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Guo J, Mo H, Zuo L, Zhang X. Association of physical activity and vitamin D deficiency with cognitive impairment in older adults: a population based cross-sectional analysis. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1390903. [PMID: 38751741 PMCID: PMC11095040 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1390903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives The global aging situation is becoming increasingly critical and cognitive impairment in the elderly has become a public health burden of concern. Physical activity (PA) and vitamin D may play a key role in improving cognitive impairment. However, little studies have examined the interaction between these two. The purpose of this study was to assess the association of PA and vitamin D with cognitive impairment in older adults, as well as the interactions of PA and vitamin D. Materials and methods This study was conducted by multi-stage random sampling of elderly people ≥60 years old, and a total sample of 2,492 (1,207 male and 1,285 female, mean age of 69.41 ± 6.75 years) with complete data was included in the analysis. PA was assessed by the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire, and < 600 MET-min/week was used as the division criteria. Serum vitamin D was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D2/D3 concentration < 20 ng/mL was used as a vitamin D deficiency criterion. Cognitive function was assessed by three subtests: the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's disease word learning test (CERAD-WL) for immediate and delayed learning, the Animal Fluency Test (AFT) for verbal fluency; and the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST) for information processing speed and switching attention. All three subtests were scored at less than the lowest quartile of the score as a criterion for cognitive impairment. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS for chi-square test, rank sum test, interaction analysis, subgroup analysis, and regression analysis. Results Lower level of PA is associated with higher odds of cognitive impairment (CERAD W-L: OR = 1.596, 95% CI: 1.338-1.905, p < 0.001; AFT: OR = 1.833, 95% CI: 1.534-2.190, p < 0.001; DSST: OR = 1.936, 95% CI: 1.609-2.329, p < 0.001). Vitamin D deficiency has significant effects in AFT (OR = 1.322, 95% CI: 1.103-1.584, p = 0.003) and DSST (OR = 1.619, 95% CI: 1.345-1.948, p < 0.001). After adjusted for covariates, PA and vitamin D have multiplicative interaction on AFT (OR = 0.662, 95% CI: 0.448-0.977, p = 0.038) and DSST (OR = 0.775, 95% CI: 0.363-0.868, p = 0.009). The interaction between PA and vitamin D was not significant in the CERAD W-L (OR = 0.757, 95% CI: 0.508-1.128, p = 0.172). Conclusion The results showed that lower level of PA and vitamin D deficiency were associated with higher odds of cognitive impairment in the elderly population and that there was a multiplicative interaction between PA and vitamin D on cognitive function, with a significant effect of vitamin D on cognitive impairment in high PA conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Guo
- National Engineering Laboratory for Internet Medical Systems and Applications, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Physical Education (Main Campus), Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Hongfei Mo
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Kinesis and Health, School of Physical Education (Main Campus), Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Department of Children Adolescence and Woman Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Longfei Zuo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Internet Medical Systems and Applications, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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Sergio J, Siedlecki KL. Which variables moderate the relationship between depressive symptoms and global neurocognition across adulthood? NEUROPSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENT, AND COGNITION. SECTION B, AGING, NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2024; 31:145-173. [PMID: 36268987 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2022.2131714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The current study examined moderators of the relationship between depressive symptoms and global neurocognition in a large non-clinical community-dwelling sample spanning adulthood. Participants comprised 5,430 individuals between the ages of 18-99 years drawn from the Virginia Cognitive Aging Project. Depressive symptoms were measured via the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression scale and neurocognition was operationalized as a composite variable comprising episodic memory, spatial visualization, processing speed, and reasoning tasks. Moderator variables included physical activity, cognitive activity, education, emotional stability, and openness. Hierarchical regressions were used to examine the influence of depressive symptoms and the moderators on neurocognition. Depressive symptoms significantly predicted neurocognition. Cognitive activity, years of education, and emotional stability moderated the depression-neurocognition relationship by buffering the impact of depressive symptoms on neurocognition. Cognitive activity engagement and level of education may function as a protective influence on those with higher levels of depressive symptoms, while emotional stability may be protective for individuals with lower levels of depressive symptoms. No differences in moderation were found across three age groups representing younger, middle, and older adults. Post-hoc analyses showed years of education and openness as moderators in a subsample excluding individuals with potentially clinically meaningful levels of depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Sergio
- Department of Psychology, Fordham University, New York, NY, USA
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3
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Zhao N, Yao X, Wang Y, Chen X, Wang Z. Aerobic exercise combined with memory strategy training improve the cognitive function. Brain Behav 2023; 13:e3234. [PMID: 37612254 PMCID: PMC10636400 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.3234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is closely associated with the occurrence of cognitive impairment, imposing a heavy burden on the patient's family and society. Aerobic exercise and targeted memory strategies have been widely reported to improve cognitive function. METHODS A total of 122 T2DM patients with Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale (MoCA) test scores of less than 26 received the aerobic exercise combined with memory strategy training. After 6 months of intervention, a final group of 113 patients entered the final evaluation and analysis. Diabetes-specific quality of life scale (DSQL) and activities of daily living (ADL) assessments were performed to evaluate the life quality of the patients. RESULTS The scores of MoCA and ADL were significantly upregulated, and the scores of DSQL were significantly reduced after the 6-month intervention of T2DM patients. The levels of fasting plasma glucose (FPG), hemoglobin A1c, total cholesterol (TC), and triglyceride (TG) levels of T2DM patients with cognitive impairment significantly decreased post intervention. A significant decrease in low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and an increase in high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were observed. The FPG, HbA1, TC, TG, and LDL-C levels were significantly lower, and the HDL-C levels were significantly higher in patients with normal cognitive function than in patients with abnormal cognitive function. CONCLUSIONS Aerobic exercise combined with memory strategy training effectively improved the memory and cognitive function in patients with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhao
- Department of NursingCangzhou Central HospitalCangzhouHebeiChina
| | - Xiuxia Yao
- Department of NursingCangzhou Central HospitalCangzhouHebeiChina
| | - Yafei Wang
- Department of NursingCangzhou Central HospitalCangzhouHebeiChina
| | - Xiao Chen
- Department of NursingCangzhou Central HospitalCangzhouHebeiChina
| | - Zhaoxia Wang
- Department of NursingCangzhou Central HospitalCangzhouHebeiChina
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Besser LM, Meyer OL, Jones MR, Tran D, Booker M, Mitsova D, Peterson R, Galvin JE, Bateman JR, Hayden KM, Hughes TM. Neighborhood segregation and cognitive change: Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Alzheimers Dement 2023; 19:1143-1151. [PMID: 35869977 PMCID: PMC9868187 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We investigated associations between neighborhood racial/ethnic segregation and cognitive change. METHODS We used data (n = 1712) from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Racial/ethnic segregation was assessed using Getis-Ord (Gi*) z-scores based on American Community Survey Census tract data (higher Gi* = greater spatial clustering of participant's race/ethnicity). Global cognition and processing speed were assessed twice, 6 years apart. Adjusted multilevel linear regression tested associations between Gi* z-scores and cognition. Effect modification by race/ethnicity, income, education, neighborhood socioeconomic status, and neighborhood social support was tested. RESULTS Participants were on average 67 years old; 43% were White, 11% Chinese, 29% African American/Black, 17% Hispanic; 40% had high neighborhood segregation (Gi* > 1.96). African American/Black participants with greater neighborhood segregation had greater processing speed decline in stratified analyses, but no interactions were significant. DISCUSSION Segregation was associated with greater processing speed declines among African American/Black participants. Additional follow-ups and comprehensive cognitive batteries may further elucidate these findings. HIGHLIGHTS A study of neighborhood racial/ethnic segregation and change in cognition. Study was based on a racially and geographically diverse, population-based cohort of older adults. Racial/ethnic segregation (clustering) was measured by the Getis-ord (Gi*) statistic. We saw faster processing speed decline among Black individuals in segregated neighborhoods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilah M. Besser
- Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Center for Brain Health, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine; Boca Raton, FL
| | - Oanh L. Meyer
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, US
| | - Miranda R. Jones
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, US
| | - Duyen Tran
- Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, US
| | - Michaela Booker
- School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, US
| | - Diana Mitsova
- Department of Urban and Regional Planning and Institute for Human Health and Disease Intervention, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, US
| | - Rachel Peterson
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95616, US
| | - James E. Galvin
- Comprehensive Center for Brain Health, Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Boca Raton, FL, US
| | - James R. Bateman
- Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, US
| | - Kathleen M. Hayden
- Department of Social Sciences and Health Policy, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, US
| | - Timothy M. Hughes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, US
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Dowllah IM, Lopez-Alvarenga J, Maestre GE, Karabulut U, Lehker M, Karabulut M. Relationship Between Cognitive Performance, Physical Activity, and Socio-Demographic/Individual Characteristics Among Aging Americans. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 92:975-987. [PMID: 36847008 PMCID: PMC10693475 DOI: 10.3233/jad-221151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical activity (PA) has emerged as a promising approach to delay Alzheimer's disease and related dementias, but the optimal intensity of PA to improve cognitive health remains unknown. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association between duration and intensity of PA and cognitive domains (executive function, processing speed, and memory) in aging Americans. METHODS Linear regressions in hierarchical blocks for variable adjustment and the size of effect (η2) were analyzed by using the data of 2,377 adults (age = 69.3±6.7 years) from the NHANES 2011-2014. RESULTS Participants with 3-6 h/week of vigorous- and > 1 h/week of moderate-intensity PA scored significantly higher in executive function and processing speed domains of cognition compared to inactive peers (η2 = 0.005 & 0.007 respectively, p < 0.05). After adjustment, the beneficial effects of 1-3 h /week of vigorous-intensity PA became trivial for delayed recall memory domain test scores (β= 0.33; 95% CI: -0.01,0.67; η2 = 0.002; p = 0.56). There was no linear dose-response relationship between the cognitive test scores and weekly moderate-intensity of PA. Interestingly, higher handgrip strength and higher late-life body mass index were associated with a higher performance across all cognitive domains. CONCLUSION Our study supports habitual PA with superior cognition health in some but not all domains among older adults. Furthermore, increased muscle strength and higher late-life adiposity may also impact cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imtiaz Masfique Dowllah
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Juan Lopez-Alvarenga
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, Brownsville, TX, USA
| | - Gladys E. Maestre
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, Brownsville, TX, USA
| | - Ulku Karabulut
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, USA
| | - Michael Lehker
- Department of Health and Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, USA
| | - Murat Karabulut
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, USA
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Boujelbane MA, Trabelsi K, Jahrami HA, Masmoudi L, Ammar A, Khacharem A, Boukhris O, Puce L, Garbarino S, Scoditti E, Khanfir S, Msaad A, Msaad A, Akrout S, Hakim A, Bragazzi NL, Bryk K, Glenn JM, Chtourou H. Time-restricted feeding and cognitive function in sedentary and physically active elderly individuals: Ramadan diurnal intermittent fasting as a model. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1041216. [DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1041216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectivesThis study aimed to investigate the effects of Ramadan diurnal intermittent fasting (RDIF) on cognitive performance, sleep quality, daytime sleepiness, and insomnia in physically active and sedentary elderly individuals.MethodsA total of 58 participants (62.93 ± 3.99 years) were assigned to one of the following two groups: a sedentary group (control group) who observed Ramadan (n = 32) and a physically active group (n = 26) who continued to train while observing Ramadan. Participants were assessed 2 weeks before Ramadan and during the fourth week of Ramadan. On each occasion, participants completed a digital assessment of their cognitive performance and responded to the Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI), the insomnia severity index (ISI) and the Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS) questionnaires to assess sleep parameters.ResultsCompared to before Ramadan, performance in executive function (p = 0.035), attention (p = 0.005), inhibition (p = 0.02), associative memory (p = 0.041), and recognition memory (p = 0.025) increased significantly during Ramadan in the physically active group. For the sedentary group, associative learning performance decreased (p = 0.041), whilst performances in the remaining domains remained unchanged during Ramadan. Global PSQI, ISI, and ESS scores indicated both groups suffered from poor sleep quality and excessive daytime sleepiness, with significantly higher negative effects of RDIF observed in the sedentary group.ConclusionOlder adults who continue to train at least three times per week during Ramadan may improve their cognitive performance, despite the impairment of sleep quality. Future studies in older adults during Ramadan including objective measures of sleep (e.g., polysomnography, actigraphy) and brain function (e.g., functional magnetic resonance imaging) are warranted.
