1
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Scimeca RC, Reichard MV. Differential gene expression response to acute and chronic Cytauzxoon felis infection in domestic cats (Felis catus). Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2023; 14:102242. [PMID: 37651848 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2023.102242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Cytauxzoonosis is a severe tick transmitted protozoan disease of domestic cats, caused by Cytauxzoon felis. The disease is characterized by acute onset of high fever, depression, lethargy, inappentence, anorexia, icterus, dehydration, hemolytic anemia, and alteration of immune response. The aim of our study was to further detail the immune response of domestic cats to C. felis infection by comparing the differential expression of feline immune transcriptional elements during acute and chronic cytauxzoonosis. True single molecule sequencing (tSMS) was used to analyze the whole genome of acutely and chronically infected C. felis cats, focusing on the analysis of genes involved on the immune response. Two C. felis donor cats were infested with Amblyomma americanum nymphs, which after repletion were collected and kept in humidity chambers until they molted. The resulting A. americanum were randomly selected to infest three C. felis naïve principal cats. Infection of these cats was confirmed by nested PCR of the 18S rRNA C. felis gene and clinical signs. RNA was extracted from whole blood at different time points and used for tSMS analyses, the results revealed overexpression in transcripts involved in type I interferon signaling, cellular and cytokine responses during the acute stage of infection, while cell cycle, and metabolic processes were downregulated. Genes involved in cell adhesion increased their expression in the chronic infected cats, whereas inflammatory and apoptotic related genes were downregulated. This study provided information on the host immune response to C. felis in domestic cats, demonstrating that inflammatory, apoptotic, and cell adhesion are some of the pathways altered during acute and chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth C Scimeca
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078.
| | - Mason V Reichard
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078
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2
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Villamayor L, López-García D, Rivero V, Martínez-Sobrido L, Nogales A, DeDiego ML. The IFN-stimulated gene IFI27 counteracts innate immune responses after viral infections by interfering with RIG-I signaling. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1176177. [PMID: 37187533 PMCID: PMC10175689 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1176177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The recognition of viral nucleic acids by host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) is critical for initiating innate immune responses against viral infections. These innate immune responses are mediated by the induction of interferons (IFNs), IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) and pro-inflammatory cytokines. However, regulatory mechanisms are critical to avoid excessive or long-lasting innate immune responses that may cause detrimental hyperinflammation. Here, we identified a novel regulatory function of the ISG, IFN alpha inducible protein 27 (IFI27) in counteracting the innate immune responses triggered by cytoplasmic RNA recognition and binding. Our model systems included three unrelated viral infections caused by Influenza A virus (IAV), Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and Sendai virus (SeV), and transfection with an analog of double-stranded (ds) RNA. Furthermore, we found that IFI27 has a positive effect on IAV and SARS-CoV-2 replication, most likely due to its ability to counteract host-induced antiviral responses, including in vivo. We also show that IFI27 interacts with nucleic acids and PRR retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I), being the interaction of IFI27 with RIG-I most likely mediated through RNA binding. Interestingly, our results indicate that interaction of IFI27 with RIG-I impairs RIG-I activation, providing a molecular mechanism for the effect of IFI27 on modulating innate immune responses. Our study identifies a molecular mechanism that may explain the effect of IFI27 in counterbalancing innate immune responses to RNA viral infections and preventing excessive innate immune responses. Therefore, this study will have important implications in drug design to control viral infections and viral-induced pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Villamayor
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Darío López-García
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Vanessa Rivero
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Aitor Nogales
- Center for Animal Health Research, CISA-INIA-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta L. DeDiego
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Marta L. DeDiego,
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3
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Yi F, Hu J, Zhu X, Wang Y, Yu Q, Deng J, Huang X, Ma Y, Xie Y. Transcriptional Profiling of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Stimulated by Mycobacterium tuberculosis PPE57 Identifies Characteristic Genes Associated With Type I Interferon Signaling. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:716809. [PMID: 34490145 PMCID: PMC8416891 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.716809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Proline-glutamic acid (PE)- and proline-proline-glutamic acid (PPE)-containing proteins are exclusive to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), the leading cause of tuberculosis (TB). In this study, we performed global transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) on PPE57-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and control samples to quantitatively measure the expression level of key transcripts of interest. A total of 1367 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were observed in response to a 6 h exposure to PPE57, with 685 being up-regulated and 682 down-regulated. Immune-related gene functions and pathways associated with these genes were evaluated, revealing that the type I IFN signaling pathway was the most significantly enriched pathway in our RNA-seq dataset, with 14 DEGs identified therein including ISG15, MX2, IRF9, IFIT3, IFIT2, OAS3, IFIT1, IFI6, OAS2, OASL, RSAD2, OAS1, IRF7, and MX1. These PPE57-related transcriptomic profiles have implications for a better understanding of host global immune mechanisms underlying MTB infection outcomes. However, more studies regarding these DEGs and type I IFN signaling in this infectious context are necessary to more fully clarify the underlying mechanisms that arise in response to PPE57 during MTB infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanli Yi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiuju Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Deng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuedong Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Ma
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Xie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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4
