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Grobben Y. Targeting amino acid-metabolizing enzymes for cancer immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1440269. [PMID: 39211039 PMCID: PMC11359565 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1440269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite the immune system's role in the detection and eradication of abnormal cells, cancer cells often evade elimination by exploitation of various immune escape mechanisms. Among these mechanisms is the ability of cancer cells to upregulate amino acid-metabolizing enzymes, or to induce these enzymes in tumor-infiltrating immunosuppressive cells. Amino acids are fundamental cellular nutrients required for a variety of physiological processes, and their inadequacy can severely impact immune cell function. Amino acid-derived metabolites can additionally dampen the anti-tumor immune response by means of their immunosuppressive activities, whilst some can also promote tumor growth directly. Based on their evident role in tumor immune escape, the amino acid-metabolizing enzymes glutaminase 1 (GLS1), arginase 1 (ARG1), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) and interleukin 4 induced 1 (IL4I1) each serve as a promising target for immunotherapeutic intervention. This review summarizes and discusses the involvement of these enzymes in cancer, their effect on the anti-tumor immune response and the recent progress made in the preclinical and clinical evaluation of inhibitors targeting these enzymes.
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2
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Famta P, Shah S, Vambhurkar G, Pandey G, Bagasariya D, Kumar KC, Prasad SB, Shinde A, Wagh S, Srinivasarao DA, Kumar R, Khatri DK, Asthana A, Srivastava S. Amelioration of breast cancer therapies through normalization of tumor vessels and microenvironment: paradigm shift to improve drug perfusion and nanocarrier permeation. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2024:10.1007/s13346-024-01669-9. [PMID: 39009931 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-024-01669-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among women. Chemo-, immune- and photothermal therapies are employed to manage BC. However, the tumor microenvironment (TME) prevents free drugs and nanocarriers (NCs) from entering the tumor premises. Formulation scientists rely on enhanced permeation and retention (EPR) to extravasate NCs in the TME. However, recent research has demonstrated the inconsistent nature of EPR among different patients and tumor types. In addition, angiogenesis, high intra-tumor fluid pressure, desmoplasia, and high cell and extracellular matrix density resist the accumulation of NCs in the TME. In this review, we discuss TME normalization as an approach to improve the penetration of drugs and NCSs in the tumor premises. Strategies such as normalization of tumor vessels, reversal of hypoxia, alleviation of high intra-tumor pressure, and infiltration of lymphocytes for the reversal of therapy failure have been discussed in this manuscript. Strategies to promote the infiltration of anticancer immune cells in the TME after vascular normalization have been discussed. Studies strategizing time points to administer TME-normalizing agents are highlighted. Mechanistic pathways controlling the angiogenesis and normalization processes are discussed along with the studies. This review will provide greater tumor-targeting insights to the formulation scientists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paras Famta
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Lab (PITRL), Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, 500037, Telangana, India
| | - Saurabh Shah
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Lab (PITRL), Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, 500037, Telangana, India
| | - Ganesh Vambhurkar
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Lab (PITRL), Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, 500037, Telangana, India
| | - Giriraj Pandey
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Lab (PITRL), Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, 500037, Telangana, India
| | - Deepkumar Bagasariya
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Lab (PITRL), Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, 500037, Telangana, India
| | - Kondasingh Charan Kumar
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Lab (PITRL), Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, 500037, Telangana, India
| | - Sajja Bhanu Prasad
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Lab (PITRL), Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, 500037, Telangana, India
| | - Akshay Shinde
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Lab (PITRL), Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, 500037, Telangana, India
| | - Suraj Wagh
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Lab (PITRL), Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, 500037, Telangana, India
| | - Dadi A Srinivasarao
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Lab (PITRL), Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, 500037, Telangana, India
| | - Rahul Kumar
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Khatri
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Nims Institute of Pharmacy, Nims University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Amit Asthana
- Department of Medical Devices, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - Saurabh Srivastava
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Lab (PITRL), Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, 500037, Telangana, India.
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3
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Oberholtzer N, Mills S, Mehta S, Chakraborty P, Mehrotra S. Role of antioxidants in modulating anti-tumor T cell immune resposne. Adv Cancer Res 2024; 162:99-124. [PMID: 39069371 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2024.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
It has been well established that in addition to oxygen's vital in cellular respiration, a disruption of oxygen balance can lead to increased stress and oxidative injury. Similarly, reduced oxygen during tumor proliferation and invasion generates a hypoxic tumor microenvironment, resulting in dysfunction of immune cells and providing a conducive milieu for tumors to adapt and grow. Strategies to improve the persistence tumor reactive T cells in the highly oxidative tumor environment are being pursued for enhancing immunotherapy outcomes. To this end, we have focused on various strategies that can help increase or maintain the antioxidant capacity of T cells, thus reducing their susceptibility to oxidative stress/damage. Herein we lay out an overview on the role of oxygen in T cell signaling and how pathways regulating oxidative stress or antioxidant signaling can be targeted to enhance immunotherapeutic approaches for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Oberholtzer
- Department of Surgery, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Stephanie Mills
- Department of Surgery, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Shubham Mehta
- Department of Surgery, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Paramita Chakraborty
- Department of Surgery, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Shikhar Mehrotra
- Department of Surgery, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.
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4
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Degirmencay A, Thomas S, Holler A, Burgess S, Morris EC, Stauss HJ. Exploitation of CD3ζ to enhance TCR expression levels and antigen-specific T cell function. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1386132. [PMID: 38873603 PMCID: PMC11169823 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1386132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The expression levels of TCRs on the surface of human T cells define the avidity of TCR-HLA/peptide interactions. In this study, we have explored which components of the TCR-CD3 complex are involved in determining the surface expression levels of TCRs in primary human T cells. The results show that there is a surplus of endogenous TCR α/β chains that can be mobilised by providing T cells with additional CD3γ,δ,ε,ζ chains, which leads to a 5-fold increase in TCR α/β surface expression. The analysis of individual CD3 chains revealed that provision of additional ζ chain alone was sufficient to achieve a 3-fold increase in endogenous TCR expression. Similarly, CD3ζ also limits the expression levels of exogenous TCRs transduced into primary human T cells. Interestingly, transduction with TCR plus CD3ζ not only increased surface expression of the introduced TCR, but it also reduced mispairing with endogenous TCR chains, resulting in improved antigen-specific function. TCR reconstitution experiments in HEK293T cells that do not express endogenous TCR or CD3 showed that TCRα/β and all four CD3 chains were required for optimal surface expression, while in the absence of CD3ζ the TCR expression was reduced by 50%. Together, the data show that CD3ζ is a key regulator of TCR expression levels in human T cells, and that gene transfer of exogenous TCR plus CD3ζ improved TCR surface expression, reduced TCR mispairing and increased antigen-specific function.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- CD3 Complex/immunology
- CD3 Complex/pharmacology
- HEK293 Cells
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Hans J. Stauss
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, Pears Building, London, United Kingdom
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5
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Wu X, Li Y, Wen M, Xie Y, Zeng K, Liu YN, Chen W, Zhao Y. Nanocatalysts for modulating antitumor immunity: fabrication, mechanisms and applications. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:2643-2692. [PMID: 38314836 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00673e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Immunotherapy harnesses the inherent immune system in the body to generate systemic antitumor immunity, offering a promising modality for defending against cancer. However, tumor immunosuppression and evasion seriously restrict the immune response rates in clinical settings. Catalytic nanomedicines can transform tumoral substances/metabolites into therapeutic products in situ, offering unique advantages in antitumor immunotherapy. Through catalytic reactions, both tumor eradication and immune regulation can be simultaneously achieved, favoring the development of systemic antitumor immunity. In recent years, with advancements in catalytic chemistry and nanotechnology, catalytic nanomedicines based on nanozymes, photocatalysts, sonocatalysts, Fenton catalysts, electrocatalysts, piezocatalysts, thermocatalysts and radiocatalysts have been rapidly developed with vast applications in cancer immunotherapy. This review provides an introduction to the fabrication of catalytic nanomedicines with an emphasis on their structures and engineering strategies. Furthermore, the catalytic substrates and state-of-the-art applications of nanocatalysts in cancer immunotherapy have also been outlined and discussed. The relationships between nanostructures and immune regulating performance of catalytic nanomedicines are highlighted to provide a deep understanding of their working mechanisms in the tumor microenvironment. Finally, the challenges and development trends are revealed, aiming to provide new insights for the future development of nanocatalysts in catalytic immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianbo Wu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China.
| | - Yuqing Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China.
| | - Mei Wen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China.
| | - Yongting Xie
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China.
| | - Ke Zeng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China.
| | - You-Nian Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China.
| | - Wansong Chen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China.
| | - Yanli Zhao
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore.
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6
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Esmaeilzadeh A, Hadiloo K, Jabbari M, Elahi R. Current progress of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T versus CAR NK cell for immunotherapy of solid tumors. Life Sci 2024; 337:122381. [PMID: 38145710 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Equipping cancer-fighting immune cells with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) has gained immense attention for cancer treatment. CAR-engineered T cells (CAR T cells) are the first immune-engineered cells that have achieved brilliant results in anti-cancer therapy. Despite promising anti-cancer features, CAR T cells could also cause fatal side effects and have shown inadequate efficacy in some studies. This has led to the introduction of other candidates for CAR transduction, e.g., Natural killer cells (NK cells). Regarding the better safety profile and anti-cancer properties, CAR-armored NK cells (CAR NK cells) could be a beneficial and suitable alternative to CAR T cells. Since introducing these two cells as anti-cancer structures, several studies have investigated their efficacy and safety, and most of them have focused on hematological malignancies. Solid tumors have unique properties that make them more resistant and less curable cancers than hematological malignancies. In this review article, we conduct a comprehensive review of the structure and properties of CAR NK and CAR T cells, compare the recent experience of immunotherapy with CAR T and CAR NK cells in various solid cancers, and overview current challenges and future solutions to battle solid cancers using CARNK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdolreza Esmaeilzadeh
- Department of Immunology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran; Cancer Gene Therapy Research Center (CGRC), Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
| | - Kaveh Hadiloo
- Student Research Committee, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran; School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Marjan Jabbari
- School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Reza Elahi
- School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
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7
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Zhou X, An B, Lin Y, Ni Y, Zhao X, Liang X. Molecular mechanisms of ROS-modulated cancer chemoresistance and therapeutic strategies. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115036. [PMID: 37354814 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance is the main obstacle to achieving a cure in many cancer patients. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are master regulators of cancer development that act through complex mechanisms. Remarkably, ROS levels and antioxidant content are typically higher in drug-resistant cancer cells than in non-resistant and normal cells, and have been shown to play a central role in modulating drug resistance. Therefore, determining the underlying functions of ROS in the modulation of drug resistance will contribute to develop therapies that sensitize cancer resistant cells by leveraging ROS modulation. In this review, we summarize the notable literature on the sources and regulation of ROS production and highlight the complex roles of ROS in cancer chemoresistance, encompassing transcription factor-mediated chemoresistance, maintenance of cancer stem cells, and their impact on the tumor microenvironment. We also discuss the potential of ROS-targeted therapies in overcoming tumor therapeutic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Zhou
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Development and Related Disease of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Biao An
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Development and Related Disease of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Yi Lin
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Development and Related Disease of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Yanghong Ni
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Development and Related Disease of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Xia Zhao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Development and Related Disease of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Xiao Liang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Development and Related Disease of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China.