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Silva-Fernandes A, Cruz S, Moreira CS, Pereira DR, Sousa SS, Sampaio A, Carvalho J. Processing speed mediates the association between physical activity and executive functioning in elderly adults. Front Psychol 2022; 13:958535. [PMID: 36092122 PMCID: PMC9462456 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.958535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced aging is associated with cognitive decline. To decrease the healthcare system and socio-economic burdens as well as to promote better quality of life, is important to uncover the factors that may be related to the delay of cognitive impairments in older adults. This study investigated the relationship between physical activity levels, sedentary behavior and cardiorespiratory fitness with cognitive functioning in healthy older adults. Furthermore, it examined the mediating role of processing speed on the association between physical activity and executive functions and long-term memory. Thirty-two individuals aged between 63 and 77 years (M = 68.16, SD = 3.73) underwent measurements of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2peak), 1-week of PA accelerometer measurement and a comprehensive cognitive assessment. Significant associations were observed between MVPA and cognitive processing speed. Equally, a significant positive indirect effect of MVPA on executive functioning and long-term memory was mediated by processing speed. Also, MVPA levels differentiated cognitive functioning in older adults – the physical active group outperformed the physical inactive group in processing speed, executive functions, and language abilities. Our results contribute to the literature on the MVPA levels as an important tool to promote healthier cognitive aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabela Silva-Fernandes
- Psychological Neuroscience Laboratory, School of Psychology, Psychology Research Center (CIPsi), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Anabela Silva-Fernandes
| | - Sara Cruz
- The Psychology for Positive Development Research Center (CIPD), Lusíada University, Porto, Portugal
| | - Célia Sofia Moreira
- Department of Mathematics and Centre of Mathematics, University of Porto (FCUP & CMUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Diana R. Pereira
- Psychological Neuroscience Laboratory, School of Psychology, Psychology Research Center (CIPsi), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Sónia S. Sousa
- Psychological Neuroscience Laboratory, School of Psychology, Psychology Research Center (CIPsi), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Adriana Sampaio
- Psychological Neuroscience Laboratory, School of Psychology, Psychology Research Center (CIPsi), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Joana Carvalho
- Faculty of Sport, Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Gusatovic J, Gramkow MH, Hasselbalch SG, Frederiksen KS. Effects of aerobic exercise on event-related potentials related to cognitive performance: a systematic review. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13604. [PMID: 35846877 PMCID: PMC9281596 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Aerobic exercise interventions may affect different cognitive domains such as attention, working memory, inhibition, etc. However, the neural mechanisms underlying this relationship, remains uncertain. Objective To perform a systematic review on exercise intervention studies that use event-related potentials (ERPs) as outcome for cognitive performance. Methods We identified studies through searches in four databases reporting the effects of either an acute bout or chronic exercise on any ERP associated with cognitive performance. Study population included participants >17 years of age with or without a diagnosis. Results A total of 5,797 records were initially identified through database searching of which 52 were eligible for inclusion. Most studies were of acute aerobic exercise with moderate intensity. Results were heterogenious across studies, but there was a trend that ERP amplitude increased and (to a lesser extent) latencies decreased post-exercise. The P3 ERP was the most often reported ERP. Conclusion Heterogeneity across studies regarding methodology limited the possibility to draw definitive conclusions but the most consistent findings were that acute aerobic exercise was associated with higher amplitudes, and to a lesser extent shorter latencies, of ERPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Gusatovic
- Danish Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mathias Holsey Gramkow
- Danish Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steen Gregers Hasselbalch
- Danish Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristian Steen Frederiksen
- Danish Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Maleki S, Hendrikse J, Chye Y, Caeyenberghs K, Coxon JP, Oldham S, Suo C, Yücel M. Associations of cardiorespiratory fitness and exercise with brain white matter in healthy adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain Imaging Behav 2022; 16:2402-2425. [PMID: 35773556 PMCID: PMC9581839 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-022-00693-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have revealed positive associations between brain structure and physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, and exercise (referred to here as PACE). While a considerable body of research has investigated the effects of PACE on grey matter, much less is known about effects on white matter (WM). Hence, we conducted a systematic review of peer-reviewed literature published prior to 5th July 2021 using online databases (PubMed and Scopus) and PRISMA guidelines to synthesise what is currently known about the relationship between PACE and WM in healthy adults. A total of 60 studies met inclusion criteria and were included in the review. Heterogeneity across studies was calculated using Qochran's q test, and publication bias was assessed for each meta-analysis using Begg and Mazumdar rank correlation test. A meta-regression was also conducted to explore factors contributing to any observed heterogeneity. Overall, we observed evidence of positive associations between PACE and global WM volume (effect size (Hedges's g) = 0.137, p < 0.001), global WM anomalies (effect size = 0.182, p < 0.001), and local microstructure integrity (i.e., corpus callosum: effect size = 0.345, p < 0.001, and anterior limb of internal capsule: effect size = 0.198, p < 0.001). These findings suggest that higher levels of PACE are associated with improved global WM volume and local integrity. We appraise the quality of evidence, and discuss the implications of these findings for the preservation of WM across the lifespan. We conclude by providing recommendations for future research in order to advance our understanding of the specific PACE parameters and neurobiological mechanisms underlying these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzan Maleki
- BrainPark, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Biomedical Imaging Facility, Monash University, 770 Blackburn RD, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Joshua Hendrikse
- Movement and Exercise Neuroscience Laboratory, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Biomedical Imaging Facility, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Yann Chye
- BrainPark, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Biomedical Imaging Facility, Monash University, 770 Blackburn RD, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Karen Caeyenberghs
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - James P Coxon
- Movement and Exercise Neuroscience Laboratory, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Biomedical Imaging Facility, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Stuart Oldham
- Neural Systems and Behaviour, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Biomedical Imaging Facility, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.,Developmental Imaging, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Chao Suo
- BrainPark, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Biomedical Imaging Facility, Monash University, 770 Blackburn RD, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia.
| | - Murat Yücel
- BrainPark, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Biomedical Imaging Facility, Monash University, 770 Blackburn RD, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia.
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10
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Chen X, Lee C, Huang H. Neighborhood built environment associated with cognition and dementia risk among older adults: A systematic literature review. Soc Sci Med 2021; 292:114560. [PMID: 34776284 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive impairment associated with aging is a serious and growing public health problem. This systematic literature review contributes to better understanding the current state of knowledge on the roles of neighborhood environments in supporting cognitive health in later life. Literature search was carried out in 2020 using the seven databases most relevant to the topic. This review was restricted to peer-reviewed observational and quantitative studies that focused on 1) community-dwelling older adults as target populations; 2) neighborhood built environments as independent variables; and 3) cognition or dementia as outcome variables. Thirty-seven studies published between 1989 and 2020 met the inclusion criteria. The neighborhood built environment domains covered in these included urbanity/rurality, land use, neighborhood physical disorder, transportation infrastructure, urban design, and urban nature. Neighborhood resources and green space exposure were most frequently studied and linked to cognition-related outcomes. Neighborhood built environment was shown to be more pertinent to older adults' global cognition, memory, and dementia. Physical activity showed a mediating role between neighborhood built environment and cognition. The effect of neighborhood built environment on cognitive function was stronger among older women and those with disabilities or lower socioeconomic status. Evidence on the relationship between neighborhood built environment and cognition/dementia among older adults is moderate. Our findings highlight the need for more standardized and longitudinal measures of neighborhood built environment and high-sensitivity cognitive tests that capture the specific and relevant domains of cognition, to facilitate further exploration of the mediating and moderating effects of neighborhood built environment with cognition/dementia in older adults. This review offers insights for future research and policy efforts toward creating communities to support cognitive health and aging in place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Department of Landscape Architecture and Urban Planning, College of Architecture, Texas A&M University, 3137 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843 3137, USA.
