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Ross CF, Laurence-Chasen JD, Li P, Orsbon C, Hatsopoulos NG. Biomechanical and Cortical Control of Tongue Movements During Chewing and Swallowing. Dysphagia 2024; 39:1-32. [PMID: 37326668 PMCID: PMC10781858 DOI: 10.1007/s00455-023-10596-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Tongue function is vital for chewing and swallowing and lingual dysfunction is often associated with dysphagia. Better treatment of dysphagia depends on a better understanding of hyolingual morphology, biomechanics, and neural control in humans and animal models. Recent research has revealed significant variation among animal models in morphology of the hyoid chain and suprahyoid muscles which may be associated with variation in swallowing mechanisms. The recent deployment of XROMM (X-ray Reconstruction of Moving Morphology) to quantify 3D hyolingual kinematics has revealed new details on flexion and roll of the tongue during chewing in animal models, movements similar to those used by humans. XROMM-based studies of swallowing in macaques have falsified traditional hypotheses of mechanisms of tongue base retraction during swallowing, and literature review suggests that other animal models may employ a diversity of mechanisms of tongue base retraction. There is variation among animal models in distribution of hyolingual proprioceptors but how that might be related to lingual mechanics is unknown. In macaque monkeys, tongue kinematics-shape and movement-are strongly encoded in neural activity in orofacial primary motor cortex, giving optimism for development of brain-machine interfaces for assisting recovery of lingual function after stroke. However, more research on hyolingual biomechanics and control is needed for technologies interfacing the nervous system with the hyolingual apparatus to become a reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callum F Ross
- Department of Organismal Biology & Anatomy, The University of Chicago, 1027 East 57th St, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
| | - J D Laurence-Chasen
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado, USA
| | - Peishu Li
- Department of Organismal Biology & Anatomy, The University of Chicago, 1027 East 57th St, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Courtney Orsbon
- Department of Radiology, University of Vermont Medical Center, Burlington, USA
| | - Nicholas G Hatsopoulos
- Department of Organismal Biology & Anatomy, The University of Chicago, 1027 East 57th St, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
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2
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Jung H, Strait D, Rolian C, Baab KL. Evaluating modularity in the hominine skull related to feeding biomechanics. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2024; 183:39-59. [PMID: 37982349 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Modular architecture of traits in complex organisms can be important for morphological evolution at micro- and sometimes macroevolutionary scales as it may influence the tempo and direction of changes to groups of traits that are essential for particular functions, including food acquisition and processing. We tested several distinct hypotheses about craniofacial modularity in the hominine skull in relation to feeding biomechanics. MATERIALS AND METHODS First, we formulated hypothesized functional modules for craniofacial traits reflecting specific demands of feeding biomechanics (e.g., masseter leverage/gape or tooth crown mechanics) in Homo sapiens, Pan troglodytes, and Gorilla gorilla. Then, the pattern and strength of modular signal was quantified by the covariance ratio coefficient and compared across groups using covariance ratio effect size. Hierarchical clustering analysis was then conducted to examine whether a priori-defined functional modules correspond to empirically recovered clusters. RESULTS There was statistical support for most a priori-defined functional modules in the cranium and half of the functional modules in the mandible. Modularity signal was similar in the cranium and mandible, and across the three taxa. Despite a similar strength of modularity, the empirically recovered clusters do not map perfectly onto our priori functional modules, indicating that further work is needed to refine our hypothesized functional modules. CONCLUSION The results suggest that modular structure of traits in association with feeding biomechanics were mostly shared with humans and the two African apes. Thus, conserved patterns of functional modularity may have facilitated evolutionary changes to the skull during human evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunwoo Jung
- Department of Anatomy, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Glendale, Arizona, USA
| | - David Strait
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Palaeo-Research Institute, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
- DFG Center for Advanced Studies "Words, Bones, Genes, Tools", University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Campbell Rolian
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Karen L Baab
- Department of Anatomy, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Glendale, Arizona, USA
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3
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Panagiotopoulou O, Robinson D, Iriarte-Diaz J, Ackland D, Taylor AB, Ross CF. Dynamic finite element modelling of the macaque mandible during a complete mastication gape cycle. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220549. [PMID: 37839457 PMCID: PMC10577025 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional finite element models (FEMs) are powerful tools for studying the mechanical behaviour of the feeding system. Using validated, static FEMs we have previously shown that in rhesus macaques the largest food-related differences in strain magnitudes during unilateral postcanine chewing extend from the lingual symphysis to the endocondylar ridge of the balancing-side ramus. However, static FEMs only model a single time point during the gape cycle and probably do not fully capture the mechanical behaviour of the jaw during mastication. Bone strain patterns and moments applied to the mandible are known to vary during the gape cycle owing to variation in the activation peaks of the jaw-elevator muscles, suggesting that dynamic models are superior to static ones in studying feeding biomechanics. To test this hypothesis, we built dynamic FEMs of a complete gape cycle using muscle force data from in vivo experiments to elucidate the impact of relative timing of muscle force on mandible biomechanics. Results show that loading and strain regimes vary across the chewing cycle in subtly different ways for different foods, something which was not apparent in static FEMs. These results indicate that dynamic three-dimensional FEMs are more informative than static three-dimensional FEMs in capturing the mechanical behaviour of the jaw during feeding by reflecting the asymmetry in jaw-adductor muscle activations during a gape cycle. This article is part of the theme issue 'Food processing and nutritional assimilation in animals'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Panagiotopoulou
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Dale Robinson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3053, Australia
| | - Jose Iriarte-Diaz
- Department of Biology, University of the South, Sewanee, TN 37383, USA
| | - David Ackland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3053, Australia
| | - Andrea B. Taylor
- Department of Foundational Biomedical Sciences, Touro University California, Vallejo, CA 94592, USA
| | - Callum F. Ross
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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4
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Stilson KT, Luo ZX, Li P, Olson S, Ross CF. Three-dimensional mandibular kinematics of mastication in the marsupial Didelphis virginiana. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220548. [PMID: 37839456 PMCID: PMC10577026 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Didelphis virginiana (the Virginia opossum) is often used as an extant model for understanding feeding behaviour in Mesozoic mammaliaforms, primarily due to their morphological similarities, including an unfused mandibular symphysis and tribosphenic molars. However, the three-dimensional jaw kinematics of opossum chewing have not yet been fully quantified. We used biplanar videofluoroscopy and the X-Ray Reconstruction of Moving Morphology workflow to quantify mandibular kinematics in four wild-caught opossums feeding on hard (almonds) and soft (cheese cubes) foods. These data were used to test hypotheses regarding the importance of roll versus yaw in chewing by early mammals, and the impact of food material properties (FMPs) on jaw kinematics. The magnitude of roll exceeds that of yaw, but both are necessary for tooth-tooth or tooth-food-tooth contact between complex occlusal surfaces. We confirmed the utility of the four vertical kinematic gape cycle phases identified in tetrapods but we further defined two more in order to capture non-vertical kinematics. Statistical tests support the separation of chew cycle phases into two functional groups: occlusal and non-occlusal phases. The separation of slow close into two (occlusal) phases gives quantitative kinematic support for the long-hypothesized multifunctionality of the tribosphenic molar. This article is part of the theme issue 'Food processing and nutritional assimilation in animals'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey T. Stilson
- Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Zhe-Xi Luo
- Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Peishu Li
- Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Selby Olson
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Callum F. Ross
- Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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5
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Laird MF, Ross CF, Kang V, Konow N. Introduction: food processing and nutritional assimilation in animals. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220559. [PMID: 37839455 PMCID: PMC10577032 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
How animals process and absorb nutrients from their food is a fundamental question in biology. Despite the continuity and interaction between intraoral food processing and post-oesophageal nutritional extraction, these topics have largely been studied separately. At present, we lack a synthesis of how pre- and post-oesophageal mechanisms of food processing shape the ability of various taxa to effectively assimilate nutrients from their diet. The aim of this special issue is to catalyse a unification of these distinct approaches as a functional continuum. We highlight questions that derive from this synthesis, as well as technical advances to address these questions. At present, there is also a skew toward vertebrates in studies of feeding form-function mechanics; by including perspectives from researchers working on both vertebrates and invertebrates, we hope to stimulate integrative and comparative research on food processing and nutritional assimilation. Below, we discuss how the papers in this issue contribute to these goals in three areas: championing a functional-comparative approach, quantifying performance and emphasizing the effects of life history, and food substrate and extrinsic factors in current and future studies of oral food processing and nutritional assimilation. This article is part of the theme issue 'Food processing and nutritional assimilation in animals'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myra F. Laird