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8
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Teng Y, Xu L, Li W, Liu P, Tian L, Liu M. Targeting reactive oxygen species and fat acid oxidation for the modulation of tumor-associated macrophages: a narrative review. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1224443. [PMID: 37545527 PMCID: PMC10401428 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1224443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are significant immunocytes infiltrating the tumor microenvironment(TME). Recent research has shown that TAMs exhibit diversity in terms of their phenotype, function, time, and spatial distribution, which allows for further classification of TAM subtypes. The metabolic efficiency of fatty acid oxidation (FAO) varies among TAM subtypes. FAO is closely linked to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which play a role in processes such as oxidative stress. Current evidence demonstrates that FAO and ROS can influence TAMs' recruitment, polarization, and phagocytosis ability either individually or in combination, thereby impacting tumor progression. But the specific mechanisms associated with these relationships still require further investigation. We will review the current status of research on the relationship between TAMs and tumor development from three aspects: ROS and TAMs, FAO and TAMs, and the interconnectedness of FAO, ROS, and TAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Linli Tian
- *Correspondence: Linli Tian, ; Ming Liu,
| | - Ming Liu
- *Correspondence: Linli Tian, ; Ming Liu,
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9
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Semeniuk-Wojtaś A, Poddębniak-Strama K, Modzelewska M, Baryła M, Dziąg-Dudek E, Syryło T, Górnicka B, Jakieła A, Stec R. Tumour microenvironment as a predictive factor for immunotherapy in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2023:10.1007/s00262-023-03376-9. [PMID: 36928373 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-023-03376-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) can be divided into two subgroups depending on invasion of the muscular layer: non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) and muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). Its aggressiveness is associated, inter alia, with genetic aberrations like losses of 1p, 6q, 9p, 9q and 13q; gain of 5p; or alterations in the p53 and p16 pathways. Moreover, there are reported metabolic disturbances connected with poor diagnosis-for example, enhanced aerobic glycolysis, gluconeogenesis or haem catabolism.Currently, the primary way of treatment method is transurethral resection of the bladder tumour (TURBT) with adjuvant Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) therapy for NMIBC or radical cystectomy for MIBC combined with chemotherapy or immunotherapy. However, intravesical BCG immunotherapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors are not efficient in every case, so appropriate biomarkers are needed in order to select the proper treatment options. It seems that the success of immunotherapy depends mainly on the tumour microenvironment (TME), which reflects the molecular disturbances in the tumour. TME consists of specific conditions like hypoxia or local acidosis and different populations of immune cells including tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes, natural killer cells, neutrophils and B lymphocytes, which are responsible for shaping the response against tumour neoantigens and crucial pathways like the PD-L1/PD-1 axis.In this review, we summarise holistically the impact of the immune system, genetic alterations and metabolic changes that are key factors in immunotherapy success. These findings should enable better understanding of the TME complexity in case of NMIBC and causes of failures of current therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Tomasz Syryło
- Department of General, Active and Oncological Urology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Barbara Górnicka
- Pathomorphology Department, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Jakieła
- Oncology Department, 4 Military Clinical Hospital with a Polyclinic, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Rafał Stec
- Oncology Department, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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10
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Cai H, Ren Y, Chen S, Wang Y, Chu L. Ferroptosis and tumor immunotherapy: A promising combination therapy for tumors. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1119369. [PMID: 36845720 PMCID: PMC9945274 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1119369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Low response rate and treatment resistance are frequent problems in the immunotherapy of tumors, resulting in the unsatisfactory therapeutic effects. Ferroptosis is a form of cell death characterized by the accumulation of lipid peroxides. In recent years, it has been found that ferroptosis may be related to the treatment of cancer. Various immune cells (including macrophages and CD8+ T cells) can induce ferroptosis of tumor cells, and synergistically enhance the anti-tumor immune effects. However, the mechanisms are different for each cell types. DAMP released in vitro by cancer cells undergoing ferroptosis lead to the maturation of dendritic cells, cross-induction of CD8+ T cells, IFN-γ production and M1 macrophage production. Thus, it activates the adaptability of the tumor microenvironment and forms positive feedback of the immune response. It suggests that induction of ferroptosis may contribute to reducing resistance of cancer immunotherapy and has great potential in cancer therapy. Further research into the link between ferroptosis and tumor immunotherapy may offer hope for those cancers that are difficult to treat. In this review, we focus on the role of ferroptosis in tumor immunotherapy, explore the role of ferroptosis in various immune cells, and discuss potential applications of ferroptosis in tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huazhong Cai
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China,*Correspondence: Huazhong Cai,
| | - Yongfei Ren
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Shuangwei Chen
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Liangmei Chu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Institute of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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11
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Poon AYC, Sugimura R. The prospect of genetically engineering natural killer cells for cancer immunotherapy. Biol Open 2022; 11:bio059396. [PMID: 36445164 PMCID: PMC9729658 DOI: 10.1242/bio.059396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of natural killer (NK) cells in cancer immunotherapy demonstrates promising potential, yet its efficacy is often limited due to the loss of tumor-killing capacity and lack of specificity in vivo. Here, we review current approaches to confer enhanced tumor-killing capacity and specificity by genetic engineering. Increasing sensitivity to cytokines and protecting NK cells from the immune checkpoint endowed sustainability of NK cells in the tumor microenvironment. Transducing chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) in NK cells successfully targeted both hematologic and solid tumors in preclinical models. The use of human pluripotent stem cells as an expandable and genetically amenable platform offers a stable source of engineered NK cells for cancer immunotherapy. We highlight that CAR-NK cells from human pluripotent stem cells are a promising approach for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angie Yu Ching Poon
- School of Biomedical Science, University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Rd, Hong Kong999077
| | - Ryohichi Sugimura
- School of Biomedical Science, University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Rd, Hong Kong999077
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12
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Abstract
Eukaryotic cells have developed complex systems to regulate the production and response to reactive oxygen species (ROS). Different ROS control diverse aspects of cell behaviour from signalling to death, and deregulation of ROS production and ROS limitation pathways are common features of cancer cells. ROS also function to modulate the tumour environment, affecting the various stromal cells that provide metabolic support, a blood supply and immune responses to the tumour. Although it is clear that ROS play important roles during tumorigenesis, it has been difficult to reliably predict the effect of ROS modulating therapies. We now understand that the responses to ROS are highly complex and dependent on multiple factors, including the types, levels, localization and persistence of ROS, as well as the origin, environment and stage of the tumours themselves. This increasing understanding of the complexity of ROS in malignancies will be key to unlocking the potential of ROS-targeting therapies for cancer treatment.
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13
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Kennedy PR, Felices M, Miller JS. Challenges to the broad application of allogeneic natural killer cell immunotherapy of cancer. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:165. [PMID: 35414042 PMCID: PMC9006579 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-02769-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate immune cells that recognize malignant cells through a wide array of germline-encoded receptors. Triggering of activating receptors results in cytotoxicity and broad immune system activation. The former is achieved through release of cytotoxic granules and presentation of death receptor ligands, while the latter is mediated by inflammatory cytokines, such as interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor α. Early success with ex vivo activation of NK cells and adoptive transfer suggest they are a safe therapeutic with promising responses in advanced hematologic malignancies. In particular, adoptive NK cell therapies can serve as a 'bridge' to potentially curative allogeneic stem cell transplantation. In addition, strategies are being developed that expand large numbers of cells from limited starting material and mature NK cells from precursors. Together, these make 'off-the-shelf' NK cells possible to treat a wide range of cancers. Research efforts have focused on creating a range of tools that increase targeting of therapeutic NK cells toward cancer-from therapeutic antibodies that drive antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, to chimeric antigen receptors. As these novel therapies start to show promise in clinical trials, the field is rapidly moving toward addressing other challenges that limit NK cell therapeutics and the goal to treat solid tumors. This review describes the state of therapeutic NK cell targeting of tumors; discusses the challenges that need to be addressed before NK cells can be applied as a wide-ranging treatment for cancer; and points to some of the innovations that are being developed to surmount these challenges. Suppressive cells in the tumor microenvironment pose a direct threat to therapeutic NK cells, through presentation of inhibitory ligands and secretion of suppressive cytokines and metabolites. The nutrient- and oxygen-starved conditions under which NK cells must function necessitate an understanding of therapeutic NK cell metabolism that is still emerging. Prior to these challenges, NK cells must find their way into and persist in the tumor itself. Finally, the desirability of a 'single-shot' NK cell treatment and the problems and benefits of a short-lived rejection-prone NK cellular product are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippa R Kennedy
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, MCRB Rm 520, 425 E River Rd Parkway, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Martin Felices
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, MCRB Rm 520, 425 E River Rd Parkway, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Miller
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, MCRB Rm 520, 425 E River Rd Parkway, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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14
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Genetic Disruption of Toxoplasma gondii peroxiredoxin (TgPrx) 1 and 3 Reveals the Essential Role of TgPrx3 in Protecting Mice from Fatal Consequences of Toxoplasmosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063076. [PMID: 35328497 PMCID: PMC8951120 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a worldwide protozoan parasite that endangers human health and causes enormous economic losses to the animal production sector. A safe and effective vaccine or treatment is needed to reduce these hazards. In this study, we revealed the cyto-nuclear and mitochondrial localization of TgPrx1 and TgPrx3 proteins, respectively. We knocked out the T. gondii peroxiredoxin (TgPrxKO) 1 and 3 genes using a parental type II Prugniaud strain lacking KU80 and HXGPRT genes (PruΔku80Δhxgprt) via CRISPR-Cas9 technology. The successful KO was confirmed using PCR, IFAT, and Western blotting in two clones of both target genes, named TgPrx1KO and TgPrx3KO. Regarding in vitro assays, no significant variations between any of the knocked-out clones in TgPrx1KO or TgPrx3KO parasite strains, or even PruΔku80Δhxgprt, were obtained in rates of infection, proliferation, or egress. Nevertheless, mice that were infected with tachyzoites of the TgPrx3KO strain showed a marked decrease in survival rate compared with TgPrx1KO- and PruΔku80Δhxgprt-infected mice. This effect was confirmed using different mouse strains (ICR and C57BL/6J mice), sexes (male and female), and immunological backgrounds (ICR and SCID mice). In addition, TgPrx1KO and TgPrx3KO induced high levels of interferon gamma (IFN-γ) in infected mice at 8 days post infection, and increased IL-6 and IL-12p40 production from murine macrophages cultivated in vitro. The results of the present study suggested that TgPrx3 can induce anti-T. gondii immune responses that protect the mice from fatal consequences of toxoplasmosis. The results of our current and previous studies represent TgPrx3 as an excellent candidate for sub-unit vaccines, suggesting it may contribute to the control of toxoplasmosis for susceptible humans and animals.
