Sancho D, Gómez M, Viedma F, Esplugues E, Gordón-Alonso M, García-López MA, de la Fuente H, Martínez-A C, Lauzurica P, Sánchez-Madrid F. CD69 downregulates autoimmune reactivity through active transforming growth factor-beta production in collagen-induced arthritis. J Clin Invest 2003; 112:872-82. [PMID: 12975472 PMCID: PMC193672 DOI: 10.1172/jci19112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2003] [Accepted: 07/08/2003] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
CD69 is induced after activation of leukocytes at inflammatory sites, but its physiological role during inflammation remains unknown. We explored the role of CD69 in autoimmune reactivity by analyzing a model of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in WT and CD69-deficient mice. CD69-/- mice showed higher incidence and severity of CIA, with exacerbated T and B cell immune responses to type II collagen. Levels of TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta2, which act as protective agents in CIA, were reduced in CD69-/- mice inflammatory foci, correlating with the increase in the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1beta and RANTES. Local injection of blocking anti-TGF-beta antibodies increased CIA severity and proinflammatory cytokine mRNA levels in CD69+/+ but not in CD69-/- mice. Moreover, in vitro engagement of CD69 induced total and active TGF-beta1 production in Concanavalin A-activated splenocyte subsets, mouse and human synovial leukocytes, and Jurkat stable transfectants of human CD69 but not in the parental CD69 negative cell line. Our results show that CD69 is a negative modulator of autoimmune reactivity and inflammation through the synthesis of TGF-beta, a cytokine that in turn downregulates the production of various proinflammatory mediators.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Arthritis, Experimental/immunology
- Arthritis, Experimental/metabolism
- Autoimmunity/physiology
- Cytokines/genetics
- Cytokines/immunology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Down-Regulation
- Foot/pathology
- Humans
- Inflammation/immunology
- Joints/cytology
- Joints/pathology
- Lectins, C-Type
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/pathology
- Synovial Fluid/cytology
- Synovial Fluid/immunology
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/immunology
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- David Sancho
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital de La Princesa, C/ Diego de León 62, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
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30
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Atzeni F, Schena M, Ongari AM, Carrabba M, Bonara P, Minonzio F, Capsoni F. Induction of CD69 activation molecule on human neutrophils by GM-CSF, IFN-gamma, and IFN-alpha. Cell Immunol 2003; 220:20-9. [PMID: 12718936 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-8749(03)00002-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The CD69 glycoprotein is an early activation antigen of T and B lymphocytes but it expression is induced in vitro on cells of most hematopoietic lineages, including neutrophils after stimulation with PMA or fMLP. In this study, we investigated whether CD69 expression on human neutrophils could be modulated by inflammatory or anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-18, G-CSF, GM-CSF, TNF-alpha, TGF-beta, IFN-alpha, IFN-gamma). Resting neutrophils from healthy subjects did not express CD69 on the cell surface; moreover, a preformed intracellular pool of CD69 was not evident in these cells. CD69 was barely detectable on these cells after overnight incubation in medium while overnight incubation with GM-CSF, IFN-gamma or IFN-alpha significantly induced CD69 expression on neutrophils with GM-CSF appearing to be the most potent inducer. This induction was dependent on a new protein synthesis as it was significantly inhibited by cycloheximide (about 50% inhibition). CD69 cross-linking on GM-CSF-primed neutrophils sinergized with LPS and increased TNF-alpha production and secretion suggesting a role for CD69-positive neutrophils in the pathogenesis and maintenance of different inflammatory diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/physiology
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/physiology
- CD11b Antigen/biosynthesis
- CD11b Antigen/genetics
- Cycloheximide/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor/pharmacology
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/pharmacology
- Humans
- Inflammation/immunology
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Interferon-alpha/pharmacology
- Interferon-gamma/pharmacology
- Interleukins/pharmacology
- Lectins, C-Type
- Neutrophils/drug effects
- Neutrophils/immunology
- Neutrophils/metabolism
- Phagocytosis/drug effects
- Protein Synthesis Inhibitors/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Respiratory Burst/drug effects
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/pharmacology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/biosynthesis
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Atzeni
- Rheumatology Unit, Ospedale L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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31
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Esplugues E, Sancho D, Vega-Ramos J, Martínez C, Syrbe U, Hamann A, Engel P, Sánchez-Madrid F, Lauzurica P. Enhanced antitumor immunity in mice deficient in CD69. J Exp Med 2003; 197:1093-106. [PMID: 12732655 PMCID: PMC2193974 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20021337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the in vivo role of CD69 by analyzing the susceptibility of CD69-/- mice to tumors. CD69-/- mice challenged with MHC class I- tumors (RMA-S and RM-1) showed greatly reduced tumor growth and prolonged survival compared with wild-type (WT) mice. The enhanced anti-tumor response was NK cell and T lymphocyte-mediated, and was due, at least in part, to an increase in local lymphocytes. Resistance of CD69-/- mice to MHC class I- tumor growth was also associated with increased production of the chemokine MCP-1, diminished TGF-beta production, and decreased lymphocyte apoptosis. Moreover, the in vivo blockade of TGF-beta in WT mice resulted in enhanced anti-tumor response. In addition, CD69 engagement induced NK and T cell production of TGF-beta, directly linking CD69 signaling to TGF-beta regulation. Furthermore, anti-CD69 antibody treatment in WT mice induced a specific down-regulation in CD69 expression that resulted in augmented anti-tumor response. These data unmask a novel role for CD69 as a negative regulator of anti-tumor responses and show the possibility of a novel approach for the therapy of tumors.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Homeostasis
