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Groiss S, Viertler C, Kap M, Bernhardt G, Mischinger HJ, Sieuwerts A, Verhoef C, Riegman P, Kruhøffer M, Svec D, Sjöback SR, Becker KF, Zatloukal K. Inter-patient heterogeneity in the hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury transcriptome: Implications for research and diagnostics. N Biotechnol 2024; 79:20-29. [PMID: 38072306 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2023.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Cellular responses induced by surgical procedure or ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) may severely alter transcriptome profiles and complicate molecular diagnostics. To investigate this effect, we characterized such pre-analytical effects in 143 non-malignant liver samples obtained from 30 patients at different time points of ischemia during surgery from two individual cohorts treated either with the Pringle manoeuvre or total vascular exclusion. Transcriptomics profiles were analyzed by Affymetrix microarrays and expression of selected mRNAs was validated by RT-PCR. We found 179 mutually deregulated genes which point to elevated cytokine signaling with NFκB as a dominant pathway in ischemia responses. In contrast to ischemia, reperfusion induced pro-apoptotic and pro-inflammatory cascades involving TNF, NFκB and MAPK pathways. FOS and JUN were down-regulated in steatosis compared to their up-regulation in normal livers. Surprisingly, molecular signatures of underlying primary and secondary cancers were present in non-tumor tissue. The reported inter-patient variability might reflect differences in individual stress responses and impact of underlying disease conditions. Furthermore, we provide a set of 230 pre-analytically highly robust genes identified from histologically normal livers (<2% covariation across both cohorts) that might serve as reference genes and could be particularly suited for future diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Groiss
- Diagnostic & Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christian Viertler
- Diagnostic & Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Marcel Kap
- Pathology Department, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gerwin Bernhardt
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Hans-Jörg Mischinger
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Anieta Sieuwerts
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute and Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cees Verhoef
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Riegman
- Pathology Department, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - David Svec
- Laboratory of Gene Expression, Institute of Biotechnology CAS, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Kurt Zatloukal
- Diagnostic & Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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Abruscato G, Chiarelli R, Lazzara V, Punginelli D, Sugár S, Mauro M, Librizzi M, Di Stefano V, Arizza V, Vizzini A, Vazzana M, Luparello C. In Vitro Cytotoxic Effect of Aqueous Extracts from Leaves and Rhizomes of the Seagrass Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile on HepG2 Liver Cancer Cells: Focus on Autophagy and Apoptosis. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12040616. [PMID: 37106816 PMCID: PMC10135731 DOI: 10.3390/biology12040616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous extracts from Posidonia oceanica's green and brown (beached) leaves and rhizomes were prepared, submitted to phenolic compound and proteomic analysis, and examined for their potential cytotoxic effect on HepG2 liver cancer cells in culture. The chosen endpoints related to survival and death were cell viability and locomotory behavior, cell-cycle analysis, apoptosis and autophagy, mitochondrial membrane polarization, and cell redox state. Here, we show that 24 h exposure to both green-leaf- and rhizome-derived extracts decreased tumor cell number in a dose-response manner, with a mean half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) estimated at 83 and 11.5 μg of dry extract/mL, respectively. Exposure to the IC50 of the extracts appeared to inhibit cell motility and long-term cell replicating capacity, with a more pronounced effect exerted by the rhizome-derived preparation. The underlying death-promoting mechanisms identified involved the down-regulation of autophagy, the onset of apoptosis, the decrease in the generation of reactive oxygen species, and the dissipation of mitochondrial transmembrane potential, although, at the molecular level, the two extracts appeared to elicit partially differentiating effects, conceivably due to their diverse composition. In conclusion, P. oceanica extracts merit further investigation to develop novel promising prevention and/or treatment agents, as well as beneficial supplements for the formulation of functional foods and food-packaging material with antioxidant and anticancer properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Abruscato
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Roberto Chiarelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Valentina Lazzara
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Diletta Punginelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Simon Sugár
- MS Proteomics Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Manuela Mauro
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Mariangela Librizzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Vita Di Stefano
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Arizza
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Aiti Vizzini
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Mirella Vazzana
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Claudio Luparello
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
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3
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Guo J, Han S, Chen Q, Wang T, Yu B, Zhou J, Qiu T. Analysis of potential immune-related genes involved in the pathogenesis of ischemia-reperfusion injury following liver transplantation. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1126497. [PMID: 37006305 PMCID: PMC10060527 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1126497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundHepatic ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is an unavoidable pathological process that occurs after liver transplantation. However, the immune-related molecular mechanism still remains unclear. This study aims to further explore the biological mechanisms of immune-related genes in hepatic I/R injury.MethodsGene microarray data was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) expression profile database and the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were taken for intersection. After identifying common DEGs, functional annotation, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, and modular construction were performed. The immune-related hub genes were obtained, which their upstream transcription factors and non-RNAs were predicted. Validation of the hub genes expression and immune infiltration were performed in a mouse model of hepatic I/R injury.ResultsA total of 71 common DEGs were obtained from three datasets (GSE12720, GSE14951, GSE15480). The GO and KEGG enrichment analysis results indicated that immune and inflammatory response played an important role in hepatic I/R injury. Finally, 9 immune-related hub genes were identified by intersecting cytoHubba with immune-related genes, including SOCS3, JUND, CCL4, NFKBIA, CXCL8, ICAM1, IRF1, TNFAIP3, and JUN.ConclusionOur study revealed the importance of the immune and inflammatory response in I/R injury following liver transplantation and provided new insights into the therapeutic of hepatic I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Guo
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shangting Han
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Tianyu Wang
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Bo Yu
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jiangqiao Zhou
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- *Correspondence: Jiangqiao Zhou, ; Tao Qiu,
| | - Tao Qiu
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- *Correspondence: Jiangqiao Zhou, ; Tao Qiu,
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Fan Z, Kong M, Miao X, Guo Y, Ren H, Wang J, Wang S, Tang N, Shang L, Zhu Z, Liu H, Zhu W, Shi X. An E2F5-TFDP1-BRG1 Complex Mediates Transcriptional Activation of MYCN in Hepatocytes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:742319. [PMID: 34746136 PMCID: PMC8569672 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.742319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver regeneration is characterized by cell cycle reentrance of hepatocytes. N-Myc, encoded by MYCN, is a member of the Myc family of transcription factors. Elevation of MYCN expression has been noted in the course of liver regeneration whereas the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here we describe that up-regulation of MYCN expression, as measured by quantitative PCR, Western blotting, and immunohistochemical staining, paralleled liver regeneration in animal and cell models. MYCN expression was up-regulated as a result of transcriptional activation. Ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) revealed several up-stream transcriptional regulators for MYCN and RNA interference validated E2F5 and TFDP1 as essential for hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)-induced MYCN trans-activation. Further examination showed that deficiency of BRG1, a chromatin remodeling protein, attenuated MYCN induction during liver regeneration. BRG1 interacted with and was recruited by E2F5/TFDP1 to the MYCN promoter. Mechanistically, BRG1 might play a role regulating histone H3 acetylation and H3K4 trimethylation and facilitating/stabilizing the binding of RNA polymerase II surrounding the MYCN promoter. Over-expression of ectopic MYCN in BRG1-null hepatocytes overcame deficiency of proliferation. Importantly, a positive correlation between MYCN expression and BRG1/E2F5/TFDP1 expression was observed in human liver specimens. In conclusion, our data identify a novel epigenetic pathway where an E2F5-TFDP1-BRG1 complex regulates MYCN transcription to promote liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwen Fan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China.,Hepatobiliary Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming Kong
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Translational Medicine, and Center for Experimental Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiulian Miao
- College of Life Sciences and Institute of Biomedical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Yan Guo
- College of Life Sciences and Institute of Biomedical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Haozhen Ren
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China.,Hepatobiliary Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinglin Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China.,Hepatobiliary Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China.,Hepatobiliary Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ning Tang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China.,Hepatobiliary Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Longcheng Shang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhengyi Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Hanyi Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaolei Shi
