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Støyten M, Knutsen T, Stikbakke E, Agledahl I, Wilsgaard T, Eggen AE, Richardsen E, Giovannucci E, Thune I, Haugnes HS. Excess weight, weight gain, and prostate cancer risk and prognosis: the PROCA-life study. Acta Oncol 2024; 63:154-163. [PMID: 38591351 DOI: 10.2340/1651-226x.2024.32953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies of excess weight and weight changes throughout adult life for prostate cancer (PCa) risk and prognosis have shown inconsistent results. METHODS In a population-based cohort, the Prostate Cancer Study throughout life (PROCA-life), 16,960 healthy men from the prospective cohort Tromsø Study (1994-2016) were included. Body mass index (BMI) and weight were measured at all four attendings, and weight change was calculated as the difference between the first and last of either Tromsø4, Tromsø5 or Tromsø6. Overall, 904 men developed PCa during 16 years of follow-up, and Poisson regression with fractional polynomials was used to investigate trends in incidence. Cox proportional hazard and logistic regression models were used to study associations between measurements of BMI and weight change and PCa risk, severity, and mortality. RESULTS At study entry, 46% of the participants (median age 44 years) were overweight, and 14% were obese (BMI > 30 kg/m2). We observed a 127% increase in overall age adjusted PCa incidence in the cohort during 1995 through 2019. No overall associations between BMI or weight change and PCa risk were observed. However, in sub-group analysis, weight gain among obese men was associated with a three-fold higher PCa risk (HR 3.03, 95% CI 1.39-6.58) compared with obese men with stable weight. Overweight was associated with lower risk of metastatic cancer (OR 0.48, 95% CI 0.30-0.75) at diagnosis. Men with obesity had higher risk of PCa-specific death (HR 1.72, 95% CI 1.03-2.88), while nonsmoking obese PCa cases had two times higher PCa-specific mortality compared with normal weighted PCa cases (HR 2.10, 95% CI 1.11-3.70). INTERPRETATION In our cohort, weight gain among obese men was associated with higher risk of PCa, and obesity was associated with higher PCa-specific mortality, especially among nonsmokers. The relationship between weight and risk for PCa remains complicated, and future studies are needed to determine clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Støyten
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, UIT - The Arctic University, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Tore Knutsen
- Department of Urology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Einar Stikbakke
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, UIT - The Arctic University, Tromsø, Norway; Department of Oncology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ingvild Agledahl
- Department of Urology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Tom Wilsgaard
- Institute of Community Medicine, UIT-The Arctic University, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Anne Elise Eggen
- Institute of Community Medicine, UIT-The Arctic University, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Elin Richardsen
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Department of Medical Biology, UIT - The Arctic University, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Edward Giovannucci
- Departments of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Inger Thune
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, UIT - The Arctic University, Tromsø, Norway; Insitute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Hege S Haugnes
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, UIT - The Arctic University, Tromsø, Norway; Department of Oncology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
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Tan DJH, Ng CH, Muthiah M, Yong JN, Chee D, Teng M, Wong ZY, Zeng RW, Chin YH, Wang JW, Danpanichkul P, Rajaram RB, DasGupta R, Suzuki H, Takahashi H, Tamaki N, Dan YY, Lui R, Duseja A, Siddiqui MS, Yeoh KG, Sanyal A, Wijarnpreecha K, Loomba R, Mantzoros CS, Huang DQ. Rising global burden of cancer attributable to high BMI from 2010 to 2019. Metabolism 2024; 152:155744. [PMID: 38029839 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2023.155744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High body mass index (BMI) is a major risk factor for cancer development, but its impact on the global burden of cancer remains unclear. METHODS We estimated global and regional temporal trends in the burden of cancer attributable to high BMI, and the contributions of various cancer types using the framework of the Global Burden of Disease Study. RESULTS From 2010 to 2019, there was a 35 % increase in deaths and a 34 % increase in disability-adjusted life-years from cancers attributable to high BMI. The age-standardized death rates for cancer attributable to high BMI increased over the study period (annual percentage change [APC] +0.48 %, 95 % CI 0.22 to 0.74 %). The greatest number of deaths from cancer attributable to high BMI occurred in Europe, but the fastest-growing age-standardized death rates and disability-adjusted life-years occurred in Southeast Asia. Liver cancer was the fastest-growing cause of cancer mortality (APC: 1.37 %, 95 % CI 1.25 to 1.49 %) attributable to high BMI. CONCLUSION The global burden of cancer-related deaths attributable to high BMI has increased substantially from 2010 to 2019. The greatest increase in age-standardized death rates occurred in Southeast Asia, and liver cancer is the fastest-growing cause of cancer mortality attributable to high BMI. Urgent and sustained measures are required at a global and regional level to reverse these trends and slow the growing burden of cancer attributed to high BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren Jun Hao Tan
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Cheng Han Ng
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore.
| | - Mark Muthiah
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Jie Ning Yong
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Douglas Chee
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Margaret Teng
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Zhen Yu Wong
- Nottingham Hospitals University Trust, Nottingham, England, United Kingdom
| | | | - Yip Han Chin
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jiong-Wei Wang
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Pojsakorn Danpanichkul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Ruveena Bhavani Rajaram
- Department of Medicine, Universiti Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan, Malaysia
| | - Ramanuj DasGupta
- Laboratory of Precision Oncology and Cancer Evolution, Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hiroyuki Suzuki
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Takahashi
- Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Nobuharu Tamaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Musashino Red Cross Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yock Young Dan
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Rashid Lui
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Ajay Duseja
- Department of Hepatology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Mohammad Shadab Siddiqui
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University, United States
| | - Khay Guan Yeoh
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Arun Sanyal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University, United States
| | - Karn Wijarnpreecha
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Rohit Loomba
- NAFLD Research Center, Division of Gastroenterology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States; Division of Epidemiology, Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Christos Socrates Mantzoros
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Boston VA Healthcare System, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Faculty of Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Daniel Q Huang
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore.