| | - Chanam Lee
- Department of Landscape Architecture and Urban Planning, College of Architecture, Texas A&M University, 3137 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843 3137, USA
| | - Hao Huang
- Department of Architecture, College of Architecture, Texas A&M University, 3137 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843 3137, USA
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Venegas-Sanabria LC, Martínez-Vizcaino V, Cavero-Redondo I, Chavarro-Carvajal DA, Cano-Gutierrez CA, Álvarez-Bueno C. Effect of physical activity on cognitive domains in dementia and mild cognitive impairment: overview of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Aging Ment Health 2021; 25:1977-1985. [PMID: 33143444 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2020.1839862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of physical activity on cognitive domains in persons with dementia or mild cognitive impairment. DESIGN An overview of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials were performed. METHODS A literature search was performed in PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews databases up to February 2020. Data about the change in cognitive domains after physical activity intervention was extracted and plotted. RESULTS We included 11 meta-analyses in this overview. The most frequent type of physical activity for the intervention group was the aerobic exercise with a duration between 6 and 78 weeks. Global cognition was the most common form of assessing the cognitive function, follow of executive function, delayed recall, attention, and verbal fluency. We found a positive effect of physical activity on global cognition, executive function, and delayed recall, but no effect on verbal fluency, attention, and immediate recall. CONCLUSION Physical activity shows a positive effect on cognition in people with dementia and mild cognitive impairment, especially when it was assessed as global cognition. Positive effects on executive function and memory were also shown. This result confirms the relevance of physical activity in the treatment of persons with cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Carlos Venegas-Sanabria
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Health and Social Research Center, Cuenca, Spain.,Aging Institute, Medicine School, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia.,Department of Internal Medicine, Geriatric Unit, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Vicente Martínez-Vizcaino
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Health and Social Research Center, Cuenca, Spain.,Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Región Metropolitana, Chile
| | - Iván Cavero-Redondo
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Health and Social Research Center, Cuenca, Spain
| | - Diego Andres Chavarro-Carvajal
- Aging Institute, Medicine School, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia.,Department of Internal Medicine, Geriatric Unit, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Carlos Alberto Cano-Gutierrez
- Aging Institute, Medicine School, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia.,Department of Internal Medicine, Geriatric Unit, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Celia Álvarez-Bueno
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Health and Social Research Center, Cuenca, Spain
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12
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Yuan CL, Yi R, Dong Q, Yao LF, Liu B. The relationship between diabetes-related cognitive dysfunction and leukoaraiosis. Acta Neurol Belg 2021; 121:1101-1110. [PMID: 33893981 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-021-01676-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive dysfunction is a degenerative disease of the central nervous system, which often associates with ageing brain as well as neurodegenerative diseases. A growing body of evidence suggests that patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) have a significantly higher risk of cognitive impairment. In recent years, studies have found that patients with diabetes-related cognitive dysfunction have an increased burden of leukoaraiosis (LA), and larger white matter hyperintensity (WMH) volume. With the recent advancement of technologies, multimodal imaging is widely exploited for the precise evaluation of central nervous system diseases. Emerging studies suggest that LA pathology can be used as a predictive signal of white matter lesions in patients with diabetes-related cognitive dysfunction, providing support for early identification and diagnosis of disease. This article reviews the findings, epidemiological characteristics, pathogenesis, imaging features, prevention and treatment of LA pathophysiology in patients with diabetes-related cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Lan Yuan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital Of Harbin Medical University, No. 23 Youzheng Street, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Ran Yi
- Department of Endocrine, The First Affiliated Hospital Of Harbin Medical University, No. 23 Youzheng Street, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Dong
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital Of Harbin Medical University, No. 23 Youzheng Street, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Li-Fen Yao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital Of Harbin Medical University, No. 23 Youzheng Street, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital Of Harbin Medical University, No. 37 Yiyuan Street, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Sewell KR, Erickson KI, Rainey-Smith SR, Peiffer JJ, Sohrabi HR, Brown BM. Relationships between physical activity, sleep and cognitive function: A narrative review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 130:369-378. [PMID: 34506842 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Physical activity and exercise can improve cognitive function and reduce the risk for dementia. Other lifestyle factors, including sleep, are associated with cognitive function and dementia risk, and exercise is an effective therapeutic strategy for improving sleep. Based on these associations, it has been hypothesised that sleep might be an important mediator for the effects of exercise on cognition. Here, we review the current literature to evaluate whether sleep and physical activity are independently or jointly associated with cognitive function. The extant literature in this area is minimal, and the causal relationships between physical activity, sleep and cognition have not been examined. A small number of cross-sectional studies in this area suggest that physical activity may attenuate some of the negative impact that poor sleep has on cognition, and also that sleep may be a mechanism through which physical activity improves cognitive abilities. Further research may enable the development of individually tailored intervention programs to result in the greatest cognitive benefit, ultimately delaying the onset of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey R Sewell
- Discipline of Exercise Science, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA, Australia.
| | - Kirk I Erickson
- Discipline of Exercise Science, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA, Australia; Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, 4200 Fifth Ave, PA, United States
| | - Stephanie R Rainey-Smith
- Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, 8 Verdun Street, Nedlands, WA, Australia; Centre For Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, Australia; School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Jeremiah J Peiffer
- Discipline of Exercise Science, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA, Australia; Centre For Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Hamid R Sohrabi
- Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, 8 Verdun Street, Nedlands, WA, Australia; Centre For Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, Australia; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, Balaclava Road, NSW, Australia
| | - Belinda M Brown
- Discipline of Exercise Science, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA, Australia; Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, 8 Verdun Street, Nedlands, WA, Australia; Centre For Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, Australia
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14
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Targeting executive function for weight loss in adults with overweight or obesity. Physiol Behav 2021; 240:113540. [PMID: 34331958 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with a multitude of negative health sequalae. Behavioral weight loss (BWL) is currently the recommended behavioral treatment for obesity; however, it is not effective for approximately half of the individuals who participate. BWL requires individuals to carry out many tasks requiring executive function (EF; i.e., higher order cognitive functions such as planning and problem solving) in order to be successful. Growing research supports that lower EF may be associated with attenuated weight loss following BWL, and targeting EF in treatment could improve outcomes. This paper aims to describe the rationale for the development of Novel Executive Function Training for Obesity (NEXT), which adapts Compensatory Cognitive Training to be delivered in conjunction with BWL. We summarize evidence relating EF to obesity and reduced weight loss following BWL, as well as the past success of cognitive training on EF. Then we describe the treatment model for NEXT followed by initial data suggesting that NEXT is feasible and acceptable and may impact EF and weight. Obesity treatments incorporating cognitive training, especially those that train compensatory strategies, may improve weight-loss outcomes and provide a more durable treatment than traditional interventions, but larger randomized control trials are necessary.
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15
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Rojas M, Chávez-Castillo M, Pirela D, Parra H, Nava M, Chacín M, Angarita L, Añez R, Salazar J, Ortiz R, Durán Agüero S, Gravini-Donado M, Bermúdez V, Díaz-Camargo E. Metabolic Syndrome: Is It Time to Add the Central Nervous System? Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13072254. [PMID: 34208833 PMCID: PMC8308252 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a set of cardio-metabolic risk factors that includes central obesity, hyperglycemia, hypertension, and dyslipidemias. The syndrome affects 25% of adults worldwide. The definition of MS has evolved over the last 80 years, with various classification systems and criteria, whose limitations and benefits are currently the subject of some controversy. Likewise, hypotheses regarding the etiology of MS add more confusion from clinical and epidemiological points of view. The leading suggestion for the pathophysiology of MS is insulin resistance (IR). IR can affect multiple tissues and organs, from the classic “triumvirate” (myocyte, adipocyte, and hepatocyte) to possible effects on organs considered more recently, such as the central nervous system (CNS). Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) may be clinical expressions of CNS involvement. However, the association between MCI and MS is not understood. The bidirectional relationship that seems to exist between these factors raises the questions of which phenomenon occurs first and whether MCI can be a precursor of MS. This review explores shared pathophysiological mechanisms between MCI and MS and establishes a hypothesis of a possible MCI role in the development of IR and the appearance of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milagros Rojas
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela; (M.R.); (D.P.); (H.P.); (M.N.); (J.S.)
| | | | - Daniela Pirela
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela; (M.R.); (D.P.); (H.P.); (M.N.); (J.S.)
| | - Heliana Parra
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela; (M.R.); (D.P.); (H.P.); (M.N.); (J.S.)
| | - Manuel Nava
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela; (M.R.); (D.P.); (H.P.); (M.N.); (J.S.)
| | - Maricarmen Chacín
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla 08002, Colombia;
| | - Lissé Angarita
- Escuela de Nutrición y Dietética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello, Sede Concepción 4260000, Chile;
| | - Roberto Añez
- Departamento de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Juan Salazar
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela; (M.R.); (D.P.); (H.P.); (M.N.); (J.S.)
| | - Rina Ortiz
- Posgrado, Carrera de Medicina, Universidad Católica de Cuenca, Cantón de Cuenca 010101, Ecuador;
| | - Samuel Durán Agüero
- Facultad de Ciencias Para el Cuidado de la Salud, Universidad San Sebastián, Los Leones 8420524, Chile;
| | - Marbel Gravini-Donado
- Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia;
| | - Valmore Bermúdez
- Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Cúcuta 540006, Colombia;
| | - Edgar Díaz-Camargo
- Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Cúcuta 540006, Colombia;
- Correspondence:
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16
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Wardlaw JM, Debette S, Jokinen H, De Leeuw FE, Pantoni L, Chabriat H, Staals J, Doubal F, Rudilosso S, Eppinger S, Schilling S, Ornello R, Enzinger C, Cordonnier C, Taylor-Rowan M, Lindgren AG. ESO Guideline on covert cerebral small vessel disease. Eur Stroke J 2021; 6:CXI-CLXII. [PMID: 34414301 PMCID: PMC8370079 DOI: 10.1177/23969873211012132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
'Covert' cerebral small vessel disease (ccSVD) is common on neuroimaging in persons without overt neurological manifestations, and increases the risk of future stroke, cognitive impairment, dependency, and death. These European Stroke Organisation (ESO) guidelines provide evidence-based recommendations to assist with clinical decisions about management of ccSVD, specifically white matter hyperintensities and lacunes, to prevent adverse clinical outcomes. The guidelines were developed according to ESO standard operating procedures and Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology. We prioritised the clinical outcomes of stroke, cognitive decline or dementia, dependency, death, mobility and mood disorders, and interventions of blood pressure lowering, antiplatelet drugs, lipid lowering, lifestyle modifications, glucose lowering and conventional treatments for dementia. We systematically reviewed the literature, assessed the evidence, formulated evidence-based recommendations where feasible, and expert consensus statements. We found little direct evidence, mostly of low quality. We recommend patients with ccSVD and hypertension to have their blood pressure well controlled; lower blood pressure targets may reduce ccSVD progression. We do not recommend antiplatelet drugs such as aspirin in ccSVD. We found little evidence on lipid lowering in ccSVD. Smoking cessation is a health priority. We recommend regular exercise which may benefit cognition, and a healthy diet, good sleep habits, avoiding obesity and stress for general health reasons. In ccSVD, we found no evidence for glucose control in the absence of diabetes or for conventional Alzheimer dementia treatments. Randomised controlled trials with clinical endpoints are a priority for ccSVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna M Wardlaw