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Lectins, C-Type
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/immunology
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/physiology
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Enric Esplugues
- Departmento de Fisiología, Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona 08080 Spain
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32
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Foerster M, Haefner D, Kroegel C. Bcl-2-mediated regulation of CD69-induced apoptosis of human eosinophils: identification and characterization of a novel receptor-induced mechanism and relationship to CD95-transduced signalling. Scand J Immunol 2002; 56:417-28. [PMID: 12234263 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3083.2002.01111.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Elimination of the eosinophils from the airways by selective induction of apoptosis represents a therapeutic approach for asthma. Here we report on a possible target molecule, the surface receptor CD69. To simulate an asthmatic response, segmental allergen challenge in mild asthmatics was performed. Eosinophil numbers increased in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) at 18 h. In contrast to blood cells, BAL eosinophils expressed the activation marker CD69. Purified blood eosinophils stimulated with granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) or interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) expressed CD69 and showed prolonged viability. Only IFN-gamma enhanced constitutive CD95 expression. Coincubation with anti-CD69 or anti-CD95 monoclonal antibody (MoAb) induced apoptosis, as revealed by propidium iodide incorporation, membrane blebbing and nuclear fragmentation. Additionally, both anti-CD69 and anti-CD95 MoAb reduced cytokine-enhanced Bcl-2 expression. In conclusion, CD69 transduces a Bcl-2-dependent death signal when ligated by a specific antibody. As, in contrast to the ubiquitous death-inducer CD95, the function of CD69 appears to be restricted to activated eosinophils, it represents an ideal target for therapeutic intervention in asthma.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Allergens
- Anti-Asthmatic Agents/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/physiology
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/physiology
- Apoptosis/physiology
- Asthma/physiopathology
- Bronchial Provocation Tests
- Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid
- Bronchoconstriction/drug effects
- Bronchoscopy
- Cells, Cultured
- Drug Design
- Eosinophils/cytology
- Eosinophils/drug effects
- Female
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/pharmacology
- Humans
- Interferon-gamma/pharmacology
- Lectins, C-Type
- Male
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/physiology
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Receptor Aggregation/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- fas Receptor/biosynthesis
- fas Receptor/genetics
- fas Receptor/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- M Foerster
- Pneumology, Medical Clinic IV, Friedrich-Schiller University, Jena, Germany.
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33
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Posadas SJ, Torres MJ, Mayorga C, Juarez C, Blanca M. Gene expression levels of cytokine profile and cytotoxic markers in non-immediate reactions to drugs. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2002; 29:179-89. [PMID: 12490285 DOI: 10.1006/bcmd.2002.0555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Drugs can induce IgE mediated or T cell dependent immunological reactions. T cell dependent reactions are poorly understood, although T lymphocytes have been proposed as a protagonist in a number of non-immediate immunological reactions (NIR). The objective was to study in vivo different regulatory and proinflammatory cytokines and cytotoxic markers in patients with NIR to drugs. Twenty patients with NIR after drug intake were classified into two groups: Group A (severe), Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis; and Group B (mild), maculopapular exanthema and desquamative exanthema. Another 25 subjects taking the same drugs but without reactions formed a control group. Samples were obtained within 24 hours of the reaction and 30 days later. IL-2, IL-4, IFN, TNF, perforin, granzyme B (GrB), and FasL mRNA expression levels were determined in peripheral blood mononuclear cells by competitive RT-PCR. There were 9 patients in Group A and 11 in Group B. The drugs involved were betalactams (8), anticonvulsants (6), allopurinol (1), sulfamethoxazole (1), amiodarone (1) dypirone (2), and erythromicine+paracetamol (1). At the acute stage there was a high increase of IL-2, IFN, and TNF mRNA expression in both groups vs. controls, perforin and GrB varied in each group with patients in Group A having the highest values, and FasL was only expressed in Group A. Relationships between the cytokines were only significant in Group B (p < 0.05). Only the relation between IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha was significant in Group A. There was a significant correlation between cytotoxic markers in both groups (A: p < 0.001, B: p < 0.01). These data demonstrate the complexity of the Th1 phenotype in NIR after drug intake. In patients with mild NIR, cytokines appear to play a closely related role, whereas cytotoxic markers appear more relevant in severe reactions.
