1
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Vaitaitis GM, Wagner DH. Modulating CD40 and integrin signaling in the proinflammatory nexus using a 15-amino-acid peptide, KGYY 15. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104625. [PMID: 36944397 PMCID: PMC10141526 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
CD40 signaling has long been a target in autoimmunity. Attempts to block signaling between CD40 and CD154 during clinical trials using monoclonal antibodies suffered severe adverse events. Previously, we developed a peptide, KGYY15, that targets CD40 and, in preclinical trials, prevents type 1 diabetes in >90% of cases and reverses new-onset hyperglycemia in 56% of cases. It did so by establishing normal effector T-cell levels rather than ablating the cells and causing immunosuppression. However, the relationship between KGYY15 and other elements of the complex signaling network of CD40 is not clear. Studying interactions between proteins from autoimmune and nonautoimmune mice, we demonstrate interactions between CD40 and integrin CD11a/CD18, which complicates the understanding of the inflammatory nexus and how to prevent autoinflammation. In addition to interacting with CD40, KGYY15 interacts with the integrins CD11a/CD18 and CD11b/CD18. We argue that modulation of CD40-CD154 signaling may be more advantageous than complete inhibition because it may preserve normal immunity to pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela M Vaitaitis
- Webb-Waring Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - David H Wagner
- Webb-Waring Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
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2
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Workman LM, Zhang L, Fan Y, Zhang W, Habelhah H. TRAF2 Ser-11 Phosphorylation Promotes Cytosolic Translocation of the CD40 Complex To Regulate Downstream Signaling Pathways. Mol Cell Biol 2020; 40:e00429-19. [PMID: 32041822 PMCID: PMC7156217 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00429-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CD40 plays an important role in immune responses by activating the c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK) and NF-κB pathways; however, the precise mechanisms governing the spatiotemporal activation of these two signaling pathways are not fully understood. Here, using four different TRAF2-deficient cell lines (A20.2J, CH12.LX, HAP1, and mouse embryonic fibroblasts [MEFs]) reconstituted with wild-type or phosphorylation mutant forms of TRAF2, along with immunoprecipitation, immunoblotting, gene expression, and immunofluorescence analyses, we report that CD40 ligation elicits TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1)-mediated phosphorylation of TRAF2 at Ser-11. This phosphorylation interfered with the interaction between TRAF2's RING domain and membrane phospholipids and enabled translocation of the TRAF2 complex from CD40 to the cytoplasm. We also observed that this cytoplasmic translocation is required for full activation of the JNK pathway and the secondary phase of the NF-κB pathway. Moreover, we found that in the absence of Ser-11 phosphorylation, the TRAF2 RING domain interacts with phospholipids, leading to the translocation of the TRAF2 complex to lipid rafts, resulting in its degradation and activation of the noncanonical NF-κB pathway. Thus, our results provide new insights into the CD40 signaling mechanisms whereby Ser-11 phosphorylation controls RING domain-dependent subcellular localization of TRAF2 to modulate the spatiotemporal activation of the JNK and NF-κB pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Workman
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Laiqun Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Yumei Fan
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Weizhou Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Hasem Habelhah
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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3
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Richards DM, Sefrin JP, Gieffers C, Hill O, Merz C. Concepts for agonistic targeting of CD40 in immuno-oncology. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2019; 16:377-387. [PMID: 31403344 PMCID: PMC7062441 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1653744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
TNF Receptor Superfamily (TNF-R-SF) signaling is a structurally well-defined event that requires proper receptor clustering and trimerization. While the TNF-SF ligands naturally exist as trivalent functional units, the receptors are usually separated on the cell surface. Critically, receptor assembly into functional trimeric signaling complexes occurs through binding of the natural ligand unit. TNF-R-SF members, including CD40, have been key immunotherapeutic targets for over 20 years. CD40, expressed by antigen-presenting cells, endothelial cells, and many tumors, plays a fundamental role in connecting innate and adaptive immunity. The multiple investigated strategies to induce CD40 signaling can be broadly grouped into antibody-based or CD40L-based approaches. Currently, seven different antibodies and one CD40L-based hexavalent fusion protein are in active clinical trials. In this review, we describe the biology and structural properties of CD40, requirements for agonistic signal transduction through CD40 and summarize current attempts to exploit the CD40 signaling pathway for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Oliver Hill
- Research and Development, Apogenix AG, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Merz
- Research and Development, Apogenix AG, Heidelberg, Germany
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4
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Zhou JHS, Markham JF, Duffy KR, Hodgkin PD. Stochastically Timed Competition Between Division and Differentiation Fates Regulates the Transition From B Lymphoblast to Plasma Cell. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2053. [PMID: 30250473 PMCID: PMC6139340 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to external stimuli, naïve B cells proliferate and take on a range of fates important for immunity. How their fate is determined is a topic of much recent research, with candidates including asymmetric cell division, lineage priming, stochastic assignment, and microenvironment instruction. Here we manipulate the generation of plasmablasts from B lymphocytes in vitro by varying CD40 stimulation strength to determine its influence on potential sources of fate control. Using long-term live cell imaging, we directly measure times to differentiate, divide, and die of hundreds of pairs of sibling cells. These data reveal that while the allocation of fates is significantly altered by signal strength, the proportion of siblings identified with asymmetric fates is unchanged. In contrast, we find that plasmablast generation is enhanced by slowing times to divide, which is consistent with a hypothesis of competing timed stochastic fate outcomes. We conclude that this mechanistically simple source of alternative fate regulation is important, and that useful quantitative models of signal integration can be developed based on its principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie H S Zhou
- Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - John F Markham
- Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Victoria Research Laboratory, National ICT Australia, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ken R Duffy
- Hamilton Institute, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Philip D Hodgkin
- Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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5
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Nadafi R, Koning JJ, Veninga H, Stachtea XN, Konijn T, Zwiers A, Malmström A, den Haan JMM, Mebius RE, Maccarana M, Reijmers RM. Dendritic Cell Migration to Skin-Draining Lymph Nodes Is Controlled by Dermatan Sulfate and Determines Adaptive Immunity Magnitude. Front Immunol 2018; 9:206. [PMID: 29472931 PMCID: PMC5809438 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
For full activation of naïve adaptive lymphocytes in skin-draining lymph nodes (LNs), presentation of peptide:MHC complexes by LN-resident and skin-derived dendritic cells (DCs) that encountered antigens (Ags) is an absolute prerequisite. To get to the nearest draining LN upon intradermal immunization, DCs need to migrate from the infection site to the afferent lymphatics, which can only be reached by traversing a collagen-dense network located in the dermis of the skin through the activity of proteolytic enzymes. Here, we show that mice with altered collagen fibrillogenesis resulting in thicker collagen fibers in the skin display a reduced DC migration to the draining LN upon immune challenge. Consequently, the initiation of the cellular and humoral immune response was diminished. Ag-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cells as well as Ag-specific germinal center B cells and serum immunoglobulin levels were significantly decreased. Hence, we postulate that alterations to the production of extracellular matrix, as seen in various connective tissue disorders, may in the end affect the qualitative outcome of adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Nadafi
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jasper J Koning
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Henrike Veninga
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Xanthi N Stachtea
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tanja Konijn
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Antonie Zwiers
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anders Malmström
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Joke M M den Haan
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Reina E Mebius
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marco Maccarana
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Rogier M Reijmers
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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6
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Vaitaitis GM, Yussman MG, Waid DM, Wagner DH. Th40 cells (CD4+CD40+ Tcells) drive a more severe form of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis than conventional CD4 T cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172037. [PMID: 28192476 PMCID: PMC5305068 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
CD40-CD154 interaction is critically involved in autoimmune diseases, and CD4 T cells play a dominant role in the Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of Multiple Sclerosis (MS). CD4 T cells expressing CD40 (Th40) are pathogenic in type I diabetes but have not been evaluated in EAE. We demonstrate here that Th40 cells drive a rapid, more severe EAE disease course than conventional CD4 T cells. Adoptively transferred Th40 cells are present in lesions in the CNS and are associated with wide spread demyelination. Primary Th40 cells from EAE-induced donors adoptively transfer EAE without further in-vitro expansion and without requiring the administration of the EAE induction regimen to the recipient animals. This has not been accomplished with primary, non-TCR-transgenic donor cells previously. If co-injection of Th40 donor cells with Freund's adjuvant (CFA) in the recipient animals is done, the disease course is more severe. The CFA component of the EAE induction regimen causes generalized inflammation, promoting expansion of Th40 cells and infiltration of the CNS, while MOG-antigen shapes the antigen-specific TCR repertoire. Those events are both necessary to precipitate disease. In MS, viral infections or trauma may induce generalized inflammation in susceptible individuals with subsequent disease onset. It will be important to further understand the events leading up to disease onset and to elucidate the contributions of the Th40 T cell subset. Also, evaluating Th40 levels as predictors of disease onset would be highly useful because if either the generalized inflammation event or the TCR-honing can be interrupted, disease onset may be prevented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela M. Vaitaitis
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Webb-Waring Center, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Martin G. Yussman
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Webb-Waring Center, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Dan M. Waid
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Webb-Waring Center, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - David H. Wagner
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Webb-Waring Center, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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7
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Yamniuk AP, Suri A, Krystek SR, Tamura J, Ramamurthy V, Kuhn R, Carroll K, Fleener C, Ryseck R, Cheng L, An Y, Drew P, Grant S, Suchard SJ, Nadler SG, Bryson JW, Sheriff S. Functional Antagonism of Human CD40 Achieved by Targeting a Unique Species-Specific Epitope. J Mol Biol 2016; 428:2860-79. [PMID: 27216500 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Current clinical anti-CD40 biologic agents include both antagonist molecules for the treatment of autoimmune diseases and agonist molecules for immuno-oncology, yet the relationship between CD40 epitope and these opposing biological outcomes is not well defined. This report describes the identification of potent antagonist domain antibodies (dAbs) that bind to a novel human CD40-specific epitope that is divergent in the CD40 of nonhuman primates. A similarly selected anti-cynomolgus CD40 dAb recognizing the homologous epitope is also a potent antagonist. Mutagenesis, biochemical, and X-ray crystallography studies demonstrate that the epitope is distinct from that of CD40 agonists. Both the human-specific and cynomolgus-specific molecules remain pure antagonists even when formatted as bivalent Fc-fusion proteins, making this an attractive therapeutic format for targeting hCD40 in autoimmune indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron P Yamniuk
- Department of Molecular Discovery Technologies, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA.