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15
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Klopotowska M, Bajor M, Graczyk-Jarzynka A, Kraft A, Pilch Z, Zhylko A, Firczuk M, Baranowska I, Lazniewski M, Plewczynski D, Goral A, Soroczynska K, Domagala J, Marhelava K, Slusarczyk A, Retecki K, Ramji K, Krawczyk M, Temples MN, Sharma B, Lachota M, Netskar H, Malmberg KJ, Zagozdzon R, Winiarska M. PRDX-1 Supports the Survival and Antitumor Activity of Primary and CAR-Modified NK Cells under Oxidative Stress. Cancer Immunol Res 2022; 10:228-244. [PMID: 34853030 PMCID: PMC9414282 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-20-1023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress, caused by the imbalance between reactive species generation and the dysfunctional capacity of antioxidant defenses, is one of the characteristic features of cancer. Here, we quantified hydrogen peroxide in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and demonstrated that hydrogen peroxide concentrations are elevated in tumor interstitial fluid isolated from murine breast cancers in vivo, when compared with blood or normal subcutaneous fluid. Therefore, we investigated the effects of increased hydrogen peroxide concentration on immune cell functions. NK cells were more susceptible to hydrogen peroxide than T cells or B cells, and by comparing T, B, and NK cells' sensitivities to redox stress and their antioxidant capacities, we identified peroxiredoxin-1 (PRDX1) as a lacking element of NK cells' antioxidative defense. We observed that priming with IL15 protected NK cells' functions in the presence of high hydrogen peroxide and simultaneously upregulated PRDX1 expression. However, the effect of IL15 on PRDX1 expression was transient and strictly dependent on the presence of the cytokine. Therefore, we genetically modified NK cells to stably overexpress PRDX1, which led to increased survival and NK cell activity in redox stress conditions. Finally, we generated PD-L1-CAR NK cells overexpressing PRDX1 that displayed potent antitumor activity against breast cancer cells under oxidative stress. These results demonstrate that hydrogen peroxide, at concentrations detected in the TME, suppresses NK cell function and that genetic modification strategies can improve CAR NK cells' resistance and potency against solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Klopotowska
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Laboratory of Immunology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Bajor
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Laboratory of Immunology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Graczyk-Jarzynka
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Laboratory of Immunology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kraft
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Genomics, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Faculty of Mathematics and Information Science, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zofia Pilch
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andriy Zhylko
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Doctoral School, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Iwona Baranowska
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Renal and Body Fluid Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michal Lazniewski
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Genomics, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Faculty of Mathematics and Information Science, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dariusz Plewczynski
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Genomics, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Faculty of Mathematics and Information Science, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Goral
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Joanna Domagala
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Kuba Retecki
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kavita Ramji
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Krawczyk
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Madison N. Temples
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Blanka Sharma
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Mieszko Lachota
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Doctoral School, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Herman Netskar
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Karl-Johan Malmberg
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Radoslaw Zagozdzon
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Winiarska
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Corresponding Author: Magdalena Winiarska, Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Nielubowicza 5 Street, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland. Phone: 4822-599-21-72; Fax: 4822-599-21-94; E-mail:
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16
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Aparicio C, Belver M, Enríquez L, Espeso F, Núñez L, Sánchez A, de la Fuente MÁ, González-Vallinas M. Cell Therapy for Colorectal Cancer: The Promise of Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR)-T Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11781. [PMID: 34769211 PMCID: PMC8583883 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a global public health problem as it is the third most prevalent and the second most lethal cancer worldwide. Major efforts are underway to understand its molecular pathways as well as to define the tumour-associated antigens (TAAs) and tumour-specific antigens (TSAs) or neoantigens, in order to develop an effective treatment. Cell therapies are currently gaining importance, and more specifically chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy, in which genetically modified T cells are redirected against the tumour antigen of interest. This immunotherapy has emerged as one of the most promising advances in cancer treatment, having successfully demonstrated its efficacy in haematological malignancies. However, in solid tumours, such as colon cancer, it is proving difficult to achieve the same results due to the shortage of TSAs, on-target off-tumour effects, low CAR-T cell infiltration and the immunosuppressive microenvironment. To address these challenges in CRC, new approaches are proposed, including combined therapies, the regional administration of CAR-T cells and more complex CAR structures, among others. This review comprehensively summarises the current landscape of CAR-T cell therapy in CRC from the potential tumour targets to the preclinical studies and clinical trials, as well as the limitations and future perspectives of this novel antitumour strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Margarita González-Vallinas
- Unidad de Excelencia Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM), University of Valladolid (UVa)-CSIC, 47003 Valladolid, Spain; (C.A.); (M.B.); (L.E.); (F.E.); (L.N.); (A.S.); (M.Á.d.l.F.)
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17
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Huang R, Chen H, Liang J, Li Y, Yang J, Luo C, Tang Y, Ding Y, Liu X, Yuan Q, Yu H, Ye Y, Xu W, Xie X. Dual Role of Reactive Oxygen Species and their Application in Cancer Therapy. J Cancer 2021; 12:5543-5561. [PMID: 34405016 PMCID: PMC8364652 DOI: 10.7150/jca.54699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a dual role in the initiation, development, suppression, and treatment of cancer. Excess ROS can induce nuclear DNA, leading to cancer initiation. Not only that, but ROS also inhibit T cells and natural killer cells and promote the recruitment and M2 polarization of macrophages; consequently, cancer cells escape immune surveillance and immune defense. Furthermore, ROS promote tumor invasion and metastasis by triggering epithelial-mesenchymal transition in tumor cells. Interestingly, massive accumulation of ROS inhibits tumor growth in two ways: (1) by blocking cancer cell proliferation by suppressing the proliferation signaling pathway, cell cycle, and the biosynthesis of nucleotides and ATP and (2) by inducing cancer cell death via activating endoplasmic reticulum stress-, mitochondrial-, and P53- apoptotic pathways and the ferroptosis pathway. Unfortunately, cancer cells can adapt to ROS via a self-adaption system. This review highlighted the bidirectional regulation of ROS in cancer. The study further discussed the application of massively accumulated ROS in cancer treatment. Of note, the dual role of ROS in cancer and the self-adaptive ability of cancer cells should be taken into consideration for cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiang Xie
- Public Center of Experimental Technology, The school of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, 646000, China
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18
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Slaats J, Dieteren CE, Wagena E, Wolf L, Raaijmakers TK, van der Laak JA, Figdor CG, Weigelin B, Friedl P. Metabolic Screening of Cytotoxic T-cell Effector Function Reveals the Role of CRAC Channels in Regulating Lethal Hit Delivery. Cancer Immunol Res 2021; 9:926-938. [PMID: 34226201 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-20-0741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) mediate cytotoxicity toward tumor cells by multistep cell-cell interactions. However, the tumor microenvironment can metabolically perturb local CTL effector function. CTL activity is typically studied in two-dimensional (2D) liquid coculture, which is limited in recapitulating the mechanisms and efficacy of the multistep CTL effector response. We here developed a microscopy-based, automated three-dimensional (3D) interface coculture model suitable for medium-throughput screening to delineate the steps and CTL effector mechanisms affected by microenvironmental perturbation. CTL effector function was compromised by deregulated redox homeostasis, deficient mitochondrial respiration, as well as dysfunctional Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channels. Perturbation of CRAC channel function dampened calcium influx into CTLs, delayed CTL degranulation, and lowered the frequency of sublethal hits (i.e., additive cytotoxicity) delivered to the target cell. Thus, CRAC channel activity controls both individual contact efficacy and CTL cooperativity required for serial killing of target cells. The multistep analysis of CTL effector responses in 3D coculture will facilitate the identification of immune-suppressive mechanisms and guide the rational design of targeted intervention strategies to restore CTL effector function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Slaats
- Department of Cell Biology, RIMLS, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Cindy E Dieteren
- Department of Cell Biology, RIMLS, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Protinhi Therapeutics, Noviotech Campus, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Esther Wagena
- Department of Cell Biology, RIMLS, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Louis Wolf
- Microscopic Imaging Center, RIMLS, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Tonke K Raaijmakers
- Department of Cell Biology, RIMLS, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Radiotherapy and OncoImmunology Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen A van der Laak
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Carl G Figdor
- Department of Tumor Immunology, RIMLS, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Bettina Weigelin
- Department of Cell Biology, RIMLS, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies," University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Friedl
- Department of Cell Biology, RIMLS, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands. .,Department of Genitourinary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,Cancer Genomics Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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19