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6243, USA
| | - Callum F. Ross
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Victor Kang
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Nicolai Konow
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
- UMass Movement Center, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
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6
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Wall CE, Hanna JB, O'Neill MC, Toler M, Laird MF. Energetic costs of feeding in 12 species of small-bodied primates. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220553. [PMID: 37839441 PMCID: PMC10577031 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
There are no comparative, empirical studies of the energetic costs of feeding in mammals. As a result, we lack physiological data to better understand the selection pressures on the mammalian feeding apparatus and the influence of variables such as food geometric and material properties. This study investigates interspecific scaling of the net energetic costs of feeding in relation to body size, jaw-adductor muscle mass and food properties in a sample of 12 non-human primate species ranging in size from 0.08 to 4.2 kg. Net energetic costs during feeding were measured by indirect calorimetry for a variety of pre-cut and whole raw foods varying in geometric and material properties. Net feeding costs were determined in two ways: by subtracting either the initial metabolic rate prior to feeding or subtracting the postprandial metabolic rate. Interspecific scaling relationships were evaluated using pGLS and OLS regression. Net feeding costs scale negatively relative to both body mass and jaw-adductor mass. Large animals incur relatively lower feeding costs indicating that small and large animals experience and solve mechanical challenges in relation to energetics in different ways. This article is part of the theme issue 'Food processing and nutritional assimilation in animals'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine E. Wall
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Department of Anatomy, College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA
- Duke Lemur Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Jandy B. Hanna
- Duke Lemur Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | | | - Maxx Toler
- Jerry M. Wallace School of Osteopathic Medicine, Campbell University, Buies Creek, NC 27506, USA
| | - Myra F. Laird
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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7
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Towle I, Loho T, Salem AS, Berthaume MA, Loch C. Variation in enamel mechanical properties throughout the crown in catarrhine primates. J Hum Evol 2023; 182:103413. [PMID: 37562101 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2023.103413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Enamel mechanical properties vary across molar crowns, but the relationship among mechanical properties, tooth function, and phylogeny are not well understood. Fifteen primate lower molars representing fourteen taxa (catarrhine, n = 13; platyrrhine, n = 1) were sectioned in the lingual-buccal plane through the mesial cusps. Gradients of enamel mechanical properties, specifically hardness and elastic modulus, were quantified using nanoindentation from inner (near the enamel-dentine junction), through middle, to outer enamel (near the outer enamel surface) at five positions (buccal lateral, buccal cuspal, occlusal middle, lingual cuspal, lingual lateral). Cuspal positions had higher mechanical property values than lateral positions. Middle enamel had higher mean hardness and elastic modulus values than inner and outer locations in all five crown positions. Functionally, the thicker-enameled buccal cusps of lower molars did not show evidence of increased resistance to failure; instead, lingual cusps-which show higher rates of fracture-had higher average mechanical property values, with no significant differences observed between sides. Preliminary phylogenetic results suggest there is relatively little phylogenetic signal in gradients of mechanical properties through the enamel or across the crown. There appears to be common mechanical property patterns across molar crowns in Catarrhini and potentially among primates more broadly. These results may allow more precise interpretations of dental biomechanics and processes resulting in mechanical failure of enamel in primates, such as wear and fracture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Towle
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
| | - Thomas Loho
- Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Amira Samir Salem
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Michael A Berthaume
- Division of Mechanical Engineering and Design, London South Bank University, London SE1 0AA, UK
| | - Carolina Loch
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
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8
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Laurence-Chasen JD, Ross CF, Arce-McShane FI, Hatsopoulos NG. Robust cortical encoding of 3D tongue shape during feeding in macaques. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2991. [PMID: 37225708 PMCID: PMC10209084 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38586-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Dexterous tongue deformation underlies eating, drinking, and speaking. The orofacial sensorimotor cortex has been implicated in the control of coordinated tongue kinematics, but little is known about how the brain encodes-and ultimately drives-the tongue's 3D, soft-body deformation. Here we combine a biplanar x-ray video technology, multi-electrode cortical recordings, and machine-learning-based decoding to explore the cortical representation of lingual deformation. We trained long short-term memory (LSTM) neural networks to decode various aspects of intraoral tongue deformation from cortical activity during feeding in male Rhesus monkeys. We show that both lingual movements and complex lingual shapes across a range of feeding behaviors could be decoded with high accuracy, and that the distribution of deformation-related information across cortical regions was consistent with previous studies of the arm and hand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Laurence-Chasen
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, The University of Chicago, 1027 E 57th Street, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
| | - Callum F Ross
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, The University of Chicago, 1027 E 57th Street, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Fritzie I Arce-McShane
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Box #357475, Seattle, WA, 98195-7475, USA
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St., Seattle, WA, 98195-7475, USA
| | - Nicholas G Hatsopoulos
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, The University of Chicago, 1027 E 57th Street, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Program in Computational Neuroscience, The University of Chicago, 5812 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
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9
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Faltings L, Young MW, Ross CF, Granatosky MC. Got rhythm? Rhythmicity differences reflect different optimality criteria in feeding and locomotor systems. Evolution 2022; 76:2181-2190. [PMID: 35862552 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Evolutionary analyses of joint kinematics and muscle mechanics suggest that, during cyclic behaviors, tetrapod feeding systems are optimized for precise application of forces over small displacements during chewing, whereas locomotor systems are more optimized for large and rapid joint excursions during walking and running. If this hypothesis is correct, then it stands to reason that other biomechanical variables in the feeding and locomotor systems should also reflect these divergent functions. We compared rhythmicity of cyclic jaw and limb movements in feeding and locomotor systems in 261 tetrapod species in a phylogenetic context. Accounting for potential confounding variables, our analyses reveal higher rhythmicity of cyclic movements of the limbs than of the jaw. Higher rhythmicity in the locomotor system corroborates a hypothesis of stronger optimization for energetic efficiency: deviation from the limbs' natural frequency results in greater variability of center of mass movements and limb inertial changes, and therefore more work by limb muscles. Relatively lower rhythmicity in the feeding system may be a consequence of the necessity to prevent tooth breakage and wear, the greater complexity of coordination with tongue movements, and/or a greater emphasis on energy storage in elastic elements rather than the kinetics of limb movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Faltings
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York, 11568, USA
| | - Melody W Young
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York, 11568, USA
- Department of Anatomy, Center for Biomedical Innovation, College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York, 11568, USA
| | - Callum F Ross
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60637, USA
| | - Michael C Granatosky
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York, 11568, USA
- Department of Anatomy, Center for Biomedical Innovation, College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York, 11568, USA
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10
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van Casteren A, Codd JR, Kupczik K, Plasqui G, Sellers WI, Henry AG. The cost of chewing: The energetics and evolutionary significance of mastication in humans. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn8351. [PMID: 35977013 PMCID: PMC9385136 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn8351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Any change in the energetic cost of mammalian mastication will affect the net energy gain from foods. Although the energetic efficiency of masticatory effort is fundamental in understanding the evolution of the human masticatory system, nothing is known currently about the associated metabolic costs of chewing different items. Here, using respirometry and electromyography of the masseter muscle, we demonstrate that chewing by human subjects represents a measurable energy sink. Chewing a tasteless odorless gum elevates metabolic rate by 10 to 15% above basal levels. Energy expenditure increases with gum stiffness and is paid for by greater muscle recruitment. For modern humans, it is likely that mastication represents a small part of the daily energy budget. However, for our ancestors, before the onset of cooking and sophisticated food processing methods, the costs must have been relatively high, adding a previously unexplored energetic dimension to the interpretation of hominin dentofacial fossils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam van Casteren
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Max Planck Weizmann Center for Evolutionary Anthropology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Corresponding author.
