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Li B, Xie S, Xia A, Suo T, Huang H, Zhang X, Chen Y, Zhou X. Recent advance in the sensing of biomarker transcription factors. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.116039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Wang W, Yang C, Lin S, Vellaisamy K, Li G, Tan W, Leung CH, Ma DL. First Synthesis of an Oridonin-Conjugated Iridium(III) Complex for the Intracellular Tracking of NF-κB in Living Cells. Chemistry 2017; 23:4929-4935. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201700770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wanhe Wang
- Department of Chemistry; Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong; Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Chao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine; Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences; University of Macau; Macao P. R. China
| | - Sheng Lin
- Department of Chemistry; Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong; Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Kasipandi Vellaisamy
- Department of Chemistry; Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong; Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Guodong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine; Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences; University of Macau; Macao P. R. China
| | - Weihong Tan
- Department of Chemistry, and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics; Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface; Shands Cancer Center; UF Genetics Institute; McKnight Brain Institute; University of Florida; Gainesville USA
- Molecular Sciences and Biomedicine Laboratory; State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Department of Chemistry; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology; Collaborative Innovation Center for Molecular Engineering and Theranostics; Hunan University; Changsha P. R. China
| | - Chung-Hang Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine; Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences; University of Macau; Macao P. R. China
| | - Dik-Lung Ma
- Department of Chemistry; Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong; Hong Kong P. R. China
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Evidence for active antigen presentation by monocyte/macrophages in response to stimulation with particles: the expression of NFκB transcription factors and costimulatory molecules. Inflammopharmacology 2013; 21:279-90. [PMID: 23670535 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-013-0170-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The macrophage and lymphocyte response to wear debris contributes to the failure of some joint replacements. Costimulatory molecule expression by particle-containing macrophages is an evidence for antigen presentation. The NFκB transcription factors are regulators of costimulatory molecules and are present in tissue near failed joint prostheses. The tissue localisation of NFκB and the expression of these factors and costimulatory molecules by U937 cells stimulated with nano- and microparticles are reported, together with the effects of an NFκB inhibitor (sc514). MATERIALS AND METHODS The tissue localisation of RelA, RelB, c-rel, p50, p52 and NF-IL6 was examined by immunohistochemistry in samples from 15 patients with failure of metal against polyethylene total hip replacements. The expression of these NFκB factors by U937 cells stimulated with microparticles (CoCr, diamond) and nanoparticles (diamond) was examined by quantified RT-PCR. Lipopolysaccharide provided positive controls while negative controls had no additions to culture. Inhibition of NFκB activity by sc-514 was studied. The expression of costimulatory molecules (CD80, CD86 and HLA-DR) was evaluated in parallel cell culture studies by tricolour flow cytometry. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Immunohistochemistry of tissue showed the highest expression for NF-IL6 (32.56 ± 11.61 per cent), RelA (33.66 ± 9.98 per cent) and p52 (32.07 ± 12.90 per cent), then RelB (22.63 ± 7.49 per cent), c-rel (14.07 ± 6.72 per cent) and p50 (13.07 ± 5.99 per cent). NF-IL6 was localised to macrophages, RelB to RFD1+ dendritic cells. U937 cells showed an increased expression of all NFκB factors (p < 0.01) in response to CoCr and diamond microparticles. Only RelA and c-rel (p < 0.01) were increased by one diamond nanoparticle and p52 and c-rel (p < 0.01) by another nanoparticulate diamond. Inhibition by sc-514 of RelA, c-rel and p50 expression occurred with all four particles, p52 was decreased for all diamond particles (but not CoCr) and RelB was not inhibited with any of the particles. CD86 and HLA-DR expression were upregulated by microparticles (CoCr, diamond) (p ≪ 0.01) with lower levels (significant) of these molecules found with diamond nanoparticles. CD80 expression was much less than CD86 and HLA-DR. Costimulatory molecule expression in the bone-implant interface indicates antigen presentation by macrophages. Functional studies with U937 monocytes show the same molecules expressed on exposure to micro- and nanoparticles. Highest values occur with CoCr while the smallest diamond nanoparticles are the least stimulatory. NFκB expression gives an insight into the immunogenic potential of the different particles.
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O'Sullivan B, Thompson A, Thomas R. NF-kappa B as a therapeutic target in autoimmune disease. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2007; 11:111-22. [PMID: 17227228 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.11.2.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
NF-kappaB transmits signals from the cell surface to the nucleus. Signaling through cell surface receptors to activate NF-kappaB and mitogen-activated protein kinases through adaptor molecules is of critical importance to survival and activation of all cells in the body, including those regulating innate and adaptive immunity. As such, NF-kappaB is a key signaling component in autoimmunity and an attractive target for autoimmune disease therapy. However, given its global importance, targeting NF-kappaB tends to be immunosuppressive. In this review, the authors discuss the roles played by NF-kappaB in autoimmunity, drugs which target it, and complexities which need to be addressed to improve the use of NF-kappaB as a target. Finally, the authors highlight some novel approaches that are likely to be important in the next generation of NF-kappaB therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan O'Sullivan
- Centre for Immunology and Cancer Research, University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, 4102, Australia
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Cheikhelard A, Go S, Canioni D, Leborgne M, Brousse N, Révillon Y, Cerf-Bensussan N, Sarnacki S. Enhanced in situ expression of NF-kappaBp65 is an early marker of intestinal graft rejection in rats. J Pediatr Surg 2005; 40:1420-7. [PMID: 16150343 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2005.05.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although intestinal transplantation provides a unique situation of free access to the graft because of the presence of temporary enterostomas, evaluation of local immunosuppression is still an unresolved issue and may constitute one of the causes of grafting failure. AIMS To study in a rat model of allogeneic intestinal transplantation the expression of transcription factors involved in lymphocyte activation in situ in the graft and to identify factors reflecting the efficiency of drug immunosuppression. METHODS Intestinal transplantation was performed in a Brown Norway (RT1n-donors)-Lewis (RT1(l)-recipients) rat strain combination. The animals were treated with tacrolimus to induce tolerance or left untreated. Syngeneic intestinal grafts and intestine from donor rats with peritonitis were used as controls. NF-kappaBp65, p-c-Jun, interleukin 2 receptor (CD25), and major histocompatibility complex class II antigen (OX-6) expression was studied in graft biopsies on days 2 and 5 by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS On day 2, before the onset of histologic signs of rejection, the number of cells expressing NF-kappaBp65 in the pericryptic lamina propria was significantly higher in untreated recipients of allogeneic grafts than in the other groups (P = .009). NF-kappaBp65 expression then fell between days 2 and 5 (P = .009). Classic markers of T-cell activation (CD25 and OX-6) were expressed during rejection in the lamina propria and on crypt enterocytes, respectively. p-c-Jun expression did not differ among the 3 groups. CONCLUSION NF-kappaBp65 expression in intestinal grafts is a precocious sign of local activation during rejection and could thus serve to optimize the management of immunosuppressive therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Cheikhelard