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Wanner M, Syleouni M, Karavasiloglou N, Limam M, Bastiaannet E, Korol D, Rohrmann S. Time-trends and age and stage differences in 5-year relative survival for common cancer types by sex in the canton of Zurich, Switzerland. Cancer Med 2023; 12:18165-18175. [PMID: 37525622 PMCID: PMC10524019 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.6392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Survival trends help to evaluate the progress made to reduce the burden of cancer. The aim was to estimate the trends in 5-year relative survival of patients diagnosed with breast, prostate, lung, colorectal cancer and skin melanoma in the time periods 1980-1989, 1990-1999, 2000-2009 and 2010-2015 in the Canton of Zurich, Switzerland. Furthermore, we investigated relative survival differences by TNM stage and age group. METHODS Data from the Cancer Registry of Zurich was used from 1980 to and including 2015, including incident cases of breast (N = 26,060), prostate (N= 23,858), colorectal (N= 19,305), lung cancer (N= 16,858) and skin melanoma (N= 9780) with follow-up until 31 December 2020. The cohort approach was used to estimate 5-year relative survival. RESULTS The 5-year relative survival increased significantly between 1980 and 1989, and 2010 and2015: from 0.70 to 0.89 for breast, from 0.60 to 0.92 for prostate, from 0.09 to 0.23 (men) and from 0.10 to 0.27 (women) for lung, from 0.46 to 0.66 (men) and from 0.48 to 0.68 (women) for colorectal cancer, and from 0.74 to 0.94 (men) and from 0.86 to 0.96 (women) for skin melanoma. Survival for stage IV tumors was considerably lower compared to lower-staged tumors for all cancer types. Furthermore, relative survival was similar for the age groups <80 years but lower for patients aged 80 years and older. CONCLUSION The observed increasing trends in survival are encouraging and likely reflect raised awareness around cancer, improved diagnostic methods, and improved treatments. The fact that stage I tumor patients have generally high relative survival reflects the efforts made regarding early detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Wanner
- Cancer Registry Zurich, Zug, Schaffhausen and Schwyz, Institute of Pathology and Molecular PathologyUniversity Hospital ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Maria‐Eleni Syleouni
- Cancer Registry Zurich, Zug, Schaffhausen and Schwyz, Institute of Pathology and Molecular PathologyUniversity Hospital ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention InstituteUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Nena Karavasiloglou
- Cancer Registry Zurich, Zug, Schaffhausen and Schwyz, Institute of Pathology and Molecular PathologyUniversity Hospital ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention InstituteUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- European Food Safety AuthorityParmaItaly
| | - Manuela Limam
- Cancer Registry Zurich, Zug, Schaffhausen and Schwyz, Institute of Pathology and Molecular PathologyUniversity Hospital ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Esther Bastiaannet
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention InstituteUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Dimitri Korol
- Cancer Registry Zurich, Zug, Schaffhausen and Schwyz, Institute of Pathology and Molecular PathologyUniversity Hospital ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Sabine Rohrmann
- Cancer Registry Zurich, Zug, Schaffhausen and Schwyz, Institute of Pathology and Molecular PathologyUniversity Hospital ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention InstituteUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
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Wennberg A, Ding M, Feychting M, Modig K. Risk of All-Cause Dementia, Alzheimer Disease, and Vascular Dementia in Breast Cancer Survivors: A Longitudinal Register-Based Study. Neurol Clin Pract 2023; 13:e200173. [PMID: 37188244 PMCID: PMC10176959 DOI: 10.1212/cpj.0000000000200173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives Now more than two-thirds of cancer survivors are aged 65 years or older, but evidence about their long-term health is thin. Cancer and its treatments have been linked to accelerated aging, so there is a concern that aging cancer survivors have an increased risk of age-related diseases, including dementia. Methods We examined the risk of dementia among 5-year breast cancer survivors using a matched cohort study design. We included breast cancer survivors aged 50 years and older at diagnosis (n = 26,741) and cancer-free comparison participants (n = 249,540). Women eligible for inclusion in the study were those born 1935-1975 and registered in the Swedish Total Population Register between January 1, 1991, and December 31, 2015. We defined breast cancer survivors as women with an initial breast cancer diagnosis between 1991 and 2005 who survived 5 or more years after their first diagnosis. We assessed all-cause dementia, Alzheimer disease (AD), and vascular dementia (VaD) using International Classification of Diseases codes. Survival analyses were conducted using age-adjusted subdistribution hazard models accounting for competing risk of death. Results We did not observe an association between breast cancer survivorship and risk of all-cause dementia, AD, or VaD. However, in models stratified by age at cancer diagnosis, women diagnosed with cancer after age 65 years had a higher risk of all-cause dementia (subdistribution hazard ratio [SHR] = 1.30, 95% CI 1.07-1.58), AD (SHR = 1.35, 95% CI 1.05-1.75), and VaD (SHR = 1.64, 95% CI 1.11-2.43) in models adjusted for age, education, and country of origin. Discussion Older breast cancer survivors who survive cancer have a higher risk for dementia than their peers without a cancer diagnosis, in contrast to earlier studies showing that prevalent or incident cancer is associated with a lower risk of dementia. With the older adult population growing rapidly and because cancer and dementia are 2 of the most common and debilitating diseases among older adults, it is critical that we understand the link between the 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Wennberg
- Unit of Epidemiology (AW, MD, MF, KM), Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mozhu Ding
- Unit of Epidemiology (AW, MD, MF, KM), Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Feychting
- Unit of Epidemiology (AW, MD, MF, KM), Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Modig
- Unit of Epidemiology (AW, MD, MF, KM), Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Wennberg AM, Matthews A, Talbäck M, Ebeling M, Ek S, Feychting M, Modig K. Frailty Among Breast Cancer Survivors: Evidence From Swedish Population Data. Am J Epidemiol 2023; 192:1128-1136. [PMID: 36883906 PMCID: PMC10326604 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwad048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Incidence and survival of breast cancer, the most common cancer among women, have been increasing, leaving survivors at risk of aging-related health conditions. In this matched cohort study, we examined frailty risk with the Hospital Frailty Risk Score among breast cancer survivors (n = 34,900) and age-matched comparison subjects (n = 290,063). Women born in 1935-1975, registered in the Swedish Total Population Register (1991-2015), were eligible for inclusion. Survivors had a first breast cancer diagnosis in 1991-2005 and survived ≥5 years after initial diagnosis. Death date was determined by linkage to the National Cause of Death Registry (through 2015). Cancer survivorship was weakly associated with frailty (subdistribution hazard ratio (SHR) = 1.04, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.00, 1.07). In age-stratified models, those diagnosed at younger ages (<50 years) had higher risk of frailty (SHR = 1.12, 95% CI: 1.00, 1.24) than those diagnosed at ages 50-65 (SHR = 1.03, 95% CI: 0.98, 1.07) or >65 (SHR = 1.09, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.17) years. Additionally, there was increased risk of frailty for diagnoses in 2000 or later (SHR = 1.15, 95% CI: 1.09, 1.21) compared with before 2000 (SHR = 0.97, 95% CI: 0.93, 1.17). This supports work from smaller samples showing that breast cancer survivors have increased frailty risk, particularly when diagnosed at younger ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M Wennberg