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China.,Hepatobiliary Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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Ming YC, Chao HC, Chu SM, Luo CC. Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF) protected intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury through JNK and p38/MAPK-dependent pathway for anti-apoptosis. Pediatr Neonatol 2019; 60:332-336. [PMID: 30455099 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedneo.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heparin-Binding Epidermal Growth Factor-Like Growth Factor (HB-EGF) is a potent cytoprotective factor in various body systems, including gastrointestinal tract. In this study, we intended to examine whether HB-EGF exerts its protective effects through MAPK dependent anti-apoptosis after intestinal I/R injury. METHODS We randomly divided 30 laboratory 30 rats into 5 groups: (A) normal control group, (B) ischemia group with normal saline, (C) I/R group with normal saline, (D) ischemia group with HB-EGF (400 ug/kg), and (E) I/R group with HB-EGF (400 ug/kg). With Western blotting study, we determined JNK and p38/MAPK pathway and caspase-3 activity protein levels using Western analyses. RESULTS The JNK phosphorylation protein levels increased after intestinal ischemia or intestinal reperfusion phase, and HB-EGF pre-treatment was significantly decreased in JNK phosphorylation protein levels (p < 0.01). We found that p38 protein levels was increased after intestinal reperfusion phase, and that HB-EGF pre-treatment significantly decreased p38 protein levels (p < 0.01). The expression protein level of caspase 3 was increased after intestinal ischemia or intestinal reperfusion phase. HB-EGF pre-treatment significantly decreased Caspase 3 proteins. (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION Our study revealed that pre-treatment of HB-EGF decreased the amount of activity of JNK and p38/MAPK pathway and caspase-3 protein after intestinal I/R injury. These results may further support that the cytoprotective of HB-EGF after I/R injury could be through anti-apoptotic effect of activity of JNK and p38/MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Ching Ming
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Children's Medical Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsun-Chin Chao
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Children's Medical Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ming Chu
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Children's Medical Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Cheng Luo
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Regulation of molecular pathways in ischemia-reperfusion injury after liver transplantation. Transplantation 2014; 96:926-34. [PMID: 23985720 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e3182a20398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is a multifactorial phenomenon that occurs during the transplant event and frequently compromises early graft function after liver transplantation (LT). Current comprehension of molecular mechanisms and regulation processes of I/R injury lacks clarity. MicroRNA (miRNA) regulation results critical in several biological processes. METHODS This study evaluated gene expression and miRNA expression profiles using microarrays in 34 graft biopsies collected at preimplantation (L1) and at 90 min postreperfusion (L2) from consecutives deceased-donor LT recipients. miRNA profiles were first analyzed. Data integration analysis (gene expression/miRNA expression) aimed to identify potential target genes for each identified miRNA from the L1/L2 differential gene expression profile. RESULTS Pairwise comparison analyses identified 40 miRNAs and 3168 significantly differentially expressed genes at postreperfusion time compared with preimplantation time. Pathway analysis of miRNAs associated these profiles with antiapoptosis, inhibition of cellular proliferation, and proinflammatory processes. Target analysis identified an miRNA-associated molecular profile of 2172 genes involved in cellular growth and proliferation modulation by cell cycle regulation, cell death and survival, and proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory processes. miRNA-independent genes involved proinflammatory molecules. CONCLUSION We identified a miRNA profile involved in posttranscriptional regulatory mechanisms in I/R injury post-LT. A better understanding of these molecular processes involved in I/R may contribute to develop new strategies to minimize graft injury.
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Knudsen AR, Kannerup AS, Dich R, Funch-Jensen P, Grønbaek H, Kruhøffer M, Mortensen FV. Ischemic pre- and postconditioning has pronounced effects on gene expression profiles in the rat liver after ischemia/reperfusion. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012; 303:G482-9. [PMID: 22679003 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00337.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic pre (IPC)- and postconditioning (IPO) protect the liver against ischemia/reperfusion injuries (IRI). Conditioning involves several different trigger factors, mediators, and effectors, many of which are affected during the early phase of reperfusion, ultimately resulting in decreased liver injuries. The aim of the present study was to investigate the genomic response induced by IPC and IPO in ischemia/reperfusion-damaged rat liver biopsies. Forty-eight male Wistar rats were divided into five groups: sham (n = 8), IRI (n = 10), IPC (n = 10), IPO (n = 10), and IPC + IPO (n = 10). The rat livers were subjected to 30 min of ischemia. Liver biopsies and blood samples were taken after 30 min of reperfusion. The biopsies were analyzed using cDNA microarrays with validation by quantitative RT-PCR. The significance analysis of microarray was used to identify genes with changed expression levels. A comparison analysis of the intervention groups showed a highly increased number of genes, with significantly different expression in the conditioned groups compared with the IRI group. A total of 172 genes were identified as the most highly affected, and these genes showed similar patterns with regard to the up- and downregulated expression levels within the conditioned groups. Pathway analysis of the 172 genes identified four networks that were involved in increased gene expression, cellular growth, and proliferation. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that IPC, IPO, and IPC + IPO had pronounced effects on the expression levels of a large number of genes during early reperfusion. IPC, IPO, and IPC + IPO seem to mediate their protective effects by regulating the same genes and genetic networks. These identified networks are known to be involved in maintaining cellular homeostasis.
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Kireev RA, Cuesta S, Ibarrola C, Bela T, Moreno Gonzalez E, Vara E, Tresguerres JAF. Age-related differences in hepatic ischemia/reperfusion: gene activation, liver injury, and protective effect of melatonin. J Surg Res 2012; 178:922-34. [PMID: 22647552 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2012.04.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) causes functional and structural damage to liver cells, this being more pronounced with increasing age of the tissue. Melatonin is a pineal indole that has been shown to play an important role as a free radical scavenger and anti-inflammatory molecule. MATERIAL AND METHODS The age-dependent responses to I/R were compared in 2-mo-old and 14-mo-old male Wistar rats. After 35 min of hepatic ischemia followed by 36 h of reperfusion, rats were sacrificed. Sham-operated control rats underwent the same protocol without real vascular occlusion. Animals were intraperitoneally injected with 10 mg/kg melatonin 24 h before the operation, at the time of surgery, and 12 and 24 h after it. The tissues were submitted to histopathologic evaluation. The levels of ALT and AST were analyzed in plasma. The expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-10, MCP-1, IFN-γ, iNOS, eNOS, Bad, Bax, Bcl2, AIF, PCNA, and NFKB1 genes were detected by RT-PCR in hepatic tissue. RESULTS I/R was associated with significant increases in the expression of pro-inflammatory and pro-apoptotic genes in liver. Older rats submitted to I/R were found to respond with increased liver damage as compared with young rats, with serum ALT and AST levels significantly higher than in young animals. Mature rats also showed more evident increases in expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, MCP-1, and IFN-γ) as well as a decrease in the mRNA expression of IL-10 as compared with young animals. Pro-apoptotic genes (Bax, Bad, and AIF) were significantly enhanced in liver after I/R, without differences between young and mature animals. However, the expression of Bcl2 gene did not show any change. Melatonin treatment was able to lower the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and pro-apoptotic genes and to improve liver function, as indicated by normalization of plasma AST and ALT levels and by reduction of necrosis and microsteatosis areas. CONCLUSIONS Melatonin treatment was able to reduce the I/R-stimulated pro-inflammatory and pro-apoptotic genes in the rat liver. Since older animals showed a more marked increase in inflammation and in liver injury, the treatment was more effective in those subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman A Kireev
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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Chow AM, Chan KW, Fan SJ, Yang J, Cheung JS, Khong PL, Wu EX. In vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury in an experimental model. Acad Radiol 2011; 18:246-52. [PMID: 21111640 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2010.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2010] [Revised: 06/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES Hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) occurs during certain hepatobiliary surgeries, hemorrhagic shock, and veno-occlusive disease. Biochemical changes caused by hepatic IRI lead to hepatocellular remodeling, including cellular regeneration or irreversible apoptosis. This study aims to characterize and monitor the metabolic changes in hepatic IRI using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹H MRS). MATERIALS AND METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 8) were scanned with ¹H MRS using 5.0 × 5.0 × 5.0 mm³ voxel over a homogeneous liver parenchyma at 7 Tesla with a respiratory-gated point-resolved spectroscopy sequence at 1 day before, 6 hours, 1 day, and 1 week after 30 minutes total hepatic IRI. Signal integral ratios of choline-containing compounds (CCC), glycogen and glucose complex (Glyu), methylene proton ((-CH₂-)(n)), and methene proton (-CH=CH-) to lipid (integral sum of methyl proton (-CH₃), (-CH₂-)(n) and -CH=CH-) were quantified by areas under peaks longitudinally. RESULTS The CCC-to-lipid and Glyu-to-lipid ratios at 6 hours after IRI were significantly higher than those at 1 day before, 1 day, and 1 week after injury. The (-CH₂-)(n)-to-lipid, and -CH=CH-to-lipid ratios showed no significant differences over different time points. Hepatocellular regeneration was observed at 6 hours after IRI in histology with immunohistochemical technique. CONCLUSIONS Changes in CCC-to-lipid and Glyu-to-lipid ratios likely reflect the hepatocellular remodeling and impaired glucose utilization upon hepatic IRI, respectively. The experimental findings in the current study demonstrated that ¹H MRS is a valuable tool for characterizing either global or regional metabolic changes in liver noninvasively and longitudinally. Such capability has the potential to lead to early diagnosis and detection of impaired liver function.