| | - Anish Suri
- Department of Discovery Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Stanley R Krystek
- Department of Molecular Discovery Technologies, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - James Tamura
- Department of Molecular Discovery Technologies, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | | | - Robert Kuhn
- Department of Discovery Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Karen Carroll
- Department of Discovery Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Catherine Fleener
- Department of Discovery Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Rolf Ryseck
- Department of Molecular Discovery Technologies, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Lin Cheng
- Department of Molecular Discovery Technologies, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Yongmi An
- Department of Molecular Discovery Technologies, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Philip Drew
- Domantis, 315 Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge CB4 0WG, UK
| | - Steven Grant
- Domantis, 315 Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge CB4 0WG, UK
| | - Suzanne J Suchard
- Department of Discovery Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Steven G Nadler
- Department of Discovery Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - James W Bryson
- Department of Molecular Discovery Technologies, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Steven Sheriff
- Department of Molecular Discovery Technologies, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA.
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8
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Bankert KC, Oxley KL, Smith SM, Graham JP, de Boer M, Thewissen M, Simons PJ, Bishop GA. Induction of an Altered CD40 Signaling Complex by an Antagonistic Human Monoclonal Antibody to CD40. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:4319-27. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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9
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Veninga H, Borg EGF, Vreeman K, Taylor PR, Kalay H, van Kooyk Y, Kraal G, Martinez-Pomares L, den Haan JMM. Antigen targeting reveals splenic CD169+ macrophages as promoters of germinal center B-cell responses. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:747-57. [PMID: 25487358 PMCID: PMC4843951 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ag delivery to specific APCs is an attractive approach in developing strategies for vaccination. CD169+ macrophages in the marginal zone of the spleen represent a suitable target for delivery of Ag because of their strategic location, which is optimal for the capture of blood‐borne Ag and their close proximity to B cells and T cells in the white pulp. Here we show that Ag targeting to CD169+ macrophages in mice resulted in strong, isotype‐switched, high‐affinity Ab production and the preferential induction and long‐term persistence of Ag‐specific GC B cells and follicular Th cells. In agreement with these observations, CD169+ macrophages retained intact Ag, induced cognate activation of B cells, and increased expression of costimulatory molecules upon activation. In addition, macrophages were required for the production of cytokines that promote B‐cell responses. Our results identify CD169+ macrophages as promoters of high‐affinity humoral immune responses and emphasize the value of CD169 as target for Ag delivery to improve vaccine responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrike Veninga
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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10
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Hawkins ED, Turner ML, Wellard CJ, Zhou JHS, Dowling MR, Hodgkin PD. Quantal and graded stimulation of B lymphocytes as alternative strategies for regulating adaptive immune responses. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2406. [PMID: 24009041 PMCID: PMC3778729 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphocytes undergo a typical response pattern following stimulation in vivo: they proliferate, differentiate to effector cells, cease dividing and predominantly die, leaving a small proportion of long-lived memory and effector cells. This pattern results from cell-intrinsic processes following activation and the influence of external regulation. Here we apply quantitative methods to study B-cell responses in vitro. Our results reveal that B cells stimulated through two Toll-like receptors (TLRs) require minimal external direction to undergo the basic pattern typical of immunity. Altering the stimulus strength regulates the outcome in a quantal manner by varying the number of cells that participate in the response. In contrast, the T-cell-dependent CD40 activation signal induces a response where division times and differentiation rates vary in relation to stimulus strength. These studies offer insight into how the adaptive antibody response may have evolved from simple autonomous response patterns to the highly regulable state that is now observed in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- E D Hawkins
- 1] Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia [2] Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia [3]
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11
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Lin WW, Hildebrand JM, Bishop GA. A Complex Relationship between TRAF3 and Non-Canonical NF-κB2 Activation in B Lymphocytes. Front Immunol 2013; 4:477. [PMID: 24391649 PMCID: PMC3868921 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The adaptor protein TRAF3 restrains B cell activating factor receptor (BAFFR) and CD40-mediated activation of the NF-κB2 pathway in B cells. Mice lacking TRAF3 specifically in B cells revealed the critical role of TRAF3 in restraining homeostatic B cell survival. Furthermore, loss-of-function mutations of the traf3 gene have been associated with human B cell malignancies, especially multiple myeloma (MM). It has been proposed that receptor-induced TRAF3 degradation leads to stabilization of the NF-κB inducing kinase (NIK), and subsequent NF-κB2 activation. However, it is unclear how receptor-mediated TRAF3 degradation or loss-of-function contributes to B cell-specific NF-κB2 activation. In the current study, we employed two complementary models to address this question. One utilized a mutant traf3 gene found in a human MM-derived cell line called LP1. The LP1 mutant TRAF3 protein lacks the TRAF-N and TRAF-C domains. Consistent with the paradigm described, expression of LP1 TRAF3 in B cells promoted higher basal levels of NF-κB2 activation compared to Wt TRAF3. However, LP1 did not associate with TRAF2, CD40, or BAFFR, and no LP1 degradation was observed following receptor engagement. Interestingly, LP1 showed enhanced NIK association. Thus, TRAF3 degradation becomes dispensable to activate NF-κB2 when it is unable to associate with TRAF2. In a second model, we examined several mutant forms of BAFFR that are unable to induce NF-κB2 activation in B cells. Signaling to B cells by each of these BAFFR mutants, however, induced levels of TRAF3 degradation similar to those induced by Wt BAFFR. Thus, in B cells, receptor-mediated TRAF3 degradation is not sufficient to promote NF-κB2 activation. We thus conclude that there is not a simple linear relationship in B lymphocytes between relative levels of cellular TRAF3, induced TRAF3 degradation, NIK activation, and NF-κB2 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai W Lin
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa , Iowa City, IA , USA
| | | | - Gail A Bishop
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa , Iowa City, IA , USA ; Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa , Iowa City, IA , USA ; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, IA , USA ; VA Medical Center , Iowa City, IA , USA
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12
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Vaitaitis GM, Wagner DH. CD40 interacts directly with RAG1 and RAG2 in autoaggressive T cells and Fas prevents CD40-induced RAG expression. Cell Mol Immunol 2013; 10:483-9. [PMID: 24037181 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2013.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4(+) T cells expressing CD40 (Th40 cells) constitute a pathogenic T-cell subset that is necessary and sufficient to transfer autoimmune disease. We have previously demonstrated that CD40 signals peripheral Th40 cells to induce RAG1 and RAG2 expression, proteins necessary for the expression of T-cell receptor (TCR), leading to TCR revision. The dependency of TCR expression in the thymus on RAG proteins has long been known. However, despite numerous publications, there is controversy as to whether TCR expression can be altered in the periphery, post-thymic selective pressures. Therefore, a better understanding of TCR expression in primary peripheral cells is needed. We now show that the CD40 protein itself interacts with RAG1 and RAG2 as well as with Ku70 and translocates to the nucleus in Th40 cells. This indicates that the CD40 molecule is closely involved in the mechanism of TCR expression in the periphery. In addition, Fas signals act as a silencing mechanism for CD40-induced RAGs and prevent CD40 translocation to the nucleus. It will be important to further understand the involvement of CD40 in peripheral TCR expression and how TCR revision impacts auto-antigen recognition in order to effectively target and tolerize autoaggressive T cells in autoimmune disease.