- Correspondence to Dr. Alexandra Wennberg, Unit of Epidemiology, Institutet of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, PO Box 210, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden (e-mail: )
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Baltussen JC, de Glas NA, Liefers GJ, Slingerland M, Speetjens FM, van den Bos F, Cloos-van Balen M, Verschoor AJ, Jochems A, Spierings LEAMM, Holterhues C, van Gerven LA, Mooijaart SP, Portielje JEA, Derks MGM. Time trends in treatment patterns and survival of older patients with synchronous metastatic colorectal cancer in the Netherlands: A population-based study. Int J Cancer 2023; 152:2043-2051. [PMID: 36620951 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
New treatment strategies have improved survival of metastatic colorectal cancer in trials. However, it is not clear whether older patients benefit from these novel therapies, as they are often not included in pivotal trials. Therefore, we investigated treatment patterns and overall survival over time in older patients with metastatic colorectal cancer in a population-based study. We identified 22.192 Dutch patients aged ≥70 years diagnosed with synchronous metastatic colorectal cancer between 2005 and 2020 from the Netherlands Cancer Registry. Changes in treatment over time were assessed with logistic regression models. Survival was assessed by Cox proportional hazard ratios (HR). Results showed that chemotherapy use increased between 2005 and 2015, but declined from 2015 onwards, while more patients received best supportive care. Over time, fewer patients underwent primary tumor resection alone. Although survival of both metastatic colon and rectal cancer improved until 2014, survival of colon cancer decreased from 2014 onwards (HR 1.04, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01-1.05), which was seen in all age groups. Survival of metastatic rectal cancer patients remained unchanged from 2014 onwards (HR 1.00, 95% CI 0.98-1.03) in all age groups. In conclusion, treatment patterns of Dutch older patients with synchronous metastatic colorectal cancer rapidly changed from 2005 to 2020, with increasing percentages of patients receiving best supportive care. Survival of metastatic colon cancer decreased from 2014 onwards. The implementation of a colorectal cancer screening program and patient selection might explain why only a subset of older patients seem to benefit from the availability of novel treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joosje C Baltussen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nienke A de Glas
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit-Jan Liefers
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marije Slingerland
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Frank M Speetjens
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Frederiek van den Bos
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Arjan J Verschoor
- Department of Medical Oncology, Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Anouk Jochems
- Department of Medical Oncology, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | | | - Cynthia Holterhues
- Department of Medical Oncology, Haga Hospital, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Leander A van Gerven
- Department of Internal Medicine, LangeLand Hospital, Zoetermeer, The Netherlands
| | - Simon P Mooijaart
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marloes G M Derks
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Heikkinen S, Demers PA, Hansen J, Jakobsen J, Kjaerheim K, Lynge E, Martinsen JI, Mehlum IS, Pitkäniemi J, Selander J, Torfadóttir J, Weiderpass E, Pukkala E. Incidence of cancer among Nordic police officers. Int J Cancer 2023; 152:1124-1136. [PMID: 36196485 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Police work may expose officers to various circumstances that have potential for increasing their risk of cancer, including traffic-related air pollution, night shift work and radiation from radars. In this study, we examined the incidence of cancer among Nordic male and female police officers. We utilize data from the Nordic Occupational Cancer (NOCCA) project, which linked census data on occupations from Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden to national cancer registries for the period 1961 to 2005. We report standardized incidence ratios (SIR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of selected cancers for each country by sex, age and calendar period. The cohort included 38 523 male and 1998 female police officers. As compared with the general population, male police officers had a 7% (95% CI: 4-9%) excess cancer risk, with elevated SIRs for various cancer sites, including prostate (SIR 1.19, 1.14-1.25), breast (SIR 1.77, 1.05-2.80), colon (SIR 1.22, 1.12-1.32) and skin melanoma (SIR 1.44, 1.28-1.60). Conversely, male police officers had a lower risk of lung cancer than the general population (SIR 0.72, 0.66-0.77). In female police officers, the SIR for cancer overall was 1.15 (0.98-1.34), and there was a slight excess of cancers of the breast (SIR 1.25, 0.97-1.59) and colon (SIR 1.21, 0.55-2.30). In conclusion, cancer incidence among the police officers was slightly higher than in the general population. Notably, SIRs were elevated for cancer sites potentially related to night shift work, namely colon, breast and prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna Heikkinen
- Finnish Cancer Registry, Institute for Statistical and Epidemiological Cancer Research, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paul A Demers
- Occupational Cancer Research Center, Ontario Health, Ontario, Canada
| | - Johnni Hansen
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jarle Jakobsen
- Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | | | | | - Janne Pitkäniemi
- Finnish Cancer Registry, Institute for Statistical and Epidemiological Cancer Research, Helsinki, Finland
- Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Jóhanna Torfadóttir
- Icelandic Cancer Registry, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Center of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Elisabete Weiderpass
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Eero Pukkala
- Finnish Cancer Registry, Institute for Statistical and Epidemiological Cancer Research, Helsinki, Finland
- Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