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Kinoshita T, Sayem MA, Yaguchi T, Kharma B, Morii K, Kato D, Ohta S, Mashima Y, Asamura H, Kawakami Y. Inhibition of vascular adhesion protein-1 enhances the anti-tumor effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors. Cancer Sci 2021; 112:1390-1401. [PMID: 33453147 PMCID: PMC8019209 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Modulation of the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) is essential for enhancing the anti‐tumor effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Adhesion molecules and enzymes such as vascular adhesion protein‐1 (VAP‐1), which are expressed in some cancers and tumor vascular endothelial cells, may be involved in the generation of an immunosuppressive TME. In this study, the role of VAP‐1 in TME was investigated in 2 murine colon cancer models and human cancer cells. Intraperitoneal administration of the VAP‐1‐specific inhibitor U‐V296 inhibited murine tumor growth by enhancing IFN‐γ‐producing tumor antigen‐specific CD8+ T cells. U‐V296 exhibited significant synergistic anti‐tumor effects with ICIs. In the TME of mice treated with U‐V296, the expression of genes associated with M2‐like macrophages, Th2 cells (Il4, Retnla, and Irf4), angiogenesis (Pecam1), and fibrosis (Acta2, Loxl2) were significantly decreased, and the Th1/Th2 balance was increased. H2O2, an enzymatic product of VAP‐1, which promoted the production of IL‐4 by mouse Th2 and inhibited IFN‐γ by mouse Th1 and human tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes, was decreased in tumors and CD31+ tumor vascular endothelial cells in the TMEs of mice treated with VAP‐1 inhibitor. TCGA database analysis showed that VAP‐1 expression was a negative prognostic factor in human cancers, exhibiting a significant positive correlation with IL‐4, IL4R, and IL‐13 expression and a negative correlation with IFN‐γ expression. These results indicated that VAP‐1 is involved in the immunosuppressive TMEs through H2O2‐associated Th2/M2 conditions and may be an attractive target for the development of combination cancer immunotherapy with ICIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonari Kinoshita
- Division of Cellular Signaling, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mohammad Abu Sayem
- Division of Cellular Signaling, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, Bangladesh
| | - Tomonori Yaguchi
- Division of Cellular Signaling, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Budiman Kharma
- Division of Cellular Signaling, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Morii
- Division of Cellular Signaling, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daiki Kato
- Division of Cellular Signaling, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeki Ohta
- Division of Cellular Signaling, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukihiko Mashima
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hisao Asamura
- Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kawakami
- Division of Cellular Signaling, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Chiba, Japan
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20
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Aboelella NS, Brandle C, Kim T, Ding ZC, Zhou G. Oxidative Stress in the Tumor Microenvironment and Its Relevance to Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13050986. [PMID: 33673398 PMCID: PMC7956301 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13050986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cancer cells are consistently under oxidative stress, as reflected by elevated basal level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), due to increased metabolism driven by aberrant cell growth. This feature has been exploited to develop therapeutic strategies that control tumor growth by modulating the oxidative stress in tumor cells. This review provides an overview of recent advances in cancer therapies targeting tumor oxidative stress, and highlights the emerging evidence implicating the effectiveness of cancer immunotherapies in intensifying tumor oxidative stress. The promises and challenges of combining ROS-inducing agents with cancer immunotherapy are also discussed. Abstract It has been well-established that cancer cells are under constant oxidative stress, as reflected by elevated basal level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), due to increased metabolism driven by aberrant cell growth. Cancer cells can adapt to maintain redox homeostasis through a variety of mechanisms. The prevalent perception about ROS is that they are one of the key drivers promoting tumor initiation, progression, metastasis, and drug resistance. Based on this notion, numerous antioxidants that aim to mitigate tumor oxidative stress have been tested for cancer prevention or treatment, although the effectiveness of this strategy has yet to be established. In recent years, it has been increasingly appreciated that ROS have a complex, multifaceted role in the tumor microenvironment (TME), and that tumor redox can be targeted to amplify oxidative stress inside the tumor to cause tumor destruction. Accumulating evidence indicates that cancer immunotherapies can alter tumor redox to intensify tumor oxidative stress, resulting in ROS-dependent tumor rejection. Herein we review the recent progresses regarding the impact of ROS on cancer cells and various immune cells in the TME, and discuss the emerging ROS-modulating strategies that can be used in combination with cancer immunotherapies to achieve enhanced antitumor effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada S. Aboelella
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (N.S.A.); (C.B.); (Z.-C.D.)
- The Graduate School, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Caitlin Brandle
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (N.S.A.); (C.B.); (Z.-C.D.)
| | - Timothy Kim
- The Center for Undergraduate Research and Scholarship, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA;
| | - Zhi-Chun Ding
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (N.S.A.); (C.B.); (Z.-C.D.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Gang Zhou
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (N.S.A.); (C.B.); (Z.-C.D.)
- The Graduate School, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-706-721-4472
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21
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Immune cell - produced ROS and their impact on tumor growth and metastasis. Redox Biol 2021; 42:101891. [PMID: 33583736 PMCID: PMC8113043 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are derivatives of molecular oxygen (O2) involved in various physiological and pathological processes. In immune cells, ROS are mediators of pivotal functions such as phagocytosis, antigen presentation and recognition, cytolysis as well as phenotypical differentiation. Furthermore, ROS exert immunosuppressive effects on T and natural killer (NK) cells which is of particular importance in the so-called “tumor microenvironment” (TME) of solid tumors. This term describes the heterogenous group of non-malignant cells including tumor-associated fibroblasts and immune cells, vascular cells, bacteria etc. by which cancer cells are surrounded and with whom they engage in functional crosstalk. Importantly, pharmacological targeting of the TME and, specifically, tumor-associated immune cells utilizing immune checkpoint inhibitors - monoclonal antibodies that mitigate immunosuppression - turned out to be a major breakthrough in the treatment of malignant tumors. In this review, we aim to give an overview of the role that ROS produced in tumor-associated immune cells play during initiation, progression and metastatic outgrowth of solid cancers. Finally, we summarize findings on how ROS in the TME could be targeted therapeutically to increase the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy and discuss factors determining therapeutic success of redox modulation in tumors.
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22
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Defects at the Posttranscriptional Level Account for the Low TCR ζ Chain Expression Detected in Gastric Cancer Independently of Caspase-3 Activity. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:1039458. [PMID: 33354577 PMCID: PMC7737443 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1039458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Reduced TCRζ chain surface has been reported in T cells from patients with different inflammatory conditions and cancer. However, the causes of this diminished expression in cancer remain elusive. Methods T cell-enriched populations of blood or tissue (tumoral and nontumoral) origin from 44 patients with gastric adenocarcinoma and 33 healthy subjects were obtained. Samples were subjected to cytofluorimetry, Western blot analysis, TCRζ cDNA sequencing experiments, measurement of TCRζ mRNA levels, and caspase-3 activity assays. Results Cytofluorimetry revealed a decreased TCRζ expression in T cells of patients, assessed either as percentage of cells expressing this chain (blood: control subjects 99.8 ± 0.1%, patients 98.8 ± 1.1%P < 0.001; tissue: control subjects 96.7 ± 0.9%, patients tumoral tissue 67.9 ± 27.0%, patients nontumoral tissue 82.8 ± 12.6%, P = 0.019) or mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) value (blood: control subjects 102.2 ± 26.0; patients 58.0 ± 12.3, P = 0.001; tissue: control subjects 99.4 ± 21.4; patients tumoral tissue 41.6 ± 21.4; patients nontumoral tissue 62.3 ± 16.6, P = 0.001). Other chains pertaining to the TCR-CD3 complex (CD3ε) showed no significant differences (MFI values). Subsequent TCRζ cDNA sequencing experiments or measurements of TCRζ mRNA levels disclosed no differences between patients and control subjects. Evaluation of caspase-3 activity showed higher levels in T cell extracts of patients, and this activity could be decreased by 70% with the use of the inhibitor Ac-DEVD-FMK, although CD3ζ expression levels did not recover. Conclusions These results further place the defect responsible for the low TCRζ expression in cancer at the posttranscriptional level and suggests contrary to what has been proposed in other pathologies that elevated caspase-3 activity is not the causative agent.
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23
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Alharthi WA, Hamza RZ, Elmahdi MM, Abuelzahab HSH, Saleh H. Selenium and L-Carnitine Ameliorate Reproductive Toxicity Induced by Cadmium in Male Mice. Biol Trace Elem Res 2020; 197:619-627. [PMID: 31863275 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-019-02016-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) has been reported to reduce male fertility, impair reproductive capacity, and play a major role in the pathogenesis of infertility. This study was conducted to investigate the possible protective role of Selenium (Se) and L-carnitine (LC) against the adverse effects induced by Cd on the male reproductive system in mice. Animals were randomly divided into seven groups (n = 10); control group and six treated groups, as follows: Cd (0.35 mg/kg), Se (0.87 mg/kg), LC (10 mg/kg), and a combination of either Se or LC and then a combination of both with Cd, and all animals were injected for a period of 30 days. Exposure of Cd showed a significant decrease in enzymatic antioxidant activities, deficiency in reproductive performance, decrease serum testosterone level, severe changes in the histopathological architecture, and higher degree of damages and appearance of unblemished DNA strands. Treatment with Se and LC has the highly synergistic and ameliorates the damaging effect of Cd on the testis through the elevation of the enzymatic antioxidant and diminish histopathological abnormalities and DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wed A Alharthi
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reham Z Hamza
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagzig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Magda M Elmahdi
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12316, Egypt
| | | | - Hanan Saleh
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12316, Egypt.