- INSERM E-0212, Faculté Necker Enfants-Malades, 75730 Paris Cedex 15, France
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Scott P, Artis D, Uzonna J, Zaph C. The development of effector and memory T cells in cutaneous leishmaniasis: the implications for vaccine development. Immunol Rev 2004; 201:318-38. [PMID: 15361250 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2004.00198.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania major infections induce the development of a CD4(+) T-helper 1 (Th1) response that not only controls the primary infection but also results in life-long immunity to reinfection. How that immunity is maintained is unknown, although because of the existence of infection-induced immunity, there has been an assumption that the development of a vaccine against leishmaniasis would be relatively easy. This has turned out not to be the case. One problem has been the finding that a large part of the immunity induced by a primary infection depends upon the presence of persistent parasites. Nevertheless, there are ample situations where immunologic memory persists without the continued presence of antigen, providing the prospect that a non-live vaccine for leishmaniasis can be developed. To do so will require an understanding of the events involved in the development of an effective protective T-cell response and, more importantly, an understanding of how to maintain that response. Here, we review work from our laboratory, describing how Th1 cells develop in L. major-infected mice, the nature of the memory T cells that provide protection to reinfection, and how that information may be utilized in the development of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Scott
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Ritchie AJ, Yam AOW, Tanabe KM, Rice SA, Cooley MA. Modification of in vivo and in vitro T- and B-cell-mediated immune responses by the Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum-sensing molecule N-(3-oxododecanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone. Infect Immun 2003; 71:4421-31. [PMID: 12874321 PMCID: PMC165988 DOI: 10.1128/iai.71.8.4421-4431.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
N-3-(oxododecanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone (OdDHL), a quorum-sensing molecule of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, plays an important role in the pathogenesis of the organism through its control of virulence factor expression. Several reports have suggested that OdDHL can also directly modulate host immune responses. However, the nature of the modulation is controversial, with different reports suggesting promotion of either humoral (Th2-mediated) or inflammatory (Th1-mediated) responses. This report describes a series of studies which demonstrate for the first time that in vivo administration of OdDHL can modulate the course of an antibody response, with an increase in ovalbumin (OVA)-specific immunogloblulin G1 (IgG1) but not IgG2a in OdDHL-treated OVA-immunized BALB/c mice compared to levels for controls. In vitro stimulation of lymphocytes from both Th1-biased C57Bl/6 and T-cell receptor transgenic mice and Th2-biased BALB/c mice in the presence of OdDHL demonstrated that OdDHL inhibits in vitro cytokine production in response to both mitogen and antigen, with gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) tending to be more inhibited than interleukin-4 (IL-4). In vitro mitogen or antigen restimulation of cells from mice treated with OdDHL in vivo shows effects on cytokine production which depend on the underlying immune bias of the mouse strain used, with a relative increase of IFN-gamma in Th1-biased C57Bl/6 mice and a relative increase of IL-4 in Th2-biased BALB/c mice. Thus, the mode of action of OdDHL on T-cell cytokine production is likely to be a relatively nonspecific one which accentuates an underlying immune response bias rather than one which specifically targets either Th1 or Th2 responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Ritchie
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia 2052
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Sun D, Fernandes G. Lovastatin inhibits bone marrow-derived dendritic cell maturation and upregulates proinflammatory cytokine production. Cell Immunol 2003; 223:52-62. [PMID: 12914758 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-8749(03)00148-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Statins are a group of hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors which are most effective as lipid lowering agents, and are currently extensively used clinically. Recently, it was also shown that statins affect the immune response. We investigated the effects of lovastatin on the maturation and functional changes of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BM-DC). Lovastatin inhibited MHC class II and CD40 expression on DC in a dose-dependent manner, but had lesser effects on CD16, CD80, CD86, and CD11b expression. Nuclear extracts of lovastatin treated DC had decreased NF-kappaB DNA binding activity. Although antigen capture capacity of DC was not affected by lovastatin, the T-cell stimulatory activity of DC was inhibited. Lovastatin up-regulated DC pro-inflammatory cytokine production induced by LPS as measured by intracellular cytokine staining, ELISA and cDNA microarrays. Mevalonate, added in vitro, prevented these effects. These results indicate that lovastatin may inhibit BM-DC maturation and up-regulate cytokine production through a mevalonate dependent pathway, and may cause adverse effects on either innate or adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxu Sun
- Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA
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Fazekas De St Groth B, L Smith A, Bosco J, Sze DMY, Power CA, Austen FI. Experimental models linking dendritic cell lineage, phenotype and function. Immunol Cell Biol 2002; 80:469-76. [PMID: 12225383 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1711.2002.01117.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
One of the important issues in dendritic cell (DC) biology today is how DC control the fate of T cells. Our data suggest that an important branch point in determining T cell fate is the decision between deletion and memory. We have previously hypothesized that this binary decision is determined by contact with DC derived from lymphoid- versus myeloid-restricted progenitors. However, the false attribution of CD8alpha expression as a reliable marker of lymphoid origin has underpinned a number of studies in which DC expressing CD8alpha did not induce deletion, thereby clouding the issue of whether deletion is indeed a function of lymphoid DC. By returning to basics, that is, functional testing of the progeny of lymphoid- and myeloid-restricted progenitors in vivo, we hope to provide clear evidence of the in vivo roles of lymphoid and myeloid DC subsets, independent of assumptions about the surface phenotypes they can assume.