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34
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Pisegna S, Zingoni A, Pirozzi G, Cinque B, Cifone MG, Morrone S, Piccoli M, Frati L, Palmieri G, Santoni A. Src-dependent Syk activation controls CD69-mediated signaling and function on human NK cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:68-74. [PMID: 12077230 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.1.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CD69 C-type lectin receptor represents a functional triggering molecule on activated NK cells, capable of directing their natural killing function. The receptor-proximal signaling pathways activated by CD69 cross-linking and involved in CD69-mediated cytotoxic activity are still poorly understood. Here we show that CD69 engagement leads to the rapid and selective activation of the tyrosine kinase Syk, but not of the closely related member of the same family, ZAP70, in IL-2-activated human NK cells. Our results indicate the requirement for Src family kinases in the CD69-triggered activation of Syk and suggest a role for Lck in this event. We also demonstrate that Syk and Src family tyrosine kinases control the CD69-triggered tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of phospholipase Cgamma2 and the Rho family-specific exchange factor Vav1 and are responsible for CD69-triggered cytotoxicity of activated NK cells. The same CD69-activated signaling pathways are also observed in an RBL transfectant clone, constitutively expressing the receptor. These data demonstrate for the first time that the CD69 receptor functionally couples to the activation of Src family tyrosine kinases, which, by inducing Syk activation, initiate downstream signaling pathways and regulate CD69-triggered functions on human NK cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, CD/physiology
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/physiology
- Cell Cycle Proteins
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Enzyme Activation/immunology
- Enzyme Precursors/metabolism
- Humans
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
- Isoenzymes/metabolism
- Killer Cells, Natural/enzymology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Lectins, C-Type
- Lymphocyte Specific Protein Tyrosine Kinase p56(lck)/physiology
- Mice
- Phospholipase C gamma
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/physiology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-vav
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Syk Kinase
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Type C Phospholipases/metabolism
- ZAP-70 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase
- src-Family Kinases/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Pisegna
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Pathology, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
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35
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Heitger A, Winklehner P, Obexer P, Eder J, Zelle-Rieser C, Kropshofer G, Thurnher M, Holter W. Defective T-helper cell function after T-cell-depleting therapy affecting naive and memory populations. Blood 2002; 99:4053-62. [PMID: 12010807 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v99.11.4053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired T-cell function after T-cell- depleting (TCD) therapy has been hypothesized to be related to a transient predominance of extrathymically expanding memory T cells. To test whether after TCD therapy the naive T-helper cell population is functionally intact, the in vitro immune response of CD4(+)CD45RA(+) (naive) and of CD4(+)CD45RA(-) (memory) cells to polyclonal mitogens (immobilized anti-CD3, phytohemagglutinin) was analyzed by flow cytometry in 22 pediatric patients after high-dose chemotherapy (including 5 after autologous and 5 after allogeneic stem cell support). At 1 to 3 months after TCD therapy, patient samples showing decreased lymphoproliferative responses also showed a reduced induction of the early activation marker CD69 by CD4(+) T cells from 4 to 72 hours after stimulation even when supplemented with exogenous interleukin-2. This defect affected CD4(+)CD45RA(-) cells, but, strikingly, also CD4(+)CD45RA(+) cells, including samples in which CD4(+)CD45RA(+) cells were more than 90/microL, thus indicating ongoing thymopoiesis. Histogram analyses showed the median peak channel of CD69 in control CD4(+)CD45RA(+) cells rising 98-fold (median) but only 28-fold in patient cells (P <.0001). Apoptosis as detected by annexin V staining was increased in resting patient CD4(+) T cells (25% versus 6%) and also affected CD4(+)CD45RA(+) cells (12% versus 5%, P <.01). When peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were enriched for T cells, stimulatory responses of CD4(+) cells and of CD4(+)CD45RA(+) cells markedly improved. Thus, after TCD therapy suppressor factors contained in the non-T-cell fraction of PBMCs may affect T-helper cells irrespective of their naive or memory phenotype thus extending T-cell dysfunction to the presumably thymus-dependently regenerated T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Heitger
- University Children's Hospital Innsbruck; Department of Urology, University Innsbruck, Austria.