| | - Jonathan R. Codd
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Kornelius Kupczik
- Max Planck Weizmann Center for Evolutionary Anthropology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Guy Plasqui
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | | | - Amanda G. Henry
- Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
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11
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Sign-oriented Dirichlet Normal Energy: Aligning Dental Topography and Dental Function in the R-package molaR. J MAMM EVOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-022-09616-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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12
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Rühr PT, Blanke A. forceX
and
forceR
: a mobile setup and R package to measure and analyse a wide range of animal closing forces. Methods Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter T. Rühr
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Animal Ecology University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 1 Bonn Germany
| | - Alexander Blanke
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Animal Ecology University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 1 Bonn Germany
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13
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Laurence-Chasen JD, Arce-McShane FI, Hatsopoulos NG, Ross CF. Loss of oral sensation impairs feeding performance and consistency of tongue-jaw coordination. J Oral Rehabil 2022; 49:806-816. [PMID: 35514258 PMCID: PMC9540871 DOI: 10.1111/joor.13336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Individuals with impaired oral sensation report difficulty chewing, but little is known about the underlying changes to tongue and jaw kinematics. Methodological challenges impede the measurement of 3D tongue movement and its relationship to the gape cycle. Objective The aim of this study was to quantify the impact of loss of oral somatosensation on feeding performance, 3D tongue kinematics and tongue‐jaw coordination. Methodology XROMM (X‐ray Reconstruction of Moving Morphology) was used to quantify 3D tongue and jaw kinematics during feeding in three rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) before and after an oral tactile nerve block. Feeding performance was measured using feeding sequence duration, number of manipulation cycles and swallow frequency. Coordination was measured using event‐ and correlation‐based metrics of jaw pitch, anterior tongue length, width and roll. Results In the absence of tactile sensation to the tongue and other oral structures, feeding performance decreased, and the fast open phase of the gape cycle became significantly longer, relative to the other phases (p < .05). The tongue made similar shapes in both the control and nerve block conditions, but the pattern of tongue‐jaw coordination became significantly more variable after the block (p < .05). Conclusion Disruption of oral somatosensation impacts feeding performance by introducing variability into the typically tight pattern of tongue‐jaw coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Laurence-Chasen
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Nicholas G Hatsopoulos
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Callum F Ross
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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14
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Laird MF, Punjani Z, Oshay RR, Wright BW, Fogaça MD, Casteren A, Izar P, Visalberghi E, Fragazy D, Strait DS, Ross CF, Wright KA. Feeding postural behaviors and food geometric and material properties in bearded capuchin monkeys (
Sapajus libidinosus
). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2022. [PMCID: PMC9305483 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Foods that are geometrically and mechanically challenging to eat have been associated with specializations in feeding behavior and craniodental morphology across primates, and many of these foods are embedded, requiring a variety of positional behaviors during feeding. However, variation in positional behaviors in response to food properties is not well understood. Here, we examine differences in feeding postural behaviors across feeding events in relation to substrate and food geometric and material properties in a species of extractive foragers, bearded capuchins (Sapajus libidinosus). Methods and materials We coded over 1400 co‐occurring postural and feeding behaviors, their durations, and relative sizes of substrate and food from videos recorded at Fazenda Boa Vista in Gilbués, Piauí, Brazil. Food material properties were measured from foods collected at the time of the video recordings. Results Our results suggest that bearded capuchin feeding postures significantly differ across the feeding sequence, with substrate size, and between foods of high and low toughness and elastic modulus. Feeding postures were less variable for highly mechanically challenging foods. Food size also had a significant effect on postural behaviors. Large foods were more likely to be associated with suspended postures and small foods with sitting and squatting. Feeding postural behaviors were best explained by a combination of substrate and food variables. Conclusions Our results indicate that food geometric and mechanical properties have a significant influence on feeding postural behaviors in bearded capuchins. We posit that feeding postural behaviors reflect a combination of substrate variables and food properties, and large, mechanically challenging foods have a limiting effect on postural variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myra F. Laird
- Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences University of Southern California Los Angeles California USA
| | - Zeenia Punjani
- Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences University of Southern California Los Angeles California USA
| | - Rachel R. Oshay
- Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences University of Southern California Los Angeles California USA
| | - Barth W. Wright
- Department of Surgery University of Kansas Medical Center Kansas City Kansas USA
| | - Mariana Dutra Fogaça
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Institute of Population Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna Austria
- Neotropical Primates Research Group – NeoPReGo São Paulo Brazil
| | - Adam Casteren
- Department of Human Evolution Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Leipzig Germany
| | - Patrícia Izar
- Department of Experimental Psychology University of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
| | - Elisabetta Visalberghi
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council (CNR) Rome Italy
| | - Dorothy Fragazy
- Department of Psychology University of Georgia Athens Georgia USA
| | - David S. Strait
- Department of Anthropology Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis Missouri USA
- Palaeo‐Research Institute, University of Johannesburg, Cnr Kingsway and University Road Auckland Park Auckland Park South Africa
| | - Callum F. Ross
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy University of Chicago Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Kristin A. Wright
- Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine Kansas City Missouri USA
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15
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Neaux D, Louail M, Ferchaud S, Surault J, Merceron G. Experimental assessment of the relationship between diet and mandibular morphology using a pig model: new insights for paleodietary reconstructions. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2022; 305:3150-3160. [PMID: 35142076 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Dietary habits exert significant selective pressures on anatomical structures in animals, leading to substantial morphological adaptations. Yet, the relationships between the mandible and diet are still unclear, raising issues for paleodietary reconstructions notably. To assess the impact of food hardness and size on morphological structures, we used an experimental baseline using a model based on the domestic pig, an omnivorous mammal with bunodont, thick-enameled dentition, and chewing movements similar to hominids. We hypothesized that the consumption of different types of seeds would result in substantial differences in the morphology of the mandible despite similar overall diets. The experiment was conducted on four groups of juvenile pigs fed with mixed cereal and soy flours. The control group received only flours. We supplemented the four others with either 10 hazelnuts, 30 hazelnuts, 30% barley seeds or 20% corn kernels per day. We investigated the shape differences between the controlled-fed groups using three-dimensional geometric morphometrics. Our results provide strong evidence that the supplemental consumption of a significant amount of seeds for a short period (95 days) substantially modify the mandibular morphology of pigs. Our analyses suggest that this shape differentiation is due to the size of the seeds, requiring high and repeated bite force, rather than their hardness. These results provide new perspectives for the use of mandibular morphology as a proxy in paleodietary reconstructions complementing dental microwear textures analyses. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri Neaux
- Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique: Sociétés, Pratiques et Environnements, UMR 7209, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle CNRS, Paris, France.,Laboratoire PALEVOPRIM, UMR 7262 CNRS, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Margot Louail
- Laboratoire PALEVOPRIM, UMR 7262 CNRS, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | | | - Jérôme Surault
- Laboratoire PALEVOPRIM, UMR 7262 CNRS, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Gildas Merceron
- Laboratoire PALEVOPRIM, UMR 7262 CNRS, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
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16
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Terhune CE, Mitchell DR, Cooke SB, Kirchhoff CA, Massey JS. Temporomandibular joint shape in anthropoid primates varies widely and is patterned by size and phylogeny. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2022; 305:2227-2248. [PMID: 35133075 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The temporomandibular joint is the direct interface between the mandible and the cranium and is critical for transmitting joint reaction forces and determining mandibular range of motion. As a consequence, understanding variation in the morphology of this joint and how it relates to other aspects of craniofacial form is important for better understanding masticatory function. Here, we present a detailed three-dimensional (3D) geometric morphometric analysis of the cranial component of this joint, the glenoid fossa, across a sample of 17 anthropoid primates, and we evaluate covariation between the glenoid and the cranium and mandible. We find high levels of intraspecific variation in glenoid shape that is likely linked to sexual dimorphism and joint remodeling, and we identify differences in mean glenoid shape across taxonomic groups and in relation to size. Analyses of covariation reveal strong relationships between glenoid shape and a variety of aspects of cranial and mandibular form. Our findings suggest that intraspecific variation in glenoid shape in primates could further be reflective of high levels of functional flexibility in the masticatory apparatus, as has also been suggested for primate jaw kinematics and muscle activation patterns. Conversely, interspecific differences likely reflect larger scale differences between species in body size and/or masticatory function. Results of the covariation analyses dovetail with those examining covariation in the cranium of canids and may be indicative of larger patterns across mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Terhune
- Department of Anthropology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - D Rex Mitchell
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Siobhán B Cooke
- Center for Functional Anatomy and Evolution, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology Morphometrics Group, New York, New York, USA
| | - Claire A Kirchhoff
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jason S Massey
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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17
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Calhoun GV, Guatelli-Steinberg D, Lagan EM, McGraw WS. Dental macrowear, diet, and anterior tooth use in Colobus polykomos and Piliocolobus badius. J Hum Evol 2022; 163:103123. [PMID: 34999336 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.103123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Two similarly-sized colobine species living sympatrically in the Ivory Coast's Taï Forest that differ in both diet and oral processing behavior provide an opportunity to explore the strength of associations between feeding behavior and dental wear patterns. Here we test the hypothesis that vigorous processing of tough, hard Pentaclethra macrophylla pods by Colobus polykomos manifests in greater anterior tooth wear relative to that observed in Piliocolobus badius, which does not exploit this resource. We assessed levels of anterior tooth wear in a sample of 160 upper incisors and 131 lower incisors from 18 adult Colobus polykomos and 62 adult Piliocolobus badius naturally deceased individuals from Taï National Park. We operationalized tooth wear by dividing the area of exposed dentin by total occlusal crown area. To assess relative degrees of incisor wear, we regressed incisor wear against molar wear (sample = 105 upper molars, 135 lower molars) for the pooled Colobus polykomos and Piliocolobus badius wear data and compared the number of individuals from each species that fell above and below the pooled regression curve for each model using Chi-square tests of independence and odds ratios. Under our hypothesis, we would expect more Colobus polykomos points above the pooled regression curve than Piliocolobus badius, indicating higher incisor wear relative to molar wear in Colobus polykomos. Nine of sixteen interspecific comparisons demonstrated this predicted pattern; however, none of the Chi-square tests or odds ratios were significant, indicating no difference between Colobus polykomos and Piliocolobusbadius incisor wear relative to molar wear. The absence of significant differences in incisor wear relative to molar wear highlights the challenge of identifying idiosyncratic feeding behavior in fossil taxa and the necessity for continued exploration of the relationship between diet and macrowear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace V Calhoun
- Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7305, USA.