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Stephanie Debette
- Bordeaux Population Health Center, University of Bordeaux, INSERM, UM1219, Team VINTAGE
- Department of Neurology, Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | - Hanna Jokinen
- HUS Neurocenter, Division of Neuropsychology, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki and Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Frank-Erik De Leeuw
- Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Neurology; Donders Center for Medical Neuroscience, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Leonardo Pantoni
- Stroke and Dementia Lab, 'Luigi Sacco' Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Hugues Chabriat
- Department of Neurology, Hopital Lariboisiere, APHP, INSERM U 1161, FHU NeuroVasc, University of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Julie Staals
- Department of Neurology, School for Cardiovascular Diseases (CARIM), Maastricht UMC+, AZ Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Fergus Doubal
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Dept of Medicine for the Elderly, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Salvatore Rudilosso
- Comprehensive Stroke Center, Department of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sebastian Eppinger
- University Clinic of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sabrina Schilling
- Bordeaux Population Health Center, University of Bordeaux, INSERM, UM1219, Team VINTAGE
| | - Raffaele Ornello
- Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Christian Enzinger
- University Clinic of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Charlotte Cordonnier
- Univ. Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, U1172, LilNCog – Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France
| | - Martin Taylor-Rowan
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Arne G Lindgren
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Neurology, Lund University; Section of Neurology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
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17
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Castells-Sánchez A, Roig-Coll F, Lamonja-Vicente N, Torán-Monserrat P, Pera G, Montero P, Dacosta-Aguayo R, Bermudo-Gallaguet A, Bherer L, Erickson KI, Mataró M. Sex Matters in the Association between Physical Activity and Fitness with Cognition. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:1252-1259. [PMID: 33394900 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The benefits from physical activity (PA) and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) on normal age-related cognitive decline might be sex dependent. Our aim was to explore the relationship between different types of PA, CRF, and cognition and to identify the mediating effects of CRF in the association between PA and cognition in women and men. METHODS We recruited 115 healthy adults 50-70 yr of age. We obtained demographic, cognitive, and PA status data based on the Projecte Moviment protocol. We calculated cognitive domains by grouping z-sample scores. We obtained self-reported total energy expenditure during the last month and grouped it into sportive PA (S-PA) and nonsportive PA (NS-PA). CRF was estimated using the Rockport 1-Mile Walk Test. We applied regression models and mediation analyses in a final sample of 104 individuals (65 women and 39 men). RESULTS In the total sample, CRF was positively associated with executive function, verbal memory, and attention-speed. S-PA was positively related to executive function and attention-speed, whereas NS-PA was unrelated to cognitive domains. Greater amounts of S-PA were associated with executive function and attention-speed for both women and men. Higher CRF was associated with executive function, memory, language, and attention-speed only in men. Mediation analyses showed that CRF was a significant mediator of the positive effects of S-PA on executive function and attention-speed in men but not in women. CONCLUSIONS Both women and men show cognitive benefits from greater S-PA, but not from NS-PA. However, there were sex differences in the mediating effects of CRF in this relationship, showing that CRF was mediating these benefits only in men.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francesca Roig-Coll
- Departament of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, SPAIN
| | | | - Pere Torán-Monserrat
- Primary Healthcare Research Support Unit Metropolitana Nord, ICS-IDIAP Jordi Gol, Mataró, SPAIN
| | - Guillem Pera
- Primary Healthcare Research Support Unit Metropolitana Nord, ICS-IDIAP Jordi Gol, Mataró, SPAIN
| | - Pilar Montero
- Primary Healthcare Research Support Unit Metropolitana Nord, ICS-IDIAP Jordi Gol, Mataró, SPAIN
| | - Rosalia Dacosta-Aguayo
- Departament of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, SPAIN
| | - Adrià Bermudo-Gallaguet
- Departament of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, SPAIN
| | | | - Kirk I Erickson
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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18
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Liu Y, Lachman ME. Education and Cognition in Middle Age and Later Life: The Mediating Role of Physical and Cognitive Activity. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2021; 75:e93-e104. [PMID: 30955036 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbz020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although educational attainment is related to cognitive function in later life, little is known about the mechanisms involved. This study assessed the independent mediating effects of two behavioral variables, physical and cognitive activity, on the association between educational attainment and cognitive function and change. METHODS Data were derived from the three waves of the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study. Predictors (educational attainment) were from the 1995 baseline, mediators (physical and cognitive activities) were from the 2004 wave, and outcomes (cognitive function) were from the 2004 and 2013 waves. Conditional process modeling was applied using PROCESS in SPSS. RESULTS There were both direct and indirect effects of educational attainment on level and change of executive function (EF) and episodic memory (EM). Physical activity and cognitive activity were both significant mediators for cognitive level. For mediators of change, however, cognitive activity was significant for EF and physical activity was significant for EM. DISCUSSION Physical and cognitive activity are discussed as possible factors for protecting against cognitive decline in later life. The findings have implications for advancing supportive policies and practices related to maximizing the benefits of education and physical and cognitive activities for cognition in middle age and later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Liu
- Department of Psychology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts
| | - Margie E Lachman
- Department of Psychology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts
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19
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Whitaker KM, Zhang D, Pettee Gabriel K, Ahrens M, Sternfeld B, Sidney S, Jacobs DR, Palta P, Yaffe K. Longitudinal Associations of Midlife Accelerometer Determined Sedentary Behavior and Physical Activity With Cognitive Function: The CARDIA Study. J Am Heart Assoc 2021; 10:e018350. [PMID: 33470140 PMCID: PMC7955419 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.018350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Background To determine if accelerometer measured sedentary behavior (SED), light-intensity physical activity (LPA), and moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA) in midlife is prospectively associated with cognitive function. Methods and Results Participants were 1970 adults enrolled in the CARDIA (Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults) study who wore an accelerometer in 2005 to 2006 (ages 38-50 years) and had cognitive function assessments completed 5 and/or 10 years later. SED, LPA, and MVPA were measured by an ActiGraph 7164 accelerometer. Cognitive function tests included the Digit Symbol Substitution Test, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, and Stroop Test. Compositional isotemporal substitution analysis examined associations of SED, LPA, and MVPA with repeated measures of the cognitive function standardized scores. In men, statistical reallocation of 30 minutes of LPA with 30 minutes of MVPA resulted in an estimated difference of SD 0.07 (95% CI, 0.01-0.14), SD 0.09 (95% CI, 0.02-0.17), and SD -0.11 (95% CI, -0.19 to -0.04) in the Digit Symbol Substitution Test, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, and Stroop scores, respectively, indicating better performance. Associations were similar when reallocating time in SED with MVPA, but results were less robust. Reallocation of time in SED with LPA resulted in an estimated difference of SD -0.05 (95% CI, -0.06 to -0.03), SD -0.03 (95% CI, -0.05 to -0.01), and SD 0.05 (95% CI, 0.03- 0.07) in the Digit Symbol Substitution Test, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, and Stroop scores, respectively, indicating worse performance. Associations were largely nonsignificant among women. Conclusions Our findings support the idea that for men, higher-intensity activities (MVPA) may be necessary in midlife to observe beneficial associations with cognition.
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20
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Besser LM, Hirsch J, Galvin JE, Renne J, Park J, Evenson KR, Kaufman JD, Fitzpatrick AL. Associations between neighborhood park space and cognition in older adults vary by US location: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Health Place 2020; 66:102459. [PMID: 33045671 PMCID: PMC8274384 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2020.102459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We used cross-sectional Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis data from six US cities/counties and adjusted multilevel linear regression to examine park space-cognition associations among non-demented older adults (n = 4084). We found that greater neighborhood park space 1-mile around the residence (measured continuously) was associated with better processing speed in the overall sample (estimate: 0.48; 95% CI: 0.03, 0.92). However, greater neighborhood park space (½-mile around residence) was associated with worse global cognition in Los Angeles, California (estimate: -2.66; 95% CI: -4.70, -0.62) and worse processing speed in Forsyth County, North Carolina (estimate: -0.72; 95% CI: -1.37, -0.08). Dichotomizing at the mean, having ≥6% park space (½-mile around residence) was associated with better global cognition in Saint Paul, Minnesota (estimate: 0.21; 95% CI: 0.05, 0.38), and better processing speed in New York City (estimate: 0.19; 95% CI: 0.04, 0.35). Park space-cognition associations varied by city/county, suggesting problems with pooling multiple sites without accounting for geographic context or regionally-varying park characteristics (e.g., quality).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilah M Besser
- Institute for Human Health and Disease Intervention (I-HEALTH), Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, SO-284H, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA.
| | - Jana Hirsch
- Urban Health Collaborative and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, 3600 Market St, Room 706, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - James E Galvin
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1600 NW 10th Ave #1140, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
| | - John Renne
- Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Rd, SO-284, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA.
| | - Juyoung Park
- Phyllis and Harvey Sandler School of Social Work, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Rd, SO-319, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA.
| | - Kelly R Evenson
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of NC-Chapel Hill, 123 W. Franklin St, Building C, Suite 410, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - Joel D Kaufman
- Department of Epidemiology, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA.
| | - Annette L Fitzpatrick
- Departments of Family Medicine, Epidemiology, and Global Health, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NW, Suite 308, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA.
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21
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Coelho L, Hauck K, McKenzie K, Copeland JL, Kan IP, Gibb RL, Gonzalez CLR. The association between sedentary behavior and cognitive ability in older adults. Aging Clin Exp Res 2020; 32:2339-2347. [PMID: 31898168 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-019-01460-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Executive functions (EF) are a grouping of cognitive abilities essential for daily life. Previous research has shown that physical activity (PA) may in fact preserve EF in older adults, but the link between sedentary behavior (SB) and cognitive ability has been less explored. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between SB and cognition (executive function and memory) in older adults. Seventy five older adults (74.6 ± 9 years) self-reported their sedentary time (ST) and PA, as well as EF ability (paper-based measure of EF). Participants also completed several performance-based measures of EF and a memory task. Older adults who were less sedentary had superior EF and memory (e.g., Stroop time was significantly faster in less sedentary adults (34.7 s ± 1.9) compared to more sedentary adults (39.6 s ± 1.8), p = .02). Regression analysis showed that total ST was associated with several measures of EF after adjusting for age, and physical activity (e.g., Stroop time β = .005 (.002, .009). Less cognitively demanding SB (TV viewing and napping) was associated with worse performance on most EF and in the memory task. Performing a hobby was also associated with lower levels of EF and memory. For example, the building times for the Lego task were positively related to napping (r2 = .34), watching TV (r2 = .27), and performing a hobby (r2 = .46). Associations of ST with cognitive abilities were more pronounced in older adults who engaged in less PA. These results suggest that SB may play an important role in cognitive abilities of older adults. Longitudinal studies using performance-based assessments of EF are needed. Lara Coelho and Kayla Hauck contributed equally to the manuscript.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Coelho
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada.