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36
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Llera AS, Viedma F, Sánchez-Madrid F, Tormo J. Crystal structure of the C-type lectin-like domain from the human hematopoietic cell receptor CD69. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:7312-9. [PMID: 11036086 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m008573200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
CD69, one of the earliest specific antigens acquired during lymphoid activation, acts as a signal-transducing receptor involved in cellular activation events, including proliferation and induction of specific genes. CD69 belongs to a family of receptors that modulate the immune response and whose genes are clustered in the natural killer (NK) gene complex. The extracellular portion of these receptors represent a subfamily of C-type lectin-like domains (CTLDs), which are divergent from true C-type lectins and are referred to as NK-cell domains (NKDs). We have determined the three-dimensional structure of human CD69 NKD in two different crystal forms. CD69 NKD adopts the canonical CTLD fold but lacks the features involved in Ca(2+) and carbohydrate binding by C-type lectins. CD69 NKD dimerizes noncovalently, both in solution and in crystalline state. The dimer interface consists of a hydrophobic, loosely packed core, surrounded by polar interactions, including an interdomain beta sheet. The intersubunit core shows certain structural plasticity that may facilitate conformational rearrangements for binding to ligands. The surface equivalent to the binding site of other members of the CTLD superfamily reveals a hydrophobic patch surrounded by conserved charged residues that probably constitutes the CD69 ligand-binding site.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/chemistry
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/chemistry
- Binding Sites
- Cell Division
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Dimerization
- Electrons
- Humans
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Lectins/chemistry
- Lectins, C-Type
- Ligands
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Plasmids/metabolism
- Protein Binding
- Protein Folding
- Protein Structure, Secondary
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Rats
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Llera
- Department of Macromolecular Structure, Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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37
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Yu X, Matsui T, Otsuka M, Sekine T, Yamamoto K, Nishioka K, Kato T. Anti-CD69 autoantibodies cross-react with low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 2 in systemic autoimmune diseases. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:1360-9. [PMID: 11145721 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.2.1360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether autoantibodies to CD69, one of the earliest markers of lymphocyte activation, exist in the sera of patients with systemic autoimmune disease. Serum samples were obtained from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus, and Behcet's disease, and were tested for the presence of anti-CD69 autoantibodies by ELISA and Western blotting using rCD69 fusion proteins. IgG-type autoantibodies to CD69 were detected in the sera of 38.3% of the RA patients, 14.5% of the systemic lupus erythematosus patients, and 4.0% of the patients with Behcet's disease. Among those with RA, the anti-CD69 autoantibody-positive patients had a higher serum level of rheumatoid factors and a more accelerated erythrocyte sedimentation rate than the anti-CD69 autoantibody-negative patients. Further, the predominant epitope on the CD69 molecule to which most of the anti-CD69 autoantibody-positive serum samples exclusively reacted, was mapped at the C terminus of CD69. Of interest, this epitope is homologous to a stretch of amino acids in the protein sequence of low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 2 (LRP2), which is a receptor for multiple ligands including beta-very low density lipoprotein and is also an autoantigen responsible for Heymann nephritis in rats. The anti-CD69 autoantibody cross-reacted to LRP2 through the homologous amino acid sequence. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence of the existence of anti-CD69 autoantibodies. This autoantibody may modulate the function of CD69- and LRP2-expressing cells.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/blood
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology
- Autoantibodies/biosynthesis
- Autoantibodies/blood
- Autoantibodies/metabolism
- Autoantigens/biosynthesis
- Autoantigens/genetics
- Autoantigens/immunology
- Autoantigens/metabolism
- Autoimmune Diseases/immunology
- Autoimmune Diseases/metabolism
- Binding Sites, Antibody
- Blood Sedimentation
- Cross Reactions
- Epitopes/immunology
- Epitopes/metabolism
- Female
- Humans
- Jurkat Cells
- Lectins, C-Type
- Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein-1
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Receptors, LDL/immunology
- Receptors, LDL/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Rheumatoid Factor/biosynthesis
- Rheumatoid Factor/blood
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Affiliation(s)
- X Yu
- Rheumatology, Immunology, and Genetics Program, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
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38
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García-Monzón C, Martín-Pérez E, Iacono OL, Fernández-Bermejo M, Majano PL, Apolinario A, Larrañaga E, Moreno-Otero R. Characterization of pathogenic and prognostic factors of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis associated with obesity. J Hepatol 2000; 33:716-24. [PMID: 11097478 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-8278(00)80301-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is an emerging clinical problem among the obese population. However, risk factors of progression to advanced forms of liver disease in this particular group of patients remain to be defined. METHODS The demographics and clinical and histologic features of 46 obese patients were evaluated. The intrahepatic immunological phenotype was assessed in all liver biopsy samples by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Histologic findings of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis were observed in 69.5% of the obese population studied and significant fibrosis was evident in 41% of patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Age (p=0.003), degree of steatosis (p=0.000002), and grade of inflammation (p=0000) at liver biopsy were independent variables positively associated with fibrosis. Intrahepatic expression levels of several immunologic markers of inflammation as well as nitric oxide derivatives were significantly higher in the severe forms of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis than in the mildest forms. CONCLUSIONS Obese persons with higher age, with greater degrees of hepatic steatosis, and specially those with increased grades of intrahepatic inflammation have the greatest risk for progression to fibrotic liver disease. An oxidative stress-triggered intrahepatic inflammatory response appears to be important in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C García-Monzón
- Hepatology Unit, Hospital Universitario Santa Cristina, Madrid, Spain.