| | | | - Emma M Lagan
- Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210-1106, USA
| | - W Scott McGraw
- Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210-1106, USA
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18
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TEAFORD MARKF, ROSS CALLUMF, UNGAR PETERS, VINYARD CHRISTOPHERJ, LAIRD MYRAF. Grit your teeth and chew your food: Implications of food material properties and abrasives for rates of dental microwear formation in laboratory Sapajus apella (Primates). PALAEOGEOGRAPHY, PALAEOCLIMATOLOGY, PALAEOECOLOGY 2021; 583:110644. [PMID: 34764513 PMCID: PMC8577397 DOI: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2021.110644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Dental microwear analysis has been employed in studies of a wide range of modern and fossil animals, yielding insights into the biology/ecology of those taxa. Some researchers have suggested that dental microwear patterns ultimately relate back to the material properties of the foods being consumed, whereas others have suggested that, because exogenous grit is harder than organic materials in food, grit should have an overwhelming impact on dental microwear patterns. To shed light on this issue, laboratory-based feeding experiments were conducted on tufted capuchin monkeys [Sapajus apella] with dental impressions taken before and after consumption of different artificial foods. The foods were (1) brittle custom-made biscuits laced with either of two differently-sized aluminum silicate abrasives, and (2) ductile custom-made "gummies" laced with either of the two same abrasives. In both cases, animals were allowed to feed on the foods for 36 hours before follow-up dental impressions were taken. Resultant casts were analyzed using a scanning electron microscope. We asked five questions: (1) would the animals consume different amounts of each food item, (2) what types of dental microwear would be formed, (3) would rates of dental microwear differ between the consumption of biscuits (i.e., brittle) versus gummies (i.e., ductile), (4) would rates of dental microwear differ between foods including larger- versus smaller-grained abrasives, and (5) would rates of dental microwear differ between molar shearing and crushing facets in the animals in these experiments? Results indicated that (1) fewer biscuits were consumed when laced with larger-grained abrasives (as opposed to smaller-grained abrasives), but no such difference was observed in the consumption of gummies, (2) in all cases, a variety of dental microwear features was formed, (3) rates of dental microwear were higher when biscuits versus gummies were consumed, (4) biscuits laced with larger-grained abrasives caused a higher percentage of new features per item consumed, and (5) the only difference between facets occurred with the processing of biscuits, where crushing facets showed a faster rate of wear than shearing facets. These findings suggest that the impact of exogenous grit on dental microwear is the result of a dynamic, complex interaction between (at the very least) grit size, food material properties, and time spent feeding - which is further evidence of the multifactorial nature of dental microwear formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- MARK F. TEAFORD
- Department of Basic Science, Touro University, Vallejo, California
| | - CALLUM F. ROSS
- Department of Organismal Biology & Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - PETER S. UNGAR
- Department of Anthropology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | | | - MYRA F. LAIRD
- Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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19
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Cook RW, Vazzana A, Sorrentino R, Benazzi S, Smith AL, Strait DS, Ledogar JA. The cranial biomechanics and feeding performance of Homo floresiensis. Interface Focus 2021; 11:20200083. [PMID: 34938433 PMCID: PMC8361579 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2020.0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Homo floresiensis is a small-bodied hominin from Flores, Indonesia, that exhibits plesiomorphic dentognathic features, including large premolars and a robust mandible, aspects of which have been considered australopith-like. However, relative to australopith species, H. floresiensis exhibits reduced molar size and a cranium with diminutive midfacial dimensions similar to those of later Homo, suggesting a reduction in the frequency of forceful biting behaviours. Our study uses finite-element analysis to examine the feeding biomechanics of the H. floresiensis cranium. We simulate premolar (P3) and molar (M2) biting in a finite-element model (FEM) of the H. floresiensis holotype cranium (LB1) and compare the mechanical results with FEMs of chimpanzees, modern humans and a sample of australopiths (MH1, Sts 5, OH5). With few exceptions, strain magnitudes in LB1 resemble elevated levels observed in modern Homo. Our analysis of LB1 suggests that H. floresiensis could produce bite forces with high mechanical efficiency, but was subject to tensile jaw joint reaction forces during molar biting, which perhaps constrained maximum postcanine bite force production. The inferred feeding biomechanics of H. floresiensis closely resemble modern humans, suggesting that this pattern may have been present in the last common ancestor of Homo sapiens and H. floresiensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca W Cook
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Antonino Vazzana
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Rita Sorrentino
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Benazzi
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Amanda L Smith
- Department of Anatomy, Pacific Northwest University of Health Sciences, Yakima, WA, USA
| | - David S Strait
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Justin A Ledogar
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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20
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Berthaume MA, Kupczik K. Molar biomechanical function in South African hominins Australopithecus africanus and Paranthropus robustus. Interface Focus 2021; 11:20200085. [PMID: 34938434 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2020.0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diet is a driving force in human evolution. Two species of Plio-Pleistocene hominins, Paranthropus robustus and Australopithecus africanus, have derived craniomandibular and dental morphologies which are often interpreted as P. robustus having a more biomechanically challenging diet. While dietary reconstructions based on dental microwear generally support this, they show extensive dietary overlap between species, and craniomandibular and dental biomechanical analyses can yield contradictory results. Using methods from anthropology and engineering (i.e. anthroengineering), we quantified the molar biomechanical performance of these hominins to investigate possible dietary differences between them. Thirty-one lower second molars were 3D printed and used to fracture gelatine blocks, and Bayesian generalized linear models were used to investigate the relationship between species and tooth wear, size and shape, and biomechanical performance. Our results demonstrate that P. robustus required more force and energy to fracture blocks but had a higher force transmission rate. Considering previous dietary reconstructions, we propose three evolutionary scenarios concerning the dietary ecologies of these hominins. These evolutionary scenarios cannot be reached by investigating morphological differences in isolation, but require combining several lines of evidence. This highlights the need for a holistic approach to reconstructing hominin dietary ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Berthaume
- Division of Mechanical Engineering and Design, London South Bank University, 103 Borough Road, London SE1 0AA, UK.,Max Planck Weizmann Center for Integrative Archaeology and Anthropology, Max Planck Institute of Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kornelius Kupczik
- Max Planck Weizmann Center for Integrative Archaeology and Anthropology, Max Planck Institute of Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute of Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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21
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Panagiotopoulou O, Iriarte-Diaz J, Mehari Abraha H, Taylor AB, Wilshin S, Dechow PC, Ross CF. Biomechanics of the mandible of Macaca mulatta during the power stroke of mastication: Loading, deformation, and strain regimes and the impact of food type. J Hum Evol 2020; 147:102865. [PMID: 32905895 PMCID: PMC7541691 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2020.102865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Mandible morphology has yet to yield definitive information on primate diet, probably because of poor understanding of mandibular loading and strain regimes, and overreliance on simple beam models of mandibular mechanics. We used a finite element model of a macaque mandible to test hypotheses about mandibular loading and strain regimes and relate variation in muscle activity during chewing on different foods to variation in strain regimes. The balancing-side corpus is loaded primarily by sagittal shear forces and sagittal bending moments. On the working side, sagittal bending moments, anteroposterior twisting moments, and lateral transverse bending moments all reach similar maxima below the bite point; sagittal shear is the dominant loading regime behind the bite point; and the corpus is twisted such that the mandibular base is inverted. In the symphyseal region, the predominant loading regimes are lateral transverse bending and negative twisting about a mediolateral axis. Compared with grape and dried fruit chewing, nut chewing is associated with larger sagittal and transverse bending moments acting on balancing- and working-side mandibles, larger sagittal shear on the working side, and larger twisting moments about vertical and transverse axes in the symphyseal region. Nut chewing is also associated with higher minimum principal strain magnitudes in the balancing-side posterior ramus; higher sagittal shear strain magnitudes in the working-side buccal alveolar process and the balancing-side oblique line, recessus mandibulae, and endocondylar ridge; and higher transverse shear strains in the symphyseal region, the balancing-side medial prominence, and the balancing-side endocondylar ridge. The largest food-related differences in maximum principal and transverse shear strain magnitudes are in the transverse tori and in the balancing-side medial prominence, extramolar sulcus, oblique line, and endocondylar ridge. Food effects on the strain regime are most salient in areas not traditionally investigated, suggesting that studies seeking dietary effects on mandible morphology might be looking in the wrong places.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Panagiotopoulou
- Department of Anatomy & Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia.