| | - Kayla Hauck
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Kimiko McKenzie
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Jennifer L Copeland
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Irene P Kan
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Villanova University College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
| | - Robbin L Gibb
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Claudia L R Gonzalez
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada
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22
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Cardiometabolic determinants of early and advanced brain alterations: Insights from conventional and novel MRI techniques. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 115:308-320. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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23
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Roh HW, Choi JG, Kim NR, Choe YS, Choi JW, Cho SM, Seo SW, Park B, Hong CH, Yoon D, Son SJ, Kim EY. Associations of rest-activity patterns with amyloid burden, medial temporal lobe atrophy, and cognitive impairment. EBioMedicine 2020; 58:102881. [PMID: 32736306 PMCID: PMC7394758 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We sought to investigate the possible associations of rest-activity patterns with cortical amyloid burden, medial temporal lobe (MTL) neurodegeneration, and cognitive function in patients in the early stage of cognitive impairment. METHODS Rest-activity patterns were assessed in 100 participants (70 with mild cognitive impairment and 30 with mild dementia) using wrist actigraphy. All participants underwent 18F-flutemetamol positron emission tomography (PET) imaging to quantify cortical amyloid burden, structural brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to quantify MTL grey matter volume, neuropsychological testing, and clinical diagnosis. We used multiple linear regression models adjusted for covariates, including demographics, diabetes, hypertension, depressive symptom, psychotropic medication, sleep medication, weekend effect, and apolipoprotein-ε allele status. FINDINGS After adjusting for possible confounders, we found that the midline estimation of statistic of rhythm (MESOR) associated positively with frontal/executive function (estimate = 1.17, standard error [SE] = 0.37, p = 0.002). The least active 5-h (L5) onset time associated positively with MTL grey matter volume and memory function (estimate = 1.24, SE = 0.33, p = 0.001, and estimate = 3.77, SE = 1.22, p = 0.003, respectively), particularly in amyloid-negative participants. Additional path analysis revealed that MTL grey matter volume partially mediated the association between L5 onset time and memory function in amyloid-negative participants. INTERPRETATION Decreased MESOR and advanced L5 onset time may be useful as early signs of cognitive decline or MTL neurodegeneration. Furthermore, amyloid pathology may act as a moderator of the relationships between rest-activity patterns, neurodegeneration, and cognitive function. FUNDING Korea Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (#4845-303); National Research Foundation of Korea (2019M3C7A1031905, 2019R1A5A2026045).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Woong Roh
- Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea; Department of Psychiatry, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea; Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Gu Choi
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Na-Rae Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong Sim Choe
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Wook Choi
- Department of Radiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Mi Cho
- Department of Psychiatry, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Won Seo
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bumhee Park
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea; Office of Biostatistics, Ajou Research Institute for Innovative Medicine, Ajou University Medical Center, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hyung Hong
- Department of Psychiatry, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dukyong Yoon
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Joon Son
- Department of Psychiatry, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eun Young Kim
- Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea; Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
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24
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Ingold M, Tulliani N, Chan CCH, Liu KPY. Cognitive function of older adults engaging in physical activity. BMC Geriatr 2020; 20:229. [PMID: 32616014 PMCID: PMC7333382 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-020-01620-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical activity can be classified as open-skilled or closed-skilled. Open-skilled physical activity, such as tennis, require participants to perform within a dynamic setting and respond to unpredictable and frequent environmental changes throughout the activity. Closed-skilled types of physical activity, such as swimming, are predictable and self-directed. However, the benefits of cognitive function in these two types of physical activities to older adults are unknown. This study examined the effects of participation in open- and closed-skilled physical activity on the cognitive function of older adults. METHODS The study recruited a total of 61 participants aged 65 years and over. Participant recruitment was achieved by distributing flyers asking for volunteers in various sports venues. Participants self-reported to be without medical conditions affecting their physical and cognitive function. All participants underwent a two-hour assessment session involving the completion of seven standardised cognitive function assessments, which were used to assess a range of cognitive function. RESULTS Overall mean scores across all of the assessments showed superior performance for the open- or closed-skilled participants when compared with the no-physical-activity group. The results of 61 adults who participated in this study showed that closed-skilled physical activity was associated with better selective attention and visuospatial function while open-skilled physical activity was associated with better inhibition and cognitive flexibility function. No significant difference in self-regulation ability was found between the open- or closed-skilled groups. CONCLUSIONS Open-skilled physical activity was associated with better inhibition, visual tracking, and cognitive flexibility while closed-skilled physical activity was associated with better selective attention and visuospatial perception. The findings have important practical implications for the health and quality of life of ageing populations, knowing which particular types of physical activity might affect the cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monisha Ingold
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Nikki Tulliani
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Chetwyn C H Chan
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong.,University Research Facility in Behavioural and Systems Neuroscience, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Karen P Y Liu
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia. .,Translation Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia.
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25
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Besser L, Galvin JE, Rodriguez D, Seeman T, Kukull W, Rapp SR, Smith J. Associations between neighborhood built environment and cognition vary by apolipoprotein E genotype: Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Health Place 2019; 60:102188. [PMID: 31797769 PMCID: PMC6901106 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2019.102188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We examined whether neighborhood built environment (BE) and cognition associations in older adults vary by apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype, a genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 4091 participants. Neighborhood characteristics included social and walking destination density (SDD, WDD), intersection density, and proportion of land dedicated to retail. Individuals were categorized as APOE ε2 (lower AD risk), APOE ε4 (higher AD risk), or APOE ε3 carriers. Among APOE ε2 carriers, greater proportion of land dedicated to retail was associated with better global cognition, and greater SDD, WDD, intersection density, and proportion of land dedicated to retail was associated with better processing speed. These associations were not observed in APOE ε3 or ε4 carriers. APOE ε2 carriers may be more susceptible to the potentially beneficial effects of denser neighborhood BEs on cognition; however, longitudinal studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilah Besser
- School of Urban and Regional Planning, Institute for Human Health and Disease Intervention, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Rd, SO-284H, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA.
| | - James E Galvin
- Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Rd, ME-104, First Floor, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA.
| | - Daniel Rodriguez
- Department of City and Regional Planning, College of Environmental Design, Office 313B, Wurster Hall #1820, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-1820, USA.
| | - Teresa Seeman
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 10945 Le Conte Avenue, Suite 2339 (PVUB Uberroth Building), Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Walter Kukull
- National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center, Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, 4311 11th Avenue NE, Suite 300, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA.
| | - Stephen R Rapp
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine & Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, 791 Jonestown Road, Winston-Salem, NC, 27103, USA.
| | - Jennifer Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Room 2631, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2029, USA.
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26
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Chen FT, Chen YP, Schneider S, Kao SC, Huang CM, Chang YK. Effects of Exercise Modes on Neural Processing of Working Memory in Late Middle-Aged Adults: An fMRI Study. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:224. [PMID: 31551752 PMCID: PMC6737283 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have highlighted the importance of regular exercise on cognitive function in aging populations, with aerobic exercise and cardiovascular fitness having received the largest amount of research attention. However, the relationship between exercise mode and cognitive function underlying behavioral modification and neural activation remains unknown. The present study, therefore, sought to examine the associations between different exercise modes and the working memory (WM) aspect of executive function as well as its task-evoked brain activation in the late middle-aged population. Seventy late middle-aged adults were classified into open-skill, closed-skill, or irregular exercise groups based on their participation in exercise activities prior to the study and then performed a spatial working memory (SWM) task while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning. The results revealed that exercise groups, regardless of exercise modes, showed better SWM and physical fitness performance. Additionally, the open-skill group exhibited greater brain activation in the prefrontal lobe, anterior cingulate cortex/supplementary motor area (ACC/SMA), and hippocampus than those in the closed-skill group, suggesting a mode-sensitive compensatory mechanism in late middle-aged adults. These findings indicate that exercise promotes cognitive health, improves WM, and enhances neurocognitive scaffolding in late middle-aged adults and further suggest that various exercise modes can effectively modulate frontal and hippocampal function in the face of age-related neurocognitive declines, implications that may inform the development of exercise programs for the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Tzu Chen
- Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ping Chen
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Stefan Schneider
- Institute of Movement and Neurosciences, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Shih-Chun Kao
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Chih-Mao Huang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Kai Chang
- Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute for Research Excellence in Learning Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
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27
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Distinct profiles of cognitive impairment associated with different silent cerebrovascular lesions in hypertensive elderly Chinese. J Neurol Sci 2019; 403:139-145. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2019.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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28
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Sherzai D, Sherzai A. Preventing Alzheimer's: Our Most Urgent Health Care Priority. Am J Lifestyle Med 2019; 13:451-461. [PMID: 31523210 DOI: 10.1177/1559827619843465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dementia is the fastest growing epidemic in the developed nations, and if not curtailed, it will single handedly collapse our health care system. The prevalence of dementia is 1 in 10 individuals older than 65 years and increases to 50% of all individuals older than 85 years. The prevalence of Alzheimer's dementia (AD), the most common form of dementia, has been increasing rapidly and is projected to reach 16 million individuals by the year 2050. Several prevailing myths about the science of dementia are discussed, such as that AD is inevitable and that it is exclusively a genetic disease. The fact is that AD is dependent on a multitude of genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors that interact with one another. In fact, 4 core drivers represent 90% of what determines disease progression in AD. These are (1) glucose or energy dysregulation, (2) lipid dysregulation, (3) inflammation, and (4) oxidation. Lifestyle change can significantly alter the course of AD. The authors have created an acronym-NEURO-to help lifestyle practitioners and the public remember the most important lifestyle elements in the treatment and prevention of AD based on the evidence. "N" is for Nutrition, "E" for Exercise, "U" for Unwind (stress management), "R" for Restorative Sleep, and "O" for Optimizing mental and social activity. The evidence base for each of the components is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean Sherzai
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer's Prevention Program, Loma Linda University Health, California
| | - Ayesha Sherzai
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer's Prevention Program, Loma Linda University Health, California
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29
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Guiney H, Lucas SJE, Cotter JD, Machado L. Investigating links between habitual physical activity, cerebrovascular function, and cognitive control in healthy older adults. Neuropsychologia 2019; 125:62-69. [PMID: 30682349 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence indicates regular physical activity benefits older adults' cognitive functioning, particularly when a high level of cognitive control is required. Recent research has pointed to improved cerebrovascular function as one mechanism through which such benefits might arise. This study built on previous research by investigating in 51 healthy older adults aged 60-72 years relationships between habitual physical activity, cerebrovascular function (indicated by resting cerebral blood flow velocity in the middle cerebral artery [n = 42], and its responsiveness to hypercapnia [n = 26] and hypocapnia [n = 25]), and cognitive control (inhibition and switching). Linear regression analyses showed moderate positive associations between physical activity and inhibitory control, but not cerebrovascular function. There were also no significant relationships between the cerebrovascular measures and cognitive control. These results indicate that regular engagement in physical activity is associated with superior inhibitory control in older adulthood, but cerebrovascular function was not found to explain those relationships. Taken together, the current findings reinforce reports of positive links between habitual physical activity and cognition in healthy older adults, but also signal that interrelationships with cerebrovascular function may be more complex than currently indicated by the literature, necessitating further research to elucidate the role cerebrovascular function might play in accounting for physical activity-cognition links in healthy older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley Guiney