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13
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Vaitaitis GM, Wagner DH. Galectin-9 controls CD40 signaling through a Tim-3 independent mechanism and redirects the cytokine profile of pathogenic T cells in autoimmunity. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38708. [PMID: 22685601 PMCID: PMC3369903 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
While it has long been understood that CD40 plays a critical role in the etiology of autoimmunity, glycobiology is emerging as an important contributor. CD40 signaling is also gaining further interest in transplantation and cancer therapies. Work on CD40 signaling has focused on signaling outcomes and blocking of its ligand, CD154, while little is known about the actual receptor itself and its control. We demonstrated that CD40 is in fact several receptors occurring as constellations of differentially glycosylated forms of the protein that can sometimes form hybrid receptors with other proteins. An enticing area of autoimmunity is differential glycosylation of immune molecules leading to altered signaling. Galectins interact with carbohydrates on proteins to effect such signaling alterations. Studying autoimmune prone NOD and non-autoimmune BALB/c mice, here we reveal that in-vivo CD40 signals alter the glycosylation status of non-autoimmune derived CD4 T cells to resemble that of autoimmune derived CD4 T cells. Galectin-9 interacts with CD40 and, at higher concentrations, prevents CD40 induced proliferative responses of CD4loCD40+ effector T cells and induces cell death through a Tim-3 independent mechanism. Interestingly, galectin-9, at lower concentrations, alters the surface expression of CD3, CD4, and TCR, regulating access to those molecules and thereby redirects the inflammatory cytokine phenotype and CD3 induced proliferation of autoimmune CD4loCD40+ T cells. Understanding the dynamics of the CD40 receptor(s) and the impact of glycosylation status in immunity will gain insight into how to maintain useful CD40 signals while shutting down detrimental ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela M. Vaitaitis
- Department of Medicine and Webb-Waring Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - David H. Wagner
- Department of Medicine and Webb-Waring Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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14
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Portillo JAC, Feliciano LM, Okenka G, Heinzel F, Subauste MC, Subauste CS. CD40 and tumour necrosis factor-α co-operate to up-regulate inducuble nitric oxide synthase expression in macrophages. Immunology 2012; 135:140-50. [PMID: 22044243 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2011.03519.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) expression is important given the role of this enzyme in inflammation, control of infections and immune regulation. In contrast to tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) alone or CD40 stimulation alone, simultaneous stimulation of mouse macrophages through CD40 ligation and TNF-α led to up-regulation of NOS2 and nitric oxide production. This response was of functional relevance because CD40/TNF-α-stimulated macrophages acquired nitric oxide-dependent anti-Leishmania major activity. CD40 plus TNF-α up-regulated NOS2 independently of interferon-γ, interferon-α/β and interleukin-1. TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6), an adapter protein downstream of CD40, appears to be required for NOS2 up-regulation because a CD40-TRAF6 blocking peptide inhibited up-regulation of NOS2 in CD40/TNF-α-stimulated macrophages. CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-β (C/EBPβ), a transcription factor activated by TNF-α but not CD40, was required for NOS2 up-regulation because this enzyme was not up-regulated when C/EBPβ(-/-) macrophages received CD40 plus TNF-α stimulation. These results indicate that CD40 and TNF-α co-operate to up-regulate NOS2, probably via the effect of TRAF6 and C/EBPβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose-Andres C Portillo
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH OH 44106, USA
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15
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Wallemacq H, Bedoret D, Pujol J, Desmet C, Drion PV, Farnir F, Mainil J, Lekeux P, Bureau F, Fiévez L. CD40 triggering induces strong cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses to heat-killed Staphylococcus aureus immunization in mice: A new vaccine strategy for staphylococcal mastitis. Vaccine 2012; 30:2116-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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16
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Li F, Ravetch JV. Inhibitory Fcγ receptor engagement drives adjuvant and anti-tumor activities of agonistic CD40 antibodies. Science 2011; 333:1030-4. [PMID: 21852502 DOI: 10.1126/science.1206954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
CD40, a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily, is expressed on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and is essential for immune activation. Although agonistic CD40 antibodies have been developed for immunotherapy, their clinical efficacy has been limited. We have found that coengagement of the Fc domain of agonistic CD40 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with the inhibitory Fcγ receptor FcγRIIB is required for immune activation. Direct comparison of mAbs to CD40 enhanced for activating FcγR binding, hence capable of cytotoxicity, or for inhibitory FcγRIIB binding, revealed that enhancing FcγRIIB binding conferred immunostimulatory activity and considerably greater anti-tumor responses. This unexpected requirement for FcγRIIB in enhancing CD40-mediated immune activation has direct implications for the design of agonistic antibodies to TNFR as therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fubin Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
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17
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HOIL-1L interacting protein (HOIP) is essential for CD40 signaling. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23061. [PMID: 21829693 PMCID: PMC3148254 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CD40 is a cell surface receptor important in the activation of antigen-presenting cells during immune responses. In macrophages and dendritic cells, engagement of CD40 by its ligand CD154 provides signals critical for anti-microbial and T cell-mediated immune responses, respectively. In B cells, CD40 signaling has a major role in regulating cell proliferation, antibody production, and memory B cell development. CD40 engagement results in the formation of a receptor-associated complex that mediates activation of NF-κB, stress-activated protein kinases, and other signaling molecules. However, the mechanisms that link CD40 to these signaling events have been only partially characterized. Known components of the CD40 signaling complex include members of the TNF receptor-associated factor (TRAF) family of proteins. We previously showed that the TRAF family member TRAF2 mediates recruitment of HOIL-1L-interacting protein (HOIP) to the cytoplasmic domain of CD40, suggesting that HOIP has a role in the CD40 signaling pathway. To determine the role of HOIP in CD40 signaling, we used somatic cell gene targeting to generate mouse B cell lines deficient in HOIP. We found that the CD40-induced upregulation of CD80 and activation of germline immunoglobulin epsilon transcription were defective in HOIP-deficient cells. We also found that the CD40-mediated activation of NF-κB and c-Jun kinase was impaired. Recruitment of IκB kinase proteins to the CD40 signaling complex was undetectable in HOIP-deficient cells, potentially explaining the defect in NF-κB activation. Restoration of HOIP expression reversed the defects in cellular activation and signaling. These results reveal HOIP as a key component of the CD40 signaling pathway.
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18
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Carlring J, Altaher HM, Clark S, Chen X, Latimer SL, Jenner T, Buckle AM, Heath AW. CD154-CD40 interactions in the control of murine B cell hematopoiesis. J Leukoc Biol 2011; 89:697-706. [PMID: 21330346 PMCID: PMC3382295 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0310179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between CD40 and CD154 play a very important role in control of immune responses, including the delivery of T cell help to B cells and other APCs. Thus far, there has been no role postulated for CD40-CD154 interactions in hematopoiesis. We show here that CD40 is expressed on murine pro-B cells and that its ligation enhances pro-B cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. In addition, CD154 mRNA is present in the BM. Moreover, we show that a deficiency in CD154 expression has effects on B cell hematopoiesis. Aged, CD154-deficient mice have significantly lower levels of B hematopoietic subsets downstream of pro-B cells in the BM. In addition, B lineage cells reconstitute more slowly following BMT into CD154-deficient recipients. We hypothesize that CD154 is expressed by radio-resistant cells in the BM and plays a role in fine-tuning B cell hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Carlring
- Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield Medical School, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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19
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Comparable T helper 1 (Th1) and CD8 T-cell immunity by targeting HIV gag p24 to CD8 dendritic cells within antibodies to Langerin, DEC205, and Clec9A. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:2384-9. [PMID: 21262813 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1019547108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Improved protein-based vaccines should facilitate the goal of effective vaccines against HIV and other pathogens. With respect to T cells, the efficiency of immunization, or "immunogenicity," is improved by targeting vaccine proteins to maturing dendritic cells (DCs) within mAbs to DC receptors. Here, we compared the capacity of Langerin/CD207, DEC205/CD205, and Clec9A receptors, each expressed on the CD8(+) DC subset in mice, to bring about immunization of microbial-specific T cells from the polyclonal repertoire, using HIV gag-p24 protein as an antigen. α-Langerin mAb targeted splenic CD8(+) DCs selectively in vivo, whereas α-DEC205 and α-Clec9A mAbs targeted additional cell types. When the mAb heavy chains were engineered to express gag-p24, the α-Langerin, α-DEC205, and α-Clec9A fusion mAbs given along with a maturation stimulus induced comparable levels of gag-specific T helper 1 (Th1) and CD8(+) T cells in BALB/c × C57BL/6 F1 mice. These immune T cells were more numerous than targeting the CD8(-) DC subset with α-DCIR2-gag-p24. In an in vivo assay in which gag-primed T cells were used to report the early stages of T-cell responses, α-Langerin, α-DEC205, and α-Clec9A also mediated cross-presentation to primed CD8(+) T cells if, in parallel to antigen uptake, the DCs were stimulated with α-CD40. α-Langerin, α-DEC205, and α-Clec9A targeting greatly enhanced T-cell immunization relative to nonbinding control mAb or nontargeted HIV gag-p24 protein. Therefore, when the appropriate subset of DCs is targeted with a vaccine protein, several different receptors expressed by that subset are able to initiate combined Th1 and CD8(+) immunity.
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20
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Fan J, Edsen-Moore MR, Turner LE, Cook RT, Legge KL, Waldschmidt TJ, Schlueter AJ. Mechanisms by which chronic ethanol feeding limits the ability of dendritic cells to stimulate T-cell proliferation. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2011; 35:47-59. [PMID: 21039629 PMCID: PMC3058243 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01321.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As initiators of immune responses, dendritic cells (DCs) are required for antigen (Ag)-specific activation of naïve T cells in the defense against infectious agents. The increased susceptibility to and severity of infection seen in chronic alcoholics could be because of impaired DCs initiation of naïve T-cell responses. Specifically, these DCs may not provide adequate Signals 1 (Ag presentation), 2 (costimulation), or 3 (cytokine production) to these T cells. METHODS Using the Meadows-Cook murine model of chronic alcohol abuse, the ability of ethanol (EtOH)-exposed DCs to stimulate T-cell proliferation, acquire and process Ag, express costimulatory molecules, and produce inflammatory cytokines was assessed. RESULTS Normal naïve T cells primed by EtOH-exposed DCs showed decreased proliferation in vitro and in vivo, compared to water-fed control mice. These EtOH-exposed DCs, after activation by CpG or tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), were less able to upregulate costimulatory molecules CD40, CD80, or CD86, and produced less IL-12 p40, TNFα, and IFNα than DCs from water-fed mice. TLR9 and TNF receptor expression were also reduced in/on EtOH-exposed DCs. No evidence of defective Ag acquisition or processing as a result of EtOH feeding was identified. CONCLUSIONS Inadequate proliferation of normal T cells following stimulation by EtOH-exposed DCs is likely a result of diminished Signal 2 and Signal 3. Lack of adequate inflammatory stimulation of EtOH-exposed DCs because of diminished receptors for inflammatory mediators appears to be at least partially responsible for their dysfunction. These findings provide a mechanism to explain increased morbidity and mortality from infectious diseases in alcoholics and suggest targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Fan
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, USA
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21
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Hostager BS, Fox DK, Whitten D, Wilkerson CG, Eipper BA, Francone VP, Rothman PB, Colgan JD. HOIL-1L interacting protein (HOIP) as an NF-kappaB regulating component of the CD40 signaling complex. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11380. [PMID: 20614026 PMCID: PMC2894856 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily mediates signals critical for regulation of the immune system. One family member, CD40, is important for the efficient activation of antibody-producing B cells and other antigen-presenting cells. The molecules and mechanisms that mediate CD40 signaling are only partially characterized. Proteins known to interact with the cytoplasmic domain of CD40 include members of the TNF receptor-associated factor (TRAF) family, which regulate signaling and serve as links to other signaling molecules. To identify additional proteins important for CD40 signaling, we used a combined stimulation/immunoprecipitation procedure to isolate CD40 signaling complexes from B cells and characterized the associated proteins by mass spectrometry. In addition to known CD40-interacting proteins, we detected SMAC/DIABLO, HTRA2/Omi, and HOIP/RNF31/PAUL/ZIBRA. We found that these previously unknown CD40-interacting partners were recruited in a TRAF2-dependent manner. HOIP is a ubiquitin ligase capable of mediating NF-κB activation through the ubiquitin-dependent activation of IKKγ. We found that a mutant HOIP molecule engineered to lack ubiquitin ligase activity inhibited the CD40-mediated activation of NF-κB. Together, our results demonstrate a powerful approach for the identification of signaling molecules associated with cell surface receptors and indicate an important role for the ubiquitin ligase activity of HOIP in proximal CD40 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce S Hostager
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America.