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24
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Kotsafti A, Scarpa M, Castagliuolo I, Scarpa M. Reactive Oxygen Species and Antitumor Immunity-From Surveillance to Evasion. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1748. [PMID: 32630174 PMCID: PMC7409327 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system is a crucial regulator of tumor biology with the capacity to support or inhibit cancer development, growth, invasion and metastasis. Emerging evidence show that reactive oxygen species (ROS) are not only mediators of oxidative stress but also players of immune regulation in tumor development. This review intends to discuss the mechanism by which ROS can affect the anti-tumor immune response, with particular emphasis on their role on cancer antigenicity, immunogenicity and shaping of the tumor immune microenvironment. Given the complex role that ROS play in the dynamics of cancer-immune cell interaction, further investigation is needed for the development of effective strategies combining ROS manipulation and immunotherapies for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andromachi Kotsafti
- Laboratory of Advanced Translational Research, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, 35128 Padua, Italy;
| | - Marco Scarpa
- General Surgery Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, 35128 Padua, Italy;
| | | | - Melania Scarpa
- Laboratory of Advanced Translational Research, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, 35128 Padua, Italy;
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25
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Grzywa TM, Sosnowska A, Matryba P, Rydzynska Z, Jasinski M, Nowis D, Golab J. Myeloid Cell-Derived Arginase in Cancer Immune Response. Front Immunol 2020; 11:938. [PMID: 32499785 PMCID: PMC7242730 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Amino acid metabolism is a critical regulator of the immune response, and its modulating becomes a promising approach in various forms of immunotherapy. Insufficient concentrations of essential amino acids restrict T-cells activation and proliferation. However, only arginases, that degrade L-arginine, as well as enzymes that hydrolyze L-tryptophan are substantially increased in cancer. Two arginase isoforms, ARG1 and ARG2, have been found to be present in tumors and their increased activity usually correlates with more advanced disease and worse clinical prognosis. Nearly all types of myeloid cells were reported to produce arginases and the increased numbers of various populations of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and macrophages correlate with inferior clinical outcomes of cancer patients. Here, we describe the role of arginases produced by myeloid cells in regulating various populations of immune cells, discuss molecular mechanisms of immunoregulatory processes involving L-arginine metabolism and outline therapeutic approaches to mitigate the negative effects of arginases on antitumor immune response. Development of potent arginase inhibitors, with improved pharmacokinetic properties, may lead to the elaboration of novel therapeutic strategies based on targeting immunoregulatory pathways controlled by L-arginine degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz M. Grzywa
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Sosnowska
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Matryba
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Laboratory of Neurobiology BRAINCITY, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- The Doctoral School of the Medical University of Warsaw, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Rydzynska
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Jasinski
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dominika Nowis
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Center of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Genomic Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Golab
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Centre of Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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26
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Sivagnanalingam U, Beatty PL, Finn OJ. Myeloid derived suppressor cells in cancer, premalignancy and inflammation: A roadmap to cancer immunoprevention. Mol Carcinog 2020; 59:852-861. [PMID: 32333615 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The ultimate success of any form of cancer therapy or cancer prevention depends on its ability to engage the power of the immune system to completely eliminate a growing tumor, lower the life-time tumor risk and establish long-term memory to prevent recurrence or future tumors. For that reason, all therapies but especially immunotherapies depend on the immune health (immunocompetence) of each treated individual. Cancer and chronic illnesses, combined with a usually more advanced age of cancer patients or those at risk for cancer are known to severely suppress multiple antitumor functions of the immune system. Understanding the critical mechanisms controlling and mediating immune suppression can lead to additional therapies to alleviate the effects of those mechanisms and improve the outcome of cancer therapy and prevention. We introduce and review here a highly immunosuppressive cell population found in cancer, precancer, and chronic inflammatory diseases, myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC). First described in the setting of advanced cancer, their presence and immunosuppressive activity has been seen more recently in early premalignant lesions and in chronic inflammatory diseases leading to cancer. We describe the detrimental effects of their presence on cancer immunotherapy, immunosurveillance and immunoprevention and review early attempts to develop drugs to eliminate them or reduce their negative impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umayal Sivagnanalingam
- School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Pamela L Beatty
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Olivera J Finn
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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27
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Rapoport BL, Steel HC, Theron AJ, Smit T, Anderson R. Role of the Neutrophil in the Pathogenesis of Advanced Cancer and Impaired Responsiveness to Therapy. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25071618. [PMID: 32244751 PMCID: PMC7180559 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Notwithstanding the well-recognized involvement of chronic neutrophilic inflammation in the initiation phase of many types of epithelial cancers, a growing body of evidence has also implicated these cells in the pathogenesis of the later phases of cancer development, specifically progression and spread. In this setting, established tumors have a propensity to induce myelopoiesis and to recruit neutrophils to the tumor microenvironment (TME), where these cells undergo reprogramming and transitioning to myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) with a pro-tumorigenic phenotype. In the TME, these MDSCs, via the production of a broad range of mediators, not only attenuate the anti-tumor activity of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, but also exclude these cells from the TME. Realization of the pro-tumorigenic activities of MDSCs of neutrophilic origin has resulted in the development of a range of adjunctive strategies targeting the recruitment of these cells and/or the harmful activities of their mediators of immunosuppression. Most of these are in the pre-clinical or very early clinical stages of evaluation. Notable exceptions, however, are several pharmacologic, allosteric inhibitors of neutrophil/MDSC CXCR1/2 receptors. These agents have entered late-stage clinical assessment as adjuncts to either chemotherapy or inhibitory immune checkpoint-targeted therapy in patients with various types of advanced malignancy. The current review updates the origins and identities of MDSCs of neutrophilic origin and their spectrum of immunosuppressive mediators, as well as current and pipeline MDSC-targeted strategies as potential adjuncts to cancer therapies. These sections are preceded by a consideration of the carcinogenic potential of neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo L. Rapoport
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; (H.C.S.); (A.J.T.); (R.A.)
- The Medical Oncology Centre of Rosebank, Johannesburg 2196, South Africa;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +27-11-880-4169
| | - Helen C. Steel
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; (H.C.S.); (A.J.T.); (R.A.)
| | - Annette J. Theron
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; (H.C.S.); (A.J.T.); (R.A.)
| | - Teresa Smit
- The Medical Oncology Centre of Rosebank, Johannesburg 2196, South Africa;
| | - Ronald Anderson
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; (H.C.S.); (A.J.T.); (R.A.)
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28
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Shi L, Yao H, Liu Z, Xu M, Tsung A, Wang Y. Endogenous PAD4 in Breast Cancer Cells Mediates Cancer Extracellular Chromatin Network Formation and Promotes Lung Metastasis. Mol Cancer Res 2020; 18:735-747. [PMID: 32193354 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-19-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Peptidyl arginine deiminase 4 (PAD4/PADI4) is a posttranslational modification enzyme that converts protein arginine or mono-methylarginine to citrulline. The PAD4-mediated hypercitrullination reaction in neutrophils causes the release of nuclear chromatin to form a chromatin network termed neutrophil extracellular traps (NET). NETs were first described as antimicrobial fibers that bind and kill bacteria. However, it is not known whether PAD4 can mediate the release of chromatin DNA into the extracellular space of cancer cells. Here, we report that murine breast cancer 4T1 cells expressing high levels of PADI4 can release cancer extracellular chromatin networks (CECN) in vitro and in vivo. Deletion of Padi4 using CRISPR/Cas9 abolished CECN formation in 4T1 cells. Padi4 deletion from 4T1 cells also reduced the rate of tumor growth in an allograft model, and decreased lung metastasis by 4T1 breast cancers. DNase I treatment, which degrades extracellular DNA including CECNs, also reduced breast to lung metastasis of Padi4 wild-type 4T1 cells in allograft experiments in the Padi4-knockout mice. We further demonstrated that DNase I treatment in this mouse model did not alter circulating tumor cells but decreased metastasis through steps after intravasation. Taken together, our genetic studies show that PAD4 plays a cell autonomous role in cancer metastasis, thus revealing a novel strategy for preventing cancer metastasis by inhibiting cancer cell endogenous PAD4. IMPLICATIONS: This study shows that PADI4 can mediate the formation of CECNs in 4T1 cells, and that endogenous PADI4 plays an essential role in breast cancer lung metastasis. VISUAL OVERVIEW: http://mcr.aacrjournals.org/content/molcanres/18/5/735/F1.large.jpg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai Shi
- Center for Eukaryotic Gene Regulation, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania.,The Molecular, Cellular, and Integrative Biosciences Program, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania
| | - Huanling Yao
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Ming Xu
- The Molecular, Cellular, and Integrative Biosciences Program, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania.,Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania
| | - Allan Tsung
- Division of Surgical Oncology, James Cancer Hospital, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Yanming Wang
- Center for Eukaryotic Gene Regulation, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania. .,The Molecular, Cellular, and Integrative Biosciences Program, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania.,School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China.,School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
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29
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Secchi C, Orecchioni M, Carta M, Galimi F, Turrini F, Pantaleo A. Signaling Response to Transient Redox Stress in Human Isolated T Cells: Molecular Sensor Role of Syk Kinase and Functional Involvement of IL2 Receptor and L-Selectine. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20020466. [PMID: 31947584 PMCID: PMC7013990 DOI: 10.3390/s20020466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are central effectors of inflammation and play a key role in cell signaling. Previous reports have described an association between oxidative events and the modulation of innate immunity. However, the role of redox signaling in adaptive immunity is still not well understood. This work is based on a novel investigation of diamide, a specific oxidant of sulfhydryl groups, and it is the first performed in purified T cell tyrosine phosphorylation signaling. Our data show that ex vivo T cells respond to –SH group oxidation with a distinctive tyrosine phosphorylation response and that these events elicit specific cellular responses. The expression of two essential T-cell receptors, CD25 and CD62L, and T-cell cytokine release is also affected in a specific way. Experiments with Syk inhibitors indicate a major contribution of this kinase in these phenomena. This pilot work confirms the presence of crosstalk between oxidation of cysteine residues and tyrosine phosphorylation changes, resulting in a series of functional events in freshly isolated T cells. Our experiments show a novel role of Syk inhibitors in applying their anti-inflammatory action through the inhibition of a ROS-generated reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Secchi
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, I-07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.C.); (F.G.)
- Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi, University of Sassari, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
- Correspondence: (C.S.); (A.P.); Tel./Fax: +39-079-228-651 (A.P.)
| | - Marco Orecchioni
- La Jolla Institute of Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA;
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Marissa Carta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, I-07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.C.); (F.G.)
| | - Francesco Galimi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, I-07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.C.); (F.G.)
- Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi, University of Sassari, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Antonella Pantaleo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, I-07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.C.); (F.G.)
- Correspondence: (C.S.); (A.P.); Tel./Fax: +39-079-228-651 (A.P.)