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39
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Paquet P, Paquet F, Al Saleh W, Reper P, Vanderkelen A, Piérard GE. Immunoregulatory effector cells in drug-induced toxic epidermal necrolysis. Am J Dermatopathol 2000; 22:413-7. [PMID: 11048976 DOI: 10.1097/00000372-200010000-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) is a rare drug-induced disease for which the pathomechanism remains poorly understood. The effector cells of epidermal injury in TEN were studied by taking skin biopsies of early lesions in 23 TEN patients and by performing immunohistochemical tests using antibodies to factor XIIIa (type I dendrocytes), L1-protein (mainly Mac 387+ monocytes and macrophages), UCLHI (mainly CD45R0+ T-memory lymphocytes), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha). Computerized image analysis was used to evaluate the cell density relative to each immunolabeling. A statistical analysis of cellular counts revealed a numeric relation between the cell types in skin with TEN. Factor XIIIa+ dendrocytes were abundant and plump in the dermis, although Mac 387+ macrophages were the most numerous inflammatory cells in the epidermis. Their numbers greatly exceeded those of CD45R0+ T lymphocytes and cells showing immunoreactivity for either IL-6 or TNFalpha. In the epidermis, IL-6+ cells were significantly less numerous than TNFalpha+ cells. No quantitative difference was found between IL-6+ and CD45R0+ cell populations. Correlations were observed between either the numbers of TNFalpha+ cells or Mac 387+ macrophages and CD45R0+ lymphocytes. In the dermis, a significant correlation was also present between the numbers of Mac 387+ and factor XIIIa+ cells. These findings highlight the complex interactions between the inflammatory cells that mediate epidermal damage in skin with TEN. The high density of factor XIIIa+ dendrocytes and Mac 387+ macrophages in lesional skin assigns these cellular populations a prominent role in the pathomechanism of TEN. Despite a lower cell density, CD45RO+ T-memory lymphocytes likely participate in TNFalpha- and IL-6-regulated processes in the epidermis of TEN. TNFalpha seems to be a major cytokine involved in TEN, although a less prominent role can be ascribed to IL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Paquet
- Department of Dermatopathology, University Medical Center Sart Tilman, Liège, Belgium
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40
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Sashchenko LP, Dukhanina EA, Ioudinkova ES, Iarovaia OV, Lukianova TI, Kabanova OD, Gnuchev NV, Razin SV. Nonlymphoid cultured cells possess a system controlling cellular compatibility. J Cell Biochem 2000; 78:186-96. [PMID: 10842314 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4644(20000801)78:2<186::aid-jcb2>3.0.co;2-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We show that various nonlymphoid cultured cells can activate the production of cytotoxic factors in response to direct contact with cells of a different kind. Accumulation of cytotoxic factors in the medium was detected 1 h after contact of K562 and L929 cells or after contact of L929 cells with purified membranes of K562 cells. TNF-alpha or immunologically related proteins, or both, but not Fas-ligand or lymphotoxin, were also accumulated in membranes of K562 and L929 cells shortly after these cells had been allowed to contact each other. The cytotoxic factors expressed by nonlymphoid cells trigger apoptosis of target cells. These observations strongly suggest that nonlymphoid cells possess molecular mechanisms controlling cellular compatibility.
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Abstract
Abstract
AIM/CD69 is the earliest leukocyte activation antigen and is expressed mainly by activated T, B, and natural killer (NK) cells. It is also constitutively expressed by platelets, by bone marrow myeloid precursors, and by small subsets of resident lymphocytes in the secondary lymphoid tissues. The engagement of CD69 by specific antibodies induces intracellular signals, including Ca++ flux, cytokine synthesis, and cell proliferation. To investigate the physiological relevance of CD69, we generated mice deficient in CD69 (CD69-/-) by gene targeting in embryonic stem cells. CD69 (-/-) mice showed largely normal hematopoietic cell development and normal T-cell subpopulations in thymus and periphery. Furthermore, studies of negative- and positive-thymocyte selection using a T-cell receptor transgenic model demonstrated that these processes were not altered in CD69 (-/-) mice. In addition, natural killer and cytotoxic T lymphocyte cells from CD69-deficient mice displayed cytotoxic activity similar to that of wild-type mice. Interestingly, B-cell development was affected in the absence of CD69. The B220hiIgMneg bone marrow pre-B cell compartment was augmented in CD69 (-/-) mice. In addition, the absence of CD69 led to a slight increase in immunoglobulin (Ig) G2a and IgM responses to immunization with T-dependent and T-independent antigens. Nevertheless, CD69-deficient lymphocytes had a normal proliferative response to different T-cell and B-cell stimuli. Together, these observations indicate that CD69 plays a role in B-cell development and suggest that the putative stimulatory activity of this molecule on bone marrow-derived cells may be replaced in vivo by other signal transducing receptors.