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Sajid M, Ullah H, Yan K, He M, Feng J, Shereen MA, Hao R, Li Q, Guo D, Chen Y, Zhou L. The Functional and Antiviral Activity of Interferon Alpha-Inducible IFI6 Against Hepatitis B Virus Replication and Gene Expression. Front Immunol 2021; 12:634937. [PMID: 33868257 PMCID: PMC8047077 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.634937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus is an enveloped DNA virus, that infects more than three hundred and sixty million people worldwide and leads to severe chronic liver diseases. Interferon-alpha inducible protein 6 (IFI6) is an IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) whose expression is highly regulated by the stimulation of type I IFN-alpha that restricts various kinds of virus infections by targeting different stages of the viral life cycle. This study aims to investigate the antiviral activity of IFI6 against HBV replication and gene expression. The IFI6 was highly induced by the stimulation of IFN-α in hepatoma cells. The overexpression of IFI6 inhibited while knockdown of IFI6 elevated replication and gene expression of HBV in HepG2 cells. Further study determined that IFI6 inhibited HBV replication by reducing EnhII/Cp of the HBV without affecting liver enriched transcription factors that have significant importance in regulating HBV enhancer activity. Furthermore, deletion mutation of EnhII/Cp and CHIP analysis revealed 100 bps (1715-1815 nt) putative sites involved in IFI6 mediated inhibition of HBV. Detailed analysis with EMSA demonstrated that 1715-1770 nt of EnhII/Cp was specifically involved in binding with IFI6 and restricted EnhII/Cp promoter activity. Moreover, IFI6 was localized mainly inside the nucleus to involve in the anti-HBV activity of IFI6. In vivo analysis based on the hydrodynamic injection of IFI6 expression plasmid along with HBV revealed significant inhibition of HBV DNA replication and gene expression. Overall, our results suggested a novel mechanism of IFI6 mediated HBV regulation that could develop potential therapeutics for efficient HBV infection treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Sajid
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hafiz Ullah
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kun Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Miao He
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, The Infection and Immunity Center (TIIC), School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiangpeng Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Muhammad Adnan Shereen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ruidong Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiaohong Li
- Animal Biosafety Level III Laboratory at Center for Animal Experiment, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Deyin Guo
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, The Infection and Immunity Center (TIIC), School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Animal Biosafety Level III Laboratory at Center for Animal Experiment, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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5
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Ullah H, Sajid M, Yan K, Feng J, He M, Shereen MA, Li Q, Xu T, Hao R, Guo D, Chen Y, Zhou L, Zhou L. Antiviral Activity of Interferon Alpha-Inducible Protein 27 Against Hepatitis B Virus Gene Expression and Replication. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:656353. [PMID: 33868214 PMCID: PMC8044325 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.656353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the availability of effective vaccines, hepatitis B virus (HBV) is still a major health issue, and approximately 350 million people have been chronically infected with HBV throughout the world. Interferons (IFNs) are the key molecules in the innate immune response that restrict several kinds of viral infections via the induction of hundreds of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). The objective of this study was to confirm if interferon alpha-inducible protein 27 (IFI27) as an ISG could inhibit HBV gene expression and DNA replication both in cell culture and in a mouse model. In human hepatoma cells, IFI27 was highly induced by the stimulation of IFN-alpha (IFN-α), and it potentiated the anti-HBV activity. The overexpression of IFI27 inhibited, while its silencing enhanced the HBV replication in HepG2 cell. However, the knocking out of IFI27 in HepG2 cells robustly increases the formation of viral DNA, RNA, and proteins. Detailed mechanistic analysis of the HBV genome showed that a sequence [nucleotide (nt) 1715–1815] of the EnhII/Cp promoter was solely responsible for viral inhibition. Similarly, the hydrodynamic injection of IFI27 expression constructs along with the HBV genome into mice resulted in a significant reduction in viral gene expression and DNA replication. In summary, our studies suggested that IFI27 contributed a vital role in HBV gene expression and replication and IFI27 may be a potential antiviral agent for the treatment of HBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafiz Ullah
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Muhammad Sajid
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kun Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiangpeng Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Miao He
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, The Infection and Immunity Center, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Muhammad Adnan Shereen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiaohong Li
- Animal Biosafety Level III Laboratory at Center for Animal Experiment, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tianmo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ruidong Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Deyin Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, The Infection and Immunity Center, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Limin Zhou
- Department of Gynecology, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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6
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Matsunaga M, Kita T, Yamamoto R, Yamamoto N, Okano T, Omori K, Sakamoto S, Nakagawa T. Initiation of Supporting Cell Activation for Hair Cell Regeneration in the Avian Auditory Epithelium: An Explant Culture Model. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:583994. [PMID: 33281558 PMCID: PMC7688741 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.583994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensorineural hearing loss is a common disability often caused by the loss of sensory hair cells in the cochlea. Hair cell (HCs) regeneration has long been the main target for the development of novel therapeutics for sensorineural hearing loss. In the mammalian cochlea, hair cell regeneration is limited, but the auditory epithelia of non-mammalian organisms retain the capacity for hair cell regeneration. In the avian basilar papilla (BP), supporting cells (SCs), which give rise to regenerated hair cells, are usually quiescent. Hair cell loss induces both direct transdifferentiation and mitotic division of supporting cells. Here, we established an explant culture model for hair cell regeneration in chick basilar papillae and validated it for investigating the initial phase of hair cell regeneration. The histological assessment demonstrated hair cell regeneration via direct transdifferentiation of supporting cells. Labeling with 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU) revealed the occurrence of mitotic division in the supporting cells at specific locations in the basilar papillae, while no EdU labeling was observed in newly generated hair cells. RNA sequencing indicated alterations in known signaling pathways associated with hair cell regeneration, consistent with previous findings. Also, unbiased analyses of RNA sequencing data revealed novel genes and signaling pathways that may be related to the induction of supporting cell activation in the chick basilar papillae. These results indicate the advantages of our explant culture model of the chick basilar papillae for exploring the molecular mechanisms of hair cell regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mami Matsunaga
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kita
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Yamamoto
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Norio Yamamoto
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takayuki Okano
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koichi Omori
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Takayuki Nakagawa