| | - Jose Iriarte-Diaz
- Department of Biology, University of the South, Sewanee, TN, 37383, USA
| | - Hyab Mehari Abraha
- Department of Anatomy & Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | | | - Simon Wilshin
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Herts, AL97TA, UK
| | - Paul C Dechow
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Callum F Ross
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
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22
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Granatosky MC, Ross CF. Differences in muscle mechanics underlie divergent optimality criteria between feeding and locomotor systems. J Anat 2020; 237:1072-1086. [PMID: 32671858 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetrapod musculoskeletal diversity is usually studied separately in feeding and locomotor systems. However, direct comparisons between these systems promise important insight into how natural selection deploys the same basic musculoskeletal toolkit-connective tissues, bones, nerves, and skeletal muscle-to meet the differing performance criteria of feeding and locomotion. Recent studies using this approach have proposed that the feeding system is optimized for precise application of high forces and the locomotor system is optimized for wide and rapid joint excursions for minimal energetic expenditure. If this hypothesis is correct, then it stands to reason that other anatomical and biomechanical variables within the feeding and locomotor systems should reflect these diverging functions. To test this hypothesis, we compared muscle moment arm lengths, mechanical advantages, and force vector orientations of two jaw elevator muscles (m. temporalis and m. superficial masseter), an elbow flexor (m. brachialis) and extensor (m. triceps- lateral head), and a knee flexor (m. biceps femoris-short head) and extensor (m. vastus lateralis) across 18 species of primates. Our results show that muscles of the feeding system are more orthogonally oriented relative to the resistance arm (mandible) and operate at relatively large moment arms and mechanical advantages. Moreover, these variables show relatively little change across the range of jaw excursion. In contrast, the representative muscles of the locomotor system have much smaller mechanical advantages and, depending on joint position, smaller muscle moment arm lengths and almost parallel orientations relative to the resistance arm. These patterns are consistent regardless of phylogeny, body mass, locomotor mode, and feeding specialization. We argue that these findings reflect fundamental functional dichotomies between tetrapod locomotor and feeding systems. By organizing muscles in a manner such that moment arms and mechanical advantage are relatively small, the locomotor system can produce broad joint excursions and high angular velocities with only small muscular contraction. As such, the anatomical organization of muscles within the limbs allows striding animals to move relatively rapidly and with minimal energetic expenditure. In contrast, the anatomical configuration of muscles in the feeding system, at least m. superficial masseter and m. temporalis, favors their force-producing capacity at the expense of excursion and velocity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Granatosky
- Department of Anatomy, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York, USA
| | - Callum F Ross
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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23
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Clarifying relationships between cranial form and function in tapirs, with implications for the dietary ecology of early hominins. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8809. [PMID: 32483196 PMCID: PMC7264299 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65586-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Paleontologists and paleoanthropologists have long debated relationships between cranial morphology and diet in a broad diversity of organisms. While the presence of larger temporalis muscle attachment area (via the presence of sagittal crests) in carnivorans is correlated with durophagy (i.e. hard-object feeding), many primates with similar morphologies consume an array of tough and hard foods—complicating dietary inferences of early hominins. We posit that tapirs, large herbivorous mammals showing variable sagittal crest development across species, are ideal models for examining correlations between textural properties of food and sagittal crest morphology. Here, we integrate dietary data, dental microwear texture analysis, and finite element analysis to clarify the functional significance of the sagittal crest in tapirs. Most notably, pronounced sagittal crests are negatively correlated with hard-object feeding in extant, and several extinct, tapirs and can actually increase stress and strain energy. Collectively, these data suggest that musculature associated with pronounced sagittal crests—and accompanied increases in muscle volume—assists with the processing of tough food items in tapirs and may yield similar benefits in other mammals including early hominins.
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24
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Laird MF, Granatosky MC, Taylor AB, Ross CF. Muscle architecture dynamics modulate performance of the superficial anterior temporalis muscle during chewing in capuchins. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6410. [PMID: 32286442 PMCID: PMC7156371 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63376-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Jaw-muscle architecture is a key determinant of jaw movements and bite force. While static length-force and force-velocity relationships are well documented in mammals, architecture dynamics of the chewing muscles and their impact on muscle performance are largely unknown. We provide novel data on how fiber architecture of the superficial anterior temporalis (SAT) varies dynamically during naturalistic feeding in tufted capuchins (Sapajus apella). We collected data on architecture dynamics (changes in muscle shape or the architectural gear ratio) during the gape cycle while subjects fed on foods of different mechanical properties. Architecture of the SAT varied with phases of the gape cycle, but gape distance accounted for the majority of dynamic changes in architecture. In addition, lower gear ratios (low muscle velocity relative to fascicle velocity) were observed when animals chewed on more mechanically resistant foods. At lower gear ratios, fibers rotated less during shortening resulting in smaller pinnation angles, a configuration that favors increased force production. Our results suggest that architectural dynamics may influence jaw-muscle performance by enabling the production of higher bite forces during the occlusal phase of the gape cycle and while processing mechanically challenging foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myra F Laird
- Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | | | - Andrea B Taylor
- Basic Science Department, Touro University, Vallejo, CA, USA
| | - Callum F Ross
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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25
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Teaford MF, Ungar PS, Taylor AB, Ross CF, Vinyard CJ. The dental microwear of hard-object feeding in laboratory Sapajus apella and its implications for dental microwear formation. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2020; 171:439-455. [PMID: 31922261 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study seeks to determine if (a) consumption of hard food items or a mixture of food items leads to the formation of premolar or molar microwear in laboratory capuchin monkeys (Sapajus apella) in one feeding session and (b) rates of microwear formation are associated with the number of food items consumed. MATERIALS AND METHODS Five adult male capuchins were used in two experiments, one where they were fed unshelled Brazil nuts, and the other where they were fed a mixture of food items. Dental impressions were taken before and after each feeding session. Epoxy casts made from those impressions then were used in SEM analyses of rates of microwear formation. Upper and lower premolars and molars were analyzed. Qualitative comparisons were made and Spearman's rank-order correlations used to examine the relationship between rates of microwear formation and number of Brazil nuts consumed. RESULTS Premolars and molars generally showed new microwear in the form of pits and scratches. However, the incidence of those features was low (0-6%). Rates of microwear formation were highest during the consumption of Brazil nuts. DISCUSSION Variations in the rate of microwear formation on the premolars likely reflected patterns of ingestion whereas consistency in the rate of microwear on the molars likely reflected patterns of chewing. While dental microwear formation seemed to be correlated with the number of hard objects consumed, rates did differ between individuals. Differences in results between the two experiments demonstrate some of the limitations in our knowledge of dental microwear formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark F Teaford
- Department of Basic Science, Touro University, Vallejo, California
| | - Peter S Ungar
- Department of Anthropology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Andrea B Taylor
- Department of Basic Science, Touro University, Vallejo, California
| | - Callum F Ross
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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26
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Ram Y, Ross CF. Jaw Elevator Muscle Coordination during Rhythmic Mastication in Primates: Are Triplets Units of Motor Control? BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2019; 95:1-14. [PMID: 31821998 PMCID: PMC7101269 DOI: 10.1159/000503890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The activity of mammal jaw elevator muscles during chewing has often been described using the concept of the triplet motor pattern, in which triplet I (balancing side superficial masseter and medial pterygoid; working side posterior temporalis) is consistently activated before triplet II (working side superficial masseter and medial pterygoid; balancing side posterior temporalis), and each triplet of muscles is recruited and modulated as a unit. Here, new measures of unison, synchrony, and coordination are used to determine whether in 5 primate species (Propithecus verreauxi, Eulemur fulvus, Papio anubis, Macaca fuscata,and Pan troglodytes)muscles in the same triplet are active more in unison, are more synchronized, and are more highly coordinated than muscles in different triplets. Results show that triplet I muscle pairs are active more in unison than other muscle pairs in Eulemur, Macaca, and Papio,buttriplet muscle pairs are mostly not more tightly synchronized than non-triplet pairs. Triplet muscles are more coordinated during triplet pattern cycles than non-triplet cycles, while non-triplet muscle pairs are more coordinated during non-triplet cycles than triplet cycles. These results suggest that the central nervous system alters patterns of coordination between cycles, recruiting triplet muscles as a coordinated unit during triplet cycles but employing a different pattern of muscle coordination during non-triplet cycles. The triplet motor pattern may simplify modulation of rhythmic mastication by being one possible unit of coordination that can be recruited on a cycle-to-cycle basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashesvini Ram
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Callum F Ross
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA,