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Li B, Chen B, Zhang G, Wang K, Zhou L, Hu S. Cell apoptosis and Fas gene expression in liver and renal tissues after ischemia-reperfusion injury in liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 2010; 42:1550-6. [PMID: 20620473 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2010.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2008] [Revised: 06/27/2009] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is an important factor in a nonfunctioning liver graft and acute renal failure. Apoptosis is a cell death mechanism in early stages of I/R injury. In the present study, orthotopic liver transplantation (oLT) using a modified double-cuff method was performed in Wistar rats, with sham-operated rats serving as the control group. Rats in the treatment and control groups were sacrificed at 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 hours after oLT to obtain liver and kidney tissues. Fas protein expression in apoptotic cells at various times was detected at immunohistochemical staining and flow cytometry, and Fas gene expression was detected using the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Apoptosis began in liver and renal cells at 1 hour after oLT, peaking at 12 hours. The reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction demonstrated Fas gene expression in liver and renal tissues at 1 hour post-oLT, peaking at 12 hours. Changes in the treatment group were significantly greater than in the control group (P < .05). We conclude that renal cells, like liver cells, undergo apoptosis due to I/R injury after oLT.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Li
- Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Pratap A, Panakanti R, Yang N, Eason JD, Mahato RI. Inhibition of endogenous hedgehog signaling protects against acute liver injury after ischemia reperfusion. Pharm Res 2010; 27:2492-504. [PMID: 20737284 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-010-0246-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 08/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although Hedgehog (Hh) signaling is required for endodermal commitment and hepatogenesis, the possibility that it regulates liver injury after ischemia reperfusion (I/R) has not been considered. Therefore, we determined the expression pattern of Hh signaling and its role in liver injury following I/R using Hh antagonist cyclopamine (CYA). METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups. Sham group underwent a sham operation with no liver I/R. Vehicle or CYA preconditioned I/R groups underwent liver ischemia for 90 min followed by reperfusion for 1 h. Liver tissue and blood were analyzed for gene expression, histological and biochemical evaluation. RESULTS Hedgehog ligands were upregulated after reperfusion injury. Serum levels of aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase, inflammatory cytokines, neutrophil infiltration, and tissue damage were significantly less in CYA-pretreated rats compared with vehicle-pretreated rats. CYA also decreased the phosphorylated form of JNK and ERK. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence that endogenous Hh signaling is an early mediator of liver injury and inflammation after I/R. CYA abrogates normothermic I/R injury in rats by inhibiting the MAPK pathway and decreasing the acute inflammatory response. This novel strategy of preconditioning livers with Hh antagonist may have effective therapeutic potential in preventing acute liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay Pratap
- Division of Solid Organ Transplantation, Methodist University Hospital Transplant Institute, Memphis, Tennessee 38104, USA
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12
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Attenuation of liver ischemia/reperfusion induced apoptosis by epigallocatechin-3-gallate via down-regulation of NF-kappaB and c-Jun expression. J Surg Res 2008; 159:720-8. [PMID: 19394642 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2008.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2008] [Revised: 08/19/2008] [Accepted: 08/29/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) activates Kupffer cells and initiates severe oxidative stress with enhanced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). ROS and TNF-alpha mediate the expression of nuclear factors and kinases, activating the signal transduction pathway, and triggering apoptosis. The aim of our study was to evaluate the potential protective effect of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) administration in inhibition of apoptosis by attenuating the expression of NF-kappaB, c-Jun, and caspase-3 in a model of severe hepatic I/R. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty Wistar rats were allocated into three groups. Sham operation, I/R, and I/R-EGCG 50mg/kg. Hepatic ischemia was induced for 60min by Pringle's maneuver. Malondialdehyde (MDA), myeloperoxidase (MPO), light histology, scanning electron microscopy, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL), and immunocytochemistry for NF-kappaB, c-Jun, caspase-3, analysis on liver specimens and aspartate (AST), and alanine (ALT) transferases analysis in serum, were performed 120min after reperfusion. RESULTS Apoptosis as indicated by TUNEL and caspase-3 was widely expressed in the I/R group but very limited in the EGCG treated group. Liver was stained positive for NF-kappaB and c-Jun in the I/R group but failed to be stained positive in the EGCG treated group. MDA, MPO, AST, and ALT showed marked increase in the I/R group and significant decrease in EGCG treated group. Significant alterations of liver specimens were observed by light histology and transmission electron microscopy whilst pretreatment with EGCG resulted in parenchymal preservation. CONCLUSIONS Administration of EGCG is likely to inhibit I/R-induced apoptosis and protect liver by down-regulating NF-kappaB and c-Jun signal transduction pathways.
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13
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Ogata T, Yamashita K, Horiuchi H, Okuda K, Todo S. A novel tumor necrosis factor-alpha suppressant, ONO-SM362, prevents liver failure and promotes liver regeneration after extensive hepatectomy. Surgery 2008; 143:545-55. [PMID: 18374053 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2007.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2007] [Revised: 10/17/2007] [Accepted: 11/02/2007] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha is a cytokine that initiates liver regeneration after hepatectomy (HTx), although extensive HTx can cause liver failure with significant rise in serum TNF-alpha levels. To test our hypothesis that modulation of endogenous TNF-alpha attenuates liver failure even after extensive HTx, we used ONO-SM362, a novel TNF-alpha inhibitor, in mice subjected to 85% HTx. METHODS ICR mice were divided into 5 groups: 70% HTx, 85% HTx, 85% HTx plus ONO-SM362, 85% HTx plus monoclonal TNF-alpha antibody (mAb), and 85% HTx plus FR167653, a TNF-alpha inhibitor. We analyzed the survival rate, blood ammonia (NH(3)), serum TNF-alpha levels, TNF-alpha mRNA expression in the liver and spleen by real-time polymerase chain reaction, histologic changes, polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) infiltration, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen labeling index (PCNA LI) in the 5 groups. RESULTS The survival rate at 7 days after surgery was 100%, 0%, 100%, 50%, and 0%, for the 70% HTx, 85% HTx, 85% HTx + ONO-SM362, 85% HTx + mAb, and 85% HTx + FR167653, respectively. Mice that underwent 85% HTx died from liver failure associated with a significant rise in serum TNF-alpha level. ONO-SM362 and mAb improved animal survival and enhanced PCNA LI. In addition, ONO-SM362 inhibited TNF-alpha mRNA expression in the remnant liver and suppressed PMNs infiltration. CONCLUSIONS Suppression of excessive TNF-alpha production using ONO-SM362 ameliorated liver failure after 85% HTx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiro Ogata
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine Kurume University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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Marden JJ, Zhang Y, Oakley FD, Zhou W, Luo M, Jia HP, McCray PB, Yaniv M, Weitzman JB, Engelhardt JF. JunD protects the liver from ischemia/reperfusion injury by dampening AP-1 transcriptional activation. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:6687-95. [PMID: 18182393 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m705606200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The AP-1 transcription factor modulates a wide range of cellular processes, including cellular proliferation, programmed cell death, and survival. JunD is a major component of the AP-1 complex following liver ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury; however, its precise function in this setting remains unclear. We investigated the functional significance of JunD in regulating AP-1 transcription following partial lobar I/R injury to the liver, as well as the downstream consequences for hepatocellular remodeling. Our findings demonstrate that JunD plays a protective role, reducing I/R injury to the liver by suppressing acute transcriptional activation of AP-1. In the absence of JunD, c-Jun phosphorylation and AP-1 activation in response to I/R injury were elevated, and this correlated with increased caspase activation, injury, and alterations in hepatocyte proliferation. The expression of dominant negative JNK1 inhibited c-Jun phosphorylation, AP-1 activation, and hepatic injury following I/R in JunD-/- mice but, paradoxically, led to an enhancement of AP-1 activation and liver injury in JunD+/- littermates. Enhanced JunD/JNK1-dependent liver injury correlated with the acute induction of diphenylene iodonium-sensitive NADPH-dependent superoxide production by the liver following I/R. In this context, dominant negative JNK1 expression elevated both Nox2 and Nox4 mRNA levels in the liver in a JunD-dependent manner. These findings suggest that JunD counterbalances JNK1 activation and the downstream redox-dependent hepatic injury that results from I/R, and may do so by regulating NADPH oxidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J Marden