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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7
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Jia H, Mo W, Hong M, Jiang S, Zhang YY, He D, Yu D, Shi Y, Cao J, Xu X, Zhang S. Interferon-α inducible protein 6 (IFI6) confers protection against ionizing radiation in skin cells. J Dermatol Sci 2020; 100:139-147. [PMID: 33059972 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2020.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiation-induced skin injury is one of the main adverse effects and a dose-limiting factor of radiotherapy without feasible treatment. The underlying mechanism of this disease is still limited. OBJECTIVE To investigate the potential molecular pathways and mechanisms of radiation-induced skin injury. METHODS mRNA expression profiles were determined by Affymetrix Human HTA2.0 microarray.IFI6 overexpression and knockdown were mediated by lentivirus. The functional changes of skin cells were measured by flow cytometry, ROS probe and Edu probe. Protein distribution was detected by immunofluorescence experiment, and IFI6-interacting proteins were detected by immunoprecipitation (IP) combined with mass spectrometry. The global gene changes in IFI6-overexpressed skin cells after irradiation were detected by RNA-seq. RESULTS mRNA expression profiling showed 50 upregulated and 13 down regulated genes and interferon alpha inducible protein 6 (IFI6) was top upregulated. Overexpression of IFI6 promoted cell proliferation and reduced cell apoptosis as well as ROS production following radiation, and conversely, increased the radiosensitivity of HaCaT and human skin fibroblast (WS1). IFI6 was translocated into nucleus in irradiated skin cells and the interacting relationship with mitochondrial single-stranded DNA-binding protein 1 (SSBP1), which could enhance the transcriptional activity of heat shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1).IFI6 augmented HSF1 activity following radiation in HaCaT and WS1 cells. RNA-seq analysis showed IFI6 modulated virus infection and cellular response to stress pathways, which may help to further explore how IFI6 regulate the transcriptional activity of HSF1. CONCLUSION This study reveals that IFI6 is induced by ionizing radiation and confers radioprotection in skin cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Jia
- State Key Lab of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wei Mo
- State Key Lab of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Min Hong
- State Key Lab of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Sheng Jiang
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Zhang
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dan He
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Daojiang Yu
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuhong Shi
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianping Cao
- State Key Lab of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaohui Xu
- Department of General Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Taicang, Taicang Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Taicang, China.
| | - Shuyu Zhang
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital, Chengdu, China; West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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8
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Mutual Regulation of RNA Silencing and the IFN Response as an Antiviral Defense System in Mammalian Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041348. [PMID: 32079277 PMCID: PMC7072894 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA silencing is a posttranscriptional gene silencing mechanism directed by endogenous small non-coding RNAs called microRNAs (miRNAs). By contrast, the type-I interferon (IFN) response is an innate immune response induced by exogenous RNAs, such as viral RNAs. Endogenous and exogenous RNAs have typical structural features and are recognized accurately by specific RNA-binding proteins in each pathway. In mammalian cells, both RNA silencing and the IFN response are induced by double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) in the cytoplasm, but have long been considered two independent pathways. However, recent reports have shed light on crosstalk between the two pathways, which are mutually regulated by protein–protein interactions triggered by viral infection. This review provides brief overviews of RNA silencing and the IFN response and an outline of the molecular mechanism of their crosstalk and its biological implications. Crosstalk between RNA silencing and the IFN response may reveal a novel antiviral defense system that is regulated by miRNAs in mammalian cells.
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9
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Cutler SJ, Doecke JD, Ghazawi I, Yang J, Griffiths LR, Spring KJ, Ralph SJ, Mellick AS. Novel STAT binding elements mediate IL-6 regulation of MMP-1 and MMP-3. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8526. [PMID: 28819304 PMCID: PMC5561029 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08581-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Dynamic remodelling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) is a key feature of cancer progression. Enzymes that modify the ECM, such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), have long been recognised as important targets of anticancer therapy. Inflammatory cytokines are known to play a key role in regulating protease expression in cancer. Here we describe the identification of gamma-activated site (GAS)-like, signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) binding elements (SBEs) within the proximal promoters of the MMP-1 and MMP-3 genes, which in association with AP-1 components (c-Fos or Jun), bind STAT-1 in a homodimer like complex (HDLC). We further demonstrate that MMP expression and binding of this complex to SBEs can either be enhanced by interleukin (IL)-6, or reduced by interferon gamma (IFN-γ), and that IL-6 regulation of MMPs is not STAT-3 dependent. Collectively, this data adds to existing understanding of the mechanism underlying cytokine regulation of MMP expression via STAT-1, and increases our understanding of the links between inflammation and malignancy in colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Cutler
- School of Medical Science, Griffith Institute for Health and Medical Research, Griffith University, Parklands Drive, Southport, 4215, QLD, Australia
| | - James D Doecke
- School of Medical Science, Griffith Institute for Health and Medical Research, Griffith University, Parklands Drive, Southport, 4215, QLD, Australia
| | - Ibtisam Ghazawi
- School of Medical Science, Griffith Institute for Health and Medical Research, Griffith University, Parklands Drive, Southport, 4215, QLD, Australia
| | - Jinbo Yang
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Lerner Research Institute, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio, 44195, USA
| | - Lyn R Griffiths
- Institute for Health & Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia
| | - Kevin J Spring
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia.,Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, South Western Sydney Clinical School UNSW & CONCERT Translational Cancer Research Centre, 1 Campbell Street, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia
| | - Stephen J Ralph
- School of Medical Science, Griffith Institute for Health and Medical Research, Griffith University, Parklands Drive, Southport, 4215, QLD, Australia.
| | - Albert S Mellick
- School of Medical Science, Griffith Institute for Health and Medical Research, Griffith University, Parklands Drive, Southport, 4215, QLD, Australia. .,School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia. .,Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, South Western Sydney Clinical School UNSW & CONCERT Translational Cancer Research Centre, 1 Campbell Street, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia.