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Everatt R, Gudavičienė D. An analysis of time trends in breast and prostate cancer mortality rates in Lithuania, 1986-2020. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:1812. [PMID: 36151551 PMCID: PMC9508783 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14207-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Breast cancer (BC) and prostate cancer (PC) mortality rates in Lithuania remain comparatively high despite the ongoing BC and PC screening programmes established in 2006. The aim of this study was to investigate time trends in BC and PC mortality rates in Lithuania evaluating the effects of age, calendar period of death, and birth-cohort over a 35-year time span. Methods We obtained death certification data for BC in women and PC in men for Lithuania during the period 1986–2020 from the World Health Organisation database. Age-standardised mortality rates were analysed using Joinpoint regression. Age-period-cohort models were used to assess the independent age, period and cohort effects on the observed mortality trends. Results Joinpoint regression analysis indicated that BC mortality increased by 1.6% annually until 1996, and decreased by − 1.2% annually thereafter. The age-period-cohort analysis suggests that temporal trends in BC mortality rates could be attributed mainly to cohort effects. The cohort effect curvature showed the risk of BC death increased in women born prior to 1921, remained stable in cohorts born around 1921–1951 then decreased; however, trend reversed in more recent generations. The period effect curvature displayed a continuous decrease in BC mortality since 1991–1995. For PC mortality, after a sharp increase by 3.0%, rates declined from 2007 by − 1.7% annually. The period effect was predominant in PC mortality, the curvature displaying a sharp increase until 2001–2005, then decrease. Conclusions Modestly declining recent trends in BC and PC mortality are consistent with the introduction of widespread mammography and PSA testing, respectively, lagging up to 10 years. The study did not show that screening programme introduction played a key role in BC mortality trends in Lithuania. Screening may have contributed to favourable recent changes in PC mortality rates in Lithuania, however the effect was moderate and limited to age groups < 65 years. Further improvements in early detection methods followed by timely appropriate treatment are essential for decreasing mortality from BC and PC. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-022-14207-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rūta Everatt
- Laboratory of Cancer Epidemiology, National Cancer Institute, Baublio 3B, LT-08406, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Daiva Gudavičienė
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos, Vilnius, Lithuania.,Breast Surgery and Oncology Department, National Cancer Institute, Vilnius, Lithuania
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Duun-Henriksen AK, Dehlendorff C, Røder MA, Skriver C, Pottegård A, Friis S, Brasso K, Larsen SB. Prescription rates for drugs used in treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia and erectile dysfunction before and after prostate cancer diagnosis. Acta Oncol 2022; 61:931-938. [PMID: 35666094 DOI: 10.1080/0284186x.2022.2082886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Symptoms and treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) or erectile dysfunction (ED) may lead to prostate cancer workup, and patterns of prescriptions before diagnosis may affect findings of pharmacoepidemiological studies. Usage of BPH and ED drugs after diagnosis may be related to prostate cancer treatment. We investigated differences in prescription rates of BPH and ED drugs among prostate cancer patients and cancer-free comparisons and between patients with localized and non-localized disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS A nationwide register-based study, including all Danish men aged 50-85 years diagnosed with prostate cancer during 1998-2015 and an age-matched comparison cohort without cancer. We calculated rates of new and total prescriptions in 1-month intervals from 3 years before to 3 years after cancer diagnosis for drugs used to treat BPH and ED, overall and stratified by clinical stage. RESULTS We identified 54,286 men with prostate cancer and a comparison cohort of 249,645 age-matched men. The new prescription rate for BPH drugs increased for men with prostate cancer in the year before diagnosis and peaked 1 month before diagnosis with an 18-fold higher rate. Men with prostate cancer had a higher total prescription rate of BPH drugs 3 years before diagnosis, notably among men with localized disease. Before diagnosis, the new prescription rates for ED drugs were similar among men with prostate cancer and comparisons. After diagnosis, men with prostate cancer had a 7-fold higher rate of new prescriptions for ED drugs. Among men with localized disease, the total prescription rate of ED drugs increased in the months following diagnosis. CONCLUSION Differences in prescription rates suggest increased prostate cancer surveillance among men receiving BPH drugs, whereas the post-diagnostic increase in ED drugs among men with localized disease is compatible with the increased risk of ED following prostate cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Katrine Duun-Henriksen
- Statistics and Data Analysis, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Dehlendorff
- Statistics and Data Analysis, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Andreas Røder
- Department of Urology, Urological Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Skriver
- Cancer Surveillance and Pharmacoepidemiology, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anton Pottegård
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Søren Friis
- Cancer Surveillance and Pharmacoepidemiology, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Klaus Brasso
- Department of Urology, Urological Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Signe Benzon Larsen
- Department of Urology, Urological Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Survivorship and Inequality in Cancer, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark
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10
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Incidence trends for twelve cancers in younger adults-a rapid review. Br J Cancer 2022; 126:1374-1386. [PMID: 35132237 PMCID: PMC9090760 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-022-01704-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Many cancer referral guidelines use patient’s age as a key criterium to decide who should be referred urgently. A recent rise in the incidence of colorectal cancer in younger adults has been described in high-income countries worldwide. Information on other cancers is more limited. The aim of this rapid review was to determine whether other cancers are also increasing in younger age groups, as this may have important implications for prioritising patients for investigation and referral. We searched MEDLINE, Embase and Web of Science for studies describing age-related incidence trends for colorectal, bladder, lung, oesophagus, pancreas, stomach, breast, ovarian, uterine, kidney and laryngeal cancer and myeloma. ‘Younger’ patients were defined based on NICE guidelines for cancer referral. Ninety-eight studies met the inclusion criteria. Findings show that the incidence of colorectal, breast, kidney, pancreas, uterine cancer is increasing in younger age groups, whilst the incidence of lung, laryngeal and bladder cancer is decreasing. Data for oesophageal, stomach, ovarian cancer and myeloma were inconclusive. Overall, this review provides evidence that some cancers are increasingly being diagnosed in younger age groups, although the mechanisms remain unclear. Cancer investigation and referral guidelines may need updating in light of these trends.