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22
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Vaitaitis GM, Wagner DH. CD40 glycoforms and TNF-receptors 1 and 2 in the formation of CD40 receptor(s) in autoimmunity. Mol Immunol 2010; 47:2303-13. [PMID: 20646763 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2010.05.288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2010] [Revised: 05/24/2010] [Accepted: 05/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The CD40-CD154 dyad is an intensely studied field as is glycosylation status and both impact immunological functions and autoimmune conditions. CD40 has several isoforms, is modified by glycosylation, and trimerizes to form the functional receptor. We described a CD4(+)CD40(+) T cell (Th40) subset which is expanded in autoimmunity and is necessary and sufficient in transferring type 1 diabetes. Glycosylation impacts immunological events and T cells from autoimmune mouse strains express 30-40% less GlcNAc-branched N-glycans than T cells from non-autoimmune strains, a decrease known to activate T cells. Here we demonstrate that several CD40 receptor constellations exist on CD4 T cells. However, rather than containing different isoforms of CD40 they contain different glycoforms of isoform I. The glycoform profile is dependent on availability of CD154 and autoimmune NOD mice express a high level of a less glycosylated form. Interestingly, CD40 stimulation induces some CD40 receptor constellations that contain TNF-receptors 1 and 2 and targeting of those alters CD40 signaling outcomes in NOD Th40 cells. CD40-stimulation in vivo of non-autoimmune BALB/c mice expands the Th40 population and alters the CD40 glycoform profile of those cells to appear more like that of autoimmune prone NOD mice. Further understanding the dynamics and composition of the different CD40 receptor constellations will provide important insights into treatment options in autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela M Vaitaitis
- Department of Medicine and Webb-Waring Center, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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23
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Wang B, Kuroiwa JMY, He LZ, Charalambous A, Keler T, Steinman RM. The human cancer antigen mesothelin is more efficiently presented to the mouse immune system when targeted to the DEC-205/CD205 receptor on dendritic cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1174:6-17. [PMID: 19769731 PMCID: PMC2933265 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04933.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
To develop a tumor vaccine directly targeting tumor antigen to dendritic cells in situ, we engineered human mesothelin (MSLN) into an antibody specific for mouse DEC-205, a receptor for antigen presentation. We then characterized both T cell and humoral responses to human MSLN and compared immunizing efficacy of DEC-205-targeted MSLN to nontargeted protein after a single-dose immunization. Targeting human MSLN to DEC-205 receptor induced stronger CD4(+) T-cell responses compared to high doses of mesothelin protein. Approximately 0.5% CD4(+) T cells were primed to produce IFN-gamma, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and IL-2 via intracellular cytokine staining, and the T cells also could proliferate rapidly. The immune response exhibited breadth because the primed CD4(+) T cells responded to at least three epitopes in the H-2(b) background. Targeting MSLN protein to DEC-205 receptor also resulted in cross-presentation to CD8(+) T cells. Antibody responses against human MSLN were also detected in serum from primed mice by ELISA assays. In summary, targeting of MSLN to DEC-205 improves the induction of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell immunity accompanied by an antibody response. DEC-205-targeting could be valuable for enhancing immunity to MSLN in cancers where this nonmutated protein is expressed.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibody Formation/immunology
- Antigens, CD/drug effects
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Colony-Stimulating Factors/immunology
- Colony-Stimulating Factors/pharmacology
- Dendritic Cells/drug effects
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Epitopes/immunology
- GPI-Linked Proteins
- Humans
- Immunization/methods
- Lectins, C-Type/drug effects
- Lectins, C-Type/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/pharmacology
- Mesothelin
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Minor Histocompatibility Antigens
- Receptors, Cell Surface/drug effects
- Receptors, Cell Surface/immunology
- Receptors, Interferon/deficiency
- Interferon gamma Receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Wang
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
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24
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Dasu T, Sindhava V, Clarke SH, Bondada S. CD19 signaling is impaired in murine peritoneal and splenic B-1 B lymphocytes. Mol Immunol 2009; 46:2655-65. [PMID: 19541367 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2009.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2009] [Accepted: 04/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
B-1 cells reside predominantly within the coelomic cavities, tonsils, Peyer's patches, spleen (a minor fraction - approximately 5%) and are absent in the lymph nodes. They are the primary sources of natural IgM in the body. B-1 cells express polyreactive B cell receptors (BCRs) that cross react with self-antigens and are thus implicated in auto-immune disorders. Previously, we reported that peritoneal B-1 cells are deficient in CD19-mediated intracellular signals leading to Ca(2+) mobilization. Here, we find that splenic B-1 cells, like peritoneal B-1 cells, are defective in Ca(2+) release upon B cell activation by co-cross-linking BCR and CD19. In the absence of extracellular sources of Ca(2+), intracellular Ca(2+) flux is similar between B-1 and B-2 cells. Moreover, the intracellular component of Ca(2+) release in both subsets of B cells is mostly PI3K dependent. BCR and CD19 co-cross-linking activates Akt, a key mediator of survival and proliferation signals downstream of PI3K in splenic B-2 cells. Splenic B-1 cells, on the other hand, do not phosphorylate Akt (S473) upon similar treatment. Furthermore, BCR+CD19 cross-linking induced phosphorylation of JNK is much reduced in splenic B-1 cells. In contrast, B-1 cells exhibited increased levels of constitutively active pLyn which appears to have an inhibitory role. The CD19 induced Ca(2+) response and BCR induced proliferation response were restored by a partial inhibition of pLyn with Src kinase specific inhibitors. These findings suggest a defect in CD19-mediated signals in both peritoneal and splenic B-1 B lymphocytes, which is in part, due to higher levels of constitutively active Lyn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trivikram Dasu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, 40536-0298, United States
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25
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Law CL, Grewal IS. Therapeutic interventions targeting CD40L (CD154) and CD40: the opportunities and challenges. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2009; 647:8-36. [PMID: 19760064 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-89520-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CD40 was originally identified as a receptor on B-cells that delivers contact-dependent T helper signals to B-cells through interaction with CD40 ligand (CD40L, CD154). The pivotal role played by CD40-CD40L interaction is illustrated by the defects in B-lineage cell development and the altered structures of secondary lymphoid tissues in patients and engineered mice deficient in CD40 or CD40L. CD40 signaling also provides critical functions in stimulating antigen presentation, priming of helper and cytotoxic T-cells and a variety of inflammatory reactions. As such, dysregulations in the CD40-CD40L costimulation pathway are prominently featured in human diseases ranging from inflammatory conditions to systemic autoimmunity and tissue-specific autoimmune diseases. Moreover, studies in CD40-expressing cancers have provided convincing evidence that the CD40-CD40L pathway regulates survival of neoplastic cells as well as presentation of tumor-associated antigens to the immune system. Extensive research has been devoted to explore CD40 and CD40L as drug targets. A number of anti-CD40L and anti-CD40 antibodies with diverse biological effects are in clinical development for treatment of cancer and autoimmune diseases. This chapter reviews the role of CD40-CD40L costimulation in disease pathogenesis, the characteristics of therapeutic agents targeting this pathway and status of their clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che-Leung Law
- Department of Preclinical Therapeutics, Seattle Genetics Inc., 21823 30th Drive SE, Bothell, Washington, 98021, USA.