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10
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He XM, Du X, Zhuo JS, Jing XY, Yang XQ, Liu D. Promoter identification and effect on activation of NF-κB of porcine ISG58. ACTA AGR SCAND A-AN 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09064702.2017.1341952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- X.-M. He
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - X. Du
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - J.-S. Zhuo
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - X.-Y. Jing
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - X.-Q. Yang
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - D. Liu
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
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11
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Chen S, Li S, Chen L. Interferon-inducible Protein 6-16 (IFI-6-16, ISG16) promotes Hepatitis C virus replication in vitro. J Med Virol 2015; 88:109-14. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shan Chen
- Institute of Blood Transfusion; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Chengdu China
| | - Shilin Li
- Institute of Blood Transfusion; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Chengdu China
| | - Limin Chen
- Institute of Blood Transfusion; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Chengdu China
- Toronto General Research Institute; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
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12
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Qi Y, Li Y, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Wang Z, Zhang X, Gui L, Huang J. IFI6 Inhibits Apoptosis via Mitochondrial-Dependent Pathway in Dengue Virus 2 Infected Vascular Endothelial Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132743. [PMID: 26244642 PMCID: PMC4526556 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF)/Dengue shock syndrome (DSS) is a fatal infectious disease that demands an effective treatment. Interferon (IFN)-stimulated genes (ISGs) induced by dengue virus (DENV) exert antiviral effects. Among ISGs, IFN-α inducible gene 6 (IFI6) was increased in DENV infected human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs) by microarray analysis in our previous study. However, its function is incompletely understood. In this study, we confirmed that IFI6 was markedly induced in DENV infection of both primary HUVECs and EA.hy926 cell lines. Recombinant EA.hy926 cell lines in which IFI6 was either over-expressed (IFI6+/+) or knocked-down (IFI6-/-) were generated. The activation of caspase-3 and intrinsic apoptosis-related protein caspase-9 were down-regulated in IFI6+/+ but up-regulated in IFI6-/- cells at 24–48 hrs post-infection. After incubation with DENV for 48 hrs, the mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψ(m)) was more stable in IFI6+/+ cells but reduced in IFI6-/- cells, as assayed by fluorescence staining with JC-1. We observed that Bcl-2 expression was increased in IFI6+/+ and decreased in IFI6-/- cells. By contrast, Bax expression was decreased in IFI6+/+ and increased in IFI6-/- cells. It is presumed that the anti-apoptotic function of IFI6 is expressed by regulating the rheostatic balance between bcl-2/bax expression and inhibition of Δψ(m) depolarization during DENV infection of vascular endothelial cells(VECs). In addition, the pro-apoptotic protein X-linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis (XIAP)-Associated Factor 1(XAF1) expression had been reported to be up-regulated and led to the induction of apoptosis in DENV2-infected VECs,but the relationship between XAF1 and IFI6 dengue virus-induced apoptosis in VECs warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Qi
- Institute of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Ying Li
- Institute of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yingke Zhang
- Institute of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Institute of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Zilian Wang
- First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuzhi Zhang
- Institute of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Lian Gui
- Institute of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Junqi Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, Guangzhou, PR China
- First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, PR China
- * E-mail:
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Schyth BD, Bela-ong DB, Jalali SAH, Kristensen LBJ, Einer-Jensen K, Pedersen FS, Lorenzen N. Two Virus-Induced MicroRNAs Known Only from Teleost Fishes Are Orthologues of MicroRNAs Involved in Cell Cycle Control in Humans. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132434. [PMID: 26207374 PMCID: PMC4514678 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are ~22 base pair-long non-coding RNAs which regulate gene expression in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells by binding to specific target regions in mRNAs to mediate transcriptional blocking or mRNA cleavage. Through their fundamental roles in cellular pathways, gene regulation mediated by miRNAs has been shown to be involved in almost all biological phenomena, including development, metabolism, cell cycle, tumor formation, and host-pathogen interactions. To address the latter in a primitive vertebrate host, we here used an array platform to analyze the miRNA response in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) following inoculation with the virulent fish rhabdovirus Viral hemorrhagic septicaemia virus. Two clustered miRNAs, miR-462 and miR-731 (herein referred to as miR-462 cluster), described only in teleost fishes, were found to be strongly upregulated, indicating their involvement in fish-virus interactions. We searched for homologues of the two teleost miRNAs in other vertebrate species and investigated whether findings related to ours have been reported for these homologues. Gene synteny analysis along with gene sequence conservation suggested that the teleost fish miR-462 and miR-731 had evolved from the ancestral miR-191 and miR-425 (herein called miR-191 cluster), respectively. Whereas the miR-462 cluster locus is found between two protein-coding genes (intergenic) in teleost fish genomes, the miR-191 cluster locus is found within an intron of a protein-coding gene (intragenic) in the human genome. Interferon (IFN)-inducible and immune-related promoter elements found upstream of the teleost miR-462 cluster locus suggested roles in immune responses to viral pathogens in fish, while in humans, the miR-191 cluster functionally associated with cell cycle regulation. Stimulation of fish cell cultures with the IFN inducer poly I:C accordingly upregulated the expression of miR-462 and miR-731, while no stimulatory effect on miR-191 and miR-425 expression was observed in human cell lines. Despite high sequence conservation, evolution has thus resulted in different regulation and presumably also different functional roles of these orthologous miRNA clusters in different vertebrate lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Dall Schyth