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11
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Piechocki M, Koziołek W, Sroka D, Matrejek A, Miziołek P, Saiuk N, Sledzik M, Jaworska A, Bereza K, Pluta E, Banas T. Trends in Incidence and Mortality of Gynecological and Breast Cancers in Poland (1980-2018). Clin Epidemiol 2022; 14:95-114. [PMID: 35115839 PMCID: PMC8800373 DOI: 10.2147/clep.s330081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to analyze and determine the incidence and mortality trends in gynecological and breast cancers (BCs) in Poland. The gynecological cancers assessed were cervical cancer (CC), corpus uteri cancer (CUC), ovarian cancer (OC), vaginal cancer (VAC), and vulvar cancer (VUC). PATIENTS AND METHODS Data concerning the incidence and mortality for the period of 1980-2018 were obtained from the Polish National Cancer Registry (PNCR). Joinpoint regression analysis was performed to identify trends, which were described using the annual percentage change (APC) and the average annual percent change (AAPC). RESULTS Statistically significant increases were observed in BC incidence (AAPC: 2.3; CI: 1.8 to 2.9; p<0.05), CUC incidence (AAPC: 2.3; CI: 1.9 to 2.7; p<0.05), CUC mortality (AAPC: 0.4; CI: 0.1 to 0.7; p<0.05) and VUC mortality (AAPC: 1.16, CI: 0.1 to 2.2; p<0.05). VAC mortality decreased (AAPC: -3.5, CI: -5.0 to -2.0; p<0.05), as did CC incidence and mortality (AAPC: -2.1, CI: -2.3 to -1.8; p<0.05, AAPC: -2.0, CI: -2.2 to -1.8; p<0.05, respectively). Between 1980 and 1993, OC incidence initially increased and then stabilized (AAPC: 0.9; CI: 0.7 to 1.1; p<0.05). After 2007, OC mortality decreased (AAPC: 0.0; CI: -0.2 to 0.2; p=0.8). Trends in VUC and VAC incidence and BC mortality were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION The results of this study showed a significant increase in OC, CUC, and BC incidence, and a decrease in the incidence of CC and VAC. The VUC trends were stable. Mortality trends for BC initially fluctuated and, since 2010, has begun to increase. Throughout the observed period, mortality due to VUC and CUC increased, whereas decreased among patients with CC. OC mortality was stable, but not significant. Furthermore, the study showed a correlation between age group and rate of incidence and mortality of each assessed cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Piechocki
- Department of Gynecology and Oncology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Wojciech Koziołek
- Department of Gynecology and Oncology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Damian Sroka
- Department of Gynecology and Oncology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Matrejek
- Department of Gynecology and Oncology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Paulina Miziołek
- Department of Gynecology and Oncology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Nazarii Saiuk
- Department of Gynecology and Oncology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Monika Sledzik
- Department of Gynecology and Oncology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Adriana Jaworska
- Department of Gynecology and Oncology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Bereza
- Department of Mother and Child Health;Faculty of Health Sciences;Institute of Nursing and Midwifery;Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Elzbieta Pluta
- Department of Radiotherapy, Maria Sklodowska–Curie Institute - Oncology Centre, Krakow, Poland
| | - Tomasz Banas
- Department of Gynecology and Oncology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
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12
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Dyba T, Randi G, Bray F, Martos C, Giusti F, Nicholson N, Gavin A, Flego M, Neamtiu L, Dimitrova N, Negrão Carvalho R, Ferlay J, Bettio M. The European cancer burden in 2020: Incidence and mortality estimates for 40 countries and 25 major cancers. Eur J Cancer 2021; 157:308-347. [PMID: 34560371 PMCID: PMC8568058 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2021.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Europe is an important focus for compiling accurate and up-to-date world cancer statistics owing to its large share of the world's total cancer burden. This article presents incidence and mortality estimates for 25 major cancers across 40 individual countries within European areas and the European Union (EU-27) for the year 2020. METHODS The estimated national incidence and mortality rates are based on statistical methodology previously applied and verified using the most recently collected incidence data from 151 population-based cancer registries, mortality data and 2020 population estimates. RESULTS Estimates reveal 4 million new cases of cancer (excluding non-melanoma skin cancer) and 1.9 million cancer-related deaths. The most common cancers are: breast in women (530,000 cases), colorectum (520,000), lung (480,000) and prostate (470,000). These four cancers account for half the overall cancer burden in Europe. The most common causes of cancer deaths are: lung (380,000), colorectal (250,000), breast (140,000) and pancreatic (130,000) cancers. In EU-27, the estimated new cancer cases are approximately 1.4 million in males and 1.2 million in females, with over 710,000 estimated cancer deaths in males and 560,000 in females. CONCLUSION The 2020 estimates provide a basis for establishing priorities in cancer-control measures across Europe. The long-established role of cancer registries in cancer surveillance and the evaluation of cancer control measures remain fundamental in formulating and adapting national cancer plans and pan-European health policies. Given the estimates are built on recorded data prior to the onset of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), they do not take into account the impact of the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadeusz Dyba
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy.
| | - Giorgia Randi
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy.
| | - Freddie Bray
- Cancer Surveillance Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Carmen Martos
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | | | | | - Anna Gavin
- Northern Ireland Cancer Registry, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Manuela Flego
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Luciana Neamtiu
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Nadya Dimitrova
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | | | - Jacques Ferlay
- Cancer Surveillance Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Manola Bettio
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
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13
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Katuwal S, Jousilahti P, Pukkala E. Causes of death among women with breast cancer: A follow-up study of 50 481 women with breast cancer in Finland. Int J Cancer 2021; 149:839-845. [PMID: 33890290 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Our study aims to assess mortality from causes other than breast cancer among women with breast cancer with focus on indications of joint aetiology. Data on female breast cancer patients were obtained from the Finnish Cancer Registry and their underlying causes of death in 54 categories from the Statistics Finland. Standardised mortality ratios (SMR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for 50 481 patients diagnosed between 1971 and 2000 and followed until December 2012, stratified by histology, age at diagnosis and time since diagnosis. The expected numbers of deaths were based on respective mortality rates among the Finnish general population. Hazard ratio (HR) was estimated from Poisson regression model to compare risks of cause of death by histology. 41% of 30 841 deaths were due to causes other than breast cancer. Significant excess mortality was observed for stomach cancer (SMR 1.43, 95% CI 1.26-1.62), circulatory system diseases (SMR 1.17, 95% CI 1.14-1.20) and suicide (SMR 1.51, 95% CI 1.28-1.78). In an age-adjusted analysis, significantly higher relative risk of stomach cancer mortality was observed for lobular vs ductal subtype (HR 2.00, 95% CI 1.32-3.02). Significantly increased SMRs were observed for cancers of respiratory organs among premenopausal women, and for other respiratory system diseases, dementia and Alzheimer disease among postmenopausal women. We conclude that female breast cancer patients are at increased risk of death from causes other than the breast cancer diagnosis including circulatory and respiratory system diseases and cancer of stomach, ovary and respiratory systems. The excess mortality because of different causes varies based on menopausal status and histology. There might be shared aetiological factors between the diagnosis of breast cancer and the causes of death among these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushmita Katuwal