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Interdisciplinary Graduate Program, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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Ren GL, Fang Y, Ma HH, Lei YF, Wang D, Xu MC, Wang PZ, Huang CX, Nie QH, Sun YT, Bai XF. The Short Hairpin RNA Driven by Polymerase II Suppresses both Wild-Type and Lamivudine-Resistant Hepatitis B Virus Strains. Antivir Ther 2007. [DOI: 10.1177/135965350701200607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Chronic infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) is widespread because of the limited availability of therapeutic treatments. Although previous reports have suggested that RNA interference has promise as a treatment for HBV infection, further studies of long-term and off-target drug effects on HBV, especially on drug-resistant strains of HBV, are needed. Therefore, seven vectors that express short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs), driven by the polymerase II promoter, pSilencer4.1/HBV, were constructed to target open reading frames (ORFs) of the HBV C and S genes from wild-type and drug-resistant strains. Treatment efficiency was also assessed. Methods The pSilencer4.1/HBV vectors were investigated in HepG2.2.15 cells and transgenic mice that consistently produce wild-type HBV. Additionally, vectors that produce a lamivudine-resistant strain of HBV were developed and cotransfected, along with pSilencer/HBV, into both HepG2 cells and mice. The effects of polymerase-II-driven pSilencer4.1/HBV were compared with those of polymerase-III-driven pSilencer3.1/HBV at both the gene and protein level. Results pSilencer4.1/HBV inhibited the expression of viral protein, DNA and HBV subtype ayw mRNA in both HepG2.2.15 cells and transgenic mice. Toxicity, as well as off-target effects, did not occur after a short- to medium-term examination. Moreover, an HBV strain resistant to lamivudine, subtype adr, was suppressed by shRNA in both HepG2 cells and mice. In contrast to polymerase III, vectors that used polymerase II could drive efficient silencing without off-target effects. Conclusions Silencing by shRNA dramatically inhibited HBV expression and replication regardless of strain type. ShRNA could therefore be a promising treatment for HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Li Ren
- Department of Pediatrics, General Hospital of GuangZhou Military Command of PLA, GuangZhou, China
| | - Ying Fang
- Department of Stomatology, Medical College of GuangZhou, GuangZhou, China
| | - Heng-Hao Ma
- Department of Pediatrics, General Hospital of GuangZhou Military Command of PLA, GuangZhou, China
| | - Ying-Feng Lei
- Department of Microbiology, Fourth Military Medical Univesity, Xi'an, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, General Hospital of GuangZhou Military Command of PLA, GuangZhou, China
| | - Man-Chun Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, General Hospital of GuangZhou Military Command of PLA, GuangZhou, China
| | - Ping-Zhong Wang
- The State Key Discipline & the Centre of Infectious diseases of PLA, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chang-Xing Huang
- The State Key Discipline & the Centre of Infectious diseases of PLA, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qing-He Nie
- The State Key Discipline & the Centre of Infectious diseases of PLA, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yong-Tao Sun
- The State Key Discipline & the Centre of Infectious diseases of PLA, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xue-Fan Bai
- The State Key Discipline & the Centre of Infectious diseases of PLA, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Allen JW, Khetani SR, Johnson RS, Bhatia SN. In vitro liver tissue model established from transgenic mice: role of HIF-1alpha on hypoxic gene expression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 12:3135-47. [PMID: 17518628 DOI: 10.1089/ten.2006.12.3135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The instability of the hepatocyte phenotype in vitro has limited the ability to quantitatively investigate regulation of stress responses of the liver. Here, we adopt a tissue-engineering approach to form stable liver tissue in vitro by forming collagen "sandwich" cultures of transgenic murine hepatocytes harboring a regulatory gene of interest flanked by loxP sites. The floxed gene is excised in a subset of cultures by transfection with adenovirus carrying the gene for Cre-recombinase, thereby generating wild-type and null liver tissues from a single animal. In this study, we specifically investigated the role of hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1alpha) in the hepatocellular response to hypoxia. Using high-density oligonucleotide arrays, we examined genome-wide gene expression after 8 h of hypoxia in wild-type and HIF- 1alpha null hepatocyte cultures. We identified more than 130 genes differentially expressed under hypoxia involved in metabolic adaptation, angiogenic signaling, immediate early response, and cell cycle regulation. Real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis verified that known hypoxia-responsive genes such as glucose transporter-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor were induced in a HIF-1alpha-dependent manner under hypoxia. Our results demonstrate the potential to integrate in vitro tissue models with transgenic and microarray technologies for the study of physiologic stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared W Allen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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17
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Numata K, Kubo M, Watanabe H, Takagi K, Mizuta H, Okada S, Kunkel SL, Ito T, Matsukawa A. Overexpression of suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 in T cells exacerbates acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:3777-85. [PMID: 17339476 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.6.3777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines have been implicated in the progression of acetaminophen (APAP)-induced acute liver injury. Suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins are negative regulators of cytokine signaling by inhibiting the JAK-STAT pathway, but their role in APAP hepatotoxicity is unknown. In this present study, we attempted to explore the role of SOCS3 in T cells in APAP-induced liver injury. Mice with a cell-specific overexpression of SOCS3 in T cells (SOCS3Tg, in which Tg is transgenic) exhibited exaggerated hepatic injury after APAP challenge, as evidenced by increased serum alanine aminotransferase levels, augmented hepatic necrosis, and decreased survival relative to the wild-type mice. Adaptive transfer of SOCS3Tg-CD4(+) T cells into T and B cell-deficient RAG-2(-/-) mice resulted in an exacerbated liver injury relative to the control. In SOCS3Tg mice, hepatocyte apoptosis was enhanced with decreased expression of antiapoptotic protein bcl-2, whereas hepatocyte proliferation was reduced with altered cell cycle-regulatory proteins. Levels of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha in the circulation were augmented in SOCS3Tg mice relative to the control. Studies using neutralizing Abs indicated that elevated IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha were responsible for the exacerbated hepatotoxicity in SOCS3Tg mice. Activation of STAT1 that is harmful in liver injury was augmented in SOCS3Tg hepatocytes. Alternatively, hepatoprotective STAT3 activation was decreased in SOCS3Tg hepatocytes, an event that was associated with augmented SOCS3 expression in the hepatocytes. Altogether, these results suggest that forced expression of SOCS3 in T cells is deleterious in APAP hepatotoxicity by increasing STAT1 activation while decreasing STAT3 activation in hepatocytes, possibly through elevated IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Numata
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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Yao A, Li X, Pu L, Zhong J, Liu X, Yu Y, Zhang F, Kong L, Sun B, Wang X. Impaired hepatic regeneration by ischemic preconditioning in a rat model of small-for-size liver transplantation. Transpl Immunol 2007; 18:37-43. [PMID: 17584601 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2007.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2006] [Revised: 01/20/2007] [Accepted: 02/12/2007] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Graft size is one of the major risk factors in adult-to-adult living donor liver transplantation and rapid regeneration is an essential post-operative requirement. Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) has been shown to be an effective strategy in the reduction of hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury and stimulation of liver regeneration. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of IPC on liver regeneration in small-for-size liver grafts. METHODS We employed a rat orthotopic liver transplantation model using small-for-size (30%) grafts, in the presence or absence (control) of IPC (10 min of ischemia followed by 15 min of reperfusion). Survival rate, graft injury, hepatocellular proliferation, cell cycle progression, Stat3 activation, as well as TNF-alpha and IL-6 expression were assessed. RESULTS IPC significantly enhanced the extent of graft injury and hindered hepatic regeneration in small-for-size liver grafts. The 7-day survival rate was also reduced by IPC, but failed to reach statistical significance. IPC did not affect TNF-alpha levels, but significantly decreased the elevation of IL-6 after reperfusion. These findings were correlated with down-regulation of cyclin E and cyclin D1, and decreased numbers of PCNA-positive nuclei in IPC grafts. These results were inconsistent with Stat3 activation, as P-Stat3 exhibited a stronger and prolonged pattern of expression in the IPC group, compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS Ischemic preconditioning may impair liver regeneration in small-for-size liver grafts by decreasing IL-6 and blunting cell cycle progression, through a mechanism at least partially independent of Stat3.
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Affiliation(s)
- AiHua Yao
- Liver Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 GuangZhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
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Li L, Zhang YM, Qiao WL, Wang L, Zhang JF. Effects of hypothalamic paraventricular nuclei on apoptosis and proliferation of gastric mucosal cells induced by ischemia/reperfusion in rats. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13:874-81. [PMID: 17352016 PMCID: PMC4065922 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v13.i6.874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effects of electrical stimulation of hypothalamic paraventricular nuclei (PVN) on gastric mucosal cellular apoptosis and proliferation induced by gastric ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury.
METHODS: For different experimental purposes, stimulating electrode plantation or electrolytic destruction of the PVN was applied, then the animals’ GI/R injury model was established by clamping the celiac artery for 30 min and allowing reperfusing the artery for 30 min, 1 h, 3 h or 6 h respectively. Then histological, immunohistochemistry methods were used to assess the gastric mucosal damage index, the gastric mucosal cellular apoptosis and proliferation at different times.