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30
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Cassim S, Pouyssegur J. Tumor Microenvironment: A Metabolic Player that Shapes the Immune Response. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:E157. [PMID: 31881671 PMCID: PMC6982275 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune cells survey and patrol throughout the body and sometimes take residence in niche environments with distinct cellular subtypes and nutrients that may fluctuate from those in which they matured. Rooted in immune cell physiology are metabolic pathways and metabolites that not only deliver substrates and energy for growth and survival, but also instruct effector functions and cell differentiation. Unlike cancer cells, immune cells are not subject to a "Darwinian evolutionary pressure" that would allow them to adapt to developing tumors but are often irrevocably affected to local nutrient deprivation. Thus, immune cells must metabolically adapt to these changing conditions in order to perform their necessary functions. On the other hand, there is now a growing appreciation that metabolic changes occurring in cancer cells can impact on immune cell functionality and contribute to tumor immune evasion, and as such, there is a considerable and growing interest in developing techniques that target metabolism for immunotherapy. In this review, we discuss the metabolic plasticity displayed by innate and adaptive immune cells and highlight how tumor-derived lactate and tumor acidity restrict immunity. To our knowledge, this review outlines the most recent insights on how tumor microenvironment metabolically instructs immune responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamir Cassim
- Department of Medical Biology, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, CSM, 98000 Monaco, Monaco;
| | - Jacques Pouyssegur
- Department of Medical Biology, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, CSM, 98000 Monaco, Monaco;
- University Côte d’Azur, IRCAN, CNRS, Centre A. Lacassagne, 06189 Nice, France
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31
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Poorebrahim M, Sadeghi S, Fakhr E, Abazari MF, Poortahmasebi V, Kheirollahi A, Askari H, Rajabzadeh A, Rastegarpanah M, Linē A, Cid-Arregui A. Production of CAR T-cells by GMP-grade lentiviral vectors: latest advances and future prospects. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2019; 56:393-419. [PMID: 31314617 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2019.1633512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells represent a paradigm shift in cancer immunotherapy and a new milestone in the history of oncology. In 2017, the Food and Drug Administration approved two CD19-targeted CAR T-cell therapies (Kymriah™, Novartis, and Yescarta™, Kite Pharma/Gilead Sciences) that have remarkable efficacy in some B-cell malignancies. The CAR approach is currently being evaluated in multiple pivotal trials designed for the immunotherapy of hematological malignancies as well as solid tumors. To generate CAR T-cells ex vivo, lentiviral vectors (LVs) are particularly appealing due to their ability to stably integrate relatively large DNA inserts, and to efficiently transduce both dividing and nondividing cells. This review discusses the latest advances and challenges in the design and production of CAR T-cells, and the good manufacturing practices (GMP)-grade production process of LVs used as a gene transfer vehicle. New developments in the application of CAR T-cell therapy are also outlined with particular emphasis on next-generation allogeneic CAR T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansour Poorebrahim
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Solmaz Sadeghi
- Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR , Tehran , Iran
| | - Elham Fakhr
- Department of Translational Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Mohammad Foad Abazari
- Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Vahdat Poortahmasebi
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.,Infectious and Tropical Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Asma Kheirollahi
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran , Tehran , Iran
| | - Hassan Askari
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Alireza Rajabzadeh
- Applied Cell Sciences and Tissue Engineering Department, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Malihe Rastegarpanah
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Aija Linē
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre , Riga , Latvia
| | - Angel Cid-Arregui
- Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR , Tehran , Iran.,Targeted Tumor Vaccines Group, Clinical Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Immunity, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) , Heidelberg , Germany
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32
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Wu Y, Guo T, Qiu Y, Lin Y, Yao Y, Lian W, Lin L, Song J, Yang H. An inorganic prodrug, tellurium nanowires with enhanced ROS generation and GSH depletion for selective cancer therapy. Chem Sci 2019; 10:7068-7075. [PMID: 31588274 PMCID: PMC6676468 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc01070j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic prodrugs have been widely reported to avoid side effects and have been applied for precise tumor therapy in recent years. However, inorganic nano-prodrugs with localized generation of toxic products in the tumor have not been reported. Herein, we report an inorganic nano-prodrug, tellurium nanowires (TeNWs), that generate toxic TeO6 6- triggered by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) for highly selective cancer chemotherapy. Bovine serum albumin and dextran conjugate coated TeNWs, with a length of ∼82 nm and a width of ∼7 nm, showed high stability in physiological medium. The interaction between TeNWs and intracellular H2O2 produces toxic TeO6 6- molecules greatly enhanced ROS generation, and the reaction product, verified as TeO6 6-, would react with glutathione (GSH) and thus decrease intracellular GSH levels, which greatly increases ROS levels in the tumor. Importantly, TeNWs selectively kill cancer cells by caspase-independent autophagic death and apoptosis, as well as exerting an immune response, while not affecting normal cells due to the high H2O2 levels in cancer cells. Moreover, after the sequential reaction with H2O2 and GSH, TeNWs were dissociated into small molecules and could be rapidly and completely removed from the body. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments indicate that TeNWs are a promising inorganic nano-prodrug that exerts good selective therapeutic effects on tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology , State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment , College of Chemistry , Fuzhou University , Fuzhou 350116 , P. R. China . ;
| | - Tao Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology , State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment , College of Chemistry , Fuzhou University , Fuzhou 350116 , P. R. China . ;
| | - Yuan Qiu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology , State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment , College of Chemistry , Fuzhou University , Fuzhou 350116 , P. R. China . ;
| | - Yan Lin
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology , State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment , College of Chemistry , Fuzhou University , Fuzhou 350116 , P. R. China . ;
| | - Yunyan Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology , State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment , College of Chemistry , Fuzhou University , Fuzhou 350116 , P. R. China . ;
| | - Weibin Lian
- Department of Breast Surgery , Quanzhou First Hospital of Fujian , Medical University , Quanzhou 362000 , P. R. China
| | - Lisen Lin
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) , National Institutes of Health (NIH) , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , USA
| | - Jibin Song
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology , State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment , College of Chemistry , Fuzhou University , Fuzhou 350116 , P. R. China . ;
| | - Huanghao Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology , State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment , College of Chemistry , Fuzhou University , Fuzhou 350116 , P. R. China . ;
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33
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Domblides C, Lartigue L, Faustin B. Control of the Antitumor Immune Response by Cancer Metabolism. Cells 2019; 8:cells8020104. [PMID: 30708988 PMCID: PMC6406288 DOI: 10.3390/cells8020104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolic reprogramming of tumor cells and immune escape are two major hallmarks of cancer cells. The metabolic changes that occur during tumorigenesis, enabling survival and proliferation, are described for both solid and hematological malignancies. Concurrently, tumor cells have deployed mechanisms to escape immune cell recognition and destruction. Additionally, therapeutic blocking of tumor-mediated immunosuppression has proven to have an unprecedented positive impact in clinical oncology. Increased evidence suggests that cancer metabolism not only plays a crucial role in cancer signaling for sustaining tumorigenesis and survival, but also has wider implications in the regulation of antitumor immune signaling through both the release of signaling molecules and the expression of immune membrane ligands. Here, we review these molecular events to highlight the contribution of cancer cell metabolic reprogramming on the shaping of the antitumor immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Domblides
- Bordeaux University, CNRS, UMR 5164, ImmunoConcEpT, 33000 Bordeaux, France.
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hôpital Saint-André, Bordeaux University Hospital-CHU, 33000 Bordeaux, France.
| | - Lydia Lartigue
- Curematch, Inc., 6440 Lusk Bvld, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
| | - Benjamin Faustin
- Bordeaux University, CNRS, UMR 5164, ImmunoConcEpT, 33000 Bordeaux, France.
- Cellomet, CGFB, 146 Rue léo Saignat, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.
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34
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Singer K, Cheng WC, Kreutz M, Ho PC, Siska PJ. Immunometabolism in cancer at a glance. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:11/8/dmm034272. [PMID: 30076128 PMCID: PMC6124550 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.034272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The scientific knowledge about tumor metabolism has grown at a fascinating rate in recent decades. We now know that tumors are highly active both in their metabolism of available nutrients and in the secretion of metabolic by-products. However, cancer cells can modulate metabolic pathways and thus adapt to specific nutrients. Unlike tumor cells, immune cells are not subject to a ‘micro-evolution’ that would allow them to adapt to progressing tumors that continuously develop new mechanisms of immune escape. Consequently, immune cells are often irreversibly affected and may allow or even support cancer progression. The mechanisms of how tumors change immune cell function are not sufficiently explored. It is, however, clear that commonly shared features of tumor metabolism, such as local nutrient depletion or production of metabolic ‘waste’ can broadly affect immune cells and contribute to immune evasion. Moreover, immune cells utilize different metabolic programs based on their subtype and function, and these immunometabolic pathways can be modified in the tumor microenvironment. In this review and accompanying poster, we identify and describe the common mechanisms by which tumors metabolically affect the tumor-infiltrating cells of native and adaptive immunity, and discuss how these mechanisms may lead to novel therapeutic opportunities. Summary: This ‘At a Glance’ review and accompanying poster address how tumors can negatively affect immune cells through depletion of critical nutrients or through production of toxic metabolic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Singer
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Wan-Chen Cheng
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, CH-1066 Epalinges, Vaud, Switzerland.,Ludwig Lausanne Branch, CH-1066 Epalinges, Vaud, Switzerland
| | - Marina Kreutz
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ping-Chih Ho
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, CH-1066 Epalinges, Vaud, Switzerland.,Ludwig Lausanne Branch, CH-1066 Epalinges, Vaud, Switzerland
| | - Peter J Siska
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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35
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D'Aloia MM, Zizzari IG, Sacchetti B, Pierelli L, Alimandi M. CAR-T cells: the long and winding road to solid tumors. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:282. [PMID: 29449531 PMCID: PMC5833816 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0278-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Adoptive cell therapy of solid tumors with reprogrammed T cells can be considered the “next generation” of cancer hallmarks. CAR-T cells fail to be as effective as in liquid tumors for the inability to reach and survive in the microenvironment surrounding the neoplastic foci. The intricate net of cross-interactions occurring between tumor components, stromal and immune cells leads to an ineffective anergic status favoring the evasion from the host’s defenses. Our goal is hereby to trace the road imposed by solid tumors to CAR-T cells, highlighting pitfalls and strategies to be developed and refined to possibly overcome these hurdles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Michela D'Aloia
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Luca Pierelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Alimandi
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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36
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Makela AV, Foster PJ. Imaging macrophage distribution and density in mammary tumors and lung metastases using fluorine-19 MRI cell tracking. Magn Reson Med 2018; 80:1138-1147. [PMID: 29327789 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.27081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley V Makela
- Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.,The Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paula J Foster
- Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.,The Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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37
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Wu Y, Yuan L, Lu Q, Xu H, He X. Distinctive profiles of tumor-infiltrating immune cells and association with intensity of infiltration in colorectal cancer. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:3876-3882. [PMID: 29456737 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.7771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-infiltrating immune cells are heterogeneous and consist of characteristic compartments, including T helper (Th)1 and regulatory T (Treg) cells that exhibit distinctive biological functions. The present study investigated the profile of infiltrating immune cells from surgically removed tumor tissues from patients with colorectal cancer. The characteristic transcription factors of Th1 and Th2 cells, Treg cells, Th17 cells and T follicular helper (Tfh) cells were analyzed. The results demonstrated that a marked increased number of Treg cells presented in tumor infiltrates when compared with non-tumor adjacent tissues. An increased number of Th1 and Tfh cells existed in tumor infiltrates compared with non-tumorous adjacent tissues, while the infiltration of Th17 and Th2 cells was similar between tumor and non-tumor adjacent tissues. Furthermore, there were an increased number of Treg cells in tumors with low infiltration compared with those with high infiltration. The expression of CXC motif chemokine (CXC) receptor 3, CXC ligand (CXCL)L9 and CXCL10 was significantly increased on infiltrating T cells in tumors with high infiltration as compared with those with low infiltration. Macrophages exhibited a dominant M2 phenotype in tumor infiltrates of colorectal cancer, whereas a balanced M1 and M2 phenotype presented in macrophages from the peripheral blood. In vitro stimulation of macrophages isolated from tumor tissue of colorectal cancer with granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor and lipopolysaccharide did not drive to an inflammatory phenotype. The results provide insights into the pattern of immune cell infiltration in Chinese patients with colorectal cancer. It may be beneficial that patients with colorectal cancer are screened for the defined profile along with the expression of CXCL9 and CXCL10 in order to achieve better efficacy in clinical applications of immune-based therapy, including anti-programmed cell death protein 1 therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yugang Wu
- Department of Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University/The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213000, P.R. China
| | - Lei Yuan
- Department of Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University/The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213000, P.R. China
| | - Qicheng Lu
- Department of Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University/The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213000, P.R. China
| | - Haiyan Xu
- Department of Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University/The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaozhou He
- Department of Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University/The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213000, P.R. China
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38
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Seelige R, Searles S, Bui JD. Mechanisms regulating immune surveillance of cellular stress in cancer. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:225-240. [PMID: 28744671 PMCID: PMC11105730 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2597-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to explore immune-mediated mechanisms of stress surveillance in cancer, with particular emphasis on the idea that all cancers have classical hallmarks (Hanahan and Weinberg in Cell 100:57-70, 67; Cell 144:646-674, 68) that could be interrelated. We postulate that hallmarks of cancer associated with cellular stress pathways (Luo et al. in Cell 136:823-837, 101) including oxidative stress, proteotoxic stress, mitotic stress, DNA damage, and metabolic stress could define and modulate the inflammatory component of cancer. As such, the overarching goal of this review is to define the types of cellular stress that cancer cells undergo, and then to explore mechanisms by which immune cells recognize, respond to, and are affected by each stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Seelige
- Department of Pathology, University of California, 9500 Gilman Dr MC 0612, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0612, USA
| | - Stephen Searles
- Department of Pathology, University of California, 9500 Gilman Dr MC 0612, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0612, USA
| | - Jack D Bui
- Department of Pathology, University of California, 9500 Gilman Dr MC 0612, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0612, USA.