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Dennis Berbulla Bela-ong
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Fish Health Section, Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | | | - Lasse Bøgelund Juel Kristensen
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Aarhus, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | - Finn Skou Pedersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Aarhus, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Niels Lorenzen
- Fish Health Section, Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus N, Denmark
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Zhang Z, Shi L, Song L, Ephrem E, Petri M, Sullivan KE. Interferon regulatory factor 1 marks activated genes and can induce target gene expression in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheumatol 2015; 67:785-96. [PMID: 25418955 DOI: 10.1002/art.38964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1) mediates both induction of interferons (IFNs) and responses to type I IFNs. It has been implicated as a critical mediator of inflammation in murine lupus models. In a previous study of chromatin modifications in monocytes from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), IRF-1 was implicated as being associated with increased histone acetylation in this disease. The present study was undertaken to directly investigate IRF-1 binding sites on chromatin. METHODS Cells from 9 female SLE patients and 7 female controls were examined. Monocytes were purified from peripheral blood and subjected to library preparation using a validated antibody to IRF-1. IRF-1 binding sites on chromatin were identified by chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing. The effect of IRF-1 on target gene expression was confirmed using an overexpression system in cell lines, and coimmunoprecipitation was used to identify protein interactions. RESULTS IRF-1 binding around transcribed regions was increased in SLE patient monocytes, but histone modifications at potential IRF-1 binding sites without detectable IRF-1 binding were increased as well. Overexpression of IRF-1 was sufficient to drive transcription of target genes. IRF-1 overexpression was also able to alter histone modifications at a focus set of target genes, and treatment with an IRF-1 inhibitor reduced both expression and histone modifications at target genes. IRF-1 was found to interact with a select set of histone-modifying enzymes and other transcription factors. CONCLUSION IRF-1 is an important signaling protein in the interferon pathway. It not only activates gene expression as a transcription factor, but may perpetuate disease by leading to a dysregulated epigenome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhang
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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15
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Huang J, Li Y, Qi Y, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Wang Z, Zhang X, Gui L. Coordinated regulation of autophagy and apoptosis determines endothelial cell fate during Dengue virus type 2 infection. Mol Cell Biochem 2014; 397:157-65. [PMID: 25138703 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-014-2183-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Dengue is the most prevalent mosquito-borne viral disease in tropical regions. Severe cases may progress to Dengue hemorrhagic fever, suggesting vascular endothelial dysfunction in disease pathogenesis. In our previous study, we found that Dengue virus type 2 (DENV2) induced apoptosis of vascular endothelial cells via FasL/Fas- and XIAP-associated factor 1 (XAF1)-dependent pathways. In this paper, we demonstrate that DENV2 can induce autophagy in primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and the human umbilical vein endothelial cell line EA.hy926. Inhibition of autophagy with 3-methyl adenine promoted apoptosis, while inhibition of apoptosis with Z-VAD-FMK facilitated autophagy in DENV2-infected HUVECs and EA.hy926 cells. Interferon-alpha-inducible protein 6 (IFI6), a putative apoptosis regulator, inhibited DENV2-induced autophagy in EA.hy926 cells, while XAF1, an inhibitor of anti-apoptotic XIAP, facilitated autophagy. Molecular regulators of apoptosis and autophagy interact at multiple levels to determine cell fate. Our data suggest that XAF1 and IFI6 are involved in regulating the balance between autophagy and apoptosis in DENV2-infected endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China,
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Gupta P, Cairns MJ, Saksena NK. Regulation of gene expression by microRNA in HCV infection and HCV-mediated hepatocellular carcinoma. Virol J 2014; 11:64. [PMID: 24690114 PMCID: PMC3977900 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-11-64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA (miRNA) exert a profound effect on Hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication and on the manifestation of HCV-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). miR-122 in particular, is highly enriched in liver and has been shown to interact with HCV, suggesting this virus has evolved to subvert and manipulate the host gene silencing machinery in order to support its life cycle. It is therefore likely that miR-122 and other miRNAs play an important role in the pathophysiology of HCV infection. The changes in post-transcriptional gene regulation by the miRNAs may play a key role in the manifestation of chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. Understanding of HCV-host miRNA interactions will ultimately lead to the design of therapeutic modalities against HCV infection and HCV-mediated HCC and may also provide important biomarkers that direct treatment options. Here, we review the current knowledge on the role of miRNA and gene expression on HCV infection and hepatocellular carcinoma, in addition to the possible role of miRNA as future therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nitin K Saksena
- Centre for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, Darcy Road, Sydney, Westmead NSW 2145, Australia.