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26
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Watanabe C, Shu GL, Zheng TS, Flavell RA, Clark EA. Caspase 6 regulates B cell activation and differentiation into plasma cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:6810-9. [PMID: 18981099 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.10.6810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Caspase (Casp) family proteases regulate not only lymphocyte apoptosis but also lymphocyte activation and development. In this study, we show that Casp6 regulates B cell activation and differentiation into plasma cells by modifying cell cycle entry. B cells from Casp6 knockout (Casp6 KO) mice examined ex vivo have more cells in G(1) than wild-type B cells, and mitogen-induced G(1) entry of Casp6 KO B cells is much faster than that of wild-type B cells. Even so, S phase entry and proliferation are not increased in Casp6 KO B cells. Rather than proliferating, activated Casp6 KO B cells preferentially differentiate into syndecan-1(+) plasma cells and produce Abs. In Casp6 KO mice compared with WT mice, serum levels of IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG2b are increased and Ag-specific Ab responses are also enhanced along with increased percentages of syndecan-1(+) plasma cells. Casp6 may regulate both B cell activation and differentiation by modifying requirements for G(0) B cells to enter G(1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chie Watanabe
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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27
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An IFN-gamma-IL-18 signaling loop accelerates memory CD8+ T cell proliferation. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2404. [PMID: 18545704 PMCID: PMC2408965 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2008] [Accepted: 05/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid proliferation is one of the important features of memory CD8+ T cells, ensuring rapid clearance of reinfection. Although several cytokines such as IL-15 and IL-7 regulate relatively slow homeostatic proliferation of memory T cells during the maintenance phase, it is unknown how memory T cells can proliferate more quickly than naïve T cells upon antigen stimulation. To examine antigen-specific CD8+ T cell proliferation in recall responses in vivo, we targeted a model antigen, ovalbumin(OVA), to DEC-205+ dendritic cells (DCs) with a CD40 maturation stimulus. This led to the induction of functional memory CD8+ T cells, which showed rapid proliferation and multiple cytokine production (IFN-γ, IL-2, TNF-α) during the secondary challenge to DC-targeted antigen. Upon antigen-presentation, IL-18, an IFN-γ-inducing factor, accumulated at the DC:T cell synapse. Surprisingly, IFN-γ receptors were required to augment IL-18 production from DCs. Mice genetically deficient for IL-18 or IFN-γ-receptor 1 also showed delayed expansion of memory CD8+ T cells in vivo. These results indicate that a positive regulatory loop involving IFN-γ and IL-18 signaling contributes to the accelerated memory CD8+ T cell proliferation during a recall response to antigen presented by DCs.
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28
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Verma S, Alexander CMA, Carlson MJ, Tygrett LT, Waldschmidt TJ. B-cell studies in chronic ethanol mice. Methods Mol Biol 2008; 447:295-323. [PMID: 18369926 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-242-7_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Chronic alcohol abuse leads to multiple defects in the immune system, leading to an increased risk of infectious disease and malignancy. Immune lesions encompass both the innate and adaptive arms and include deficiencies in the B-cell compartment. Long-term alcoholics exhibit loss of B cells in the periphery and diminished ability to generate protective antibodies. To better mimic the chronic alcoholic patient, our group has used an ethanol-in-drinking-water mouse model. Mice consuming alcohol in this manner progressively develop a range of immune abnormalities, including defects in humoral immunity. To document and explore B-cell lesions in ethanol-consuming mice, our laboratory has used a broad panel of technologies. These include protocols to define the physical state of B cells in the bone marrow and periphery, in vitro approaches to test B-cell activation potential and in vivo experiments to document the humoral competence of the host. These key techniques are detailed in the present chapter.
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29
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Waid DM, Vaitaitis GM, Pennock ND, Wagner DH. Disruption of the homeostatic balance between autoaggressive (CD4+CD40+) and regulatory (CD4+CD25+FoxP3+) T cells promotes diabetes. J Leukoc Biol 2008; 84:431-9. [PMID: 18469093 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1207857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although regulatory T cells (Tregs) are well described, identifying autoaggressive effector T cells has proven more difficult. However, we identified CD4loCD40+ (Th40) cells as being necessary and sufficient for diabetes in the NOD mouse model. Importantly, these cells are present in pancreata of prediabetic and diabetic NOD mice, and Th40 cells but not CD4+CD40(-) T cells transfer progressive insulitis and diabetes to NOD.scid recipients. Nonobese-resistant (NOR) mice have the identical T cell developmental background as NOD mice, yet they are diabetes-resistant. The seminal issue is how NOR mice remain tolerant to diabetogenic self-antigens. We show here that autoaggressive T cells develop in NOR mice and are confined to the Th40 subset. However, NOR mice maintain Treg numbers equivalent to their Th40 numbers. NOD mice have statistically equal numbers of CD4+CD25+forkhead box P3+intrinsic Tregs compared with NOR or nonautoimmune BALB/c mice, and NOD Tregs are equally as suppressive as NOR Tregs. A critical difference is that NOD mice develop expanded numbers of Th40 cells. We suggest that a determinant factor for autoimmunity includes the Th40:Treg ratio. Mechanistically, NOD Th40 cells have low susceptibility to Fas-induced cell death and unlike cells from NOR and BALB/c mice, have predominantly low Fas expression. CD40 engagement of Th40 cells induces Fas expression but further confers resistance to Fas-mediated cell death in NOD mice. A second fundamental difference is that NOD Th40 cells undergo much more rapid homeostatic expansion than Th40 cells from NOR mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan M Waid
- Webb-Waring Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, 4200 East 9th Ave., Denver, CO 80262, USA
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Rowland SL, Tremblay MM, Ellison JM, Stunz LL, Bishop GA, Hostager BS. A Novel Mechanism for TNFR-Associated Factor 6-Dependent CD40 Signaling. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:4645-53. [PMID: 17878362 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.7.4645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Members of the TNFR family play critical roles in the regulation of the immune system. One member of the family critical for efficient activation of T-dependent humoral immune responses is CD40, a cell surface protein expressed by B cells and other APC. The cytoplasmic domain of CD40 interacts with several members of the TNFR-associated factor (TRAF) family, which link CD40 to intracellular signaling pathways. TRAF2 and 6 appear to play particularly important roles in CD40 signaling. Previous studies suggest that the two molecules have certain overlapping roles in signaling, but that unique roles for each molecule also exist. To better define the roles of TRAF2 and TRAF6 in CD40 signaling, we used somatic cell gene targeting to generate TRAF-deficient mouse B cell lines. A20.2J cells deficient in TRAF6 exhibit marked defects in CD40-mediated JNK activation and the up-regulation of CD80. Our previous experiments with TRAF2-deficient B cell lines suggest that TRAF6 and TRAF2 may have redundant roles in CD40-mediated NF-kappaB activation. Consistent with this hypothesis, we found CD40-mediated activation of NF-kappaB intact in TRAF6-deficient cells and defective in cells lacking both TRAF2 and TRAF6. Interestingly, we found that TRAF6 mutants defective in CD40 binding were able to restore CD40-mediated JNK activation and CD80 up-regulation in TRAF6-deficient cells, indicating that TRAF6 may be able to contribute to certain CD40 signals without directly binding CD40.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Rowland
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO 80262, USA
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31
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Hatzifoti C, Heath AW. CD40-mediated enhancement of immune responses against three forms of influenza vaccine. Immunology 2007; 122:98-106. [PMID: 17472718 PMCID: PMC2265986 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2007.02617.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2007] [Revised: 02/27/2007] [Accepted: 02/27/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
There is potential for influenza A infections to cause massive morbidity and mortality. Vaccination may be the primary defence against pandemic influenza, and potential pandemic'flu vaccines may be produced conventionally, in embryonated eggs, or as recombinant protein or synthetic peptide vaccines. However the vaccines are produced, the supply may be limiting, and it will be important to enhance the immunogenicity of the vaccines as much as possible. We have shown that conjugation to CD40 binding antibody is a very efficient way of enhancing immune responses against model antigens, but were interested in assessing the effectiveness of this system using influenza vaccines. We produced conjugates of CD40 monoclonal antibody (mAb) and isotype control with three potential influenza vaccines: a peptide-based vaccine containing T- and B-cell epitopes from virus haemagglutinin; a whole, killed virus vaccine; and a commercially produced split virus vaccine. CD40 mAb conjugates in each case were more immunogenic, but the adjuvant effect of CD40 conjugation was greatest with the split vaccine, where antibody responses were enhanced by several hundred-fold after a single immunization, and lymphocyte proliferation in response to antigen in vitro was also strongly enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Hatzifoti
- Unit of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield Medical School, Sheffield, UK
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32
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Avramidou A, Kroczek C, Lang C, Schuh W, Jäck HM, Mielenz D. The novel adaptor protein Swiprosin-1 enhances BCR signals and contributes to BCR-induced apoptosis. Cell Death Differ 2007; 14:1936-47. [PMID: 17673920 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4402206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
B-cell receptor (BCR) signals are essential for B-cell differentiation, homeostasis and negative selection, which are regulated by the strength and quality of BCR signals. Recently, we identified a new adaptor protein, Swiprosin-1, in lipid rafts of B-cell lines that undergo apoptosis after BCR stimulation. During murine B-cell development, Swiprosin-1 exhibited highest expression in immature B cells of the bone marrow, but was also expressed in resting and activated splenic B cells and in non-lymphoid tissue, especially in the brain. Ectopic expression of Swiprosin-1 in the immature murine B-cell line WEHI231 enhanced spontaneous and BCR-induced apoptosis. In contrast, short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated downregulation of Swiprosin-1 impaired specifically spontaneous and BCR-elicited apoptosis, but not BCR-induced G1 cell cycle arrest and upregulation of the cell cycle inhibitor p27(Kip1). In accordance, Swiprosin-1 abundance regulated net cell growth of WEHI231 cell populations through reciprocal regulation of Bcl-xL, but not Bim, thereby controlling spontaneous apoptosis. Swiprosin-1-enhanced apoptosis was blocked through nuclear factor kappaB-activating stimuli, namely B-cell-activating factor of the TNF family, anti-CD40 and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). This correlated with enhanced BCR-induced IkappaB-alpha phosphorylation and degradation in cells expressing a Swiprosin-1-specific shRNA. Finally, ectopic Swiprosin-1 expression enhanced BCR-induced cell death in primary, LPS-stimulated splenic B cells. Hence, Swiprosin-1 may regulate lifespan and BCR signaling thresholds in immature B cells.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/chemistry