RESULTS: The electrical stimulation of PVN significantly attenuated the GI/R injury at 30 min, 1 h and 3 h after reperfusion. The electrical stimulation of PVN decreased gastric mucosal apoptosis and increased gastric mucosal proliferation. The electrolytic destruction of the PVN could eliminate the protective effects of electrical stimulation of PVN on GI/R injury. These results indicated that the PVN participated in the regulation of GI/R injury as a specific area in the brain, exerting protective effects against the GI/R injury, and the protection was associated with the inhibition of cellular apoptosis and the promotion of gastric mucosal proliferation.
CONCLUSION: Stimulating PVN significantly inhibits the gastric mucosal cellular apoptosis and promots gastric mucosal cellular proliferation. This may explain the protective mechanisms of electrical stimulation of PVN against GI/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221002, Jiangsu Province, China
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Ischemic Preconditioning Impairs Liver Regeneration in Extended Reduced-Size Livers. Ann Surg 2006. [DOI: 10.1097/00000658-200608000-00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Li CY, Zhang Y, Cui ZS, Lu Y, Yu M. Expression of tumor necrosis factor-α and c-fos mRNA in immature rats' model of gut ischemia/reperfusion injury. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2006; 14:1631-1634. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v14.i16.1631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To analyze the expression patterns of tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) and c-fos mRNA in immature rats after gut ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury.
METHODS: The left laparotomy was performed and the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) was occluded by artery clamp to establish the model of gut I/R injury. The expression of TNF-a and c-fos mRNA were detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).
RESULTS: In comparison with sham operation group, an increase in TNF-a mRNA was detected after 30-min ischemia (1.55 ± 0.33 vs 1.07 ± 0.08, P < 0.05) and the maximal increase was detected after 30-min reperfusion (3.05 ± 0.11). TNF-a mRNA expression after 60-min reperfusion (2.02 ± 0.10) remained above the control level. The expression of c-fos mRNA in the intestinal tissues was rapidly induced by ischemia, and it increased obviously 30 min after ischemia as compared with that in sham operation group (0.95 ± 0.13 vs 0.12 ± 0.02, P < 0.05). The expression of c-fos mRNA also reached the peak level 30 min after reperfusion (1.53 ± 0.11), and it declined markedly 60 min after reperfusion. After 90-min reperfusion, c-fos mRNA expression returned to the normal level.
CONCLUSION: Gut I/R induces the mRNA expression of both TNF-a and c-fos, suggesting that there is possibly a correlation between the expression of c-fos and TNF-a.
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Shima Y, Tajiri T, Taguchi T, Suita S. Increased expression of c-fos and c-jun in the rat small intestinal epithelium after ischemia-reperfusion injury: a possible correlation with the proliferation or apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells. J Pediatr Surg 2006; 41:830-6. [PMID: 16567203 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2005.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE An increased expression of immediate early genes, such as the c-fos and c-jun, is observed in some organs after ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. These factors have been revealed to potentially induce apoptosis and proliferation of the postischemic cells. The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between the expression patterns of such immediate early genes and the cellular responses in the intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) after I/R stress. METHODS The rat small intestine was reperfused after 30 minutes ischemia. Semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was used to quantify c-fos and c-jun messenger RNAs. The proliferation and apoptosis of IECs were detected by immunohistochemistry and the in situ terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP biotin nick-end labeling method, respectively. RESULTS The messenger RNA levels of the c-fos and c-jun showed characteristic patterns in the IECs after the I/R stress. The proliferation of the cells was initially observed after the I/R stress, followed by apoptosis of the cells. CONCLUSIONS The sequential expression patterns of these factors are possibly related to the proliferation and apoptosis of the IECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Shima
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
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Fallsehr C, Zapletal C, Kremer M, Demir R, von Knebel Doeberitz M, Klar E. Identification of differentially expressed genes after partial rat liver ischemia/reperfusion by suppression subtractive hybridization. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11:1303-16. [PMID: 15761968 PMCID: PMC4250677 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i9.1303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To identify potential diagnostic target genes in early reperfusion periods following warm liver ischemia before irreversible liver damage occurs.
METHODS: We used two strategies (SSH suppression subtractive hybridization and hybridization of cDNA arrays) to determine early changes in gene expression profiles in a rat model of partial WI/R, comparing postischemic and adjacent nonischemic liver lobes. Differential gene expression was verified (WI/R; 1 h/2 h) and analyzed in more detail after warm ischemia (1 h) in a reperfusion time kinetics (0, 1, 2 and 6 h) and compared to untreated livers by Northern blot hybridizations. Protein expression was examined on Western blots and by immunohistochemistry for four differentially expressed target genes (Hsp70, Hsp27, Gadd45a and IL-1rI).
RESULTS: Thirty-two individual WI/R target genes showing altered RNA levels after confirmation by Northern blot analyzes were identified. Among them, six functionally uncharacteristic expressed sequences and 26 known genes (12 induced in postischemic liver lobes, 14 with higher transcriptional expression in adjacent nonischemic liver lobes). Functional categories of the verified marker genes indicate on the one hand cellular stress and tissue damage but otherwise activation of protective cellular reactions (AP-1 transcription factors, apoptosis related genes, heat shock genes). In order to assign the transcriptional status to the biological relevant protein level we demonstrated that Hsp70, Hsp27, Gadd45a and IL-1rI were clearly up-regulated comparing postischemic and untreated rat livers, suggesting their involvement in the WI/R context.
CONCLUSION: This study unveils a WI/R response gene set that will help to explore molecular pathways involved in the tissue damage after WI/R. In addition, these genes especially Hsp70 and Gadd45a might represent promising new candidates indicating WI/R liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Fallsehr
- Institute of Molecular Pathology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Miyatake Y, Ikeda H, Michimata R, Koizumi S, Ishizu A, Nishimura N, Yoshiki T. Differential modulation of gene expression among rat tissues with warm ischemia. Exp Mol Pathol 2004; 77:222-30. [PMID: 15507240 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2004.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to determine if warm ischemia after surgical extirpation impacts gene expression in tissue samples which will be used for cDNA array analysis. We investigated effects of warm ischemia on gene expression in lung, liver, kidney, and spleen of rats, chronologically, using an original cDNA array, real-time quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Although no visible alteration was found in RNA quality, cDNA array showed that expression of many genes was modulated by warm ischemia within 60 min in these tissues, 19.1% of the tested genes in lung, 11.0% in liver, 5.1% in kidney, and 16.2% in spleen. Quantitative RT-PCR revealed that warm ischemia significantly induced up-regulation of immediate early genes, c-fos, Egr-1, and c-jun, in lung, but not in liver. These findings suggest that genes may show tissue-dependent differential transcriptional response against warm ischemia. Tissue samples obtained from patients during surgery cannot completely escape effects of ischemia. In case of examination by cDNA array analysis, biologists should keep in mind that tissue samples come equipped with particular footprints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Miyatake
- Department of Pathology/Pathophysiology, Division of Pathophysiological Science, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
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Stegall MD, Park WD, Kim DY, Covarrubias M, Khair A, Kremers WK. Changes in intragraft gene expression secondary to ischemia reperfusion after cardiac transplantation. Transplantation 2002; 74:924-30. [PMID: 12394832 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-200210150-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in transplanted tissue is associated with changes in intragraft cytokines, chemokines, and adhesion molecules. The aim of this study was to perform a comprehensive analysis of gene expression in cardiac grafts secondary to I/R using microarray technology. METHODS Heterotopic brown Norway rat cardiac isografts were removed on postoperative day (POD) 3, 5, and 7. RNA was extracted, hybridized on U34A-Affymetrix high-density gene expression arrays, and compared with nontransplanted hearts using the log-average ration (LAR) and Student test. RESULTS Of the approximately 8,799 transcripts tested on each chip, 557 were significantly increased by POD5, with fewer induced transcripts observed on POD3 (46) and POD7 (32). The most significantly induced transcripts included MHC class II molecules, interferon-gamma inducing factor, apolipoprotein E, and cathepsin S. In contrast, the highest number of down-regulated transcripts was seen on POD3 (746) with fewer transcripts down-regulated by POD5 (162) and POD7 (298). Down-regulated transcripts included those involved in cellular metabolism: monoamine oxidase-A, mitochondrial-A synthase complex, and cytochrome oxidase subunit. By POD7, oxidative stress inducible protein tyrosine phosphatase and vascular endothelial cell growth factor were significantly decreased in transplanted isografts. Reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) data on 10 transcripts agreed with the microarray results. CONCLUSIONS Microarrays using LAR analyses generally agree with previous data regarding intragraft changes during I/R injury but provide a larger number of molecules for future study. Although the largest number of down-regulated genes was seen early, the I/R effect may be continuing in that many transcripts remain down-regulated 7 days after transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Stegall