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17
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Sjöstrand M, Ambrosi A, Brauner S, Sullivan J, Malin S, Kuchroo VK, Espinosa A, Wahren-Herlenius M. Expression of the Immune Regulator Tripartite-Motif 21 Is Controlled by IFN Regulatory Factors. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:3753-63. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Park GH, Kim KY, Cho SW, Cheong JY, Yu GI, Shin DH, Kwack KB. Association between Interferon-Inducible Protein 6 (IFI6) Polymorphisms and Hepatitis B Virus Clearance. Genomics Inform 2013; 11:15-23. [PMID: 23613678 PMCID: PMC3630380 DOI: 10.5808/gi.2013.11.1.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T cells are key factors mediating hepatitis B virus (HBV) clearance. However, these cells are killed through HBV-induced apoptosis during the antigen-presenting period in HBV-induced chronic liver disease (CLD) patients. Interferon-inducible protein 6 (IFI6) delays type I interferon-induced apoptosis in cells. We hypothesized that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the IFI6 could affect the chronicity of CLD. The present study included a discovery stage, in which 195 CLD patients, including chronic hepatitis B (HEP) and cirrhosis patients and 107 spontaneous recovery (SR) controls, were analyzed. The genotype distributions of rs2808426 (C > T) and rs10902662 (C > T) were significantly different between the SR and HEP groups (odds ratio [OR], 6.60; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.64 to 26.52, p = 0.008 for both SNPs) and between the SR and CLD groups (OR, 4.38; 95% CI, 1.25 to 15.26; p = 0.021 and OR, 4.12; 95% CI, 1.18 to 14.44; p = 0.027, respectively). The distribution of diplotypes that contained these SNPs was significantly different between the SR and HEP groups (OR, 6.58; 95% CI, 1.63 to 25.59; p = 0.008 and OR, 0.15; 95% CI, 0.04 to 0.61; p = 0.008, respectively) and between the SR and CLD groups (OR, 4.38; 95% CI, 1.25 to 15.26; p = 0.021 and OR, 4.12; 95% CI, 1.18 to 14.44; p = 0.027, respectively). We were unable to replicate the association shown by secondary enrolled samples. A large-scale validation study should be performed to confirm the association between IFI6 and HBV clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geun-Hee Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam 463-836, Korea
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19
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Abstract
We look back on the discoveries that the tyrosine kinases TYK2 and JAK1 and the transcription factors STAT1, STAT2, and IRF9 are required for the cellular response to type I interferons. This initial description of the JAK-STAT pathway led quickly to additional discoveries that type II interferons and many other cytokines signal through similar mechanisms. This well-understood pathway now serves as a paradigm showing how information from protein-protein contacts at the cell surface can be conveyed directly to genes in the nucleus. We also review recent work on the STAT proteins showing the importance of several different posttranslational modifications, including serine phosphorylation, acetylation, methylation, and sumoylation. These remarkably proficient proteins also provide noncanonical functions in transcriptional regulation and they also function in mitochondrial respiration and chromatin organization in ways that may not involve transcription at all.
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Affiliation(s)
- George R. Stark
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - James E. Darnell
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065-6399, USA
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20
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Cheriyath V, Leaman DW, Borden EC. Emerging roles of FAM14 family members (G1P3/ISG 6-16 and ISG12/IFI27) in innate immunity and cancer. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2010; 31:173-81. [PMID: 20939681 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2010.0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) manifest their cellular functions by regulating expression of target genes known collectively as IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). The repertoires of ISGs vary slightly between cell types, but routinely include a core of common ISGs robustly upregulated in most IFN-treated cells. Here, we review the regulation and cellular functions of 2 related ISGs, ISG12 (IFI27) and G1P3 (ISG 6-16), that are commonly induced by IFNs in most, if not all, IFN-responsive cells. On the basis of sequence similarity, they are grouped together within the newly defined FAM14 family. Emerging data on ISG12 and G1P3 suggest that both are mitochondrial proteins with opposing activities on apoptosis that may influence the innate immune responses of IFNs. The G1P3 gene encodes a low molecular weight mitochondrial protein that may stabilize mitochondrial function and oppose apoptosis. In contrast, ISG12 expression may sensitize cells to apoptotic stimuli via mitochondrial membrane destabilization. On the basis of these results and differences in induction kinetics between ISG12 and G1P3, we have proposed a model for the role of these genes in mediating cellular activity of IFNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venugopalan Cheriyath
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.
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21
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Hochstenbach K, van Leeuwen DM, Gmuender H, Stølevik SB, Nygaard UC, Løvik M, Granum B, Namork E, van Delft JHM, van Loveren H. Transcriptomic profile indicative of immunotoxic exposure: in vitro studies in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Toxicol Sci 2010; 118:19-30. [PMID: 20702593 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigating the immunotoxic effects of exposure to chemicals usually comprises evaluation of weight and histopathology of lymphoid tissues, various lymphocyte parameters in the circulation, and immune function. Immunotoxicity assessment is time consuming in humans or requires a high number of animals, making it expensive. Furthermore, reducing the use of animals in research is an important ethical and political issue. Immunotoxicogenomics represents a novel approach to investigate immunotoxicity able of overcoming these limitations. The current research, embedded in the European Union project NewGeneris, aimed to retrieve gene expression profiles that are indicative of exposure to immunotoxicants. To this end, whole-genome gene expression was investigated in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in response to in vitro exposure to a range of immunotoxic chemicals (4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, aflatoxin B1, benzo[a]pyrene, deoxynivalenol, ethanol, malondialdehyde, polychlorinated biphenyl 153, and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin) and nonimmunotoxic chemicals (acrylamide, dimethylnitrosamine, 2-amino-3-methyl-3H-imidazo[4,5-F]quinoline, and 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine). Using Agilent oligonucleotide microarrays, whole-genome gene expression profiles were generated, which were analyzed using Genedata's Expressionist software. Using Recursive Feature Elimination and Support Vector Machine, a set of 48 genes was identified that distinguishes the immunotoxic from the nonimmunotoxic compounds. Analysis for enrichment of biological processes showed the gene set to be highly biologically and immunologically relevant. We conclude that we have identified a promising transcriptomic profile indicative of immunotoxic exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Hochstenbach
- Department of Health Risk Analysis and Toxicology, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
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22
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Interferon-mediated enhancement of in vitro replication of porcine circovirus type 2 is influenced by an interferon-stimulated response element in the PCV2 genome. Virus Res 2009; 145:236-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2009.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2009] [Revised: 07/13/2009] [Accepted: 07/13/2009] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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23