- Department of Psychology and Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Brain Research New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Samuel J E Lucas
- Department of Physiology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; School of Sport, Exercise, and Rehabilitation Sciences and Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England
| | - James D Cotter
- School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Liana Machado
- Department of Psychology and Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Brain Research New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand
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30
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Frederiksen KS, Larsen CT, Hasselbalch SG, Christensen AN, Høgh P, Wermuth L, Andersen BB, Siebner HR, Garde E. A 16-Week Aerobic Exercise Intervention Does Not Affect Hippocampal Volume and Cortical Thickness in Mild to Moderate Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:293. [PMID: 30319397 PMCID: PMC6167961 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Brain imaging studies in healthy elderly subjects suggest a positive effect of aerobic exercise on both brain structure and function, while the effects of aerobic exercise in Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) has been scarcely investigated. Methods: In a single-blinded randomized MRI study, we assessed the effects of an aerobic exercise intervention on brain volume as measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and its correlation to cognitive functioning in patients with AD. The study was a sub-study of a larger randomized controlled trial (ADEX study). Forty-one patients were assigned to a control or exercise group. The exercise group performed 60-min of aerobic exercise three times per week for 16 weeks. All participants underwent whole-brain MRI at 3 Tesla and cognitive assessment at baseline and after 16 weeks. Attendance and intensity were monitored providing a total exercise load. Changes in regional brain volumes and cortical thickness were analyzed using Freesurfer software. Results: There was no effect of the type of intervention on MRI-derived brain volumes. In the entire group with and without training, Exercise load showed a positive correlation with changes in volume in the hippocampus, as well as frontal cortical thickness. Volume changes in frontal cortical thickness correlated with changes in measures of mental speed and attention and exercise load in the exercise group. Conclusion: We did not find evidence to support an effect of 16 weeks of aerobic exercise on brain volume changes in patients with AD. Longer intervention periods may be needed to affect brain structure as measured with volumetric MRI. Clinical Trial registration:ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01681602, registered September 10th, 2012 (Retrospectively registered).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Steen Frederiksen
- Danish Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Thode Larsen
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark.,Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Steen Gregers Hasselbalch
- Danish Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Nymark Christensen
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Peter Høgh
- Regional Dementia Research Center, Department of Neurology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lene Wermuth
- Dementia Clinic, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Bo Andersen
- Danish Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hartwig Roman Siebner
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark.,Department of Neurology, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ellen Garde
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
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31
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Robinson SA, Lachman ME. Perceived control and cognition in adulthood: The mediating role of physical activity. Psychol Aging 2018; 33:769-781. [PMID: 29985012 DOI: 10.1037/pag0000273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The cognitive benefits of a greater sense of control are well-established; however, only recently have the mechanisms involved in this relationship been explored. Because of its well-established cognitive benefits and positive relationship to perceived control, physical activity has been suggested as a potential mediator. However, with age, not only does cognition tend to decline, but so does one's perception of control and their level of physical activity. Therefore, it is important to understand the relationship between these variables from a life span perspective. The goal of the current study was to expand on past work that investigated physical activity as a mediator between perceived control and change in cognition across 4 years to a multi-decade perspective that examines these variables as they change from midlife to older adulthood. To do so, we used longitudinal data across 20 years from the Midlife in the United States Study. Our results show that perceiving more control over one's life predicted less decline in cognition 20 years later, and this relationship was mediated by an increase in physical activity. We consider limitations and future directions to further our understanding of the role of physical activity in the relationship between perceived control and cognitive aging. (PsycINFO Database Record
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32
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Peralta M, Martins J, Gómez Chávez F, Cortés Almanzar P, Marques A. Self-rated wellbeing and physical activity associations in European older adults. Eur J Sport Sci 2018; 18:1038-1044. [PMID: 29738679 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1469672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical activity and self-rated wellbeing have important benefits to health. However, scientific knowledge regarding their relationship among older adults is scarce. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine the associations between physical activity frequency and several dimensions of self-rated wellbeing, in a representative sample of European older adults from 28 countries. METHODS This study is based on the European Social Survey round 6, 2012. It had a total sample size of 12,341 older adults (5100 men, 7241 women) with mean age 73.8 ± 6.6 years. Information was collected through a questionnaire, filled-in during an hour-long face-to-face interview. Physical activity was accessed using the question "On how many of the last 7 days you were physically active continuously for 20 minutes or longer?" and six dimensions of self-rated wellbeing were used. RESULTS Physical activity in the last 7 days was linearly related with all dimension of the self-rated wellbeing and with wellbeing total score for both sexes (men, β = 0.09, 95% CI: 0.07 to 0.10, p < .001; women, β = 0.10, 95% CI: 0.09 to 0.11, p < .001). CONCLUSIONS Physical activity promotion should be stressed as a meaningful strategy to improve people's wellbeing overall. This strategy has special importance when considering the older adult population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Peralta
- a Faculdade de Motricidade Humana , Universidade de Lisboa , Lisboa , Portugal
| | - João Martins
- b Laboratório de Pedagogia, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana e UIDEF , Instituto de Educação, Universidade de Lisboa , Lisboa , Portugal.,c Faculdade de Educação Física e Desporto , Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias , Lisboa , Portugal
| | - Francisco Gómez Chávez
- d Centro Universitario de la Costa , Universidad de Guadalajara , Puerto Vallarta , México
| | - Paola Cortés Almanzar
- d Centro Universitario de la Costa , Universidad de Guadalajara , Puerto Vallarta , México
| | - Adilson Marques
- e Centro Interdisciplinar de Estudo da Performance Humana, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana , Universidade de Lisboa , Lisboa , Portugal.,f Centro de Investigação em Saúde Pública, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública , Universidade Nova de Lisboa , Portugal
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33
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Peralta M, Martins J, Guedes DP, Sarmento H, Marques A. Socio-demographic correlates of physical activity among European older people. Eur J Ageing 2018. [PMID: 29531510 DOI: 10.1007/s10433-017-0430-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
From a public health perspective, identifying factors related to attaining the physical activity (PA) recommendations is important in order to identify subgroups for intervention programs. The aim of this study is to identify the socio-demographic correlates of attaining the recommended levels of PA in the older European population. Using data from the European Social Survey round 6, PA and socio-demographic characteristics were collected from 10,148 participants (4556 men, 5592 women), aged 65 years and over, from 28 countries in 2012. PA was accessed using the question "On how many of the last seven days did you walk quickly, do sports, or other PA for 30 min or longer?" and meeting PA guidelines was assessed using World Health Organization criteria. Overall, 59.7% of the participants attained the PA-recommended levels. The likelihood of attaining PA recommendations was higher among older people with higher education levels (p < 0.05; p < 0.01; p < 0.001). Men who lived in a town or small city (p < 0.05) and lived in a rural area (p < 0.001) were more likely to attain the PA recommendations. Women who lived with a partner were more likely to attain the PA recommendations (p < 0.001). Promotion of PA is critical to health among older people; therefore, intervention programs must consider these socio-demographic factors when planning an increase in PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Peralta
- 1Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, Cruz Quebrada, Dafundo, 1499-002 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Martins
- 2Laboratório de Pedagogia, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana e UIDEF, Instituto de Educação, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,3Faculdade de Educação Física e Desporto, Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Hugo Sarmento
- 5Sport and Physical Activity Research Centre (CIDAF), Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physhical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Adilson Marques
- 6Centro Interdisciplinar de Estudo da Performance Humana, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,7Centro de Investigação em Saúde Pública, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Abstract
Although turning has been reported as one of the leading activities performed during a fall, and falls during turning result in 8-times more hip fractures than falls during linear gait, the quantity and quality of turns resulting in falls remain unknown since turns are rarely assessed during activities of daily living. 160 community-dwelling older adults were monitored for one week using smartphone technology. Turn measures and activity rates were quantified. Fall incidence within 12 months from continuous monitoring defined fall status, with 7/153 prospective fallers/non-fallers. Based on the analysis of 718,582 turns, prospective fallers turned less frequently, took longer to turn, and were less consistent in turn angle (p = 0.007, 0.025, and 0.038, respectively). Prospective fallers also walked slower and spent less time walking and turning and more time engaged in sedentary behavior (p = 0.043, 0.012, and 0.015, respectively). Individuals experiencing decline in the control of gait and/or turning may attempt to reduce their risk of falling by limiting their exposure and implementing cautionary movement strategies while turning. Since there was no difference in the overall active rate between prospective fallers and non-fallers, impaired gait and turning ability, specifically, may attribute to elevated fall risk within this cohort.
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Wang Y, Meng R, Song H, Liu G, Hua Y, Cui D, Zheng L, Feng W, Liebeskind DS, Fisher M, Ji X. Remote Ischemic Conditioning May Improve Outcomes of Patients With Cerebral Small-Vessel Disease. Stroke 2017; 48:3064-3072. [PMID: 29042490 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.117.017691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of remote ischemic conditioning (RIC) in patients with cerebral small-vessel disease. METHODS Thirty patients with cerebral small-vessel disease-related mild cognitive impairment were enrolled in this prospective, randomized controlled study for 1 year. Besides routine medical treatment, participants were randomized into the experimental group (n=14) undergoing 5 cycles consisting of ischemia followed by reperfusion for 5 minutes on both upper limbs twice daily for 1 year or the control group (n=16) who were treated with sham ischemia-reperfusion cycles. The primary outcome was the change of brain lesions, and secondary outcomes were changes of cognitive function, plasma biomarkers, and cerebral hemodynamic parameters both at baseline and at the end of 1-year follow-up. RESULTS Compared with pretreatment, the post-treatment white matter hyperintensities volume in the RIC group was significantly reduced (9.10±7.42 versus 6.46±6.05 cm3; P=0.020), whereas no significant difference was observed in the sham-RIC group (8.99±6.81 versus 8.07±6.56 cm3; P=0.085). The reduction of white matter hyperintensities volume in the RIC group was more substantial than that in sham group (-2.632 versus -0.935 cm3; P=0.049). No significant difference was found in the change of the number of lacunes between 2 groups (0 versus 0; P=0.694). A significant treatment difference at 1 year on visuospatial and executive ability was found between the 2 groups (0.639 versus 0.191; P=0.048). RIC showed greater effects compared with sham-RIC on plasma triglyceride (-0.433 versus 0.236 mmol/L; P=0.005), total cholesterol (-0.975 versus 0.134 mmol/L; P<0.001), low-density lipoprotein (-0.645 versus -0.029 mmol/L; P=0.034), and homocysteine (-4.737 versus -1.679 µmol/L; P=0.044). Changes of the pulsation indices of middle cerebral arteries from the baseline to 1 year were different between the 2 groups (right: -0.075 versus 0.043; P=0.030; left: -0.085 versus 0.043; P=0.010). CONCLUSIONS RIC seems to be potentially effective in patients with cerebral small-vessel disease in slowing cognition decline and reducing white matter hyperintensities. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01658306.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- From the Department of Neurology (Y.W., R.M., H.S., G.L.), Department of Neurosurgery (X.J.), Department of Vascular Ultrasound (Y.H.), Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxia Conditioning Translational Medicine (D.C., L.Z.), Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medicine University, Beijing, China; Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China (D.C., L.Z.); Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (W.F.); Neurovascular Imaging Research Core and Department of Neurology, University of California in Los Angeles (D.S.L.); and Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (M.F.)
| | - Ran Meng
- From the Department of Neurology (Y.W., R.M., H.S., G.L.), Department of Neurosurgery (X.J.), Department of Vascular Ultrasound (Y.H.), Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxia Conditioning Translational Medicine (D.C., L.Z.), Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medicine University, Beijing, China; Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China (D.C., L.Z.); Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (W.F.); Neurovascular Imaging Research Core and Department of Neurology, University of California in Los Angeles (D.S.L.); and Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (M.F.)
| | - Haiqing Song
- From the Department of Neurology (Y.W., R.M., H.S., G.L.), Department of Neurosurgery (X.J.), Department of Vascular Ultrasound (Y.H.), Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxia Conditioning Translational Medicine (D.C., L.Z.), Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medicine University, Beijing, China; Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China (D.C., L.Z.); Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (W.F.); Neurovascular Imaging Research Core and Department of Neurology, University of California in Los Angeles (D.S.L.); and Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (M.F.)