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39
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Reactive oxygen species induced by therapeutic CD20 antibodies inhibit natural killer cell-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity against primary CLL cells. Oncotarget 2017; 7:32046-53. [PMID: 27097113 PMCID: PMC5077995 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) of natural killer (NK) cells is assumed to contribute to the clinical efficacy of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and other hematopoietic malignancies of B cell origin. We sought to determine whether reactive oxygen species (ROS)-producing monocytes regulate the ADCC of NK cells against primary CLL cells using anti-CD20 as the linking antibody. The monoclonal CD20 antibodies rituximab and ofatumumab were found to trigger substantial release of ROS from monocytes. Antibody-exposed monocytes induced NK cell apoptosis and restricted NK cell-mediated ADCC against autologous CLL cells. The presence of inhibitors of ROS formation and scavengers of ROS preserved NK cell viability and restored NK cell-mediated ADCC against primary CLL cells. We propose that limiting the antibody-induced induction of immunosuppressive ROS may improve the anti-leukemic efficacy of anti-CD20 therapy in CLL.
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40
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Aydin E, Johansson J, Nazir FH, Hellstrand K, Martner A. Role of NOX2-Derived Reactive Oxygen Species in NK Cell-Mediated Control of Murine Melanoma Metastasis. Cancer Immunol Res 2017; 5:804-811. [PMID: 28760732 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-16-0382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The NADPH oxidase of myeloid cells, NOX2, generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) to eliminate pathogens and malignant cells. NOX2-derived ROS have also been proposed to dampen functions of natural killer (NK) cells and other antineoplastic lymphocytes in the microenvironment of established tumors. The mechanisms by which NOX2 and ROS influence the process of distant metastasis have only been partially explored. Here, we utilized genetically NOX2-deficient mice and pharmacologic inhibition of NOX2 to elucidate the role of NOX2 for the hematogenous metastasis of melanoma cells. After intravenous inoculation of B16F1 or B16F10 cells, lung metastasis formation was reduced in B6.129S6-Cybbtm1DinK (Nox2-KO) versus Nox2-sufficient wild-type (WT) mice. Systemic treatment with the NOX2-inhibitor histamine dihydrochloride (HDC) reduced melanoma metastasis and enhanced the infiltration of IFNγ-producing NK cells into lungs of WT but not of Nox2-KO mice. IFNγ-deficient B6.129S7-Ifngtm1Ts /J mice were prone to develop melanoma metastases and did not respond to in vivo treatment with HDC. We propose that NOX2-derived ROS facilitate metastasis of melanoma cells by downmodulating NK-cell function and that inhibition of NOX2 may restore IFNγ-dependent, NK cell-mediated clearance of melanoma cells. Cancer Immunol Res; 5(9); 804-11. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebru Aydin
- TIMM Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Junko Johansson
- TIMM Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Faisal Hayat Nazir
- TIMM Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristoffer Hellstrand
- TIMM Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Martner
- TIMM Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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41
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Ameliorative effect of vitamin E and selenium against oxidative stress induced by sodium azide in liver, kidney, testis and heart of male mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 91:602-610. [PMID: 28494416 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.04.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The study purported to define the effects of daily administration of vitamin E (Vit E) and selenium (Se) on antioxidant enzyme activity in mice treated with high doses of sodium azide (SA). Male mice were randomly split into nine groups. Groups 1, 2 and 3 were injected daily with saline, Vit E, and Se, respectively, while groups 4, 5 and 6 administrated with different doses of SA (low, medium and high, respectively). The mice in groups 7, 8 and 9 received 100mg/kg Vit E, 17.5mg/kg Se, and a combination of Vit E and Se, respectively before the SA-treatment. Hepatic, renal, testis and heart, antioxidant enzymes as well as levels of lipid peroxidation and total antioxidant capacity levels were determined. Vit E alone affected on the antioxidant parameters of the examined tissues. Se had a preventive effect on the decrease of antioxidant parameters caused by SA and improved the diminished activities of all of them. The study demonstrates that a high dose of SA may alter the effects of normal level antioxidant/oxidative status of male mice and that Se is effective in reducing the SA-damage. Se acts as a synergistic agent with the effect of Vit E in various damaged caused by SA.
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42
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Mimura K, Kua LF, Shimasaki N, Shiraishi K, Nakajima S, Siang LK, Shabbir A, So J, Yong WP, Kono K. Upregulation of thioredoxin-1 in activated human NK cells confers increased tolerance to oxidative stress. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2017; 66:605-613. [PMID: 28224212 PMCID: PMC11028527 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-017-1969-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive transfer of immune cells, such as T lymphocytes and NK cells, has potential to control cancer growth. However, this can be counteracted by immune escape mechanisms within the tumor microenvironment, including those mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Here, we determined the levels of anti-oxidant molecules in NK cells and their capacity to overcome ROS-induced immune suppression. We investigated the effect of H2O2 on resting NK cells, IL-2-activated NK cells and NK cells expanded by coculture with the K562 leukemia cell line genetically modified to express membrane-bound IL-15 and 4-1BB ligand (K562-mb15-41BBL). Expression of anti-oxidant and anti-apoptotic genes was evaluated by expression array, and protein levels of anti-oxidant molecules by Western blot. Activated NK cells, IL-2-activated NK cells and NK cells expanded by K562-mb15-41BBL were significantly more resistant to H2O2-induced cell death than resting NK. Thioredoxin-1 (TXN1) and peroxiredoxin-1 (PRDX1) were also up-regulated in activated NK cells. Moreover, H2O2-induced cell death after IL-2 activation was significantly induced in the presence of an anti-TXN1-neutralising antibody. Collectively, these data document that activated NK cells can resist to H2O2-induced cell death by up-regulation of TXN1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kousaku Mimura
- Department of Surgery, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Surgery, Fujikawa Hospital, Kyonan Medical Center, 340-1 Kajikazawa, Fujikawa-cho, Minamikoma-gun, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Ley-Fang Kua
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Noriko Shimasaki
- Department of Pediatrics, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kensuke Shiraishi
- Department of Surgery, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Surgery, Fujikawa Hospital, Kyonan Medical Center, 340-1 Kajikazawa, Fujikawa-cho, Minamikoma-gun, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Shotaro Nakajima
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, #12-01, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lim Kee Siang
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, #12-01, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Asim Shabbir
- Department of Surgery, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jimmy So
- Department of Surgery, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei-Peng Yong
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Koji Kono
- Department of Surgery, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, Singapore.
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, #12-01, Singapore, Singapore.
- Department of Organ Regulatory Surgery and Advanced Cancer Immunotherapy, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima City, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan.