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Laurence-Chasen JD, Ramsay JB, Brainerd EL. Shearing overbite and asymmetrical jaw motions facilitate food breakdown in a freshwater stingray, Potamotrygon motoro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:222/13/jeb197681. [PMID: 31292213 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.197681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Many species of fish process their prey with cyclic jaw motions that grossly resemble those seen in mammalian mastication, despite starkly different tooth and jaw morphologies. The degree of similarity between the processing behaviors of these disparate taxa has implications for our understanding of convergence in vertebrate feeding systems. Here, we used XROMM (X-ray reconstruction of moving morphology) to investigate prey processing behavior of Potamotrygon motoro, the ocellate river stingray, which has recently been found to employ asymmetrical, shearing jaw motions to break down its prey. We found that P. motoro modulates its feeding kinematics to produce two distinct types of chew cycles: compressive cycles and overbite cycles. The latter are characterized by over-rotation of the upper jaw relative to the lower jaw, past the expected occlusal limit, and higher levels of bilateral asymmetry as compared with compressive chews. We did not find evidence of the mediolateral shearing motions typical of mammalian mastication, but overbite cycles appear to shear the prey item between the upper and lower toothplates in a propalinal fashion. Additionally, comparison of hyomandibular and jaw motions demonstrates that the angular cartilages decouple jaw displacement from hyomandibular displacement in rostrocaudal and mediolateral directions. The multiple similarities between mammalian mastication and the dynamic processing behavior of P. motoro support the use of sub-family Potamotrygoninae as a model for studying evolutionary convergence of mastication-like processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Laurence-Chasen
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, The University of Chicago, 1027 E 57th St, Chicago, IL 60637, USA .,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, 80 Waterman Street, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Jason B Ramsay
- Biology Department, Westfield State University, 577 Western Avenue, Westfield, MA 01086, USA
| | - Elizabeth L Brainerd
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, 80 Waterman Street, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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Pokhojaev A, Avni H, Sella-Tunis T, Sarig R, May H. Changes in human mandibular shape during the Terminal Pleistocene-Holocene Levant. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8799. [PMID: 31217474 PMCID: PMC6584575 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45279-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The transition to food production, exploitation of ‘secondary’ products (e.g., milk), and advances in cookware technology have affected all aspects of human life. The aim of the present study was to follow changes in mandibular form and shape throughout the terminal Pleistocene-Holocene Levant. The hemimandibles of four populations were included in this study: Natufian hunter-gatherers (n = 10), Pre-pottery Neolithic early farmers (n = 6), Chalcolithic farmers (n = 9), Roman-Byzantine (n = 16), and modern (n = 63) populations. A surface mesh of each mandible was reconstructed from CT or surface scans. Changes in mandibular form and shape were studied using the Procrustes-based geometric morphometrics method. Univariate and multivariate analyses were carried out to examine differences in size and shape between the studied populations. Our results reveal considerable temporal changes in mandibular shape throughout the Holocene Levant, mainly between the pre-agricultural population (the Natufian) and the succeeding ones, and between the post-industrial (the Modern) and the pre-industrial populations. A tendency for a reduction in mandibular size was identified between the pre-agricultural population and the farmers. Most regions of the mandible underwent shape changes. In conclusion, substantial changes in mandibular shape occurred throughout the Holocene Levant, especially following the agricultural revolution. These changes can be explained by the “masticatory-functional hypothesis”.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Pokhojaev
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel.,Shmunis Family Anthropology Institute, Dan David Center for Human Evolution and Biohistory Research, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Steinhardt Natural History Museum, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel.,Departments of Orthodontics and Oral Biology, The Maurice and Gabriela Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Hadas Avni
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel.,Shmunis Family Anthropology Institute, Dan David Center for Human Evolution and Biohistory Research, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Steinhardt Natural History Museum, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel
| | - Tatiana Sella-Tunis
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel.,Shmunis Family Anthropology Institute, Dan David Center for Human Evolution and Biohistory Research, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Steinhardt Natural History Museum, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel.,Departments of Orthodontics and Oral Biology, The Maurice and Gabriela Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Rachel Sarig
- Shmunis Family Anthropology Institute, Dan David Center for Human Evolution and Biohistory Research, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Steinhardt Natural History Museum, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel.,Departments of Orthodontics and Oral Biology, The Maurice and Gabriela Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Hila May
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel. .,Shmunis Family Anthropology Institute, Dan David Center for Human Evolution and Biohistory Research, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Steinhardt Natural History Museum, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel.
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Hendges CD, Patterson BD, Cáceres NC, Gasparini GM, Ross CF. Skull shape and the demands of feeding: a biomechanical study of peccaries (Mammalia, Cetartiodactyla). J Mammal 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyz061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Carla D Hendges
- Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, USA
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade Animal, CCNE, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Bruce D Patterson
- Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nilton C Cáceres
- Departamento de Ecologia e Evolução, CCNE, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Germán M Gasparini
- División Paleontología Vertebrados, Unidades de Investigación Anexo Museo de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, calle 122 y 60, CP 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Callum F Ross
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Liu S, Iriate-Diaz J, Hatsopoulos NG, Ross CF, Takahashi K, Chen Z. Dynamics of motor cortical activity during naturalistic feeding behavior. J Neural Eng 2019; 16:026038. [PMID: 30721881 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ab0474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The orofacial primary motor cortex (MIo) plays a critical role in controlling tongue and jaw movements during oral motor functions, such as chewing, swallowing and speech. However, the neural mechanisms of MIo during naturalistic feeding are still poorly understood. There is a strong need for a systematic study of motor cortical dynamics during feeding behavior. APPROACH To investigate the neural dynamics and variability of MIo neuronal activity during naturalistic feeding, we used chronically implanted micro-electrode arrays to simultaneously recorded ensembles of neuronal activity in the MIo of two monkeys (Macaca mulatta) while eating various types of food. We developed a Bayesian nonparametric latent variable model to reveal latent structures of neuronal population activity of the MIo and identify the complex mapping between MIo ensemble spike activity and high-dimensional kinematics. MAIN RESULTS Rhythmic neuronal firing patterns and oscillatory dynamics are evident in single-unit activity. At the population level, we uncovered the neural dynamics of rhythmic chewing, and quantified the neural variability at multiple timescales (complete feeding sequences, chewing sequence stages, chewing gape cycle phases) across food types. Our approach accommodates time-warping of chewing sequences and automatic model selection, and maps the latent states to chewing behaviors at fine timescales. SIGNIFICANCE Our work shows that neural representations of MIo ensembles display spatiotemporal patterns in chewing gape cycles at different chew sequence stages, and these patterns vary in a stage-dependent manner. Unsupervised learning and decoding analysis may reveal the link between complex MIo spatiotemporal patterns and chewing kinematics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizhao Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience & Physiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, United States of America. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Burrows AM, Nash LT, Hartstone‐Rose A, Silcox MT, López‐Torres S, Selig KR. Dental Signatures for Exudativory in Living Primates, with Comparisons to Other Gouging Mammals. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2019; 303:265-281. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.24048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne M. Burrows
- Department of Physical TherapyDuquesne University Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
| | - Leanne T. Nash
- School of Human Evolution and Social ChangeArizona State University Tempe Arizona
| | | | - Mary T. Silcox
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity of Toronto Scarborough Toronto Canada
| | - Sergi López‐Torres
- Department of Evolutionary PaleobiologyRoman Kozłowski Institute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences Warsaw Poland
| | - Keegan R. Selig
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity of Toronto Scarborough Toronto Canada
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Granatosky MC, McElroy EJ, Laird MF, Iriarte-Diaz J, Reilly SM, Taylor AB, Ross CF. Joint angular excursions during cyclical behaviors differ between tetrapod feeding and locomotor systems. J Exp Biol 2019; 222:jeb.200451. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.200451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tetrapod musculoskeletal diversity is usually studied separately in feeding and locomotor systems. However, comparisons between these systems promise important insight into how natural selection deploys the same basic musculoskeletal toolkit—connective tissues, bones, nerves and skeletal muscle—to meet the differing performance criteria of feeding and locomotion. In this study, we compare average joint angular excursions during cyclic behaviors– chewing, walking and running–in a phylogenetic context to explore differences in the optimality criteria of these two systems. Across 111 tetrapod species, average limb-joint angular excursions during cyclic locomotion are greater and more evolutionarily labile than those of the jaw joint during cyclic chewing. We argue that these findings reflect fundamental functional dichotomies between tetrapod locomotor and feeding systems. Tetrapod chewing systems are optimized for precise application of force over a narrower, more controlled and predictable range of displacements, the principal aim being to fracture the substrate, the size and mechanical properties of which are controlled at ingestion and further reduced and homogenized (respectively) by the chewing process. In contrast, tetrapod limbed locomotor systems are optimized for fast and energetically efficient application of force over a wider and less predictable range of displacements, the principal aim being to move the organism at varying speeds relative to a substrate whose geometry and mechanical properties need not become more homogenous as locomotion proceeds. Hence, the evolution of tetrapod locomotor systems has been accompanied by an increasing diversity of limb-joint excursions, as tetrapods have expanded across a range of locomotor substrates and environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C. Granatosky
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Eric J. McElroy
- Department of Biology, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Myra F. Laird