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Caamaño J, Hunter CA. NF-kappaB family of transcription factors: central regulators of innate and adaptive immune functions. Clin Microbiol Rev 2002; 15:414-29. [PMID: 12097249 PMCID: PMC118079 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.15.3.414-429.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 383] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors of the Rel/NF-kappaB family are activated in response to signals that lead to cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis, and these proteins are critical elements involved in the regulation of immune responses. The conservation of this family of transcription factors in many phyla and their association with antimicrobial responses indicate their central role in the regulation of innate immunity. This is illustrated by the association of homologues of NF-kappaB, and their regulatory proteins, with resistance to infection in insects and plants (M. S. Dushay, B. Asling, and D. Hultmark, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:10343-10347, 1996; D. Hultmark, Trends Genet. 9:178-183, 1993; J. Ryals et al., Plant Cell 9:425-439, 1997). The aim of this review is to provide a background on the biology of NF-kappaB and to highlight areas of the innate and adaptive immune response in which these transcription factors have a key regulatory function and to review what is currently known about their roles in resistance to infection, the host-pathogen interaction, and development of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Caamaño
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6008, USA
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Speirs K, Caamano J, Goldschmidt MH, Hunter CA, Scott P. NF-kappa B2 is required for optimal CD40-induced IL-12 production but dispensable for Th1 cell Differentiation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:4406-13. [PMID: 11970983 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.9.4406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
NF-kappa B is a ubiquitously expressed transcription factor involved in the regulation of innate and adaptive immunity. As part of studies to define the role of various NF-kappa B family members in Th cell development and maintenance, we infected NF-kappa B2(-/-) and control mice with Leishmania major and followed disease progression. NF-kappa B2(-/-) mice on a normally resistant background develop chronic nonhealing lesions associated with uncontrolled parasite replication and a failure to develop an IFN-gamma response. We show that there are no intrinsic defects in Th cell differentiation in the absence of NF-kappa B2. Indeed, NF-kappa B2(-/-) T cells are able to develop a Th1 phenotype and protect recombination-activating gene(-/-) mice from progressive cutaneous leishmaniasis. We demonstrate instead that the susceptibility of NF-kappa B2(-/-) mice to L. major is the result of an IL-12 deficiency, and we provide evidence for a specific impairment in CD40-induced IL-12 production by macrophages lacking this transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra Speirs
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Thompson AG, Pettit AR, Padmanabha J, Mansfield H, Frazer IH, Strutton GM, Thomas R. Nuclear RelB+ cells are found in normal lymphoid organs and in peripheral tissue in the context of inflammation, but not under normal resting conditions. Immunol Cell Biol 2002; 80:164-9. [PMID: 11940117 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1711.2002.01070.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Differentiated dendritic cells (DC) have been identified by the presence of nuclear RelB (nRelB) and HLA-DR, and the absence of CD20 or high levels of CD68, in lymph nodes and active rheumatoid arthritis synovial tissue. The current studies aimed to identify conditions in which nRelB is expressed in human tissues, by single and double immunohistochemistry of formalin-fixed peripheral and lymphoid tissue. Normal peripheral tissue did not contain nRelB+ cells. nRelB+ DC were located only in T- or B-cell areas of lymphoid tissue associated with normal organs or peripheral tissues, including tonsil, colon, spleen and thymus, or in association with T cells in inflamed peripheral tissue. Inflamed sites included skin delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction, and a wide range of tissues affected by autoimmune disease. Nuclear RelB+-HLA-DR- follicular DC were located in B-cell follicles in lymphoid organs and in lymphoid-like follicles of some tissues affected by autoimmune disease. Lymphoid tissue T-cell areas also contained nRelB(-)-HLA-DR+ cells,some of which expressed CD123 and/or CD68. Nuclear RelB+ cells are found in normal lymphoid organs and in peripheral tissue in the context of inflammation, but not under normal resting conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus G Thompson
- Centre for Immunology and Cancer Research, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Australia
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Säemann MD, Parolini O, Böhmig GA, Kelemen P, Krieger P, Neumüller J, Knarr K, Kammlander W, Hörl WH, Diakos C, Stuhlmeier K, Zlabinger GJ. Bacterial metabolite interference with maturation of human monocyte‐derived dendritic cells. J Leukoc Biol 2002. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.71.2.238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Josef Neumüller
- Institute of Histology, University of Vienna, Austria; and Austria
| | | | | | | | | | - Karl Stuhlmeier
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rheumatology, Vienna, Austria
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Weih DS, Yilmaz ZB, Weih F. Essential role of RelB in germinal center and marginal zone formation and proper expression of homing chemokines. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:1909-19. [PMID: 11489970 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.4.1909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
High levels of the Rel/NF-kappaB family member RelB are restricted to specific regions of thymus, lymph nodes, and Peyer's patches. In spleen, RelB is expressed in periarteriolar lymphatic sheaths, germinal centers (GCs), and the marginal zone (MZ). In this study, we report that RelB-deficient (relB(-/-)) mice, in contrast to nfkb1(-/-), but similar to nfkb2(-/-) mice, are unable to form GCs and follicular dendritic cell networks upon Ag challenge in the spleen. RelB is also required for normal organization of the MZ and its population by macrophages and B cells. Reciprocal bone marrow transfers demonstrate that RelB expression in radiation-resistant stromal cells, but not in bone marrow-derived hemopoietic cells, is required for proper formation of GCs, follicular dendritic cell networks, and MZ structures. However, the generation of MZ B cells requires RelB in hemopoietic cells. Expression of TNF ligand/receptor family members is only moderately altered in relB(-/-) splenocytes. In contrast, expression of homing chemokines is strongly reduced in relB(-/-) spleen with particularly low mRNA levels of the chemokine B lymphocyte chemoattractant. Our data indicate that activation of p52-RelB heterodimers in stromal cells downstream of TNF/lymphotoxin is required for normal expression of homing chemokines and proper development of spleen microarchitecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Weih
- Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Schmid
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