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Terenzi F, White C, Pal S, Williams BRG, Sen GC. Tissue-specific and inducer-specific differential induction of ISG56 and ISG54 in mice. J Virol 2007; 81:8656-65. [PMID: 17553874 PMCID: PMC1951374 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00322-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) ISG56 and ISG54 are strongly induced in cultured cells by type I interferons (IFNs), viruses, and double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), which activate their transcription by various signaling pathways. Here we studied the stimulus-dependent induction of both genes in vivo. dsRNA, which is generated during virus infection, induced the expression of both genes in all organs examined. Induction was not seen in STAT1-deficient mice, indicating that dsRNA-induced gene expression requires endogenous IFN. We further examined the regulation of these ISGs in several organs from mice injected with dsRNA or IFN-beta. Both ISG56 and ISG54 were widely expressed and at comparable levels. However, in organs isolated from mice injected with IFN-alpha the expression of ISG54 was reduced and more restricted in distribution compared with the expression level and distribution of ISG56. When we began to study specific cell types, splenic B cells showed ISG54 but not ISG56 expression in response to all agonists. Finally, in livers isolated from mice infected with vesicular stomatitis virus, the expression of ISG56, but not ISG54, was induced; this difference was observed at both protein and mRNA levels. These studies have revealed unexpected complexity in IFN-stimulated gene induction in vivo. For the first time we showed that the two closely related genes are expressed in a tissue-specific and inducer-specific manner. Furthermore, our findings provide the first evidence of a differential pattern of expression of ISG54 and ISG56 genes by IFN-alpha and IFN-beta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulvia Terenzi
- Department of Molecular Genetics/NE20, The Lewrnert research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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Itsui Y, Sakamoto N, Kurosaki M, Kanazawa N, Tanabe Y, Koyama T, Takeda Y, Nakagawa M, Kakinuma S, Sekine Y, Maekawa S, Enomoto N, Watanabe M. Expressional screening of interferon-stimulated genes for antiviral activity against hepatitis C virus replication. J Viral Hepat 2006; 13:690-700. [PMID: 16970601 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2893.2006.00732.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Type-I interferons (IFNs) and the interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) play a major role in antivirus responses against hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. In this study, we studied expression profiles of ISGs in cells supporting subgenomic HCV replication (Huh7/Rep), and screened their activities to suppress HCV replication. Real-time PCR analyses showed that the expression levels of 23 ISGs were significantly lower in Huh7/Rep than naive Huh7 cells due to transcriptional suppression of the interferon-stimulated response element (ISRE). Furthermore, the expression level of ISGs was also decreased in the cured Huh7 cells in which replicon had been eliminated (cHuh7), indicating adaptation of the cells to support HCV replication by downregulating ISGs. On the other hand, expression of HCV replicon was significantly suppressed by overexpression of several ISGs including PKR, MxA, IRF-9, GBP-1, IFI-6-16, IFI-27, 25OAS and IRF-1. Knock down of GBP-1, IFI-6-16 and IFI-27 by short hairpin RNA resulted in increase of HCV replication. Thus, we conclude that downregulation of ISG expression is required in the host cells supporting HCV replication and that several ISGs directly suppress HCV replication. The search for ISGs that regulate HCV replication may help to elucidate the cellular antiviral defence mechanisms against HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Itsui
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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25
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Terenzi F, Hui DJ, Merrick WC, Sen GC. Distinct induction patterns and functions of two closely related interferon-inducible human genes, ISG54 and ISG56. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:34064-71. [PMID: 16973618 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m605771200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Human P54 and P56 proteins are tetratricopeptide proteins that are encoded by two closely related genes, ISG54 and ISG56. These genes are induced strongly but transiently when cells are treated with interferons or double-stranded RNA or infected with a variety of viruses. We observed that, although double-stranded RNA or Sendai virus infection induced the two genes with similar kinetics, their induction kinetics in response to interferon-beta were quite different. The induction kinetics by virus infection were also different between two cell lines. Functionally the two proteins were similar. Like P56, P54 bound to the translation initiation factor eIF3 and inhibited translation. However, unlike P56, P54 bound to both the "e" and the "c" subunits of eIF3. Consequently, P54 inhibited two functions of eIF3. Like P56, it inhibited the ability of eIF3 to stabilize the eIF2 x GTP x Met-tRNA(i) ternary complex. But in addition, it also inhibited the formation of the 48 S pre-initiation complex between the 40 S ribosomal subunit and the 20 S complex composed of eIF3, ternary complex, eIF4F, and mRNA. Thus, although similar in structure, the human P54 and P56 proteins are induced differently and function differently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulvia Terenzi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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26
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Tsukahara T, Kim S, Taylor MW. REFINEMENT: A search framework for the identification of interferon-responsive elements in DNA sequences – a case study with ISRE and GAS. Comput Biol Chem 2006; 30:134-47. [PMID: 16546448 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2006.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2005] [Revised: 11/22/2005] [Accepted: 01/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Interferons (IFN) are a family of pleiotropic secreted proteins that play a key role in mediating antiviral and apoptotic responses, and in immune modulation. Interferons induce a large number of genes through activating the janus tyrosine kinase (JAK)-signal transducers and activators of transcription proteins (STAT) pathway, and the binding of transcription factors to upstream regions of the inducible genes (interferon-stimulated gene, ISG) at specific DNA regulatory elements known as interferon-stimulated response element (ISRE) and gamma-activated sequence (GAS). We have previously performed DNA micro-arrays on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) treated with interferon-alpha in culture and showed that approximately 700 genes are significantly modulated (P < or = 0.001). In order to search for ISRE and GAS we have developed a framework called regulatory element finding with iteration and effective model refinement (REFINEMENT) using an existing program (HMMER) and a standard discriminating scoring technique. Although REFINEMENT uses existing programs, our framework itself is novel as it effectively discriminates occurrences using an iterative model refinement technique. REFINEMENT has detected either ISRE or GAS sequence in all of the genes shown to be induced at a P-value < or = 0.001. There were far more functional occurrences in ISRE than in GAS, suggesting that ISRE plays a greater role in response to interferon-alpha than GAS sequences. This method can be used to identify such sequences in any set of genes. REFINEMENT is non-commercial and is accessible at .