| | - Gang Liu
- From the Department of Neurology (Y.W., R.M., H.S., G.L.), Department of Neurosurgery (X.J.), Department of Vascular Ultrasound (Y.H.), Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxia Conditioning Translational Medicine (D.C., L.Z.), Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medicine University, Beijing, China; Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China (D.C., L.Z.); Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (W.F.); Neurovascular Imaging Research Core and Department of Neurology, University of California in Los Angeles (D.S.L.); and Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (M.F.)
| | - Yang Hua
- From the Department of Neurology (Y.W., R.M., H.S., G.L.), Department of Neurosurgery (X.J.), Department of Vascular Ultrasound (Y.H.), Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxia Conditioning Translational Medicine (D.C., L.Z.), Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medicine University, Beijing, China; Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China (D.C., L.Z.); Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (W.F.); Neurovascular Imaging Research Core and Department of Neurology, University of California in Los Angeles (D.S.L.); and Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (M.F.)
| | - Dehua Cui
- From the Department of Neurology (Y.W., R.M., H.S., G.L.), Department of Neurosurgery (X.J.), Department of Vascular Ultrasound (Y.H.), Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxia Conditioning Translational Medicine (D.C., L.Z.), Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medicine University, Beijing, China; Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China (D.C., L.Z.); Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (W.F.); Neurovascular Imaging Research Core and Department of Neurology, University of California in Los Angeles (D.S.L.); and Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (M.F.)
| | - Lemin Zheng
- From the Department of Neurology (Y.W., R.M., H.S., G.L.), Department of Neurosurgery (X.J.), Department of Vascular Ultrasound (Y.H.), Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxia Conditioning Translational Medicine (D.C., L.Z.), Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medicine University, Beijing, China; Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China (D.C., L.Z.); Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (W.F.); Neurovascular Imaging Research Core and Department of Neurology, University of California in Los Angeles (D.S.L.); and Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (M.F.)
| | - Wuwei Feng
- From the Department of Neurology (Y.W., R.M., H.S., G.L.), Department of Neurosurgery (X.J.), Department of Vascular Ultrasound (Y.H.), Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxia Conditioning Translational Medicine (D.C., L.Z.), Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medicine University, Beijing, China; Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China (D.C., L.Z.); Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (W.F.); Neurovascular Imaging Research Core and Department of Neurology, University of California in Los Angeles (D.S.L.); and Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (M.F.)
| | - David S Liebeskind
- From the Department of Neurology (Y.W., R.M., H.S., G.L.), Department of Neurosurgery (X.J.), Department of Vascular Ultrasound (Y.H.), Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxia Conditioning Translational Medicine (D.C., L.Z.), Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medicine University, Beijing, China; Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China (D.C., L.Z.); Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (W.F.); Neurovascular Imaging Research Core and Department of Neurology, University of California in Los Angeles (D.S.L.); and Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (M.F.)
| | - Marc Fisher
- From the Department of Neurology (Y.W., R.M., H.S., G.L.), Department of Neurosurgery (X.J.), Department of Vascular Ultrasound (Y.H.), Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxia Conditioning Translational Medicine (D.C., L.Z.), Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medicine University, Beijing, China; Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China (D.C., L.Z.); Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (W.F.); Neurovascular Imaging Research Core and Department of Neurology, University of California in Los Angeles (D.S.L.); and Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (M.F.)
| | - Xunming Ji
- From the Department of Neurology (Y.W., R.M., H.S., G.L.), Department of Neurosurgery (X.J.), Department of Vascular Ultrasound (Y.H.), Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxia Conditioning Translational Medicine (D.C., L.Z.), Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medicine University, Beijing, China; Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China (D.C., L.Z.); Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (W.F.); Neurovascular Imaging Research Core and Department of Neurology, University of California in Los Angeles (D.S.L.); and Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (M.F.).
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Yuan JL, Wang SK, Guo XJ, Teng LL, Jiang H, Gu H, Hu WL. Disconnections of Cortico-Subcortical Pathways Related to Cognitive Impairment in Patients with Leukoaraiosis: A Preliminary Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study. Eur Neurol 2017; 78:41-47. [PMID: 28618415 DOI: 10.1159/000477899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to explore the relation between the microstructural integrity of white matter using the technique of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and changes of cognition in leukoaraiosis (LA). METHODS Fifty patients with LA and 50 age- and gender-matched controls were recruited consecutively. The average values of mean diffusivity (MD) and fractional anisotropy (FA) were quantified both within white matter lesions (WMLs) and normal-appearing white matter (NAWM) from the regions of interest (ROIs). RESULTS We found significantly decreased FA and increased MD in WMLs at the 5 ROIs than that in NAWM and controls (p < 0.05). The values of FA in NAWM were significantly lower at centrum semiovale and posterior periventricular white matter than those of controls (p < 0.05). The values of MD in NAWM were significantly higher at the anterior periventricular white matter and corpus callosum than those of controls (p < 0.05). The values of FA in NAWM located at anterior periventricular white matter correlated inversely with the Z scores of executive function (r = -0.420, p = 0.028). CONCLUSIONS DTI may provide some important information about the cognitive dysfunction in patients with LA, which may largely attribute to the "disconnection" of cortico-subcortical pathways, with the evidence of reduced FA and increased MD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Liang Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Wang S, Yuan J, Guo X, Teng L, Jiang H, Gu H, Hu W, Jiang T. Correlation between prefrontal-striatal pathway impairment and cognitive impairment in patients with leukoaraiosis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e6703. [PMID: 28445276 PMCID: PMC5413241 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000006703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Our study aimed to investigate the changes of white matter microstructure of cortico-subcortical pathways using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and to explore the relationship between abnormal parameters of DTI and cognitive function underlying in patients with leukoaraiosis (LA).A total of 42 patients with LA and 42 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were recruited from Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University between January 2012 and December 2012. All the subjects underwent scans of conventional magnetic resonance imaging and DTI, and a comprehensive neuropsychological battery was utilized. The regions of interest (ROIs) were located at the white matter of centrum semiovale, anterior and posterior periventricular white matter, basal ganglia, corpus callosum. The averaged values of mean diffusivity (MD) and fractional anisotropy (FA) were quantified both within white matter lesions (WMLs) and normal appearing white matter (NAWM). A linear regression analysis was performed to assess the association between diffusion parameters and decline in cognitive domains.Patients with LA were associated with comprehensive cognitive function deficits. We found that significantly decreased FA and increased MD in WMLs at the 5 ROIs than that of NAWM and controls (P < .05). The values of FA in NAWM were significantly lower and MD in NAWM were significantly higher at centrum semiovale and posterior periventricular white matter than that of controls (P < .05). The values of FA in WMLs at anterior periventricular white matter were positively related to the performances of cognition in patients with LA (P < .05). The values of FA in NAWM located at anterior periventricular white matter were positively related to the score of Digit-symbol test (r = 0.446, P = .002). The values of FA in NAWM located at anterior periventricular white matter correlated inversely with the Z scores of executive function (r = -0.418, P = .03).In our study, patients with LA exhibited significant cognitive impairment especially in the domains of executive function. The technique of DTI revealed that the reduced FA and increased MD at the corresponding regions of cortico-subcortical pathways in patients with LA. DTI may be of great help for an early pathology of white matter microstructure underlying in patients with LA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Junliang Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | | | - Wenli Hu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Physical activity levels determine exercise-induced changes in brain excitability. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173672. [PMID: 28278300 PMCID: PMC5344515 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that regular physical activity can impact cortical function and facilitate plasticity. In the present study, we examined how physical activity levels influence corticospinal excitability and intracortical circuitry in motor cortex following a single session of moderate intensity aerobic exercise. We aimed to determine whether exercise-induced short-term plasticity differed between high versus low physically active individuals. Participants included twenty-eight young, healthy adults divided into two equal groups based on physical activity level determined by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire: low-to-moderate (LOW) and high (HIGH) physical activity. Transcranial magnetic stimulation was used to assess motor cortex excitability via motor evoked potential (MEP) recruitment curves for the first dorsal interosseous (FDI) muscle at rest (MEPREST) and during tonic contraction (MEPACTIVE), short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) and facilitation (SICF), and intracortical facilitation (ICF). All dependent measures were obtained in the resting FDI muscle, with the exception of AMT and MEPACTIVE recruitment curves that were obtained during tonic FDI contraction. Dependent measures were acquired before and following moderate intensity aerobic exercise (20 mins, ~60% of the age-predicted maximal heart rate) performed on a recumbent cycle ergometer. Results indicate that MEPREST recruitment curve amplitudes and area under the recruitment curve (AURC) were increased following exercise in the HIGH group only (p = 0.002 and p = 0.044, respectively). SICI and ICF were reduced following exercise irrespective of physical activity level (p = 0.007 and p = 0.04, respectively). MEPACTIVE recruitment curves and SICF were unaltered by exercise. These findings indicate that the propensity for exercise-induced plasticity is different in high versus low physically active individuals. Additionally, these data highlight that a single session of aerobic exercise can transiently reduce inhibition in the motor cortex regardless of physical activity level, potentially priming the system for plasticity induction.
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Bender AC, Austin AM, Grodstein F, Bynum JPW. Executive function, episodic memory, and Medicare expenditures. Alzheimers Dement 2017; 13:792-800. [PMID: 28174070 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2016.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We examined the relationship between health care expenditures and cognition, focusing on differences across cognitive systems defined by global cognition, executive function, or episodic memory. METHODS We used linear regression models to compare annual health expenditures by cognitive status in 8125 Nurses' Health Study participants who completed a cognitive battery and were enrolled in Medicare parts A and B. RESULTS Adjusting for demographics and comorbidity, executive impairment was associated with higher total annual expenditures of $1488 per person (P < .01) compared with those without impairment. No association for episodic memory impairment was found. Expenditures exhibited a linear relationship with executive function, but not episodic memory ($584 higher for every 1 standard deviation decrement in executive function; P < .01). DISCUSSION Impairment in executive function is specifically and linearly associated with higher health care expenditures. Focusing on management strategies that address early losses in executive function may be effective in reducing costly services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex C Bender
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Andrea M Austin
- The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Francine Grodstein
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Julie P W Bynum
- The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA.