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Mayo Foundation and Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Ozaki M, Suzuki S, Irani K. Redox factor-1/APE suppresses oxidative stress by inhibiting the rac1 GTPase. FASEB J 2002; 16:889-90. [PMID: 12039869 DOI: 10.1096/fj.01-0664fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress triggered by many environmental and clinical insults results in cellular injury and death. The small GTPase rac1 promotes oxidative stress via the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In turn, the homeostatic response to such stress includes up-regulation of the dual function reducing protein/DNA repair enzyme APE/redox factor-1(ref-1). In this report we explore the function and relationship between ref-1 and rac1 in the setting of oxidative stress triggered by re-oxygenation/reperfusion. In a model of mouse hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), recombinant adenoviral overexpression of ref-1 resulted in suppression of reperfusion-stimulated oxidative stress, NF-kB induction, apoptosis, and acute injury, whereas down-regulation of endogenous ref-1 by adenoviral expression of antisense ref-1 led to an increase in these reperfusion-induced parameters. Ref-1 also mitigated ROS production induced by adenoviral expression of an active form of rac1. Finally, overexpression of ref-1 in primary hepatocytes suppressed reoxygenation-stimulated rac1 activity. This work demonstrates a novel function of ref-1 in inhibition of rac1 activity, and rac1-mediated oxidative stress and injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michitaka Ozaki
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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Taguchi T, Shima Y, Nakao M, Fujii Y, Tajiri T, Ogita K, Suita S. Activation of immediate early genes in relation to proliferation and apoptosis of enterocytes after ischemia-reperfusion injury of small intestine. Transplant Proc 2002; 34:983. [PMID: 12034270 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(02)02728-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T Taguchi
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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Miyagawa Y, Imamura H, Soeda J, Matsunaga K, Mochida S, Fujiwara K, Matsuyama Y, Kawasaki S. Fate of hepatocyte and sinusoidal lining cell function and kinetics after extended cold preservation and transplantation of the rat liver. Liver Transpl 2002; 8:370-81. [PMID: 11965582 DOI: 10.1053/jlts.2002.32281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the chronological profile of graft damage and recovery after liver cold ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, with particular attention to the role of apoptosis on hepatocyte and sinusoidal endothelial cell (SEC) damage. Male Lewis rats underwent rearterialized orthotopic liver transplantation using grafts subjected to a short (University of Wisconsin [UW] solution for 1 hour [UW1h]) and prolonged period (UW16h) of cold preservation. Experiments were performed immediately after preservation and 4 hours, 24 hours, 3 days, and 7 days after reperfusion. At each time, graft function, incidence of apoptotic cells, expression of the epitope recognized by a monoclonal antibody specific to rat SECs (SE-1), and incidence of proliferating cells were estimated. In the UW16h group, the proportion of apoptotic SECs was markedly elevated at 4 hours. The incidence of hepatocyte apoptosis was very low, although massive hepatocyte necrosis was evident at 24 hours. The incidence of proliferating hepatocytes and SECs peaked at 3 days, then returned to normal by 7 days. SE-1 expression was reduced immediately after preservation, followed by a marked reduction at 4 and 24 hours after reperfusion, and expression returned to normal by 7 days. Although SEC apoptosis was induced in the early phase of cold I/R injury, hepatocyte damage developed without the occurrence of apoptosis. Regeneration of both hepatocytes and SECs after cold I/R injury peaked at 3 days and was complete by 7 days, whereas functional recovery of these cell populations was complete 3 days after reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Miyagawa
- First Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan
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29
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Biberthaler P, Luchting B, Massberg S, Teupser D, Langer S, Leiderer R, Messmer K, Krombach F. The influence of organ temperature on hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury: a systematic analysis. Transplantation 2001; 72:1486-90. [PMID: 11707734 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-200111150-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury can be reduced by cooling of the ischemic organ, a systematic in vivo analysis of the influence of organ temperature in I/R injury is missing. The aim of this study was to systematically investigate the impact of defined temperatures of the ischemic liver tissue on microvascular I/R injury. METHODS Ischemia of the left liver lobe was induced in C57BL/6 mice for 90 min. The ischemic lobe was placed in a polyethylene well and the temperature was adjusted to 37 degrees C, 26 degrees C, 15 degrees C, and 4 degrees C by superfusion with cooled/warmed saline solution. The ischemia groups (n=7 each) were compared with a sham-operated group (n=7). The sinusoidal perfusion index and the number of leukocytes firmly adherent to the endothelium of postsinusoidal venules were assessed using intravital fluorescence microscopy at 30 min, 120 min, and 240 min of reperfusion, respectively. At the end of the experiment, serum activities of the liver enzymes aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase were determined, and tissue specimens were examined by electron microscopy. RESULTS Core body temperature did not differ significantly between the groups. In the 37 degrees C group, the sinusoidal perfusion index was significantly reduced and the number of adherent leukocytes was significantly increased compared with the sham group. In all hypothermia groups, however, the microcirculatory parameters did not differ from the sham group. Serum activities of aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase were significantly increased and hepatocellular integrity was severely affected in the 37 degrees C group as compared with all other groups. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that in the mouse liver the known protective effect of hypothermia is already encountered at 26 degrees C. Further reduction of temperature did not generate additional protection from I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Biberthaler
- Institute for Surgical Research, University of Munich, Germany.
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30
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Kobayashi A, Imamura H, Isobe M, Matsuyama Y, Soeda J, Matsunaga K, Kawasaki S. Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in ischemia-reperfusion injury of rat liver. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2001; 281:G577-85. [PMID: 11447039 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.2001.281.2.g577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The chronological expression (over 24 h) of two adhesion molecules [intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and CD11b/CD18 (Mac-1)] and the extent of liver damage, including injury to sinusoidal endothelial cells (SECs) and hepatocyte apoptosis, were investigated under two conditions of rat liver ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury: reversible (30 min) and fatal I/R (60 min). The chronological profiles of upregulation of ICAM-1 on hepatocytes and Mac-1 showed changes in parallel with the other liver damage parameters, and the extent of upregulation and various parameters of liver injury were more advanced in the 60-min I/R group. Paradoxically, the degree of ICAM-1 upregulation of SECs decreased significantly in the 60-min I/R group vs. the 30-min I/R group. Repression of hepatocyte apoptosis by administration of the caspase inhibitor ZVAD-fmk resulted in attenuation of neutrophil infiltration and liver injury. These findings indicate that 1) neutrophil infiltration is involved in the development of liver I/R injury; 2) interaction between ICAM-1 on SECs and Mac-1 on neutrophils is not an essential step for neutrophil transmigration through the endothelial layer because SECs, specifically, were impaired in the early stages of liver I/R injury; 3) the role of ICAM-1 and Mac-1 is to adhere neutrophils firmly to hepatocytes and activate neutrophils; and 4) excessive parenchymal apoptosis may be the signal for the neutrophil-induced inflammatory and necrotic reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kobayashi
- First Department of Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
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31
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Debonera F, Aldeguer X, Shen X, Gelman AE, Gao F, Que X, Greenbaum LE, Furth EE, Taub R, Olthoff KM. Activation of interleukin-6/STAT3 and liver regeneration following transplantation. J Surg Res 2001; 96:289-95. [PMID: 11266286 DOI: 10.1006/jsre.2001.6086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Every liver that is procured, stored, and transplanted experiences injury from cold ischemia and reperfusion. Most recover quickly, but some grafts sustain enough injury to result in prolonged organ dysfunction or require retransplantation. The molecular mechanisms involved in early graft function and recovery following cold ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) after liver transplantation have not been well defined. Interleukin (IL)-6 is a critical factor in the mitogenic response within the liver, and is important for cell cycle progression and protection from injury. Activation of the latent transcription factor, STAT3, is dependent on IL-6 release. The role of the IL-6/STAT3 pathway and hepatocellular regeneration in graft recovery and cell cycle progression following cold ischemia and reperfusion was studied in a rat liver transplant orthotopic (OLT) model. Methods. Rat OLT was performed in a syngeneic model. The presence, time course, and magnitude of expression of IL-6, STAT3 activation, and upregulation of target immediate early genes were determined in liver grafts with minimal (<1 h) and prolonged (12 h) cold preservation times followed by transplantation. Progression of the cell cycle and replication was confirmed by BrdU uptake. RESULTS Prolonged cold ischemia resulted in increased IL-6 expression and STAT3 activation. This correlated with upregulation of junB, c-fos, c-myc, and c-jun, immediate early genes associated with hepatic regeneration. Extensive DNA replication was present in livers with 12-h ischemia, demonstrating successful completion of the cell cycle. CONCLUSIONS The participation of the IL-6/STAT3 pathway leading to cell cycle progression and regeneration is an important component in the recovery of organs immediately following cold preservation and transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Debonera
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA
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Biberthaler P, Luchting B, Massberg S, Teupser D, Langer S, Leiderer R, Krombach F, Messmer K. Ischemia at 4 degrees C: a novel mouse model to investigate the effect of hypothermia on postischemic hepatic microcirculatory injury. RESEARCH IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR DIE GESAMTE EXPERIMENTELLE MEDIZIN EINSCHLIESSLICH EXPERIMENTELLER CHIRURGIE 2001; 200:93-105. [PMID: 11271516 DOI: 10.1007/bf03220018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Hypothermia of the ischemic organ at 4 degrees C protects hepatic microcirculation from ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. The effect of hypothermia during ischemia was investigated in animal models using liver transplantation and storage of the harvested organ in cold preservation solutions. No investigation of the isolated influence of hypothermia at 4 degrees C of the ischemic organ on hepatic IR injury exists, due to the lack of an appropriate animal model. Therefore, the aim of our present study was to develop such a model using intravital video fluorescence microscopy (IVM). In C57BL/6 mice, a reversible isolated ischemia of the left liver lobe was induced for 90 min, followed by 240 min of reperfusion. The temperature of the ischemic organ was adjusted to either 4 degrees C or 37 degrees C by superfusion with 0.9% NaCl. Sham-operated animals without IR served as controls. The hepatic microcirculation was analyzed using IVM at 30 min and 240 min after reperfusion by quantifying sinusoidal perfusion and leukocyte-endothelial cell interaction in postsinusoidal venules. At the end of the experiment, blood and tissue samples were taken for measurement of liver enzyme activities and light and electron microscopy. Mean arterial pressure and body temperature were kept constant throughout the experiment, while the temperature of the ischemic liver lobe was adjusted to predefined levels. After normothermic ischemia, hepatic microvascular perfusion was significantly impaired compared with sham-operated animals. Perfusion failure was significantly reduced in hypothermic livers and did not differ from livers of the sham-group. Liver enzyme activities in the normotherimic group were significantly higher than in the sham and hypothermic groups. Light and electron microscopy revealed severe histological alterations at 37 degrees C ischemia, whereas at 4 degrees C ischemia only minimal lesions were encountered. Our novel model allows for isolated adjustment of ischemic liver lobe temperature without changing body temperature and systemic macrohemodynamic parameters. Hypothermia at 4 degrees C largely attenuates postischemic microvascular perfusion injury of the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Biberthaler