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Pekka Jousilahti
- Department of Public Health Solutions, Finnish Institute of Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eero Pukkala
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Finnish Cancer Registry, Institute for Statistical and Epidemiological Cancer Research, Helsinki, Finland
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14
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Hao S, Östensson E, Eklund M, Grönberg H, Nordström T, Heintz E, Clements M. The economic burden of prostate cancer - a Swedish prevalence-based register study. BMC Health Serv Res 2020; 20:448. [PMID: 32434566 PMCID: PMC7238534 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-020-05265-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Incidence and prevalence of prostate cancer in Sweden have increased markedly due to prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing. Moreover, new diagnostic tests and treatment technologies are expected to further increase the overall costs. Our aims were (i) to estimate the societal costs for existing testing, diagnosis, management and treatment of prostate cancer, and (ii) to provide reference values for future cost-effectiveness analyses of prostate cancer screening and treatment. Methods Taking a societal perspective, this study aimed to investigate the annual cost of prostate cancer in Sweden using a prevalence-based cost-of-illness approach. Resource utilisation and related costs within Stockholm Region during 2016 were quantified using data from the Stockholm PSA and Biopsy Register and other health and population registers. Costs included: (i) direct medical costs for health care utilisation at primary care, hospitals, palliative care and prescribed drugs; (ii) informal care; and (iii) indirect costs due to morbidity and premature mortality. The resource utilisation was valued using unit costs for direct medical costs and the human capital method for informal care and indirect costs. Costs for the Stockholm region were extrapolated to Sweden based on cancer prevalence and the average costs by age and resource type. Results The societal costs due to prostate cancer in Stockholm in 2016 were estimated to be €64 million Euro (€Mn), of which the direct medical costs, informal care and productivity losses represented 62, 28 and 10% of the total costs, respectively. The total annual costs extrapolated to Sweden were calculated to be €281 Mn. The average direct medical cost, average costs for informal care and productivity losses per prevalent case were €1510, €828 and €271, respectively. These estimates were sensitive to assumptions related to the proportion of primary care visits associated with PSA testing and the valuation method for informal care. Conclusion The societal costs due to prostate cancer were substantial and constitute a considerable burden to Swedish society. Data from this study are relevant for future cost-effectiveness evaluations of prostate cancer screening and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Hao
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 12A, 171 65, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Ellinor Östensson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 12A, 171 65, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Tomtebodavägen 18A, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Eklund
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 12A, 171 65, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Henrik Grönberg
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 12A, 171 65, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tobias Nordström
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 12A, 171 65, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Mörbygårdsvägen, 182 88, Danderyd, Sweden
| | - Emelie Heintz
- Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics, Karolinska Institutet, Tomtebodavägen 18A, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mark Clements
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 12A, 171 65, Stockholm, Sweden
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15
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Abstract
The second most common type of tumor worldwide is prostate cancer (PCa). Certain genetic factors contribute to a risk of developing PCa of as much as 40%. BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations have linked with an increased risk for breast, ovarian, and PCa. However, BRCA2 is the most common gene found altered in early-onset of PCa in males younger than 65. BRCA2 mutation has a higher chance of developing an advanced stage of the disease, resulting in short survival time. This review aimed to describe the genetic changes in BRCA2 that contribute to the risk of PCa, to define its role in the early diagnosis in a man with a strong family history, and to outline the purpose of genetic testing and counseling. Also, the review summarizes the impact of BRCA2 gene mutation in localized PCa, and the treatment strategies have used for PCa patients with a BRCA2 modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor N Junejo
- Department of Urology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. E-mail.
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16
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Braadland PR, Urbanucci A. Chromatin reprogramming as an adaptation mechanism in advanced prostate cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2019; 26:R211-R235. [PMID: 30844748 DOI: 10.1530/erc-18-0579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tumor evolution is based on the ability to constantly mutate and activate different pathways under the selective pressure of targeted therapies. Epigenetic alterations including those of the chromatin structure are associated with tumor initiation, progression and drug resistance. Many cancers, including prostate cancer, present enlarged nuclei, and chromatin appears altered and irregular. These phenotypic changes are likely to result from epigenetic dysregulation. High-throughput sequencing applied to bulk samples and now to single cells has made it possible to study these processes in unprecedented detail. It is therefore timely to review the impact of chromatin relaxation and increased DNA accessibility on prostate cancer growth and drug resistance, and their effects on gene expression. In particular, we focus on the contribution of chromatin-associated proteins such as the bromodomain-containing proteins to chromatin relaxation. We discuss the consequence of this for androgen receptor transcriptional activity and briefly summarize wider gain-of-function effects on other oncogenic transcription factors and implications for more effective prostate cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peder Rustøen Braadland
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alfonso Urbanucci
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic European Molecular Biology Laboratory Partnership, Forskningsparken, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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17
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Voskarides K. The “cancer–cold” hypothesis and possible extensions for the Nordic populations. Scand J Public Health 2019; 47:477-481. [DOI: 10.1177/1403494819831905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cancer incidence is inexplicably high in cold countries. This has been revealed by recent genetic and epidemiological studies. These studies used data from the GLOBOCAN-2012 database, for 186 populations and for a variety of cancer types. Cancer incidence in Nordic people is particularly high for the frequent cancer forms, like breast, prostate and colon cancer. A relationship of cancer with cold is suspected since Inuit and Alaska Indians that live in even more extreme low temperatures have the higher cancer rates in the world. In this article, possible reasons for this phenomenon are discussed. These explanations are related with: evolutionary adaptation to extreme cold, the genetic background of Nordic people, the experimentally proven fast growth and metastasis of tumors at low temperatures, high concentration of certain air pollutants at cold environments, low levels of serum Vitamin D, overdiagnosis by the medical doctors and high quality of the health system in Nordic countries. Lifestyle parameters are not discussed in detail, although these may be equally crucial for cancer risk in cold countries. In conclusion, more studies are needed to elucidate the real causes of this epidemiological pattern.