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jose Iriarte-Diaz
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | - Callum F. Ross
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Parmenter MD, Nelson JP, Weigel SE, Gray MM, Payseur BA, Vinyard CJ. Masticatory Apparatus Performance and Functional Morphology in the Extremely Large Mice from Gough Island. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 303:167-179. [PMID: 30548803 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Since their arrival approximately 200 years ago, the house mice (Mus musculus) on Gough Island (GI) rapidly increased in size to become the largest wild house mice on record. Along with this extreme increase in body size, GI mice adopted a predatory diet, consuming significant quantities of seabird chicks and eggs. We studied this natural experiment to determine how evolution of extreme size and a novel diet impacted masticatory apparatus performance and functional morphology in these mice. We measured maximum bite force and jaw opening (i.e., gape) along with several musculoskeletal dimensions functionally linked to these performance measurements to test the hypotheses that GI mice evolved larger bite forces and jaw gapes as part of their extreme increase in size and/or novel diet. GI mice can bite more forcefully and open their jaws wider than a representative mainland strain of house mice. Similarly, GI mice have musculoskeletal features of the masticatory apparatus that are absolutely larger than WSB mice. However, when considered relative to body size or jaw length, as a relevant mechanical standard, GI mice show reduced performance, suggesting a size-related decrease in these abilities. Correspondingly, most musculoskeletal features are not relatively larger in GI mice. Incisor biting leverage and condylar dimensions are exceptions, suggesting relative increases in biting efficiency and condylar rotation in GI mice. Based on these results, we hypothesize that evolutionary enhancements in masticatory performance are correlated with the extreme increase in body size and associated musculoskeletal phenotypes in Gough Island mice. Anat Rec, 2019. © 2018 American Association for Anatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacob P Nelson
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Sara E Weigel
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio
| | - Melissa M Gray
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Bret A Payseur
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Christopher J Vinyard
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio
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Brannick AL, Wilson GP. New Specimens of the Late Cretaceous Metatherian Eodelphis and the Evolution of Hard-Object Feeding in the Stagodontidae. J MAMM EVOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-018-9451-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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35
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Scott JE, Campbell RM, Baj LM, Burns MC, Price MS, Sykes JD, Vinyard CJ. Dietary signals in the premolar dentition of primates. J Hum Evol 2018; 121:221-234. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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36
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Peterson A, Abella EF, Grine FE, Teaford MF, Ungar PS. Microwear textures of Australopithecus africanus and Paranthropus robustus molars in relation to paleoenvironment and diet. J Hum Evol 2018; 119:42-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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37
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Neaux D, Sansalone G, Ledogar JA, Heins Ledogar S, Luk TH, Wroe S. Basicranium and face: Assessing the impact of morphological integration on primate evolution. J Hum Evol 2018; 118:43-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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38
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Stynder DD, DeSantis LRG, Donohue SL, Schubert BW, Ungar PS. A Dental Microwear Texture Analysis of the Early Pliocene African Ursid Agriotherium africanum (Mammalia, Carnivora, Ursidae). J MAMM EVOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-018-9436-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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39
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Coiner-Collier S, Vogel ER, Scott RS. Trabecular Anisotropy in the Primate Mandibular Condyle Is Associated with Dietary Toughness. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 301:1342-1359. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Erin R. Vogel
- Department of Anthropology and Center for Human Evolutionary Studies; Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey; New Brunswick New Jersey
| | - Robert S. Scott
- Department of Anthropology and Center for Human Evolutionary Studies; Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey; New Brunswick New Jersey
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ORSBON COURTNEYP, GIDMARK NICHOLASJ, ROSS CALLUMF. Dynamic Musculoskeletal Functional Morphology: Integrating diceCT and XROMM. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 301:378-406. [PMID: 29330951 PMCID: PMC5786282 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The tradeoff between force and velocity in skeletal muscle is a fundamental constraint on vertebrate musculoskeletal design (form:function relationships). Understanding how and why different lineages address this biomechanical problem is an important goal of vertebrate musculoskeletal functional morphology. Our ability to answer questions about the different solutions to this tradeoff has been significantly improved by recent advances in techniques for quantifying musculoskeletal morphology and movement. Herein, we have three objectives: (1) review the morphological and physiological parameters that affect muscle function and how these parameters interact; (2) discuss the necessity of integrating morphological and physiological lines of evidence to understand muscle function and the new, high resolution imaging technologies that do so; and (3) present a method that integrates high spatiotemporal resolution motion capture (XROMM, including its corollary fluoromicrometry), high resolution soft tissue imaging (diceCT), and electromyography to study musculoskeletal dynamics in vivo. The method is demonstrated using a case study of in vivo primate hyolingual biomechanics during chewing and swallowing. A sensitivity analysis demonstrates that small deviations in reconstructed hyoid muscle attachment site location introduce an average error of 13.2% to in vivo muscle kinematics. The observed hyoid and muscle kinematics suggest that hyoid elevation is produced by multiple muscles and that fascicle rotation and tendon strain decouple fascicle strain from hyoid movement and whole muscle length. Lastly, we highlight current limitations of these techniques, some of which will likely soon be overcome through methodological improvements, and some of which are inherent. Anat Rec, 301:378-406, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- COURTNEY P. ORSBON
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | | | - CALLUM F. ROSS
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
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41
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Ram Y, Ross CF. Evaluating the triplet hypothesis during rhythmic mastication in primates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 221:jeb.165985. [PMID: 29133297 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.165985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian mastication involves precise jaw movements including transverse movement of the mandible during the power stroke. Jaw elevation and transverse movement are driven by asymmetrical jaw elevator muscle activity, which is thought to include a phylogenetically primitive and conserved triplet motor pattern consisting of: triplet I (balancing side: superficial masseter and medial pterygoid; working side: posterior temporalis), which reaches onset, peak and offset first; and triplet II (working side: superficial masseter and medial pterygoid; balancing side: posterior temporalis), which is active second. Although the presence of a triplet motor pattern has been confirmed in several primate species, the prevalence of this motor pattern - i.e. the proportion of masticatory cycles that display it - has not been evaluated in primates. The present study quantifies the presence and prevalence of the triplet motor pattern in five different primate species, Eulemur fulvus, Propithecus verreauxi, Papio anubis, Macacafuscata and Pan troglodytes, using mean onset, peak and offset time relative to working superficial masseter. In all five of the species studied, the mean triplet motor pattern was observed at peak muscle activation, and in four out of the five species the triplet motor pattern occurred more frequently than expected at random at peak muscle activation and offset. Non-triplet motor patterns were observed in varying proportions at different time points in the masticatory cycle, suggesting that the presence or absence of the triplet motor pattern is not a binomial trait. Instead, the primate masticatory motor pattern is malleable within individual cycles, within individual animals and therefore within species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashesvini Ram
- Department of Organismal Biology & Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Callum F Ross
- Department of Organismal Biology & Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Ledogar JA, Luk THY, Perry JMG, Neaux D, Wroe S. Biting mechanics and niche separation in a specialized clade of primate seed predators. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190689. [PMID: 29324822 PMCID: PMC5764286 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyzed feeding biomechanics in pitheciine monkeys (Pithecia, Chiropotes, Cacajao), a clade that specializes on hard-husked unripe fruit (sclerocarpy) and resistant seeds (seed predation). We tested the hypothesis that pitheciine crania are well-suited to generate and withstand forceful canine and molar biting, with the prediction that they generate bite forces more efficiently and better resist masticatory strains than the closely-related Callicebus, which does not specialize on unripe fruits and/or seeds. We also tested the hypothesis that Callicebus-Pithecia-Chiropotes-Cacajao represent a morphocline of increasing sclerocarpic specialization with respect to biting leverage and craniofacial strength, consistent with anterior dental morphology. We found that pitheciines have higher biting leverage than Callicebus and are generally more resistant to masticatory strain. However, Cacajao was found to experience high strain magnitudes in some facial regions. We therefore found limited support for the morphocline hypothesis, at least with respect to the mechanical performance metrics examined here. Biting leverage in Cacajao was nearly identical (or slightly less than) in Chiropotes and strain magnitudes during canine biting were more likely to follow a Cacajao-Chiropotes-Pithecia trend of increasing strength, in contrast to the proposed morphocline. These results could indicate that bite force efficiency and derived anterior teeth were selected for in pitheciines at the expense of increased strain magnitudes. However, our results for Cacajao potentially reflect reduced feeding competition offered by allopatry with other pitheciines, which allows Cacajao species to choose from a wider variety of fruits at various stages of ripeness, leading to reduction in the selection for robust facial features. We also found that feeding biomechanics in sympatric Pithecia and Chiropotes are consistent with data on food structural properties and observations of dietary niche separation, with the former being well-suited for the regular molar crushing of hard seeds and the latter better adapted for breaching hard fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin A. Ledogar
- Zoology Division, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Theodora H. Y. Luk
- Zoology Division, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jonathan M. G. Perry