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Fields ER, Seufzer BJ, Oltz EM, Miyamoto S. A switch in distinct I kappa B alpha degradation mechanisms mediates constitutive NF-kappa B activation in mature B cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 164:4762-7. [PMID: 10779782 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.9.4762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Inducible activation of cytoplasmic NF-kappa B/Rel transcription factors occurs via proteasome-dependent degradation of an associated inhibitor, termed I kappa B alpha. Mature B lymphocytes constitutively express nuclear NF-kappa B, which is important for their long-term survival. The intrinsic mechanisms by which B cells constitutively activate NF-kappa B are unknown. In this paper we demonstrate that maintenance of NF-kappa B activity in primary B cells is mediated by a novel calcium-dependent, but proteasome-independent, mechanism. Moreover, we show that differentiation of conditionally transformed pre-B cells is accompanied by a switch from proteasome-dependent to proteasome-independent degradation of I kappa B alpha. Our findings indicate that I kappa B alpha degradation mechanisms are dynamic during B cell development, and ultimately establish constitutive NF-kappa B activity in mature B lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Fields
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison, WI 53792, USA
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Abstract
The most essential kinases involved in cell membrane receptor activation, signal transduction and cell cycle control or programmed cell death and their interconnections are reviewed. In tumours, the genes of many of those kinases are mutated or amplified or the proteins are overexpressed. The use of key kinases offers the possibility to screen in vitro for synthetic small molecule kinase inhibitors. In view of the many interconnections of cellular kinases, their role in preventing or inducing programmed cell death and the possibility that a considerable number of signal transducing proteins are still unknown, cellular test systems are recommended in which the respective key kinase or one of its main partner molecules are overexpressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Sedlacek
- Aventis Pharma Deutschland GmbH, Central Biotechnology, Marburg, Germany.
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Poljak L, Carlson L, Cunningham K, Kosco-Vilbois MH, Siebenlist U. Distinct Activities of p52/NF-κB Required for Proper Secondary Lymphoid Organ Microarchitecture: Functions Enhanced by Bcl-3. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.12.6581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Mice rendered deficient in p52, a subunit of NF-κB, or in Bcl-3, an IκB-related regulator that associates with p52 homodimers, share defects in the microarchitecture of secondary lymphoid organs. The mutant mice are impaired in formation of B cell follicles and are unable to form proper follicular dendritic cell (FDC) networks upon antigenic challenge. The defects in formation of B cell follicles may be attributed, at least in part, to impaired production of the B lymphocyte chemoattractant (BLC) chemokine, possibly a result of defective FDCs. The p52- and Bcl-3-deficient mice exhibit additional defects within the splenic marginal zone, including reduced numbers of metallophilic macrophages, reduced deposition of the laminin-β2 chain and impaired expression of a mucosal addressin marker on sinus-lining cells. Whereas p52-deficient mice are severely defective in all of these aspects, Bcl-3-deficient mice are only partially defective. We determined that FDCs or other non-hemopoietic cells that underlie FDCs are intrinsically impaired in p52-deficient mice. Adoptive transfers of wild-type bone marrow into p52-deficient mice failed to restore FDC networks or follicles. The transfers did restore metallophilic macrophages to the marginal zone, however. Together, the results suggest that p52 carries out functions essential for a proper splenic microarchitecture in both hemopoietic and non-hemopoietic cells and that Bcl-3 is important in enhancing these essential activities of p52.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ljiljana Poljak
- *Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Louise Carlson
- *Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Kirk Cunningham
- *Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | | | - Ulrich Siebenlist
- *Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
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Abstract
nfkb2 encodes two members of the NF-kappa B/Rel family of proteins: p52 and p100. The p100 polypeptide has been proposed to serve as a precursor of p52, which corresponds to the N-terminal half of p100. While p52 functions as a Rel transcription factor, the larger p100 protein acts as a cytoplasmic inhibitor of select NF-kappa B/Rel transcription factor complexes. Because of their distinct functions, we have studied the biochemical basis for the production of these two nfkb2-derived gene products. Like the p50 product of the nfkb1 gene, p52 is principally generated in a cotranslational manner involving proteolytic processing by the proteasome. The generation of p52 is dependent on a glycine-rich region (GRR) located upstream of the p52 C-terminus, and repositioning of this GRR alters the location of proteasome processing. In most cells, small amounts of p52 are produced relative to the levels of p100, unlike the usually balanced production of nfkb1-derived p50 and p105. Using p100/p105 chimeras containing different segments of the nfkb1 and nfkb2 genes, we have found that diminished p52 processing is a property conferred by peptide sequences located downstream of the GRR, flanking the site of p52 processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Heusch
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco 94141-9100, USA
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Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are likely to play a significant role in immune-mediated diseases such as autoimmunity and allergy. To date there are few treatments capable of inducing permanent remission in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and elucidation of the role of DC may provide specific strategies for disease intervention. Dendritic cells have proven to be powerful tools for immunotherapy and investigations are under way to determine their clinical efficacy in transplantation and viral and tumour immunotherapy. The present review will focus on the current view of DC and their role in autoimmunity, in particular RA. Two possible roles for DC in the pathogenesis of RA will be proposed, based on recent advances in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Pettit
- Centre for Immunology and Cancer Research, University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane Queensland, Australia
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21