- Institute for Surgical Research, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Germany.
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33
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Lutterová M, Szatmáry Z, Kukan M, Kuba D, Vajdová K. Marked difference in tumor necrosis factor-alpha expression in warm ischemia- and cold ischemia-reperfusion of the rat liver. Cryobiology 2000; 41:301-14. [PMID: 11222027 DOI: 10.1006/cryo.2000.2293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Although tumor necrosis factor-alpha has been implicated in liver injury after both warm ischemia- and cold ischemia-reperfusion, it is unclear whether reactivity of the liver to these stimuli is similar with regard to cytokine expression. Here we compare the effects of warm and cold ischemia on tumor necrosis factor-alpha expression and test the hypothesis that cold ischemia preceding warm ischemia causes overexpression of this cytokine. Rat livers were flushed out with University of Wisconsin solution and subjected to varying periods of warm ischemia, cold ischemia, or cold ischemia plus warm ischemia followed by reperfusion using a blood-free perfusion model. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-10 release into the perfusate and bile were measured by ELISA, and expression of these cytokines and that of c-fos, c-jun, and c-myc were studied by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. We found high levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in the perfusates of livers subjected to warm ischemia-reperfusion, whereas minimal or no tumor necrosis factor-alpha was detected in livers subjected to cold ischemia-reperfusion or to cold ischemia plus warm ischemia-reperfusion. Reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction confirmed the above findings and showed that immediate early genes were expressed in reperfused groups of livers. Measurements of cytokine release into bile showed that neither tumor necrosis factor-alpha nor interleukin-10 were upregulated by cold ischemia-reperfusion. The results suggest that (1) warm ischemia- and cold ischemia-reperfusion of rat liver lead to very different outcomes with regard to tumor necrosis factor-alpha expression and (2) cold ischemia preceding warm ischemia prevents upregulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lutterová
- Laboratory of Perfused Organs, Slovak Centre for Organ Transplantation, Institute of Preventive and Clinical Medicine, Limbová 14, 83301 Bratislava, Slovakia
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Wieland E, Oellerich M, Braun F, Schtüz E. c-fos and c-jun mRNA expression in a pig liver model of ischemia/reperfusion: effect of extended cold storage and the antioxidant idebenone. Clin Biochem 2000; 33:285-90. [PMID: 10936587 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-9120(00)00070-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Expression of immediate early genes has been reported during reperfusion after ischemia in rat livers due to oxygen radical formation. This study investigates in perfused pig livers the effect of the antioxidant idebenone and of cold ischemia time on the gene expression of c-fos and c-jun. DESIGN AND METHODS Livers were perfused for 210 min after 0.5 h or 20 h ischemic storage (4 degrees C). One group of pigs was fed idebenone (280 mg/day/7days) prior to organ harvesting. C-fos and c-jun mRNA were determined by RT-PCR at 3, 30, 60, 120 180, 210 min during reperfusion. RESULTS Lipid peroxidation increased in liver tissue form 0.54 +/- 0.21 to 1. 09 +/- 0.54 nmol MDA/mg protein during reperfusion after 20 h compared to 0.5 h cold storage. This was antagonized by idebenone (0. 68 +/- 0.20 nmol/MDA/mg protein). C-fos and c-jun were strongly induced in livers stored for 20 h, which was attenuated by idebenone (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that cold ischemia time and oxygen radicals are critical for immediate early gene expression and that application of an effective antioxidant can attenuate this early stress reaction of the pig liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Wieland
- Abteilung Klinische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen, Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bilzer
- Department of Medicine II, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Germany
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Itoh H, Yagi M, Fushida S, Tani T, Hashimoto T, Shimizu K, Miwa K. Activation of immediate early gene, c-fos, and c-jun in the rat small intestine after ischemia/reperfusion. Transplantation 2000; 69:598-604. [PMID: 10708117 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-200002270-00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activated immediate early genes (IEGs) play key roles in mediating cellular response after ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injuries in some organs such as liver, heart and kidney. However, there is no report investigating an association between the activation of IEGs and cellular regeneration or programmed cell death after I/R in small intestine. METHODS We examined a sequential expression of c-fos and c-jun after I/R in rat small intestine using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Northern blot analysis, and compared the patterns with coexistent two parameters: (1) regeneration determined by immunohistochemical detection of proliferating cell nuclear antigen, (2) programmed cell death determined with the terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end-labeling (TUNEL) method and DNA fragmentation. RESULTS The expression of c-fos and c-jun mRNA increased markedly 15 min after reperfusion and was, respectively, 6.3 and 4.4 times higher than in controls. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression was significantly elevated between 5 min and 4 hr, peaking at 30 min after reperfusion. Apoptosis showed a peak 60 min after reperfusion. Apoptosis after I/R was detected in the nuclei of absorptive epithelial cells by the TUNEL method, and these apoptotic signals were consistent with the expression of c-Fos and c-Jun proteins using an immunohistochemical method. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that overexpression of c-fos and c-jun after I/R in the small intestine correlates with programmed cell death and subsequent cellular regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Itoh
- Department of Surgery (II), School of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
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Ikegami T, Nishizaki T, Uchiyama H, Hashimoto K, Yanaga K, Sugimachi K. Experimental study of the effects of deletion variant of hepatocyte growth factor on hepatic ischaemia-reperfusion injury. Br J Surg 2000; 87:59-64. [PMID: 10606912 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2168.2000.01334.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatic ischaemia-reperfusion (IR) injury is still a serious complication following liver surgery. The effect of the deletion variant of hepatocyte growth factor (dHGF) on hepatic IR injury was examined in rats. METHODS Male Wistar rats were divided into two groups after 90 min of partial liver ischaemia: the dHGF group which was given dHGF 0.5 mg/kg intravenously immediately after reperfusion, followed by 0.5 mg/kg every 12 h, and the control group, which received vehicle buffer only. Serum chemistry, histopathological findings and liver weights were compared between the groups. RESULTS In the dHGF group, the increase in serum alanine transaminase and hyaluronic acid levels was significantly reduced, and the serum albumin level increased after reperfusion. The extent of hepatic necrosis 24 h after reperfusion was decreased in the dHGF group. Moreover, the proportion of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated 2'-deoxyuridine 5'-triphosphate nick end labelling-positive hepatocytes 6 h after reperfusion was reduced in the dHGF group. The non-ischaemic-, ischaemic- and whole-liver weight : body-weight ratio significantly increased in the dHGF group after reperfusion. The proportion of proliferating cell nuclear antigen-positive hepatocytes in the dHGF group markedly increased after 6 h after reperfusion in the non-ischaemic lobes, while in the ischaemic lobes it increased 24 h after reperfusion. CONCLUSION These data suggest that dHGF not only improves recovery from IR injury, but also accelerates recovery from these injuries. dHGF may be an effective pharmacological agent for prevention and treatment of hepatic IR injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ikegami
- Department of Surgery II, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Toyama H, Suzuki K, Naito A, Kuroda M, Kikukawa K, Komori Y, Hasumi A, Matsumura K, Fujiwara T, Ito K, Ejiri K, Senda K, Takeuchi A, Koga S. Evaluation of asialoglycoprotein receptor imaging agent as a marker of hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury and recovery. Ann Nucl Med 1999; 13:155-60. [PMID: 10435375 DOI: 10.1007/bf03164855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Protection of hepatocytes from ischemia-reperfusion injury is a clinically important issue. The purpose of this study was to evaluate changes in acute liver damage and recovery after ischemia-reperfusion in rats with asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGP-R) ligand. Ischemia was induced by clamping the hepatoduodenal ligament for 90 min. At 1, 3, 24, 48 hr, 1 and 2 wk after reperfusion, I-125-GSA was injected. Five min after injection, blood samples were obtained and the liver was removed. Several regions from each lobe were dissected, weighed and counted. Mean uptakes (% dose/g) in the liver and blood samples were calculated. Histologic sections stained with hematoxylin-eosin (H-E) stain showed ischemic damage at 1 and 3 hr, and focal hepatocyte necrosis at 24 hr. Predominant massive necrosis was not seen. The mitotic index with H-E stain and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) labeling index were highest at 1 wk, indicating liver regeneration. At 1 and 3 hr, liver uptake was significantly decreased, and blood uptake was significantly increased, indicating decreased tissue blood flow and ischemic damage. Liver uptake showed significant increases at 48 hr and 1 wk, and was the highest at 1 wk, indicating liver regeneration during the convalescence stage. ASGP-R binding may provide valuable information on ischemia-reperfusion injury and recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Toyama
- Department of Radiology, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan.