- Center for Functional Anatomy and Evolution, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Dimitri Neaux
- Zoology Division, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stephen Wroe
- Zoology Division, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
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Ledogar JA, Benazzi S, Smith AL, Weber GW, Carlson KB, Dechow PC, Grosse IR, Ross CF, Richmond BG, Wright BW, Wang Q, Byron C, Carlson KJ, De Ruiter DJ, Pryor Mcintosh LC, Strait DS. The Biomechanics of Bony Facial "Buttresses" in South African Australopiths: An Experimental Study Using Finite Element Analysis. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2017; 300:171-195. [PMID: 28000396 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Australopiths exhibit a number of derived facial features that are thought to strengthen the face against high and/or repetitive loads associated with a diet that included mechanically challenging foods. Here, we use finite element analysis (FEA) to test hypotheses related to the purported strengthening role of the zygomatic root and "anterior pillar" in australopiths. We modified our previously constructed models of Sts 5 (Australopithecus africanus) and MH1 (A. sediba) to differ in the morphology of the zygomatic root, including changes to both the shape and positioning of the zygomatic root complex, in addition to creating variants of Sts 5 lacking anterior pillars. We found that both an expanded zygomatic root and the presence of "anterior pillars" reinforce the face against feeding loads. We also found that strain orientations are most compatible with the hypothesis that the pillar evolved to resist loads associated with premolar loading, and that this morphology has an ancillary effect of strengthening the face during all loading regimes. These results provide support for the functional hypotheses. However, we found that an anteriorly positioned zygomatic root increases strain magnitudes even in models with an inflated/reinforced root complex. These results suggest that an anteriorly placed zygomatic root complex evolved to enhance the efficiency of bite force production while facial reinforcement features, such as the anterior pillar and the expanded zygomatic root, may have been selected for in part to compensate for the weakening effect of this facial configuration. Anat Rec, 300:171-195, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin A Ledogar
- Zoology Division, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia.,Department of Anthropology, University at Albany, Albany, New York
| | - Stefano Benazzi
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Ravenna, 48121, Italy.,Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Amanda L Smith
- Department of Anthropology, University at Albany, Albany, New York.,Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Gerhard W Weber
- Department of Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, A-1090, Austria
| | - Keely B Carlson
- Department of Anthropology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Paul C Dechow
- School of Science and Mathematics, Abraham Baldwin Agricultural College, Tifton, Georgia 30605
| | - Ian R Grosse
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Callum F Ross
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Brian G Richmond
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, 04103, Germany.,Division of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York
| | - Barth W Wright
- Department of Anatomy, Kansas City University of Medicine and Biosciences, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Qian Wang
- School of Science and Mathematics, Abraham Baldwin Agricultural College, Tifton, Georgia 30605
| | - Craig Byron
- Department of Biology, Mercer University, Macon, Georgia
| | - Kristian J Carlson
- Department of Cell and Neurobiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.,Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Wits, 2050, South Africa
| | - Darryl J De Ruiter
- Department of Anthropology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas.,Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Wits, 2050, South Africa
| | - Leslie C Pryor Mcintosh
- School of Science and Mathematics, Abraham Baldwin Agricultural College, Tifton, Georgia 30605
| | - David S Strait
- Department of Anthropology, University at Albany, Albany, New York.,Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
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Terhune CE. Revisiting size and scaling in the anthropoid temporomandibular joint. ZOOLOGY 2017; 124:73-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Hocking DP, Marx FG, Park T, Fitzgerald EMG, Evans AR. Reply to comment by Kienle et al. 2017. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 284:20171836. [PMID: 28954917 PMCID: PMC5627218 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.1836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David P Hocking
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, 18 Innovation Walk, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Department of Geosciences, Museums Victoria, Melbourne 3001, Australia
| | - Felix G Marx
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, 18 Innovation Walk, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Department of Geosciences, Museums Victoria, Melbourne 3001, Australia
- Directorate of Earth and History of Life, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels 1000, Belgium
| | - Travis Park
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, 18 Innovation Walk, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Department of Geosciences, Museums Victoria, Melbourne 3001, Australia
| | - Erich M G Fitzgerald
- Department of Geosciences, Museums Victoria, Melbourne 3001, Australia
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Alistair R Evans
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, 18 Innovation Walk, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Department of Geosciences, Museums Victoria, Melbourne 3001, Australia
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Panagiotopoulou O, Iriarte-Diaz J, Wilshin S, Dechow PC, Taylor AB, Mehari Abraha H, Aljunid SF, Ross CF. In vivo bone strain and finite element modeling of a rhesus macaque mandible during mastication. ZOOLOGY 2017; 124:13-29. [PMID: 29037463 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Finite element analysis (FEA) is a commonly used tool in musculoskeletal biomechanics and vertebrate paleontology. The accuracy and precision of finite element models (FEMs) are reliant on accurate data on bone geometry, muscle forces, boundary conditions and tissue material properties. Simplified modeling assumptions, due to lack of in vivo experimental data on material properties and muscle activation patterns, may introduce analytical errors in analyses where quantitative accuracy is critical for obtaining rigorous results. A subject-specific FEM of a rhesus macaque mandible was constructed, loaded and validated using in vivo data from the same animal. In developing the model, we assessed the impact on model behavior of variation in (i) material properties of the mandibular trabecular bone tissue and teeth; (ii) constraints at the temporomandibular joint and bite point; and (iii) the timing of the muscle activity used to estimate the external forces acting on the model. The best match between the FEA simulation and the in vivo experimental data resulted from modeling the trabecular tissue with an isotropic and homogeneous Young's modulus and Poisson's value of 10GPa and 0.3, respectively; constraining translations along X,Y, Z axes in the chewing (left) side temporomandibular joint, the premolars and the m1; constraining the balancing (right) side temporomandibular joint in the anterior-posterior and superior-inferior axes, and using the muscle force estimated at time of maximum strain magnitude in the lower lateral gauge. The relative strain magnitudes in this model were similar to those recorded in vivo for all strain locations. More detailed analyses of mandibular strain patterns during the power stroke at different times in the chewing cycle are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Panagiotopoulou
- Moving Morphology & Functional Mechanics Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - José Iriarte-Diaz
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Illinois, 801 S. Paulina St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Simon Wilshin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
| | - Paul C Dechow
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, 3302 Gaston Ave., Dallas, TX 75246, USA
| | - Andrea B Taylor
- Department of Basic Science, Touro University, 1310 Club Drive, Mare Island, Vellejo, CA 94592, USA
| | - Hyab Mehari Abraha
- Moving Morphology & Functional Mechanics Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Sharifah F Aljunid
- Materialise Unit 5-01, Menara OBYU, No. 4, Jalan PJU 8/8A, Damansara Perdana, 47820 Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Callum F Ross
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, 1027 E. 57th St., Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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47
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Scaling of rotational inertia of primate mandibles. J Hum Evol 2017; 106:119-132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Boughner JC. Implications of Vertebrate Craniodental Evo-Devo for Human Oral Health. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2017; 328:321-333. [PMID: 28251806 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Highly processed diets eaten by postindustrial modern human populations coincide with higher frequencies of third molar impaction, malocclusion, and temporomandibular joint disorders that affect millions of people worldwide each year. Current treatments address symptoms, not causes, because the multifactorial etiologies of these three concerns mask which factors incline certain people to malocclusion, impaction, and/or joint issues. Deep scientific curiosity about the origins of jaws and dentitions continues to yield rich insights about the developmental genetic mechanisms that underpin healthy craniodental morphogenesis and integration. Mounting evidence from evolution and development (Evo-Devo) studies suggests that function is another mechanism important to healthy craniodental integration and fit. Starting as early as weaning, softer diets and thus lower bite forces appear to relax or disrupt integration of oral tissues, alter development and growth, and catalyze impaction, malocclusion, and jaw joint disorders. How developing oral tissues respond to bite forces remains poorly understood, but biomechanical feedback seems to alter balances of local bone resorption and deposition at the tooth-bone interface as well as affect tempos and amounts of facial outgrowth. Also, behavioral changes in jaw function and parafunction contribute to degeneration and pain in joint articular cartilages and masticatory muscles. The developmental genetic contribution to craniodental misfits and disorders is undeniable but still unclear; however, at present, human diet and jaw function remain important and much more actionable clinical targets. New Evo-Devo studies are needed to explain how function interfaces with craniodental phenotypic plasticity, variation, and evolvability to yield a spectrum of healthy and mismatched dentitions and jaws.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia C Boughner
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Coiner-Collier S, Scott RS, Chalk-Wilayto J, Cheyne SM, Constantino P, Dominy NJ, Elgart AA, Glowacka H, Loyola LC, Ossi-Lupo K, Raguet-Schofield M, Talebi MG, Sala EA, Sieradzy P, Taylor AB, Vinyard CJ, Wright BW, Yamashita N, Lucas PW, Vogel ER. Primate dietary ecology in the context of food mechanical properties. J Hum Evol 2016; 98:103-118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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50
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Ross CF, Iriarte-Diaz J, Reed DA, Stewart TA, Taylor AB. In vivo bone strain in the mandibular corpus of Sapajus during a range of oral food processing behaviors. J Hum Evol 2016; 98:36-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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