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43
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Fereig RM, Kuroda Y, Terkawi MA, Mahmoud ME, Nishikawa Y. Immunization with Toxoplasma gondii peroxiredoxin 1 induces protective immunity against toxoplasmosis in mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176324. [PMID: 28448521 PMCID: PMC5407612 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
To develop a vaccine against Toxoplasma gondii, a vaccine antigen with immune-stimulating activity is required. In the present study, we investigated the immunogenicity and prophylactic potential of T. gondii peroxiredoxin 1 (TgPrx1). The TgPrx1 was detected in the ascitic fluid of mice 6 days postinfection, while specific antibody levels were low in the sera of chronically infected mice. Treatment of murine peritoneal macrophages with recombinant TgPrx1 triggered IL-12p40 and IL-6 production, but not IL-10 production. In response to TgPrx1, activation of NF-kB and IL-6 production were confirmed in mouse macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7). These results suggest the immune-stimulating potentials of TgPrx1. Immunization of mice with recombinant TgPrx1 stimulated specific antibody production (IgG1 and IgG2c). Moreover, spleen cell proliferation and interferon-gamma production significantly increased in the TgPrx1- sensitized cells from mice immunized with the same antigen. Immunization with TgPrx1 also increased mouse survival and decreased cerebral parasite burden against lethal T. gondii infection. Thus, our results suggest that TgPrx1 efficiently induces humoral and cellular immune responses and is useful as a new vaccine antigen against toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragab M. Fereig
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena City, Qena, Egypt
| | - Yasuhiro Kuroda
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Tokai University, Kita-kaname, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mohamad Alaa Terkawi
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Motamed Elsayed Mahmoud
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
- Department of Animal Behavior, Management, Genetics and Breeding, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag City, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Yoshifumi Nishikawa
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
- * E-mail:
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44
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Yan H, Zhang P, Kong X, Hou X, Zhao L, Li T, Yuan X, Fu H. Primary Tr1 cells from metastatic melanoma eliminate tumor-promoting macrophages through granzyme B- and perforin-dependent mechanisms. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317697554. [PMID: 28378637 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317697554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In malignant melanoma, tumor-associated macrophages play multiple roles in promoting tumor growth, such as inducing the transformation of melanocytes under ultraviolet irradiation, increasing angiogenesis in melanomas, and suppressing antitumor immunity. Because granzyme B- and perforin-expressing Tr1 cells could specifically eliminate antigen-presenting cells of myeloid origin, we examined whether Tr1 cells in melanoma could eliminate tumor-promoting macrophages and how the interaction between Tr1 cells and macrophages could affect the growth of melanoma cells. Tr1 cells were characterized by high interleukin 10 secretion and low Foxp3 expression and were enriched in the CD4+CD49b+LAG-3+ T-cell fraction. Macrophages derived from peripheral blood monocytes in the presence of modified melanoma-conditioned media demonstrated tumor-promoting capacity, exemplified by improving the proliferation of cocultured A375 malignant melanoma cells. But when primary Tr1 cells were present in the macrophage-A375 coculture, the growth of A375 cells was abrogated. The conventional CD25+ Treg cells, however, were unable to inhibit macrophage-mediated increase in tumor cell growth. Further analyses showed that Tr1 cells did not directly eliminate A375 cells, but mediated the killing of tumor-promoting macrophages through the secretion of granzyme B and perforin. The tumor-infiltrating interleukin 10+Foxp3-CD4+ T cells expressed very low levels of granzyme B and perforin, possibly suggested the downregulation of Tr1 cytotoxic capacity in melanoma tumors. Together, these data demonstrated an antitumor function of Tr1 cells through the elimination of tumor-promoting macrophages, which was not shared by conventional Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Yan
- 1 Department of Dermatology, The First People's Hospital of Jining City, Jining, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- 2 Jining Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Jining, China
| | - Xue Kong
- 3 Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | - Xianglian Hou
- 4 Department of Supply and Services, Jiaxiang County People's Hospital, Jining, China
| | - Li Zhao
- 1 Department of Dermatology, The First People's Hospital of Jining City, Jining, China
| | - Tianhang Li
- 1 Department of Dermatology, The First People's Hospital of Jining City, Jining, China
| | - Xiaozhou Yuan
- 5 DICAT Biomedical Computation Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hongjun Fu
- 1 Department of Dermatology, The First People's Hospital of Jining City, Jining, China
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45
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Gao B, Su L, Yang H, Shu T, Zhang X. Current control by electrode coatings formed by polymerization of dopamine at prussian blue-modified electrodes. Analyst 2016; 141:2067-71. [PMID: 26876689 DOI: 10.1039/c6an00132g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Electrode coating with polydopamine (PDA) is fast becoming a popular surface modification technique. In this study we report the investigation of the use of PDA as electrode coatings with Prussian blue (PB) as an electrode material model. The PB layer was galvanostatically deposited at an Au electrode, followed by PDA coating with the assistance of ammonium persulfate as an oxidant. The thickness of PDA coatings was measured to be ∼60 nm. Electrochemical characterization of the PDA-coated PB electrode revealed that the PDA coatings could stabilize the PB at neutral pH and allow the permeation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Moreover, the PDA coatings were found to effectively exclude the common interfering compounds such as cysteine, ascorbic acid and uric acid, and exhibit selective electrocatalysis towards the electroreduction of H2O2. Accordingly, the PDA-coated PB electrode was applied for determination of H2O2 released from live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Gao
- Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Lei Su
- Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Hankun Yang
- Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Tong Shu
- Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Xueji Zhang
- Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
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46
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Ligtenberg MA, Mougiakakos D, Mukhopadhyay M, Witt K, Lladser A, Chmielewski M, Riet T, Abken H, Kiessling R. Coexpressed Catalase Protects Chimeric Antigen Receptor-Redirected T Cells as well as Bystander Cells from Oxidative Stress-Induced Loss of Antitumor Activity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 196:759-66. [PMID: 26673145 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of cancer patients by adoptive T cell therapy has yielded promising results. In solid tumors, however, T cells encounter a hostile environment, in particular with increased inflammatory activity as a hallmark of the tumor milieu that goes along with abundant reactive oxygen species (ROS) that substantially impair antitumor activity. We present a strategy to render antitumor T cells more resilient toward ROS by coexpressing catalase along with a tumor specific chimeric Ag receptor (CAR) to increase their antioxidative capacity by metabolizing H2O2. In fact, T cells engineered with a bicistronic vector that concurrently expresses catalase, along with the CAR coexpressing catalase (CAR-CAT), performed superior over CAR T cells as they showed increased levels of intracellular catalase and had a reduced oxidative state with less ROS accumulation in both the basal state and upon activation while maintaining their antitumor activity despite high H2O2 levels. Moreover, CAR-CAT T cells exerted a substantial bystander protection of nontransfected immune effector cells as measured by CD3ζ chain expression in bystander T cells even in the presence of high H2O2 concentrations. Bystander NK cells, otherwise ROS sensitive, efficiently eliminate their K562 target cells under H2O2-induced oxidative stress when admixed with CAR-CAT T cells. This approach represents a novel means for protecting tumor-infiltrating cells from tumor-associated oxidative stress-mediated repression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten A Ligtenberg
- Immune and Gene Therapy Laboratory, Cancer Center Karolinska, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dimitrios Mougiakakos
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology and Oncology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen Germany
| | - Madhura Mukhopadhyay
- Immune and Gene Therapy Laboratory, Cancer Center Karolinska, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristina Witt
- Immune and Gene Therapy Laboratory, Cancer Center Karolinska, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alvaro Lladser
- Laboratorio de Inmunoterapia Génica, Fundación Ciencia y Vida, 7780272 Santiago, Chile
| | - Markus Chmielewski
- Labor Tumorgenetik, Klinik I für Innere Medizin, Universität zu Köln, 50931 Cologne, Germany; and Zentrum für Molekulare Medizin Köln, Universität zu Köln, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Tobias Riet
- Labor Tumorgenetik, Klinik I für Innere Medizin, Universität zu Köln, 50931 Cologne, Germany; and Zentrum für Molekulare Medizin Köln, Universität zu Köln, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Hinrich Abken
- Labor Tumorgenetik, Klinik I für Innere Medizin, Universität zu Köln, 50931 Cologne, Germany; and Zentrum für Molekulare Medizin Köln, Universität zu Köln, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Rolf Kiessling
- Immune and Gene Therapy Laboratory, Cancer Center Karolinska, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden;
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The immunobiology of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in cancer. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:1387-406. [PMID: 26611648 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4477-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is a complex and heterogeneous milieu in which multiple interactions occur between tumor and host cells. Immunosuppressive cells which are present in this microenvironment, such as regulatory T (Treg) cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), play an important role in tumor progression, via down-regulation of antitumor responses. MDSCs represent a heterogeneous group of cells originated from the myeloid lineage that are in the immature state. These cells markedly accumulate under pathologic conditions, such as cancer, infection, and inflammation, and use various mechanisms to inhibit both adaptive and innate immune responses. These immunosuppressive mechanisms include deprivation of T cells from essential amino acids, induction of oxidative stress, interference with viability and trafficking of T cells, induction of immunosuppressive cells, and finally polarizing immunity toward a tumor-promoting type 2 phenotype. In addition to suppression of antitumor immune responses, MDSCs can also enhance the tumor metastasis and angiogenesis. Previous studies have shown that increased frequency of MDSCs is related to the tumor progression. Moreover, various drugs that directly target these cells or reverse their suppressive activity can improve antitumor immune responses as well as increase the efficacy of immunotherapeutic intervention. In this review, we will first discuss on the immunobiology of MDSCs in an attempt to find the role of these cells in tumor progression and then discuss about therapeutic approaches to target these cells.
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48
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Wu F, Tian FJ, Lin Y, Xu WM. Oxidative Stress: Placenta Function and Dysfunction. Am J Reprod Immunol 2015; 76:258-71. [PMID: 26589876 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
During pregnancy, the placenta is a site of active oxygen metabolism that continuously generates oxidative stress (OS). Overproduction of reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species can destroy normal placental functions. Therefore, the feto-placental unit generates abundant antioxidants to keep OS under control. Properly controlled oxidative species have been proven to serve as indispensable cellular signal messengers by regulating gene expression and downstream cellular activities. OS also plays an important immunoregulatory role during pregnancy. Oxidative disorder and immune disturbances are associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes such as spontaneous abortion, preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction. In this review, we introduce recent studies revealing basal functions and regulatory roles of placental OS in metabolism and immunity. The relationships between OS- and pregnancy-related disorders are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Wu
- Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease, the International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fu-Ju Tian
- Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease, the International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Lin
- Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease, the International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wang-Ming Xu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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Mannino MH, Zhu Z, Xiao H, Bai Q, Wakefield MR, Fang Y. The paradoxical role of IL-10 in immunity and cancer. Cancer Lett 2015; 367:103-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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50
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Frey AB. Suppression of T cell responses in the tumor microenvironment. Vaccine 2015; 33:7393-7400. [PMID: 26403368 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.08.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The immune system recognizes protein antigens expressed in transformed cells evidenced by accumulation of antigen-specific T cells in tumor and tumor draining lymph nodes. However, despite demonstrable immune response, cancers grow progressively suggesting that priming of antitumor immunity is insufficiently vigorous or that antitumor immunity is suppressed, or both. Compared to virus infection, antitumor T cells are low abundance that likely contributes to tumor escape and enhancement of priming is a long-sought goal of experimental vaccination therapy. Furthermore, patient treatment with antigen-specific T cells can in some cases overcome deficient priming and cause tumor regression supporting the notion that low numbers of T cells permits tumor outgrowth. However, tumor-induced suppression of antitumor immune response is now recognized as a significant factor contributing to cancer growth and reversal of the inhibitory influences within the tumor microenvironment is a major research objective. Multiple cell types and factors can inhibit T cell functions in tumors and may be grouped in two general classes: T cell intrinsic and T cell extrinsic. T cell intrinsic factors are exemplified by T cell expression of cell surface inhibitory signaling receptors that, after contact with cells expressing a cognate ligand, inactivate proximal T Cell Receptor-mediated signal transduction therein rendering T cells dysfunctional. T cell extrinsic factors are more diverse in nature and are produced by tumors and various non-tumor cells in the tumor microenvironment. These include proteins secreted by tumor or stromal cells, highly reactive soluble oxygen and nitrogen species, cytokines, chemokines, gangliosides, and toxic metabolites. These factors may restrict T cell entrance into the tumor parenchyma, cause inactivation of effector phase T cell functions, or induce T cell apoptosis ultimately causing diminished cancer elimination. Here, we review the contributions of inhibitory factors to tumor T cell dysfunction leading to tumor escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan B Frey
- Department of Cell Biology, Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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