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Kohli V, Madden JF, Bentley RC, Clavien PA. Calpain mediates ischemic injury of the liver through modulation of apoptosis and necrosis. Gastroenterology 1999; 116:168-78. [PMID: 9869615 DOI: 10.1016/s0016-5085(99)70241-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Calpain proteases have been implicated in cell death by necrosis and more recently by apoptosis. Experiments were designed to determine the role of calpain proteases in ischemic rat liver injury by measurement of cytosolic calpain activity after different periods of ischemia-reperfusion and by evaluation of the effects of calpain inhibition on tissue injury and animal survival. METHODS Calpain activity was measured in the cytosol using Suc-Leu-Leu-Val-Try-7 amino-4 methyl coumarin, a specific fluorogenic substrate, and Cbz-Leu-Leu-Tyr-CHN2, a specific inhibitor. RESULTS Calpain activity increased significantly with the duration of ischemia-reperfusion and was inhibited more than 80% by the inhibitor. Calpain inhibition resulted in a significant decrease in transaminase release and tissue necrosis and converted nonsurvival ischemic conditions to survival conditions. When the in situ terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate-digoxigenin nick-end labeling assay for apoptosis was used, 35% +/- 6% of nonparenchymal cells and 16% +/- 3% of hepatocytes stained positively after 60 minutes of ischemia and 6 hours of reperfusion. In contrast, animals pretreated with the calpain inhibitor showed minimal evidence of apoptosis. This was further substantiated by gel electrophoresis assay for DNA fragmentation and by electron-microscopic evaluation. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that calpain proteases play a pivotal role in warm ischemia-reperfusion injury of the rat liver through modulation of apoptosis and necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Kohli
- Hepatobiliary and Liver Transplant Laboratory, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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Zwacka RM, Zhang Y, Zhou W, Halldorson J, Engelhardt JF. Ischemia/reperfusion injury in the liver of BALB/c mice activates AP-1 and nuclear factor kappaB independently of IkappaB degradation. Hepatology 1998; 28:1022-30. [PMID: 9755239 DOI: 10.1002/hep.510280417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
For many inherited and acquired hepatic diseases, liver transplantation is the only possible therapeutic strategy. Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) damage to donor tissue is thought to be one component that may play a role in the decline of posttransplant tissue function and ultimately rejection. The transcription factors, AP-1 and nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB), play important roles in the acute cellular responses to tissue damage, as well as the inflammatory phase following I/R. We have found that the DNA binding activity of AP-1 was dramatically increased following warm ischemia at 1 to 3 hours postreperfusion. Induced DNA binding activity was composed of predominately c-Jun and JunD hetero- and homodimers as determined by electrophoretic mobility supershift assays. This increase in AP-1 activity occurred in the absence of significant changes in the steady-state protein levels of c-Jun and JunB. Maximal activation of Jun amino-terminal kinase ( JNK) occurred within the 25 to 30 minutes postreperfusion, just before the peak in AP-1 DNA binding. These findings suggest that phosphorylation may play an important role in regulating AP-1 transcriptional complexes. Furthermore, JunD protein levels slightly increased at 3 hours postreperfusion, concordant with changes in AP-1 DNA binding activity. The activation of NF-kappaB at 1 hour postreperfusion was independent of proteolytic degradation of IkappaB- or IkappaB-beta. This activation of NF-kappaB DNA binding activity in the nucleus was preceded by an increase in tyrosine phosphorylation of IkappaB-. These studies suggest that JNK, IkappaB tyrosine kinase, and JunD are potential targets for therapeutic intervention during liver I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Zwacka
- University of Iowa, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Zwacka RM, Zhou W, Zhang Y, Darby CJ, Dudus L, Halldorson J, Oberley L, Engelhardt JF. Redox gene therapy for ischemia/reperfusion injury of the liver reduces AP1 and NF-kappaB activation. Nat Med 1998; 4:698-704. [PMID: 9623979 DOI: 10.1038/nm0698-698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Liver transplantation is the only therapeutic strategy for many inherited and acquired diseases. The formation of reactive oxygen species following ischemia/reperfusion is a cause of hepatocellular injury during transplantation. This report describes the therapeutic application of mitochondrial superoxide dismutase gene transfer to the liver for acute ischemia/reperfusion injury. Recombinant adenoviral expression of mitochondrial superoxide dismutase in mouse liver prior to lobar ischemia/reperfusion significantly reduced acute liver damage and associated redox activation of both NF-kappaB and AP1. These immediate early transcription factors represent common pathways by which cells respond to environmental stress. This work provides the foundation for redox-mediated gene therapies directed at ameliorating ischemia/reperfusion injury and associated acute rejection in orthotopic liver transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Zwacka
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242, USA
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Gao W, Bentley RC, Madden JF, Clavien PA. Apoptosis of sinusoidal endothelial cells is a critical mechanism of preservation injury in rat liver transplantation. Hepatology 1998; 27:1652-60. [PMID: 9620339 DOI: 10.1002/hep.510270626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In livers excised for transplantation, sinusoidal endothelium appears especially vulnerable to injury during organ preservation in the cold and subsequent reperfusion. The degree of endothelial cell injury correlates with functional impairment of the graft following transplantation. The mechanism of injury remains obscure, but endothelial cell damage has been described as coagulative necrosis secondary to irreversible physico-chemical damage. We investigated whether endothelial cell death is caused by apoptosis rather than by necrosis. Tissue from rat livers stored for varying periods in cold (1 degree C) Euro-Collins solution and then reperfused for 1 hour at 37 degrees C were studied for evidence of apoptosis by detection of DNA fragmentation using the in situ terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase d-uridine triphosphate nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, DNA gel electrophoresis, and by transmission electron microscopy (EM). DNA fragmentation of the type characteristic of apoptosis was identified in 49.7% +/- 2.2% of sinusoidal lining cells after 8 hours of ischemia + reperfusion (viable graft) vs. 70.7% +/- 4.3% after 16 hours + reperfusion (nonviable graft) (P < .001). No such fragmentation was observed after cold preservation without reperfusion or in unpreserved, reperfused livers. EM demonstrated changes characteristic of apoptosis exclusively in endothelial cells. The study suggests that the apoptosis of sinusoidal endothelial cells is a pivotal mechanism of preservation injury in liver transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Gao
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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