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Abstract
AIM/CD69 is the earliest leukocyte activation antigen and is expressed mainly by activated T, B, and natural killer (NK) cells. It is also constitutively expressed by platelets, by bone marrow myeloid precursors, and by small subsets of resident lymphocytes in the secondary lymphoid tissues. The engagement of CD69 by specific antibodies induces intracellular signals, including Ca++ flux, cytokine synthesis, and cell proliferation. To investigate the physiological relevance of CD69, we generated mice deficient in CD69 (CD69-/-) by gene targeting in embryonic stem cells. CD69 (-/-) mice showed largely normal hematopoietic cell development and normal T-cell subpopulations in thymus and periphery. Furthermore, studies of negative- and positive-thymocyte selection using a T-cell receptor transgenic model demonstrated that these processes were not altered in CD69 (-/-) mice. In addition, natural killer and cytotoxic T lymphocyte cells from CD69-deficient mice displayed cytotoxic activity similar to that of wild-type mice. Interestingly, B-cell development was affected in the absence of CD69. The B220hiIgMneg bone marrow pre-B cell compartment was augmented in CD69 (-/-) mice. In addition, the absence of CD69 led to a slight increase in immunoglobulin (Ig) G2a and IgM responses to immunization with T-dependent and T-independent antigens. Nevertheless, CD69-deficient lymphocytes had a normal proliferative response to different T-cell and B-cell stimuli. Together, these observations indicate that CD69 plays a role in B-cell development and suggest that the putative stimulatory activity of this molecule on bone marrow-derived cells may be replaced in vivo by other signal transducing receptors.
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Baranda L, Torres-Alvarez B, Moncada B, Portales-Pérez D, de la Fuente H, Layseca E, González-Amaro R. Presence of activated lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of patients with halo nevi. J Am Acad Dermatol 1999; 41:567-72. [PMID: 10495377 DOI: 10.1016/s0190-9622(99)80054-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The involution of the central pigmented lesion in halo nevus (HN) seems to be mediated by an immune response against self antigens expressed by melanocytes. OBJECTIVE We assessed the presence of activated lymphocytes in the peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with HN. METHODS Peripheral blood was obtained from patients with HN associated with benign pigmented lesions (5) or melanoma (2) as well as from patients with melanoma without HN (5) and healthy subjects (10). Activated lymphocytes were detected by flow cytometry analysis using monoclonal antibodies (mAb) against CD69, CD71, CD98, HLA-DR, and activated beta(1) integrins (HUTS-21 mAb). RESULTS The peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with HN, associated with either benign or malignant lesions, exhibited a significantly higher expression of all activation markers studied compared with patients with melanoma without HN or compared with healthy subjects. Therefore the peripheral blood of HN patients contained a significant fraction of lymphocytes with an activated (CD69(+), HLA-DR(+), CD98(bright)), cell proliferating (CD71( bright)), and high adhesive (HUTS-21(bright)) phenotype. These activated cells disappeared from peripheral blood after the surgical resection of the skin lesion. CONCLUSION Our findings further support the involvement of immune activation in HN phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Baranda
- Department of Immunology, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosi, Mexico
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44
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Blázquez MV, Macho A, Ortiz C, Lucena C, López-Cabrera M, Sánchez-Madrid F, Muñoz E. Extracellular HIV type 1 Tat protein induces CD69 expression through NF-kappaB activation: possible correlation with cell surface Tat-binding proteins. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1999; 15:1209-18. [PMID: 10480634 DOI: 10.1089/088922299310304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 Tat protein, essential for HIV-1 gene expression and viral replication, is known to be secreted by infected cells and has pleiotropic effects on various cell functions. It seems that extracellular Tat may exert its functions on cellular targets by at least two different mechanisms, namely, by adsorptive endocytosis, and by a possible interaction with cell surface receptor(s). Here we report that extracellular Tat activates AIM/CD69 gene transcription through an NF-kappaB-dependent pathway in the erythroleukemia cell line K562. Tat induces NF-kappaB binding to DNA as a result of IkappaBalpha phosphorylation and degradation, which depend on the intracellular redox state. We found that the second Tat-coding exon is required for CD69 gene trans-activation, but not for HIV LTR gene transcription. Fluorescein-labeled Tat proteins were used to study cell surface binding sites and cellular uptake of the proteins. Full-length Tat protein has specific binding sites on the surface of K562 cells, whereas truncated Tat1-48, which is efficiently internalized by the cells, does not bind to the cell surface. Our results suggest that extracellular Tat may activate a cell surface-mediated pathway that induces intracellular signal transduction in K562 cells, leading to the activation of NF-kappaB and the transcription of NF-kappaB-dependent genes, such as CD69.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Blázquez
- Departamento de Fisiología e Immunología, Universidad de Córdoba, Cordoba, Spain
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45
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Abstract