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Clark GJ, Gunningham S, Troy A, Vuckovic S, Hart DN. Expression of the RelB transcription factor correlates with the activation of human dendritic cells. Immunology 1999; 98:189-96. [PMID: 10540217 PMCID: PMC2326917 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.1999.00829.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The RelB gene product is a member of the nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB family of transcription factors. It has been identified recently within mouse antigen-presenting cells and human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DC). Disruption of the mouse RelB gene is accompanied, amongst other phenotypes, by abnormalities in the antigen-presenting cell lineages. In order to define RelB expression during human DC differentiation, we have analysed RelB mRNA by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and RelB protein by intracellular staining in CD34+ precursors and different types of DC preparations. RelB mRNA was not detected in CD34+ precursor populations. Fresh blood DC (lineage-human leucocyte antigen-DR+ (lin-HLA-DR+)) lacked RelB mRNA and cytoplasmic RelB protein but a period of in vitro culture induced RelB expression in blood DC. Purified Langerhans' cells (LC) (CD1a+ HLA-DR+) failed to express RelB mRNA. Immunocytochemical staining identified RelB protein in human skin epithelium. RelB protein was expressed in a very few CD1a+, CD83+ or CMRF-44+ dermal DC but was not present in CD1a+ LC. Tonsil DC (lin-HLA-DR+ CMRF-44+) were positive for RelB mRNA and RelB protein. Intestinal DC (HLA-DR+) also lacked immunoreactive RelB protein. The majority of interdigitating CD83+, CMRF-44+, CMRF-56+ or p55+ DC located in paracortical T-lymphocyte areas of lymph node and tonsil contained RelB protein. The expression of RelB mRNA and RelB protein correlates with the activated phase of blood DC and the postmigration cell (activated) stage of tissue DC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Clark
- Haematology/Immunology/Transfusion Medicine Research Group, Christchurch School of Medicine, Christchurch, New Zealand
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bell
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Sammons Cancer Center, Dallas, Texas 75246, USA
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23
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Piemonti L, Monti P, Allavena P, Sironi M, Soldini L, Leone BE, Socci C, Di Carlo V. Glucocorticoids Affect Human Dendritic Cell Differentiation and Maturation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.11.6473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Because dendritic cells (DC) play a major role in the initiation of T cell-mediated immunity, we studied the effects of glucocorticoids, well-known inhibitors of the immune and inflammatory response, on the differentiation and maturation of human DC. DC were differentiated from human monocytes by culture with GM-CSF and IL-4 for 7 days with and without dexamethasone (Dex). Cells treated with Dex (10−8 M) (Dex-DC) developed a characteristic dendritic morphology; however, membrane phenotype analysis demonstrated that they were not fully differentiated. Dex-DC expressed low levels of CD1a and, unlike untreated cells, high levels of CD14 and CD16. Molecules involved in Ag presentation (CD40, CD86, CD54) were also impaired. In contrast, molecules involved in Ag uptake (mannose receptor, CD32) and cell adhesion (CD11/CD18, CD54) were up-regulated. After exposure to TNF-α or CD40 ligand, Dex-DC expressed lower levels of CD83 and CD86 than untreated cells. Dex-DC showed a higher endocytic activity, a lower APC function, and a lower capacity to secrete cytokines than untreated cells. Overall, these results indicate that DC differentiated in the presence of Dex are at a more immature stage. Moreover, Dex also partially blocked terminal maturation of already differentiated DC. In conclusion, our data suggest that glucocorticoids may act at the very first step of the immune response by modulating DC differentiation, maturation, and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Piemonti
- *Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, Surgical Department, S. Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Monti
- *Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, Surgical Department, S. Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Allavena
- †Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, “Mario Negri” Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Sironi
- †Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, “Mario Negri” Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Soldini
- ‡Laboratory of Analysis, San Luigi Centre, S. Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; and
| | | | - Carlo Socci
- *Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, Surgical Department, S. Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Valerio Di Carlo
- *Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, Surgical Department, S. Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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24
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Vanderheyde N, Verhasselt V, Goldman M, Willems F. Inhibition of human dendritic cell functions by methylprednisolone. Transplantation 1999; 67:1342-7. [PMID: 10360588 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-199905270-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to better define how glucocorticoids influence primary human T cell responses. Dendritic cells (DC*) are the most effective antigen presenting cells able to activate naive T cells. Previous studies have shown that dexamethasone impaired the function of murine DC. Here, we analyzed how methylprednisolone (MP) might affect the function and maturation of human DC. METHODS Human DC were generated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells cultured in granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor and interleukin (IL)4. DC maturation was induced either by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or by fibroblast transfected with the CD40-ligand gene (3T6-CD40L). DC phenotype was characterized by flow cytometric analysis, their cytokine production by ELISA. The ability of DC to activate naive T cells was evaluated in mixed leukocyte reactivity. RESULTS Although MP did not affect viability of DC, it enhanced their antigen uptake and down-regulated their basal expression of CD86. The expression of CD80 and CD54 by DC was slightly decreased and HLA-DR expression was not modified. MP prevented LPS-induced DC maturation as assessed by the inhibition of CD86, CD80 and CD54 up-regulation, CD83 induction and production of TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-12. In contrast, when DC were stimulated by 3T6-CD40L, MP prevented only the synthesis of IL-12. Moreover, MP-treated DC were deficient in their ability to elicit proliferative responses of CD4+CD45RA+ allogeneic T cells as well as their synthesis of interferon (IFN)-gamma, IL-5, and IL-13. CONCLUSION. Glucocorticoids exert potent suppressive effects on human DC and thereby inhibit the induction of primary T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Vanderheyde
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology and Centre de Recherche Interuniversitaire en Vaccinologie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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25