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- B-Lymphocytes/cytology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Calcium-Binding Proteins/chemistry
- Cell Cycle
- Cell Line
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- G1 Phase
- Humans
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Molecular Sequence Data
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Precursor Cells, B-Lymphoid/cytology
- Precursor Cells, B-Lymphoid/immunology
- Precursor Cells, B-Lymphoid/metabolism
- RNA Interference
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- A Avramidou
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Nikolaus Fiebiger Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
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33
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Soares H, Waechter H, Glaichenhaus N, Mougneau E, Yagita H, Mizenina O, Dudziak D, Nussenzweig MC, Steinman RM. A subset of dendritic cells induces CD4+ T cells to produce IFN-gamma by an IL-12-independent but CD70-dependent mechanism in vivo. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 204:1095-106. [PMID: 17438065 PMCID: PMC2118574 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20070176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Interferon (IFN)-γ, a cytokine critical for resistance to infection and tumors, is produced by CD4+ helper T lymphocytes after stimulation by cultured dendritic cells (DCs) that secrete a cofactor, interleukin (IL)-12. We have identified a major IL-12–independent pathway whereby DCs induce IFN-γ–secreting T helper (Th)1 CD4+ T cells in vivo. This pathway requires the membrane-associated tumor necrosis family member CD70 and was identified by targeting the LACK antigen from Leishmania major within an antibody to CD205 (DEC-205), an uptake receptor on a subset of DCs. Another major DC subset, targeted with 33D1 anti-DCIR2 antibody, also induced IFN-γ in vivo but required IL-12, not CD70. Isolated CD205+ DCs expressed cell surface CD70 when presenting antigen to T cell receptor transgenic T cells, and this distinction was independent of maturation stimuli. CD70 was also essential for CD205+ DC function in vivo. Detection of the IL-12–independent IFN-γ pathway was obscured with nontargeted LACK, which was presented by both DC subsets. This in situ analysis points to CD70 as a decision maker for Th1 differentiation by CD205+ DCs, even in Th2-prone BALB/c animals and potentially in vaccine design. The results indicate that two DC subsets have innate propensities to differentially affect the Th1/Th2 balance in vivo and by distinct mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Soares
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology and Chris Browne Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA
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34
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Hawkins ED, Turner ML, Dowling MR, van Gend C, Hodgkin PD. A model of immune regulation as a consequence of randomized lymphocyte division and death times. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:5032-7. [PMID: 17360353 PMCID: PMC1821128 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0700026104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The magnitude of an adaptive immune response is controlled by the interplay of lymphocyte quiescence, proliferation, and apoptosis. How lymphocytes integrate receptor-mediated signals influencing these cell fates is a fundamental question for understanding this complex system. We examined how lymphocytes interleave times to divide and die to develop a mathematical model of lymphocyte growth regulation. This model provides a powerful method for fitting and analyzing fluorescent division tracking data and reveals how summing receptor-mediated kinetic changes can modify the immune response progressively from rapid tolerance induction to strong immunity. An important consequence of our results is that intrinsic variability in otherwise identical cells, usually dismissed as noise, may have evolved to be an essential feature of immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. D. Hawkins
- *Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; and
| | - M. L. Turner
- *Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; and
| | - M. R. Dowling
- *Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - C. van Gend
- *Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - P. D. Hodgkin
- *Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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35
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Charalambous A, Oks M, Nchinda G, Yamazaki S, Steinman RM. Dendritic cell targeting of survivin protein in a xenogeneic form elicits strong CD4+ T cell immunity to mouse survivin. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 177:8410-21. [PMID: 17142738 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.12.8410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
To determine whether strong CD4+ T cell immunity could be induced to a nonmutated self protein that is important for tumorigenesis, we selectively targeted the xenogeneic form of survivin, a survival protein overexpressed in tumors, to maturing dendritic cells in lymphoid tissues. Dendritic cell targeting via the DEC205 receptor in the presence of anti-CD40 and poly(I:C) as maturation stimuli, induced strong human and mouse survivin-specific CD4+ T cell responses, as determined by IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, and IL-2 production, as well as the development of lytic MHC class II-restricted T cells and memory. Immunity was enhanced further by depletion of CD25+foxp3+ cells before vaccination. anti-DEC205-human survivin was superior in inducing CD4+ T cell responses relative to other approaches involving survivin plasmid DNA or survivin peptides with adjuvants. However, we were unable to induce CD8+ T cell immunity to survivin by two doses of DEC205-targeted survivin or the other strategies. Therefore, significant CD4+ T cell immunity to a self protein that is overexpressed in most human cancers can be induced by DEC205 targeting of the Ag in its xenogeneic form to maturing DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Charalambous
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, Chris Browne Center for Immunology and Immune Diseases, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
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36
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Fernandez-Cabezudo MJ, Ali SAE, Ullah A, Hasan MY, Kosanovic M, Fahim MA, Adem A, al-Ramadi BK. Pronounced susceptibility to infection by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in mice chronically exposed to lead correlates with a shift to Th2-type immune responses. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2006; 218:215-26. [PMID: 17196234 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2006.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2006] [Revised: 11/12/2006] [Accepted: 11/14/2006] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Persistent exposure to inorganic lead (Pb) is known to adversely affect the immune system. In the present study, we assessed the effect of chronic Pb exposure on susceptibility to infection by the facultative intracellular pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Mice were exposed to 10 mM Pb-acetate in drinking water for approximately 16 weeks, resulting in a significant level of Pb in the blood (106.2+/-8.9 microg/dl). Pb exposure rendered mice susceptible to Salmonella infection, manifested by increased bacterial burden in target organs and heightened mortality. Flow cytometric analysis of the splenic cellular composition in normal and Pb-exposed mice revealed no gross alteration in the ratios of B and T lymphocytes or myeloid cells. Similarly, the capacity of B and T cells to upregulate the expression of activation antigens in response to mitogenic or inflammatory stimuli was not hindered by Pb exposure. Analysis of the ability of ex vivo-cultured splenocytes to secrete cytokines demonstrated a marked reduction in IFN-gamma and IL-12p40 production associated with Pb exposure. In contrast, secretion of IL-4 by splenocytes of Pb-treated mice was 3- to 3.6-fold higher than in normal mice. The increased capacity to produce IL-4 correlated with a shift in the in vivo anti-Salmonella antibody response from the protective IgG2a isotype to the Th2-induced IgG1 isotype. We conclude that chronic exposure to high levels of Pb results in a state of immunodeficiency which is not due to an overt cytotoxic or immunosuppressive mechanism, but rather is largely caused by a shift in immune responsiveness to Th2-type reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Fernandez-Cabezudo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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37
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Espinosa A, Zhou W, Ek M, Hedlund M, Brauner S, Popovic K, Horvath L, Wallerskog T, Oukka M, Nyberg F, Kuchroo VK, Wahren-Herlenius M. The Sjögren’s Syndrome-Associated Autoantigen Ro52 Is an E3 Ligase That Regulates Proliferation and Cell Death. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:6277-85. [PMID: 16670339 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.10.6277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Patients affected by Sjögren's syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) carry autoantibodies to an intracellular protein denoted Ro52. Although the serologic presence of Ro52 autoantibodies is used clinically for diagnostic purposes, the function of the protein or why it is targeted as an autoantigen in several rheumatic conditions has not been elucidated. In this study, we show that the expression of Ro52 is significantly increased in PBMC of patients with Sjögren's syndrome and SLE, and demonstrate that Ro52 is a RING-dependent E3 ligase involved in ubiquitination. Overexpression of Ro52, but not of Ro52 lacking the RING domain, in a mouse B cell line lead to decreased growth in steady state and increased cell death after activation via the CD40 pathway. The role of Ro52 in activation-mediated cell death was further confirmed as a reduction in Ro52 expression restored cell viability. These findings suggest that the increased expression of the Ro52 autoantigen in patients may be directly involved in the reduced cellular proliferation and increased apoptotic cell death observed in Sjögren's syndrome and SLE, and may thus contribute to the autoantigenic load and induction of autoimmune B and T cell responses observed in rheumatic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Espinosa
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, S-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
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38
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Trumpfheller C, Finke JS, López CB, Moran TM, Moltedo B, Soares H, Huang Y, Schlesinger SJ, Park CG, Nussenzweig MC, Granelli-Piperno A, Steinman RM. Intensified and protective CD4+ T cell immunity in mice with anti-dendritic cell HIV gag fusion antibody vaccine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 203:607-17. [PMID: 16505141 PMCID: PMC2118242 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20052005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Current human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine approaches emphasize prime boost strategies comprising multiple doses of DNA vaccine and recombinant viral vectors. We are developing a protein-based approach that directly harnesses principles for generating T cell immunity. Vaccine is delivered to maturing dendritic cells in lymphoid tissue by engineering protein antigen into an antibody to DEC-205, a receptor for antigen presentation. Here we characterize the CD4+ T cell immune response to HIV gag and compare efficacy with other vaccine strategies in a single dose. DEC-205–targeted HIV gag p24 or p41 induces stronger CD4+ T cell immunity relative to high doses of gag protein, HIV gag plasmid DNA, or recombinant adenovirus-gag. High frequencies of interferon (IFN)-γ– and interleukin 2–producing CD4+ T cells are elicited, including double cytokine-producing cells. In addition, the response is broad because the primed mice respond to an array of peptides in different major histocompatibility complex haplotypes. Long-lived T cell memory is observed. After subcutaneous vaccination, CD4+ and IFN-γ–dependent protection develops to a challenge with recombinant vaccinia-gag virus at a mucosal surface, the airway. We suggest that a DEC-targeted vaccine, in part because of an unusually strong and protective CD4+ T cell response, will improve vaccine efficacy as a stand-alone approach or with other modalities.