CD69, also known as activation inducer molecule, very early activation antigen, MLR-3 and Leu-23, is a member of the natural killer (NK) cell gene complex family of signal transducing receptors. CD69 is as a type II transmembrane glycoprotein with a C-type lectin binding domain in the extracellular portion of the molecule. CD69 expression is induced in vitro on cells of most hematopoietic lineages, including T and B lymphocytes, NK cells, murine macrophages, neutrophils and eosinophils, while it is constitutively expressed on human monocytes, platelets and epidermal Langerhans cells. Although a specific ligand for CD69 has not been identified, its wide cellular distribution and the induction of intracellular signals upon CD69 crosslinking suggest a role for the receptor in the biology of hematopoietic cells. Moreover, certain results indicate that CD69 may be involved in the pathogenesis of such diseases as rheumatoid arthritis, chronic inflammatory liver diseases, mild asthma, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Marzio
- Department of Internal Medicine, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Bari Medical School, Italy
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Grimm PC, McKenna R, Nickerson P, Russell ME, Gough J, Gospodarek E, Liu B, Jeffery J, Rush DN. Clinical rejection is distinguished from subclinical rejection by increased infiltration by a population of activated macrophages. J Am Soc Nephrol 1999; 10:1582-9. [PMID: 10405215 DOI: 10.1681/asn.v1071582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been reported previously that one-third of protocol renal biopsies in asymptomatic, biochemically stable renal transplant recipients in the first 6 mo show unsuspected subclinical graft rejection (both infiltrate and tubulitis) and that subclinical rejection is a risk factor for chronic renal dysfunction. This study was performed to determine whether differences in phenotype or activation status of graft-infiltrating cells underlie these different manifestations of acute rejection. Biopsies with normal histology (n = 10), subclinical rejection (n = 13), and clinical rejection (n = 9) were studied using immunohistochemistry and computerized image analysis. Subclinical and clinical rejections had similar histologic Banff scores. Univariate analysis showed a trend for a higher infiltration with CD8+ (P = 0.053) and CD68+(P = 0.06) cells in clinical rejection. Of the activation markers studied (CD25, perforin, tumor necrosis factor-alpha), only allograft inflammatory factor-1+-activated macrophages were significantly (P = 0.014) increased in the infiltrate of clinical rejection biopsies. These data suggest that activated macrophages or their products are responsible for acute renal dysfunction associated with clinical rejection episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Grimm
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
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Borrego F, Robertson MJ, Ritz J, Peña J, Solana R. CD69 is a stimulatory receptor for natural killer cell and its cytotoxic effect is blocked by CD94 inhibitory receptor. Immunology 1999; 97:159-65. [PMID: 10447727 PMCID: PMC2326810 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.1999.00738.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CD69 is a differentiation antigen expressed shortly after activation on T lymphocytes and other cells of haematopoietic origin, including natural killer (NK) cells. The function of CD69 on T lymphocytes acting as a costimulatory molecule in proliferation and lymphokine secretion is well established. NK cells express CD69 after activation by different stimuli such as phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), interleukin (IL)-2, IL-12, interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) or anti-CD16 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). However, although it has been shown that CD69 triggers NK-cell-mediated cytolytic activity, its effect on other NK-cell functions has not been studied. Furthermore, the possible interaction of CD69 triggering with other C-lectin type inhibitory receptors is not known. Thus, the objective of this work is to determine whether CD69-mediated NK cytotoxicity can be regulated by CD94 inhibitory receptor and the role of CD69 on other NK-cell functions different of cytotoxicity. The results show that CD69-mediated NK cytotoxicity can be abrogated by CD94 stimulation in NK cells expressing the CD94 inhibitory form of the receptor, indicating that CD94 regulates the cytotoxic events initiated by a wide variety of NK activatory receptors. We also show that anti-CD69 mAbs, not only triggered NK cytotoxicity, but also induce NK-cell proliferation, CD25 and intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression, TNF-alpha production and Ca2+ mobilization in preactivated NK cells. These results suggest that CD69 plays a crucial role in NK-cell function contributing to sustain NK-cell activation, as it has been previously demonstrated in T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Borrego
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, 'Reina Sofía' University Hospital, University of Córdoba Córdoba, Spain
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48
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López-Briones S, Portales-Pérez DP, Baranda L, de la Fuente H, Rosenstein Y, González-Amaro R. Stimulation through CD50 preferentially induces apoptosis of TCR1+ human peripheral blood lymphocytes. CELL ADHESION AND COMMUNICATION 1999; 6:465-79. [PMID: 9929740 DOI: 10.3109/15419069809010795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis has an important role in several key immunological phenomena such as regulation of the immune response, and deletion of auto-reactive cells. This phenomenon is induced following the interaction of several cell membrane receptors with their respective ligands or after cell activation. We have studied the possible effect of signaling through CD50/ICAM-3 and CD69/AIM on apoptosis of peripheral blood lymphocytes. Apoptosis was assessed by both flow cytometry analysis (content of cell DNA and binding to annexin V), and detection of DNA fragmentation by agarose gel