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St. Louis DC, Woodcock JB, Fransozo G, Blair PJ, Carlson LM, Murillo M, Wells MR, Williams AJ, Smoot DS, Kaushal S, Grimes JL, Harlan DM, Chute JP, June CH, Siebenlist U, Lee KP. Evidence for Distinct Intracellular Signaling Pathways in CD34+ Progenitor to Dendritic Cell Differentiation from a Human Cell Line Model. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.6.3237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Intracellular signals that mediate differentiation of pluripotent hemopoietic progenitors to dendritic cells (DC) are largely undefined. We have previously shown that protein kinase C (PKC) activation (with phorbol ester (PMA) alone) specifically induces differentiation of primary human CD34+ hemopoietic progenitor cells (HPC) to mature DC. We now find that cytokine-driven (granulocyte-macrophage CSF and TNF-α) CD34+ HPC→DC differentiation is preferentially blocked by inhibitors of PKC activation. To further identify intracellular signals and downstream events important in CD34+ HPC→DC differentiation we have characterized a human leukemic cell line model of this process. The CD34+ myelomonocytic cell line KG1 differentiates into dendritic-like cells in response to granulocyte-macrophage CSF plus TNF-α, or PMA (with or without the calcium ionophore ionomycin, or TNF-α), with different stimuli mediating different aspects of the process. Phenotypic DC characteristics of KG1 dendritic-like cells include morphology (loosely adherent cells with long neurite processes), MHC I+/MHC IIbright/CD83+/CD86+/CD14− surface Ag expression, and RelB and DC-CK1 gene expression. Functional DC characteristics include fluid phase macromolecule uptake (FITC-dextran) and activation of resting T cells. Comparison of KG1 to the PMA-unresponsive subline KG1a reveals differences in expression of TNF receptors 1 and 2; PKC isoforms α, βI, βII, and μ; and RelB, suggesting that these components/pathways are important for DC differentiation. Together, these findings demonstrate that cytokine or phorbol ester stimulation of KG1 is a model of human CD34+ HPC to DC differentiation and suggest that specific intracellular signaling pathways mediate specific events in DC lineage commitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C. St. Louis
- *Immune Cell Biology Program, Naval Medical Research Institute, Bethesda, MD 20889
- †The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Bethesda, MD 20889
| | - Juliana B. Woodcock
- *Immune Cell Biology Program, Naval Medical Research Institute, Bethesda, MD 20889
| | - Guido Fransozo
- ‡Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Patrick J. Blair
- *Immune Cell Biology Program, Naval Medical Research Institute, Bethesda, MD 20889
| | - Louise M. Carlson
- ‡Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Maria Murillo
- *Immune Cell Biology Program, Naval Medical Research Institute, Bethesda, MD 20889
| | - Mark R. Wells
- *Immune Cell Biology Program, Naval Medical Research Institute, Bethesda, MD 20889
| | - Amanda J. Williams
- *Immune Cell Biology Program, Naval Medical Research Institute, Bethesda, MD 20889
| | - Douglas S. Smoot
- *Immune Cell Biology Program, Naval Medical Research Institute, Bethesda, MD 20889
| | - Sumesh Kaushal
- *Immune Cell Biology Program, Naval Medical Research Institute, Bethesda, MD 20889
- †The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Bethesda, MD 20889
| | - Janelle L. Grimes
- *Immune Cell Biology Program, Naval Medical Research Institute, Bethesda, MD 20889
| | - David M. Harlan
- *Immune Cell Biology Program, Naval Medical Research Institute, Bethesda, MD 20889
- §Department of Internal Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20889
| | - John P. Chute
- *Immune Cell Biology Program, Naval Medical Research Institute, Bethesda, MD 20889
- §Department of Internal Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20889
| | - Carl H. June
- *Immune Cell Biology Program, Naval Medical Research Institute, Bethesda, MD 20889
- §Department of Internal Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20889
| | - Ulrich Siebenlist
- ‡Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Kelvin P. Lee
- *Immune Cell Biology Program, Naval Medical Research Institute, Bethesda, MD 20889
- §Department of Internal Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20889
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26
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Verhasselt V, Vanden Berghe W, Vanderheyde N, Willems F, Haegeman G, Goldman M. N-Acetyl- l-Cysteine Inhibits Primary Human T Cell Responses at the Dendritic Cell Level: Association with NF-κB Inhibition. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.5.2569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) is an antioxidant molecule endowed with immunomodulatory properties. To investigate the effect of NAC on the induction phase of T cell responses, we analyzed its action on human dendritic cells (DC) derived from adherent PBMC cultured with IL-4 and granulocyte-macrophage CSF. We first found that NAC inhibited the constitutive as well as the LPS-induced activity of the transcription factor NF-κB. In parallel, NAC was shown to down-regulate the production of cytokines by DC as well as their surface expression of HLA-DR, CD86 (B7-2), and CD40 molecules both at the basal state and upon LPS activation. NAC also inhibited DC responses induced by CD40 engagement. The inhibitory effects of NAC were not due to nonspecific toxicity as neither the viability of DC nor their mannose receptor-mediated endocytosis were modified by NAC. Finally, we found that the addition of NAC to MLR between naive T cells and allogeneic DC resulted in a profound inhibition of alloreactive responses, which could be attributed to a defect of DC as APC-independent T cell responses were not inhibited by NAC. Altogether, our results suggest that NAC might impair the generation of primary immune responses in humans through its inhibitory action on DC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Verhasselt
- *Laboratory of Experimental Immunology and Centre de Recherche Interuniversitaire en Vaccinologie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium; and
| | - Wim Vanden Berghe
- †Department of Molecular Biology and Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, University of Gent, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Vanderheyde
- *Laboratory of Experimental Immunology and Centre de Recherche Interuniversitaire en Vaccinologie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium; and
| | - Fabienne Willems
- *Laboratory of Experimental Immunology and Centre de Recherche Interuniversitaire en Vaccinologie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium; and
| | - Guy Haegeman
- †Department of Molecular Biology and Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, University of Gent, Belgium
| | - Michel Goldman
- *Laboratory of Experimental Immunology and Centre de Recherche Interuniversitaire en Vaccinologie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium; and
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27
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Hsing Y, Bishop GA. Requirement for Nuclear Factor-κB Activation by a Distinct Subset of CD40-Mediated Effector Functions in B Lymphocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.5.2804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