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de Souto Barreto P, Delrieu J, Andrieu S, Vellas B, Rolland Y. Physical Activity and Cognitive Function in Middle-Aged and Older Adults: An Analysis of 104,909 People From 20 Countries. Mayo Clin Proc 2016; 91:1515-1524. [PMID: 27720454 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the associations of physical activity (PA) frequency (both moderate and vigorous intensity) and PA levels with cognitive function. PATIENTS AND METHODS Data of individuals 50 years or older, from 20 European countries (along with Israel), were collected from 2004 to November 2013 in the biannual Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe. A total of 104,909 participants were assessed for cognitive function at least once (mean follow-up length, 29.5±35.7 months). Baseline moderate- and vigorous-intensity PA were reported by participants as more than once a week, once a week, one to three times a month, or hardly ever or never. With regard to PA frequency, participants were categorized as inactive, low active, intermediate active, or high active. The main outcome measure is a cognitive composite score created by summing the z scores of 4-item temporal orientation, 10-word list for delayed recall, and verbal fluency. RESULTS Adjusted, 2-level mixed-effect regressions found that compared with doing no PA, doing PA more than once a week, once a week, or one to three times a month was positively associated with the composite score (β coefficients varied from 0.52 to 0.75 for moderate-intensity PA and from 0.26 to 0.33 for vigorous-intensity PA). Similarly, compared with the inactive category, high-active, intermediate-active, and low-active categories had positive associations with the composite score (β varied from 0.77 to 1.10). Positive associations were also obtained between PA variables and the raw scores of cognitive tests. CONCLUSION Physical activity has dose-response associations with cognitive function, with even low PA frequencies (few times per month) being positively associated with cognitive function during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipe de Souto Barreto
- Gerontopole of Toulouse, University Hospital of Toulouse (CHU-Toulouse), Toulouse, France; UMR INSERM 1027, University of Toulouse III, Toulouse, France.
| | - Julien Delrieu
- Gerontopole of Toulouse, University Hospital of Toulouse (CHU-Toulouse), Toulouse, France; UMR INSERM 1027, University of Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Sandrine Andrieu
- Gerontopole of Toulouse, University Hospital of Toulouse (CHU-Toulouse), Toulouse, France; UMR INSERM 1027, University of Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Bruno Vellas
- Gerontopole of Toulouse, University Hospital of Toulouse (CHU-Toulouse), Toulouse, France; UMR INSERM 1027, University of Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Yves Rolland
- Gerontopole of Toulouse, University Hospital of Toulouse (CHU-Toulouse), Toulouse, France; UMR INSERM 1027, University of Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
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Kim GH, Im K, Kwon H, Seo SW, Ye BS, Cho H, Noh Y, Lee JM, Kim ST, Park SE, Kim H, Hwang JW, Kang SJ, Jeong JH, Na DL. Higher Physical Activity Is Associated with Increased Attentional Network Connectivity in the Healthy Elderly. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:198. [PMID: 27597826 PMCID: PMC4992688 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the potential alterations in structural network properties related to physical activity (PA) in healthy elderly. We recruited 76 elderly individuals with normal cognition from Samsung Medical Center in Seoul, Korea. All participants underwent the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery and 3.0T brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Participants were subdivided into quartiles according to the International Physical Activity Questionnaire scores, which represents the amount of PA. Through graph theory based analyses, we compared global and local network topologies according to PA quartile. The higher PA group demonstrated better performance in speed processing compared to the lower PA group. Regional nodal strength also significantly increased in the higher PA group, which involved the bilateral middle frontal, bilateral inferior parietal, right medial orbitofrontal, right superior, and middle temporal gyri. These results were further replicated when the highest and the lowest quartile groups were compared in terms of regional nodal strengths and local efficiency. Our findings that the regional nodal strengths associated with the attentional network were increased in the higher PA group suggest the preventive effects of PA on age-related cognitive decline, especially in attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geon Ha Kim
- Department of Neurology, Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital, Ewha Womans University School of MedicineSeoul, Korea
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of MedicineSeoul, Korea
- Ewha Brain Institute, Ewha Womans UniversitySeoul, Korea
| | - Kiho Im
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA, USA
| | - Hunki Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang UniversitySeoul, Korea
| | - Sang Won Seo
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of MedicineSeoul, Korea
- Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical CenterSeoul, Korea
- Department of Clinical Research Design and Evaluation, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan UniversitySeoul, Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan UniversitySeoul, Korea
| | - Byoung Seok Ye
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of MedicineSeoul, Korea
| | - Hanna Cho
- Department of Neurology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of MedicineSeoul, Korea
| | - Young Noh
- Department of Neurology, Gachon University Gil Medical CenterIncheon, Korea
| | - Jong Min Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang UniversitySeoul, Korea
| | - Sung Tae Kim
- Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of MedicineSeoul, Korea
| | - Sang Eon Park
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan UniversitySeoul, Korea
| | - Hojeong Kim
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan UniversitySeoul, Korea
| | - Jung Won Hwang
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan UniversitySeoul, Korea
| | - Sue J. Kang
- College of Nursing, The Research Institute of Nursing Science, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, Korea
| | - Jee Hyang Jeong
- Department of Neurology, Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital, Ewha Womans University School of MedicineSeoul, Korea
| | - Duk L. Na
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of MedicineSeoul, Korea
- Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical CenterSeoul, Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan UniversitySeoul, Korea
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Kobayashi Y, Takahashi Y, Seki T, Kaneta T, Amarume K, Kasai M, Meguro K. Decreased Physical Activity Associated with Executive Dysfunction Correlates with Cognitive Impairment among Older Adults in the Community: A Retrospective Analysis from the Kurihara Project. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra 2016; 6:350-360. [PMID: 27703468 PMCID: PMC5040897 DOI: 10.1159/000448027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS No previous studies have explored the relationship between physical activity (PA) and executive dysfunction. METHODS We retrospectively evaluated the PA for 590 older participants in the Kurihara Project; 221 participants had a Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) of 0 (healthy), 295 CDR 0.5 (very mild dementia), and 74 CDR 1+ (dementia). RESULTS In the complicated task, whether the motor intensity was high (e.g. farming) or low (e.g. shopping), PA exhibited an inverse relationship with the CDR level. By contrast, for simple tasks with high intensity (e.g. walking), no CDR group differences were noted. For PA with low intensity (e.g. cleaning), the CDR 1+ group exhibited decreased levels. CONCLUSION PA was related to the burden of executive function in patients with mild cognitive impairment; however, in patients with dementia, PA was related to both the burden of executive function and motor intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoritoshi Kobayashi
- Division of Geriatric Behavioral Neurology, CYRIC, Tohoku University Sendai, Japan
| | - Yumi Takahashi
- Division of Geriatric Behavioral Neurology, CYRIC, Tohoku University Sendai, Japan
| | - Takashi Seki
- Division of Geriatric Behavioral Neurology, CYRIC, Tohoku University Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kaneta
- Division of Geriatric Behavioral Neurology, CYRIC, Tohoku University Sendai, Japan
| | - Kenichi Amarume
- Division of Geriatric Behavioral Neurology, CYRIC, Tohoku University Sendai, Japan
| | - Mari Kasai
- Division of Geriatric Behavioral Neurology, CYRIC, Tohoku University Sendai, Japan
| | - Kenichi Meguro
- Division of Geriatric Behavioral Neurology, CYRIC, Tohoku University Sendai, Japan
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De Luca R, Calabrò RS, Bramanti P. Cognitive rehabilitation after severe acquired brain injury: current evidence and future directions. Neuropsychol Rehabil 2016; 28:879-898. [DOI: 10.1080/09602011.2016.1211937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosaria De Luca
- Behavioral and NeuroRobotic Rehabilitation Laboratory, IRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino Pulejo”, Messina, Italy
| | - Rocco Salvatore Calabrò
- Behavioral and NeuroRobotic Rehabilitation Laboratory, IRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino Pulejo”, Messina, Italy
| | - Placido Bramanti
- Behavioral and NeuroRobotic Rehabilitation Laboratory, IRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino Pulejo”, Messina, Italy
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Hess DC, Khan MB, Hoda N, Morgan JC. Remote ischemic conditioning: a treatment for vascular cognitive impairment. Brain Circ 2015; 1:133-139. [PMID: 30221201 DOI: 10.4103/2394-8108.172885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a strong link between hypoperfusion and white matter (WM) damage in patients with leukoaraiosis and vascular cognitive impairment (VCI). Other than management of vascular risk factors, there is no treatment for WM damage and VCI that delays progression of the disease process to dementia. Observational studies suggest that exercise may prevent or slow down the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and VCI. However, getting patients to exercise is challenging especially with advancing age and disability. Remote ischemic conditioning, an "exercise equivalent", allows exercise to be given with a "device" in the home for long periods of time. Since RIC increases CBF in pre-clinical studies and in humans, RIC may be an ideal therapy to treat VCI and WM disease and perhaps even sporadic AD. By using MRI imaging of WM progression, a sample size in the range of about 100 subjects per group could determine if RIC has activity in WM disease and VCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Hess
- Department of Neurology Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regent's University, Augusta, GA USA
| | - Mohammad B Khan
- Department of Neurology Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regent's University, Augusta, GA USA
| | - Nasrul Hoda
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Imaging, and Radiologic Sciences, College of Allied Health Sciences, Georgia Regent's University, Augusta, GA USA
| | - John C Morgan
- Department of Neurology Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regent's University, Augusta, GA USA
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A systematic review of MRI studies examining the relationship between physical fitness and activity and the white matter of the ageing brain. Neuroimage 2015; 131:81-90. [PMID: 26477656 PMCID: PMC4851455 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.09.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Higher levels of physical fitness or activity (PFA) have been shown to have beneficial effects on cognitive function and grey matter volumes in older adults. However, the relationship between PFA and the brain's white matter (WM) is not yet well established. Here, we aim to provide a comprehensive and systematic review of magnetic resonance imaging studies examining the effects of PFA on the WM of the ageing brain. Twenty-nine studies were included in the review: eleven examined WM volume, fourteen WM lesions, and nine WM microstructure. While many studies found that higher levels of PFA were associated with greater WM volumes, reduced volume or severity of WM lesions, or improved measures of WM microstructure, a number of negative findings have also been published. Meta-analyses of global measures of WM volume and WM lesion volume yielded significant, but small, effect sizes. Overall, we found evidence for cautious support of links between PFA and WM structure, and highlighted key areas for future research including the extent to which the relationship between PFA and WM structure is anatomically specific, the influence of possible confounding factors, and the relationship between PFA, WM and cognition. We review MRI studies of PFA and the WM of the ageing brain. Higher levels of PFA were often associated with improved WM outcomes. Meta-analyses yielded significant, but small, effect sizes.
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Tsai CL, Wang WL. Exercise-mode-related changes in task-switching performance in the elderly. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:56. [PMID: 25798097 PMCID: PMC4351633 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the current study was to explore the relationships between exercise modes and executive functions in the elderly. Twenty-one elderly individuals in the open-skill group, 22 in the closed-skill group, and 21 in the sedentary-behavior (control) group were recruited in the current study, and performed a task-switching paradigm during which the switches occurred unpredictably and infrequently, while the behavioral and electrophysiological performances were assessed simultaneously. The results indicated that although there were no group differences in accuracy rates, the two exercise groups exhibited shorter reaction times (RTs), and larger P2 and P3 amplitudes across all conditions compared to the control group. In addition, the exercise-mode differences revealed a relatively smaller specific cost, and faster motor RTs and larger P3 amplitudes, in the switch condition for the open-skill group in comparison with the closed-skill and control groups. These findings suggest that regularly participating in physical exercise can enhance behavioral and electrophysiological performance with regard to executive control in the elderly, and provide further evidence for the beneficial effects of open-skill exercise on the task-switching paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Liang Tsai
- Lab of Cognitive Neurophysiology, Institute of Physical Education, Health and Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung University Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Liang Wang
- Lab of Cognitive Neurophysiology, Institute of Physical Education, Health and Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung University Tainan, Taiwan
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