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18
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Nordenskjöld AE, Fohlin H, Arnesson LG, Einbeigi Z, Holmberg E, Albertsson P, Karlsson P. Breast cancer survival trends in different stages and age groups - a population-based study 1989-2013. Acta Oncol 2019; 58:45-51. [PMID: 30513223 DOI: 10.1080/0284186x.2018.1532601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the recent decades, breast cancer survival has gradually improved but there is limited knowledge on the improvement in population-based studies of patients diagnosed with different stages of the disease and in different age groups. PATIENTS AND METHODS In two Swedish health care regions a total of 42,220 female breast cancer patients below 90 years of age were diagnosed between 1989 and 2013. They were treated and followed according to national and regional guidelines and formed a population-based cohort. RESULTS Using patients diagnosed in 1989-1993 as a reference to the relative risk, 5-year mortality decreased with 49% for patients diagnosed at the end of the observation period (CI 95% 45-58). The mortality tended to decrease for patients with all stages of breast cancer and test for trend resulted in a statistically significant improvement over time in 5-year relative survival in stage III and IV and in 10-year survival in stage I and III. For each operable stage of disease, patients aged below 40 years or more than 70 years when diagnosed tended to have less favorable survival than patients diagnosed between 40-69 years of age. Test for trend resulted in statistically significant improvements over time for patients diagnosed at ages below 40, 40-54 and 54-69, but less marked improvements for patients older than 70 when diagnosed. CONCLUSIONS During the period 1989-2013 the relative risk of 5-year mortality decreased with 49%. Improvements were seen in all age groups but were unevenly distributed between stages and age groups pointing to the need for further improvements for younger and elderly patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Helena. Fohlin
- Regional Cancer Center Southeast Sweden, and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | | | - Zakaria Einbeigi
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Clinical Sciences at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Erik Holmberg
- Regional Cancer Center, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per Albertsson
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Clinical Sciences at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per Karlsson
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Clinical Sciences at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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19
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Cheng Y, Yan Y, Gong J, Yang N, Nie S. Trends in incidence and mortality of female breast cancer during transition in Central China. Cancer Manag Res 2018; 10:6247-6255. [PMID: 30538571 PMCID: PMC6260121 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s182510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Following the implementation of breast cancer (BC) control strategies for years in Central China, the outcome needs to be evaluated and further strategies based on long-term surveillance should be formulated. Therefore, we examined the trends of BC incidence and mortality during 1990-2014 and projected them to 2024 in Wuhan, Central China. PATIENTS AND METHODS The incidence and mortality data of BC were extracted from the Wuhan Cancer Registry. The average annual percentage changes (AAPCs) of the age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) and age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) were analyzed using Joinpoint regression. The Nordpred R-package was used to project BC incidence and mortality between 2015 and 2024. The age-period-cohort analysis was applied to evaluate the age, period, and cohort effects on the trends of BC incidence and mortality. RESULTS Overall, the ASIR increased markedly from 20.01 to 44.26 per 100,000 (AAPC=3.3%, 95% CI: 1.7%, 5.0%) during 1990-2014, and it was projected to keep increasing in the next decade (AAPC=3.0%, 95% CI: 2.0%, 4.1%). The ASMR of BC leveled off during the study period (AAPC=0.4%, 95% CI: -0.2%, 0.9%). The BC mortality of the older group (aged 50-79 years) showed significant upward trends in both observed and projected periods. Strong age, period, and cohort effects were observed in BC incidence, and BC mortality was significantly driven by age and cohort effects. CONCLUSION The ASIR in Wuhan was approaching those areas with the highest BC risk in China, and the evident increase in BC incidence suggested that prior strategies for BC control should be adopted. In particular, further strategies for reducing BC mortality in older age groups should be reinforced in Wuhan, Central China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Cheng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China,
| | - Yaqiong Yan
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention and Control, Wuhan Centers for Disease Prevention and Control, Wuhan, China,
| | - Jie Gong
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention and Control, Wuhan Centers for Disease Prevention and Control, Wuhan, China,
| | - Niannian Yang
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention and Control, Wuhan Centers for Disease Prevention and Control, Wuhan, China,
| | - Shaofa Nie
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China,
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20
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Ferlay J, Colombet M, Soerjomataram I, Dyba T, Randi G, Bettio M, Gavin A, Visser O, Bray F. Cancer incidence and mortality patterns in Europe: Estimates for 40 countries and 25 major cancers in 2018. Eur J Cancer 2018; 103:356-387. [PMID: 30100160 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1485] [Impact Index Per Article: 247.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Europe contains 9% of the world population but has a 25% share of the global cancer burden. Up-to-date cancer statistics in Europe are key to cancer planning. Cancer incidence and mortality estimates for 25 major cancers are presented for the 40 countries in the four United Nations-defined areas of Europe and for Europe and the European Union (EU-28) for 2018. METHODS Estimates of national incidence and mortality rates for 2018 were based on statistical models applied to the most recently published data, with predictions obtained from recent trends, where possible. The estimated rates in 2018 were applied to the 2018 population estimates to obtain the estimated numbers of new cancer cases and deaths in Europe in 2018. RESULTS There were an estimated 3.91 million new cases of cancer (excluding non-melanoma skin cancer) and 1.93 million deaths from cancer in Europe in 2018. The most common cancer sites were cancers of the female breast (523,000 cases), followed by colorectal (500,000), lung (470,000) and prostate cancer (450,000). These four cancers represent half of the overall burden of cancer in Europe. The most common causes of death from cancer were cancers of the lung (388,000 deaths), colorectal (243,000), breast (138,000) and pancreatic cancer (128,000). In the EU-28, the estimated number of new cases of cancer was approximately 1.6 million in males and 1.4 million in females, with 790,000 men and 620,000 women dying from the disease in the same year. CONCLUSION The present estimates of the cancer burden in Europe alongside a description of the profiles of common cancers at the national and regional level provide a basis for establishing priorities for cancer control actions across Europe. The estimates presented here are based on the recorded data from 145 population-based cancer registries in Europe. Their long established role in planning and evaluating national cancer plans on the continent should not be undervalued.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ferlay
- Section of Cancer Surveillance, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France.