CD40 stimulation, which is crucial for generating an effective T-dependent humoral response, leads to the activation of transcription factors NF-AT (nuclear factor of activated T cells), AP-1 (activator protein-1), and NF-κB (nuclear factor-κB). However, which CD40-mediated B cell functions actually require activation of specific transcription factors is unknown. We examined the causal relationship between NF-κB activation and CD40 effector functions by evaluating CD40 functions in the presence of an inducible mutant inhibitory κBα (IκBα) superrepressor. IκBαAA inhibited nuclear translocation of multiple NF-κB dimers without the complicating effect of depriving cells of NF-κB during development. This approach complements studies that use mice genetically deficient in single or multiple NF-κB subunits. Interestingly, only a subset of CD40 effector functions was found to require NF-κB activation. Both CD40-induced Ab secretion and B7-1 up-regulation were completely abrogated by expression of IκBαAA. Surprisingly, up-regulation of Fas, CD23, and ICAM-1 was partially independent, and up-regulation of LFA-1 was completely independent, of CD40-induced NF-κB activation. For the first time, it is clear that distinct transcription factors are required for the dynamic regulation of CD40 functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yina Hsing
- *Immunology Graduate Program, and Departments of
| | - Gail A. Bishop
- *Immunology Graduate Program, and Departments of
- †Microbiology and
- ‡Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242; and
- §Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52242
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28
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Ping D, Boekhoudt GH, Rogers EM, Boss JM. Nuclear Factor-κB p65 Mediates the Assembly and Activation of the TNF-Responsive Element of the Murine Monocyte Chemoattractant-1 Gene. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.2.727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
TNF-α transcriptionally regulates murine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) expression. Three approaches were used to determine the mechanism by which TNF regulates MCP-1. Mutation analysis showed that two distal κB sites, a novel dimethylsulfate-hypersensitive sequence, and a promoter proximal SP-1 site were required for TNF induction. Although the κB sites and the hypersensitive sequence function as a NF-κB-mediated enhancer, regulating induction by TNF, stereospecific alignment of the κB sites was not critical. Trans-activation studies conducted by cotransfection of p50 and/or p65 expression vectors with MCP-1 constructions showed that TNF regulates MCP-1 through NF-κB. Examination of MCP-1 induction in NF-κB-disrupted embryonic fibroblasts showed that p65 was necessary for both the induction and the TNF-induced protein occupancy of the enhancer in vivo. The action of the antioxidant inhibitor of NF-κB activation, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, in wild-type and NF-κB mutant cells was examined. The results suggested that TNF activates NF-κB through both pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate-sensitive and -insensitive mechanisms. This study illustrates the crucial role for NF-κB p65 in the induction of the MCP-1 gene by TNF and in the assembly of a NF-κB dependent enhancer in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Ping
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Gunther H. Boekhoudt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Edward M. Rogers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Jeremy M. Boss
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
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29
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Thomas R. Antigen-presenting cells in rheumatoid arthritis. SPRINGER SEMINARS IN IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1998; 20:53-72. [PMID: 9836369 DOI: 10.1007/bf00831999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R Thomas
- Centre for Immunology and Cancer Research, University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
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30
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Abstract
NF-κB/Rel designates a widely distributed family of transcription factors involved in immune and acute phase responses. Here, the expression and function of NF-κB factors in erythroid proliferation and differentiation were explored. In an erythroleukemia cell line, TF-1, high levels of p105/p50, p100/p52, p65, and IκBα were detected 24 hours after growth factor deprivation. In response to granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) stimulation, significant induction of p52 expression was observed. GM-CSF also induced nuclear translocation of both p52 and p65. No induction of NF-κB factors was observed with erythropoietin stimulation of TF-1 cells. Overexpression of p52 and p65 in TF-1 cells by transient transfection resulted in significant induction of a κB-TATA-luciferase reporter plasmid, showing that these factors are functional in vivo in erythroid cells. To determine whether NF-κB factors may play a role in normal erythropoiesis, levels of these factors were determined in burst-forming unit-erythroid (BFU-E)–derived cells at different stages of differentiation. The NF-κB factors p105/p50, p100/p52, and p65 were highly expressed in early BFU-E–derived precursors, which are rapidly proliferating, and declined during maturation. Furthermore, nuclear levels of NF-κB factors p50, p52, and p65 were higher in less mature precursors (day 10 BFU-E–derived cells) compared with more differentiated (day 14) erythroblasts. In nuclear extracts from day 10 BFU-E–derived cells, p50, p52, and p65 were able to form complexes, which bound to κB sites in the promoters of both the c-myb and c-mycgenes, suggesting that c-myb and c-myc may be among the κB-containing genes regulated by NF-κB factors in normal erythroid cells. Taken together, these data show that NF-κB factors are modulated by GM-CSF and suggest they function to regulate specific κB containing genes involved in erythropoiesis.
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31
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Abstract
Abstract
NF-κB/Rel designates a widely distributed family of transcription factors involved in immune and acute phase responses. Here, the expression and function of NF-κB factors in erythroid proliferation and differentiation were explored. In an erythroleukemia cell line, TF-1, high levels of p105/p50, p100/p52, p65, and IκBα were detected 24 hours after growth factor deprivation. In response to granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) stimulation, significant induction of p52 expression was observed. GM-CSF also induced nuclear translocation of both p52 and p65. No induction of NF-κB factors was observed with erythropoietin stimulation of TF-1 cells. Overexpression of p52 and p65 in TF-1 cells by transient transfection resulted in significant induction of a κB-TATA-luciferase reporter plasmid, showing that these factors are functional in vivo in erythroid cells. To determine whether NF-κB factors may play a role in normal erythropoiesis, levels of these factors were determined in burst-forming unit-erythroid (BFU-E)–derived cells at different stages of differentiation. The NF-κB factors p105/p50, p100/p52, and p65 were highly expressed in early BFU-E–derived precursors, which are rapidly proliferating, and declined during maturation. Furthermore, nuclear levels of NF-κB factors p50, p52, and p65 were higher in less mature precursors (day 10 BFU-E–derived cells) compared with more differentiated (day 14) erythroblasts. In nuclear extracts from day 10 BFU-E–derived cells, p50, p52, and p65 were able to form complexes, which bound to κB sites in the promoters of both the c-myb and c-mycgenes, suggesting that c-myb and c-myc may be among the κB-containing genes regulated by NF-κB factors in normal erythroid cells. Taken together, these data show that NF-κB factors are modulated by GM-CSF and suggest they function to regulate specific κB containing genes involved in erythropoiesis.