electrophoresis. We found that a stimulatory anti-CD50 mAb was able to induce a small but significant degree of apoptosis in resting peripheral blood mononuclear cells from most donors; this effect was dose-dependent and was evident as early as at 12 h, with a maximal induction at 48 h. Studies with T and non-T cells showed that only the former cell population was sensitive to the induction of apoptosis through CD50. Further experiments revealed that the anti-ICAM-3 mAb preferentially induced apoptosis of TCR gamma delta-bearing cells. In addition, we found a significant increase in Cai2+ in PBMC stimulated with an anti-CD50 mAb, suggesting the involvement of this signaling pathway in the induction of apoptosis through this adhesion receptor. In contrast, under our experimental conditions, stimulation through CD69 did not have any effect on the induction of apoptosis on either cultured T lymphoblasts or PMA-stimulated PBMC. Our findings suggest that the interaction of CD50 with its natural ligand LFA-1 results in the induction of apoptosis in a significant fraction of resting PBMC. This phenomenon may be involved in immune regulation, lymphocyte turnover and peripheral deletion of auto-reactive cells.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Apoptosis
- B-Lymphocytes/cytology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/immunology
- Humans
- Jurkat Cells
- Lectins, C-Type
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/cytology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- S López-Briones
- Departmento de Immunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, México
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49
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Rea IM, McNerlan SE, Alexander HD. CD69, CD25, and HLA-DR activation antigen expression on CD3+ lymphocytes and relationship to serum TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, and sIL-2R levels in aging. Exp Gerontol 1999; 34:79-93. [PMID: 10197730 DOI: 10.1016/s0531-5565(98)00058-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Aging is associated with changes in lymphocyte subsets and unexplained HLA-DR upregulation on T-lymphocytes. We further investigated this activation, by measuring early (CD69), middle (CD25), and late (HLA-DR) T-lymphocyte activation markers on CD3+ lymphocytes, across subjects (20-100 years) together with serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha), interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), and soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R). HLA-DR was present as a CD3+ HLA-DR+ subset that constituted 8% of total lymphocytes, increased twofold with age and included CD4+, CD8+, and CD45RA+ phenotypes. HLA-DR was also expressed on a CD8+ CD57+ subset. The CD3+ CD25+ subset constituted 13% of lymphocytes, fell with age but was weakly associated with the CD3+ HLA-DR+ subset especially in older subjects. A small 3-5% CD3+ CD69+ subsets showed no age effect. Serum sIL-2R, TNF-alpha, but not IFN-gamma, were associated with CD3+ HLA-DR+ lymphocytes, TNF-alpha with CD8+ CD57+ count and sIL-2R and IFN-gamma with the CD3+ CD25+/CD3+ CD4+ ratio. The study confirms age-related upregulation of HLA-DR on CD3+ lymphocytes, shows some evidence for associated upregulation of CD25 on CD3+ cells in older subjects, and links serum TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, and sIL2-R to T-lymphocyte activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Rea
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, The Queen's University of Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK.
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50
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Liu B, Whisler RL. Transcriptional activation and redox regulation of the tumor necrosis factor-alpha promoter in human T cells: role of the CRE/kappa3 promoter region. J Interferon Cytokine Res 1998; 18:999-1007. [PMID: 9858322 DOI: 10.1089/jir.1998.18.999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrancies in T cell expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) are frequently observed in inflammatory states characterized by oxidative stress due to excessive generation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and other reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this study, we examined the possible effects of oxidative stress on the expression of TNF-alpha protein and transcriptional activation of the TNF-alpha promoter in human T cells. Results show that exposure of resting T cells to micromolar concentrations of H2O2 did not induce TNF-alpha protein production or transcriptional activation of the TNF-alpha promoter. However, oxidative signals resulted in a dose-dependent suppression of TNF-alpha protein production and transcriptional activation in T cells stimulated with the lectin phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). Optimal suppression of TNF-alpha promoter activity was observed when cells were exposed to oxidative stress during early T cell activation, and other experiments demonstrated that the transactivation responses of the TNF-alpha promoter were quite susceptible to inhibition by both oxidative and reducing changes in cellular redox. Furthermore, reporter gene assays with 5' deletion mutants of the TNF-alpha promoter showed that the CRE/kappa3 composite site played a major role in activation of the TNF-alpha promoter by dual stimulatory signals and suppression of the TNF-alpha promoter by oxidative signals. Thus, T cell expression of TNF-alpha at the protein and transcriptional levels is highly regulated by changes in cellular redox, and the CRE/kappa3 composite site is important for both activation and redox regulation of the TNF-alpha promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Liu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, The William H. Davis Medical Research Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210-1228, USA
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