| | - M Colombet
- Section of Cancer Surveillance, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - I Soerjomataram
- Section of Cancer Surveillance, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - T Dyba
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, Ispra, Italy
| | - G Randi
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, Ispra, Italy
| | - M Bettio
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, Ispra, Italy
| | - A Gavin
- Northern Ireland Cancer Registry, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - O Visser
- Netherlands Comprehensive Cancer Organisation, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - F Bray
- Section of Cancer Surveillance, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
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21
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Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin 2018; 68:394-424. [PMID: 30207593 DOI: 10.3322/caac.21492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51486] [Impact Index Per Article: 8581.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This article provides a status report on the global burden of cancer worldwide using the GLOBOCAN 2018 estimates of cancer incidence and mortality produced by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, with a focus on geographic variability across 20 world regions. There will be an estimated 18.1 million new cancer cases (17.0 million excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) and 9.6 million cancer deaths (9.5 million excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) in 2018. In both sexes combined, lung cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer (11.6% of the total cases) and the leading cause of cancer death (18.4% of the total cancer deaths), closely followed by female breast cancer (11.6%), prostate cancer (7.1%), and colorectal cancer (6.1%) for incidence and colorectal cancer (9.2%), stomach cancer (8.2%), and liver cancer (8.2%) for mortality. Lung cancer is the most frequent cancer and the leading cause of cancer death among males, followed by prostate and colorectal cancer (for incidence) and liver and stomach cancer (for mortality). Among females, breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death, followed by colorectal and lung cancer (for incidence), and vice versa (for mortality); cervical cancer ranks fourth for both incidence and mortality. The most frequently diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death, however, substantially vary across countries and within each country depending on the degree of economic development and associated social and life style factors. It is noteworthy that high-quality cancer registry data, the basis for planning and implementing evidence-based cancer control programs, are not available in most low- and middle-income countries. The Global Initiative for Cancer Registry Development is an international partnership that supports better estimation, as well as the collection and use of local data, to prioritize and evaluate national cancer control efforts. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 2018;0:1-31. © 2018 American Cancer Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freddie Bray
- Head, Section of Cancer Surveillance, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Jacques Ferlay
- Informatics Officer, Section of Cancer Surveillance, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Isabelle Soerjomataram
- Deputy Head, Section of Cancer Surveillance, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Rebecca L Siegel
- Scientific Director, Surveillance and Health Services Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA
| | - Lindsey A Torre
- Scientist, Surveillance and Health Services Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA
| | - Ahmedin Jemal
- Scientific Vice President, Surveillance and Health Services Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA
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22
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Jong MC, Boers I, Schouten van der Velden AP, Meij SVD, Göker E, Timmer-Bonte ANJH, van Wietmarschen HA. A Randomized Study of Yoga for Fatigue and Quality of Life in Women with Breast Cancer Undergoing (Neo) Adjuvant Chemotherapy. J Altern Complement Med 2018; 24:942-953. [PMID: 30247961 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2018.0191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare the effectiveness of yoga added to standard care (SC) versus SC only, in women with breast cancer during chemotherapy. DESIGN A multicenter pragmatic, randomized controlled study. SETTINGS/LOCATION Three hospitals in the Netherlands. SUBJECTS Women with stage I-III breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy. INTERVENTIONS Women were randomized either to a program based on Dru Yoga, once a week yoga sessions for 12 weeks (N = 47), or SC only (N = 36). OUTCOME MEASURES Primary outcome fatigue (Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory [MFI]; general fatigue) and secondary outcomes fatigue (MFI, Fatigue Quality List [FQL]), quality of life (30-item Quality of Life Questionnaire-C of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer [EORTC-QLQ-C-30]) and psychological distress (Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale [HADS], Impact of Events Scale [IES]) were measured at baseline (T0), 3 months (T1), and 6 months (T2) and analyzed on observed cases. Other outcomes were adequate relief, reintegration to work, and adverse events. RESULTS No significant differences were found in general fatigue at T1 (MFI: yoga; 14.6 ± 4.5 vs. SC; 14.2 ± 4.2, p = 0.987). Similar findings were observed for other fatigue (sub)scales of MFI and FQL and functional domains of EORTC. With respect to EORTCs symptom scales, women in the yoga group reported significantly less nausea and vomiting compared with SC at T2 (p = 0.004), but not at T1 (p = 0.807). Depressive symptoms were significantly lower with yoga at T1 (HADS: yoga; 4.7 ± 4.1 vs. SC; 5.1 ± 4.2, p = 0.031). More women in the yoga group experienced adequate relief compared with SC at T1 (yoga; 51% vs. SC; 19%) and had returned to work at T2 (yoga; 53% vs. SC; 23%). No adverse events were reported with yoga. CONCLUSIONS A Dru-based yoga program failed to demonstrate a significant beneficial effect on fatigue. Possible favorable effects of the yoga program on nausea and vomiting and early return to work in breast cancer survivors warrant further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miek C Jong
- 1 Department of Nutrition and Health, Louis Bolk Institute , Bunnik, The Netherlands .,2 Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University , Sundsvall, Sweden
| | - Inge Boers
- 1 Department of Nutrition and Health, Louis Bolk Institute , Bunnik, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Emine Göker
- 5 Breast Cancer Clinic, Alexander Monro Hospital , Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Silva DAS, Tremblay MS, Souza MDFMD, Guerra MR, Mooney M, Naghavi M, Malta DC. Mortality and years of life lost due to breast cancer attributable to physical inactivity in the Brazilian female population (1990-2015). Sci Rep 2018; 8:11141. [PMID: 30042430 PMCID: PMC6057969 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29467-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of this study were as follows: to estimate the mortality and years of life lost, assessed by disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), due to breast cancer attributable to physical inactivity in Brazilian women; to compare the estimates attributable to physical inactivity and to other modifiable risk factors; and to analyse the temporal evolution of these estimates within Brazilian states over 25 years (1990-2015), compared with global estimates. Databases from the Global Burden of Disease Study for Brazil, Brazilian states, and other parts of the world were used. Physical inactivity has contributed to a substantial number of deaths (1990: 875; 2015: 2,075) and DALYs (1990: 28,089; 2015: 60,585) due to breast cancer in Brazil. Physical inactivity was responsible for more deaths and DALYs (~12.0%) due to breast cancer than other modifiable risk factors (~5.0%). The Brazilian states with better socioeconomic indicators had higher age-standardized rates of mortality and morbidity due to breast cancer attributable to physical inactivity. From 1990 to 2015, mortality due to breast cancer attributable to physical inactivity increased in Brazil (0.77%; 95%U.I.: 0.27-1.47) and decreased (-2.84%; 95%U.I.: -4.35 - -0.10) around the world. These findings support the promotion of physical activity in the Brazilian female population to prevent and manage breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Augusto Santos Silva
- Federal University of Santa Catarina, Research Center in Kinanthropometry and Human Performance, Florianopolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil.
| | - Mark Stephen Tremblay
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, ONK1H5B2, Canada
| | - Maria de Fatima Marinho de Souza
- Ministry of Health, Department of Surveillance of Noncommunicable Diseases, and Injuries, and Health Promotion, Brasília, DF, 70058-900, Brazil
| | - Maximiliano Ribeiro Guerra
- Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Post-graduate Program in Public Health, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-330, Brazil
| | - Meghan Mooney
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle, WA, 98121, USA
| | - Mohsen Naghavi
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle, WA, 98121, USA
| | - Deborah Carvalho Malta
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health, School of Nursing, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
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