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32
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Oyama T, Ran S, Ishida T, Nadaf S, Kerr L, Carbone DP, Gabrilovich DI. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Affects Dendritic Cell Maturation Through the Inhibition of Nuclear Factor-κB Activation in Hemopoietic Progenitor Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.160.3.1224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), produced by almost all tumor cells, affects the ability of hemopoietic progenitor cells (HPC) to differentiate into functional dendritic cells (DC) during the early stages of their maturation. In this study we demonstrate specific binding of VEGF to HPC. This binding was efficiently competed by placenta growth factor (PlGF), a ligand reportedly specific for the Flt-1 receptor. The number of binding sites for VEGF decreased during DC maturation in vitro associated with decreased levels of mRNA for Flt-1. VEGF significantly inhibited nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)-dependent activation of reporter gene transcription during the first 24 h in culture. The presence of VEGF significantly decreased the specific DNA binding of NF-κB as early as 30 min after induction with TNF-α. This was followed on days 7 to 10 by decreases in the mRNA for RelB and c-Rel, two subunits of NF-κB. Blockade of NF-κB activity in HPC at early stages of differentiation with an adenovirus expressing a dominant IκB inhibitor of NF-κB reproduced the pattern of effects observed with VEGF. Thus, NF-κB plays an important role in maturation of HPCs to DC, and VEGF activation of the Flt-1 receptor is able to block the activation of NF-κB in this system. Blockade of NF-κB activation in HPCs by tumor-derived factors may therefore be a mechanism by which tumor cells can directly down-modulate the ability of the immune system to generate effective antitumor immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsunehiro Oyama
- *The Vanderbilt Cancer Center and Departments of Medicine and
| | - Sophia Ran
- ‡Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75287
| | - Tadao Ishida
- *The Vanderbilt Cancer Center and Departments of Medicine and
| | - Sorena Nadaf
- *The Vanderbilt Cancer Center and Departments of Medicine and
| | - Lawrence Kerr
- †Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232; and
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33
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Affiliation(s)
- W C Sha
- Molecular and Cell Biology Department, University of California, Berkeley 94720-3200, USA.
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34
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Franzoso G, Carlson L, Poljak L, Shores EW, Epstein S, Leonardi A, Grinberg A, Tran T, Scharton-Kersten T, Anver M, Love P, Brown K, Siebenlist U. Mice deficient in nuclear factor (NF)-kappa B/p52 present with defects in humoral responses, germinal center reactions, and splenic microarchitecture. J Exp Med 1998; 187:147-59. [PMID: 9432973 PMCID: PMC2212099 DOI: 10.1084/jem.187.2.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
p52 is a subunit of nuclear factor (NF)-kappa B transcription factors, most closely related to p50. Previously, we have shown that p52, but not p50 homodimers can form transactivating complexes when associated with Bcl-3, an unusual member of the I kappa B family. To determine nonredundant physiologic roles of p52, we generated mice deficient in p52. Null mutant mice were impaired in their ability to generate antibodies to T-dependent antigens, consistent with an absence of B cell follicles and follicular dendritic cell networks in secondary lymphoid organs, and an inability to form germinal centers. Furthermore, the splenic marginal zone was disrupted. These phenotypes are largely overlapping with those observed in Bcl-3 knockout animals, but distinct from those of p50 knockouts, supporting the notion of a physiologically relevant complex of p52 homodimers and Bcl-3. Adoptive transfer experiments further suggest that such a complex may be critical in accessory cell functions during antigen-specific immune reactions. Possible roles of p52 and Bcl-3 are discussed that may underlie the oncogenic potential of these proteins, as evidenced by recurrent chromosomal translocations of their genes in lymphoid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Franzoso
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 USA
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Ferreira V, Tarantino N, Körner M. Discrimination between RelA and RelB transcriptional regulation by a dominant negative mutant of IkappaBalpha. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:592-9. [PMID: 9417120 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.1.592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
RelA and RelB belong to the nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB-Rel) transcription factor family. Both proteins are structurally and functionally related, but their intracellular and tissue distributions are different. In resting cells, RelB is found mostly in the nucleus, whereas RelA is sequestered in the cytosol by protein inhibitors, among which IkappaBalpha is the dominant form in lymphocytes. Upon cellular activation IkappaBalpha is proteolyzed, allowing RelA dimers to enter the nucleus and activate target genes. To study the selectivity of gene regulation by RelA and RelB, we generated T cell lines stably expressing a dominant negative mutant of IkappaBalpha. We show that selective inhibition of RelA-NF-kappaB decreased induction of NFKB1, interleukin-2, and interleukin-2Ralpha genes but not c-myc. Transcription driven by the IkappaBalpha promoter was blocked by the transgenic IkappaBalpha; however, wild type IkappaBalpha was expressed in the transgenic cell clones but with much slower kinetics than that in control cells. Wild type IkappaBalpha expression was concomitant with RelB up-regulation, suggesting that RelB could be involved in transcription of IkappaBalpha through binding to an alternative site. These results indicate that RelB and RelA have both distinct and overlapping effects on gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Ferreira
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie Cellulaire, CNRS URA 625, Bat. CERVI, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, 83, Bd. de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
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Franzoso G, Carlson L, Xing L, Poljak L, Shores EW, Brown KD, Leonardi A, Tran T, Boyce BF, Siebenlist U. Requirement for NF-kappaB in osteoclast and B-cell development. Genes Dev 1997; 11:3482-96. [PMID: 9407039 PMCID: PMC316809 DOI: 10.1101/gad.11.24.3482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 807] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/1997] [Accepted: 11/04/1997] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
NF-kappaB is a family of related, dimeric transcription factors that are readily activated in cells by signals associated with stress or pathogens. These factors are critical to host defense, as demonstrated previously with mice deficient in individual subunits of NF-kappaB. We have generated mice deficient in both the p50 and p52 subunits of NF-kappaB to reveal critical functions that may be shared by these two highly homologous proteins. We now demonstrate that unlike the respective single knockout mice, the p50/p52 double knockout mice fail to generate mature osteoclasts and B cells, apparently because of defects that track with these lineages in adoptive transfer experiments. Furthermore, these mice present markedly impaired thymic and splenic architectures and impaired macrophage functions. The blocks in osteoclast and B-cell maturation were unexpected. Lack of mature osteoclasts caused severe osteopetrosis, a family of diseases characterized by impaired osteoclastic bone resorption. These findings now establish critical roles for NF-kappaB in development and expand its repertoire of roles in the physiology of differentiated hematopoietic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Franzoso
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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