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MESH Headings
- AIDS Vaccines/administration & dosage
- AIDS Vaccines/genetics
- AIDS Vaccines/immunology
- Adenoviridae
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antigen Presentation/drug effects
- Antigen Presentation/immunology
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic
- Gene Products, gag/administration & dosage
- Gene Products, gag/genetics
- Gene Products, gag/immunology
- Genetic Vectors/administration & dosage
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- Genetic Vectors/immunology
- HIV-1/genetics
- HIV-1/immunology
- Haplotypes/genetics
- Haplotypes/immunology
- Humans
- Immunity, Mucosal/drug effects
- Immunity, Mucosal/immunology
- Immunologic Memory/drug effects
- Immunologic Memory/immunology
- Injections, Subcutaneous
- Lectins, C-Type/deficiency
- Lectins, C-Type/genetics
- Lectins, C-Type/immunology
- Major Histocompatibility Complex/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Knockout
- Minor Histocompatibility Antigens
- Receptors, Cell Surface/deficiency
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/immunology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/administration & dosage
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Vaccinia virus
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Trumpfheller
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, Chris Browne Center for Immunology and Immune Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA
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39
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Pennello A, Taylor J, Matlack R, Karp J, Riggs J. Spiny mice (Acomys cahirinus) do not respond to thymus-independent type 2 antigens. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 30:1181-90. [PMID: 16698082 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2006.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2006] [Revised: 03/14/2006] [Accepted: 03/20/2006] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of the immune system of spiny mice (Acomys cahirinus) has been limited. Originally grouped with Mus, Acomys has recently been placed closer to Meriones (gerbils). This study compared immunity in Acomys, Mus, and Meriones. Lymphocytes from all rodents examined proliferated in response to mitogen and superantigen stimulation. Only Mus T cells responded to anti-CD3 stimulation. Acomys, like Meriones, and Mus that express xid, did not respond to thymus-independent type 2 antigens. Flow cytometric analyses revealed that T cell-specific MAbs did not bind Acomys or Meriones lymphocytes. The B cell-specific anti-CD45R (B220) MAb detected all rodent B cells and revealed the absence of a CD45R(lo) subset in the peritoneal cavity of Acomys and Meriones. Bone marrow from Acomys and Meriones failed to reconstitute B cell function in SCID mice. Thus, in terms of immunity, Acomys appears to be more similar to Meriones than Mus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Pennello
- Department of Biology, Rider University, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648-3099, USA
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40
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Barr TA, Carlring J, Heath AW. CD40 antibody as a potent immunological adjuvant: CD40 antibody provides the CD40 signal to B cells, but does not substitute for T cell help in responses to TD antigens. Vaccine 2005; 23:3477-82. [PMID: 15837371 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2003] [Accepted: 12/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Agonistic antibodies against CD40 have great potential as immunological adjuvants. We have shown that CD40mAbs induce strong antibody responses against conjugated antigen, and that this enhancement of responses extends to any sequence physically associated to the CD40 binding moiety, including the antibody's own Fc region. Thus, the CD40mAb acts as a model immunogen, containing both antigenic (i.e. Fc portion) and CD40 binding motifs (i.e. CD40 binding moiety). Using this system we examine here whether CD40mAb is able to directly mimic T cell help to B cells. CD40mAbs have no adjuvant effect in CD4 depleted mice, and thus, do not mimic T cell help. Simultaneous administration of recombinant IL-4 was unable to restore the adjuvant action of anti-CD40 in T cell depleted mice. However, CD40mAbs are effective adjuvants in CD154-/- mice, indicating that the antibodies are able to provide the CD40 stimulus to B cells which is naturally lacking in these mice. Identification of the additional stimuli required to fully mimic T cell help may be advantageous in vaccination of immunosuppressed patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom A Barr
- Division of Genomic Medicine, University of Sheffield Medical School, Beech Hill Rd., Sheffield S10 2RX, UK.
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41
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Moreno-García ME, López-Bojórques LN, Zentella A, Humphries LA, Rawlings DJ, Santos-Argumedo L. CD38 signaling regulates B lymphocyte activation via a phospholipase C (PLC)-gamma 2-independent, protein kinase C, phosphatidylcholine-PLC, and phospholipase D-dependent signaling cascade. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:2687-95. [PMID: 15728476 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.5.2687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The CD38 cell surface receptor is a potent activator for splenic, B lymphocytes. The molecular mechanisms regulating this response, however, remain incompletely characterized. Activation of the nonreceptor tyrosine kinase, Btk, is essential for CD38 downstream signaling function. The major Btk-dependent substrate in B cells, phospholipase C-gamma2 (PLC-gamma2), functions to generate the key secondary messengers, inositol-1,4,5 trisphosphate and diacylglycerol. Surprisingly, CD38 ligation results in no detectable increase in phosphoinositide metabolism and only a minimal increase in cytosolic calcium. We hypothesized that Btk functioned independently of PLC-gamma2 in the CD38 signaling pathway. Accordingly, we demonstrate that CD38 cross-linking does not result in the functional phosphorylation of PLC-gamma2 nor an increase in inositol-1,4,5 trisphosphate production. Furthermore, splenic B cells exhibit a normal CD38-mediated, proliferative response in the presence of the phosphoinositide-PLC inhibitor, U73122. Conversely, protein kinase C (PKC) beta-deficient mice, or PKC inhibitors, indicated the requirement for diacylglycerol-dependent PKC isoforms in this pathway. Loss of PKC activity blocked CD38-dependent, B cell proliferation, NF-kappaB activation, and subsequent expression of cyclin-D2. These results suggested that an alternate diacylglycerol-producing phospholipase must participate in CD38 signaling. Consistent with this idea, CD38 increased the enzymatic activity of the phosphatidylcholine (PC)-metabolizing enzymes, PC-PLC and phospholipase D. The PC-PLC inhibitor, D609, completely blocked CD38-dependent B cell proliferation, IkappaB-alpha degradation, and cyclin-D2 expression. Analysis of Btk mutant B cells demonstrated a partial requirement for Btk in the activation of both enzymes. Taken together, these data demonstrate that CD38 initiates a novel signaling cascade leading to Btk-, PC-PLC-, and phospholipase D-dependent, PLC-gamma2-independent, B lymphocyte activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel E Moreno-García
- Departments of Cell Biology, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados, Mexico D.F. Mexico
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42
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Munroe ME, Bishop GA. Role of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2) in distinct and overlapping CD40 and TNF receptor 2/CD120b-mediated B lymphocyte activation. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:53222-31. [PMID: 15485859 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m410539200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) family play a variety of roles in the regulation of lymphocyte activation. An important TNFR family member for B cell activation is CD40. CD40 signals stimulate B cell TNF-alpha secretion, which subsequently signals via TNFR2 (CD120b) to enhance B cell activation. Although the function of the pro-apoptotic and pro-inflammatory receptor TNFR1 (CD120a) has been the subject of much research, less is understood about the distinct contributions of CD120b to cell activation and how it stimulates downstream events. Members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family bind various members of the cytoplasmic adapter protein family, the tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factors (TRAFs), during signaling. Both CD40 and CD120b bind TNF receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2) upon ligand stimulation. Wild type and TRAF2-deficient B cells expressing CD40 or the hybrid molecule (human) CD40 (mouse)-CD120b were examined. CD40- and CD120b-mediated IgM secretion were partly TRAF2-dependent, but only CD40 required TRAF2 for c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation. CD40 and CD120b used primarily divergent mechanisms to activate NF-kappaB, exemplifying how TNFR family members can use diverse mechanisms to mediate similar downstream events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa E Munroe
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Iowa and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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43
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Bonifaz LC, Bonnyay DP, Charalambous A, Darguste DI, Fujii SI, Soares H, Brimnes MK, Moltedo B, Moran TM, Steinman RM. In vivo targeting of antigens to maturing dendritic cells via the DEC-205 receptor improves T cell vaccination. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 199:815-24. [PMID: 15024047 PMCID: PMC2212731 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20032220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 705] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The prevention and treatment of prevalent infectious diseases and tumors should benefit from improvements in the induction of antigen-specific T cell immunity. To assess the potential of antigen targeting to dendritic cells to improve immunity, we incorporated ovalbumin protein into a monoclonal antibody to the DEC-205 receptor, an endocytic receptor that is abundant on these cells in lymphoid tissues. Simultaneously, we injected agonistic α-CD40 antibody to mature the dendritic cells. We found that a single low dose of antibody-conjugated ovalbumin initiated immunity from the naive CD4+ and CD8+ T cell repertoire. Unexpectedly, the αDEC-205 antigen conjugates, given s.c., targeted to dendritic cells systemically and for long periods, and ovalbumin peptide was presented on MHC class I for 2 weeks. This was associated with stronger CD8+ T cell–mediated immunity relative to other forms of antigen delivery, even when the latter was given at a thousand times higher doses. In parallel, the mice showed enhanced resistance to an established rapidly growing tumor and to viral infection at a mucosal site. By better harnessing the immunizing functions of maturing dendritic cells, antibody-mediated antigen targeting via the DEC-205 receptor increases the efficiency of vaccination for T cell immunity, including systemic and mucosal resistance in disease models.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antigen Presentation
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD40 Antigens/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/immunology
- Immunohistochemistry
- Lectins, C-Type/immunology
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Minor Histocompatibility Antigens
- Ovalbumin/immunology
- Ovalbumin/metabolism
- Receptors, Cell Surface/immunology
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Vaccination
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Bonifaz
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, Chris Browne Center for Immunology and Immune Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA
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44
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Carlring J, Barr TA, McCormick AL, Heath AW. CD40 antibody as an adjuvant induces enhanced T cell responses. Vaccine 2004; 22:3323-8. [PMID: 15308355 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2003] [Accepted: 02/29/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies against CD40, conjugated to antigen, act as potent immunological adjuvants for primary antibody responses. We show here that CD40mAbs can also act as strong adjuvants for memory antibody responses, and for T cell responses as measured by ex vivo T cell proliferation to antigen, and delayed type hypersensitivity. Interferon gamma secretion in response to antigen is also enhanced. Finally, the adjuvant effect of CD40mAbs for secondary antibody responses is transferred with T cells rather than B cells. CD40mAb apparently have potent adjuvant effects on both Th1-like cells, and on T cells able to promote B cell antibody production. It is possible that the adjuvant effects of CD40 are mediated at least in part, indirectly, through enhanced antigen presentation by specific B cells, to T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Carlring
- Infection and Immunity: Division of Genomic Medicine, F Floor, University of Sheffield Medical School, Beech Hill Rd, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
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45
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Yang X, Ye R, Kong Q, Yang Q, Dong X, Yu X. CD40 is expressed on rat peritoneal mesothelial cells and upregulates ICAM-1 production. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004; 19:1378-84. [PMID: 15069176 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfh144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD40 has been identified on a variety of cell types, and it plays an important role in adaptive immunity and inflammation. Peritoneal mesothelial cells (PMCs) are the main cell layer that line the peritoneal membrane. Previously we found that CD40 ligand (CD154) is functionally expressed on peritoneal macrophages during continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis peritonitis. However, there are few studies that have examined both CD40 expression on PMCs and the function of CD40 signalling in peritoneal local defence. The purpose of this study was to determine whether PMCs express CD40 and to investigate potential mechanisms of CD40-CD154 interactions that may be involved in the inflammation of the peritoneal membrane. METHODS Rat PMCs were harvested from the peritoneal cavity and maintained under defined in vitro conditions. We examined expression of CD40 on PMCs under normal culture or stimulation with interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) or interleukin (IL)-1 by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis. After activation with CD40 monoclonal antibody (mAb), the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) on PMCs was analysed by FACS. RESULTS A portion of rat PMCs cultured in vitro expressed CD40 constitutively. The expression of CD40 mRNA and protein was upregulated markedly following stimulation with IFN-gamma, but not following IL-1 or TNF-alpha. The expression of ICAM-1 on PMCs was significantly increased after activation of CD40 with IFN-gamma and with CD40 mAb. CONCLUSION PMCs functionally express CD40. The interaction between CD40 on PMCs and CD154-positive cells in the peritoneal cavity may play an important role in peritoneal local defence and may be involved in the inflammation process of the peritoneum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yang
- Department of Nephrology, 1st Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, Peoples Republic of China.
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46
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Clatza A, Bonifaz LC, Vignali DAA, Moreno J. CD40-induced aggregation of MHC class II and CD80 on the cell surface leads to an early enhancement in antigen presentation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 171:6478-87. [PMID: 14662847 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.12.6478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ligation of CD40 on B cells increases their ability to present Ag and to activate MHC class II (MHC-II)-restricted T cells. How this occurs is not entirely clear. In this study we demonstrate that CD40 ligation on Ag-presenting B cells (APC) for a short period between 30 min and 3 h has a rapid, augmenting effect on the ability of a B cell line and normal B cells to activate T cells. This is not due to alterations in Ag processing or to an increase in surface expression of CD80, CD86, ICAM-1, or MHC-II. This effect is particularly evident with naive, resting T lymphocytes and appears to be more pronounced under limiting Ag concentrations. Shortly after CD40 ligation on a B cell line, MHC-II and CD80 progressively accumulated in cholesterol-enriched microdomains on the cell surface, which correlated with an initial enhancement in their Ag presentation ability. Moreover, CD40 ligation induced a second, late, more sustained enhancement of Ag presentation, which correlates with a significant increase in CD80 expression by APC. Thus, CD40 signaling enhances the efficiency with which APC activate T cells by at least two related, but distinct, mechanisms: an early stage characterized by aggregation of MHC-II and CD80 clusters, and a late stage in which a significant increase in CD80 expression is observed. These results raise the possibility that one important role of CD40 is to contribute to the formation of the immunological synapse on the APC side.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Clatza
- Research Unit on Autoimmune Diseases, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
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47
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Nolte MA, Arens R, Kraus M, van Oers MHJ, Kraal G, van Lier RAW, Mebius RE. B Cells Are Crucial for Both Development and Maintenance of the Splenic Marginal Zone. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:3620-7. [PMID: 15004164 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.6.3620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The splenic marginal zone is a unique compartment that separates the lymphoid white pulp from the surrounding red pulp. Due to the orchestration of specialized macrophages and B cells flanking a marginal sinus, this compartment plays an important role in uptake of blood-borne Ags and it gives the spleen its specialized function in antibacterial immunity. In this study, we demonstrate that both development and maintenance of this marginal zone is highly dependent on the presence of B cells. Spleens from B cell-deficient mice were found to lack both metallophilic and marginal zone macrophages as well as mucosal addressin cellular adhesion molecule-1+ sinus lining cells. Using an inducible Cre/loxP-driven mouse model in which mature B cells could be partially depleted by removal of the B cell receptor subunit Igalpha, we could show that the integrity and function of an established marginal zone was also dependent on the presence of B cells. This was confirmed in a transgenic model in which all B cells were gradually depleted due to overexpression of the TNF family member CD70. The loss of all cellular subsets from the marginal zone in these CD70 transgenic mice was effectively prevented by crossing these mice on a CD27(-/-) or TCRalpha(-/-) background, because this prohibited the ongoing B cell depletion. Therefore, we conclude that B cells are not only important for the development, but also for maintenance, of the marginal zone. This direct correlation between circulating B cells and the function of the spleen implies an increased risk for B cell lymphopenic patients with bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn A Nolte
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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48
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Hostager BS, Haxhinasto SA, Rowland SL, Bishop GA. Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2)-deficient B lymphocytes reveal novel roles for TRAF2 in CD40 signaling. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:45382-90. [PMID: 12958312 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m306708200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
CD40 function is initiated by tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-associated factor (TRAF) adapter proteins, which play important roles in signaling by numerous receptors. Characterizing roles of individual TRAFs has been hampered by limitations of available experimental models and the poor viability of most TRAF-deficient mice. Here, B cell lines made deficient in TRAF2 using a novel homologous recombination system reveal new roles for TRAF2. We demonstrate that TRAF2 participates in synergy between CD40 and B cell antigen receptor signals, and in CD40-mediated, TNF-dependent IgM production. We also find that TRAF2 participates in the degradation of TRAF3 associated with CD40 signaling, a role that may limit inhibitory actions of TRAF3. Finally, we show that TRAF2 and TRAF6 have overlapping functions in CD40-mediated NF-kappaB activation and CD80 up-regulation. These findings demonstrate previously unappreciated roles for TRAF2 in signaling by TNF receptor family members, using an approach that facilitates the analysis of genes critical to the viability of whole organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce S Hostager
- Department of Pediatrics, Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242, USA
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49
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Honeychurch J, Glennie MJ, Johnson PWM, Illidge TM. Anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody therapy in combination with irradiation results in a CD8 T-cell-dependent immunity to B-cell lymphoma. Blood 2003; 102:1449-57. [PMID: 12714523 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-12-3717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of interaction between anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapy and external beam irradiation were investigated in 2 syngeneic B-cell lymphoma models. We have established doses of anti-CD40 mAb and irradiation which, although ineffective when given singly, were capable of providing long-term protection when used in combination. Furthermore, such treatment was not only critically dependent on the dose of mAb and irradiation but also on tumor load, with greater efficacy only occurring at higher tumor burden. Using blocking antibody, the potency of treatment was shown to be totally dependent on CD8+ T cells, with protective levels of CD8+ cells occurring only in mice receiving the combination of anti-CD40 and irradiation. Interestingly, the ratio of T cells (CD8+) to tumor cells in mice receiving combination treatment was between 10 and 15 times that seen in animals given anti-CD40 or irradiation alone. In vivo tracking experiments revealed a 2-phase decrease in tumor burden, the first resulting directly from the external irradiation and the second, occurring 5 days later, concomitant with the rise in tumor-specific CD8+ cells. We suggest that the external irradiation induced an initial kill of lymphoma cells, probably by apoptosis, which releases tumor antigens and slows the progression of the malignancy to allow generation of a curative cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response promoted by the anti-CD40 mAb. Combining irradiation with immunomodulatory mAb as described here appears to provide a powerful new approach to the management of cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Apoptosis/immunology
- Apoptosis/radiation effects
- CD40 Antigens/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/radiation effects
- Combined Modality Therapy
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation
- Immunization, Passive/methods
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/immunology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/radiotherapy
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/therapy
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred CBA
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Whole-Body Irradiation
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Honeychurch
- Cancer Research UK Oncology Unit, Tenovus Research Laboratory, Cancer Sciences Division, School of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, United Kingdom
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50
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Manjarrez-Orduño N, Parkhouse RME, Santos-Argumedo L. NIM-R7, a novel marker for resting B1 and marginal-zone B lymphocytes, is also expressed on activated T and B cells. Immunology 2003; 109:232-7. [PMID: 12757618 PMCID: PMC1782968 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2003.01647.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In mice, follicular B cells have been studied in detail, while two other B-cell subpopulations - marginal-zone B and B1 cells - are less well understood. In this work we report the expression pattern of p58, a lymphocyte-activation marker, recognized by rat monoclonal antibody, NIM-R7, and present on the latter two cell subpopulations. Staining with NIM-R7 showed that undisturbed marginal-zone B cells, as well as peritoneal cavity and splenic B1a cells, constitutively expressed p58, whereas follicular B cells and resting T lymphocytes did not. Ontogenic analysis of different compartments showed that p58 did not appear at any stage of development, prior to the development of mature T or B2 lymphocytes. Upon polyclonal stimulation, however, p58 appeared on both T and B2 lymphocytes. Finally, ricin A-conjugated NIM-R7 was able to kill the BCL1 lymphoma without effect on mature resting B2 cells. Therefore, p58 may be a potential target for diagnosis or therapy of B1 and marginal-zone B-cell malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataly Manjarrez-Orduño
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del I. P. N.México
| | | | - Leopoldo Santos-Argumedo
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del I. P. N.México
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