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Tsukahara
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47401, USA.
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Ding L, Stilwell J, Zhang T, Elboudwarej O, Jiang H, Selegue JP, Cooke PA, Gray JW, Chen FF. Molecular characterization of the cytotoxic mechanism of multiwall carbon nanotubes and nano-onions on human skin fibroblast. NANO LETTERS 2005; 5:2448-64. [PMID: 16351195 PMCID: PMC2733876 DOI: 10.1021/nl051748o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The increasing use of nanotechnology in consumer products and medical applications underlies the importance of understanding its potential toxic effects to people and the environment. Although both fullerene and carbon nanotubes have been demonstrated to accumulate to cytotoxic levels within organs of various animal models and cell types and carbon nanomaterials have been exploited for cancer therapies, the molecular and cellular mechanisms for cytotoxicity of this class of nanomaterial are not yet fully apparent. To address this question, we have performed whole genome expression array analysis and high content image analysis based phenotypic measurements on human skin fibroblast cell populations exposed to multiwall carbon nano-onions (MWCNOs) and multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). Here we demonstrate that exposing cells to MWCNOs and MWCNTs at cytotoxic doses induces cell cycle arrest and increases apoptosis/necrosis. Expression array analysis indicates that multiple cellular pathways are perturbed after exposure to these nanomaterials at these doses, with material-specific toxigenomic profiles observed. Moreover, there are also distinct qualitative and quantitative differences in gene expression profiles, with each material at different dosage levels (6 and 0.6 microg/mL for MWCNO and 0.6 and 0.06 microg/mL for MWCNT). MWCNO and MWCNT exposure activates genes involved in cellular transport, metabolism, cell cycle regulation, and stress response. MWCNTs induce genes indicative of a strong immune and inflammatory response within skin fibroblasts, while MWCNO changes are concentrated in genes induced in response to external stimuli. Promoter analysis of the microarray results demonstrate that interferon and p38/ERK-MAPK cascades are critical pathway components in the induced signal transduction contributing to the more adverse effects observed upon exposure to MWCNTs as compared to MWCNOs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Fanqing Frank Chen
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at: Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkley National Laboratory, MS 977R0225A, 1 Cyclotron Rd., Berkeley, CA 94720. Phone: (510) 495-2444. Fax: (510) 486-5586. E-mail:
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Terenzi F, Pal S, Sen GC. Induction and mode of action of the viral stress-inducible murine proteins, P56 and P54. Virology 2005; 340:116-24. [PMID: 16023166 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2005] [Revised: 05/11/2005] [Accepted: 06/06/2005] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian cells respond to virus infection or other viral stresses, such as double-stranded (ds) RNA and interferons (IFN), by robust and rapid induction of viral stress-inducible proteins. The induction and actions of one such protein, the human P56, have been extensively studied. However, little is known about the distantly related mouse proteins, MuP56 and MuP54. Here, we report that, in mouse cells, they could be induced by IFN, dsRNA or Sendai virus infection. MuP56 and MuP54 inhibited protein synthesis in vitro by binding to the "c", but not the "e", subunit of the translation initiation factor, eIF-3. The N-terminal region of the MuP54 was sufficient for inhibiting translation, but it and the corresponding region of MuP56 bound to two different regions of eIF3c. Thus, members of the human and murine P56 family have similar but non-identical functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulvia Terenzi
- Department of Molecular Genetics/NE20, The Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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Tahara E, Tahara H, Kanno M, Naka K, Takeda Y, Matsuzaki T, Yamazaki R, Ishihara H, Yasui W, Barrett JC, Ide T, Tahara E. G1P3, an interferon inducible gene 6-16, is expressed in gastric cancers and inhibits mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis in gastric cancer cell line TMK-1 cell. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2005; 54:729-40. [PMID: 15685448 PMCID: PMC11034321 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-004-0645-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2004] [Accepted: 11/17/2004] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Expression of an interferon inducible gene 6-16, G1P3, increases not only in type I interferon-treated cells but also in human senescent fibroblasts. However, the function of 6-16 protein is unknown. Here we report that 6-16 is 34 kDa glycosylated protein and localized at mitochondria. Interestingly, 6-16 is expressed at high levels in gastric cancer cell lines and tissues. One of exceptional gastric cancer cell line, TMK-1, which do not express detectable 6-16, is sensitive to apoptosis induced by cycloheximide (CHX), 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and serum-deprivation. Ectopic expression of 6-16 gene restored the induction of apoptosis and inhibited caspase-3 activity in TMK-1 cells. Thus 6-16 protein has anti-apoptotic function through inhibiting caspas-3. This anti-apoptotic function is expressed through inhibition of the depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential and release of cytochrome c. By two-hybrid screening, we found that 6-16 protein interacts with calcium and integrin binding protein, CIB/KIP/Calmyrin (CIB), which interacts with presenilin 2, a protein involved in Alzheimer's disease. These protein interactions possibly play a pivotal role in the regulation of apoptosis, for which further detailed analyses are need. These results overall indicate that 6-16 protein may have function as a cell survival protein by inhibiting mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Tahara
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Division of Integerated Medical Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minamiku-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551 Japan
- Department of Immunology and Parasitology, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minamiku-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551 Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Tahara
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Division of Integerated Medical Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minamiku-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551 Japan
| | - Masamoto Kanno
- Department of Immunology and Parasitology, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minamiku-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551 Japan
| | - Kazuhito Naka
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minamiku-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551 Japan
| | - Yayoi Takeda
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Division of Integerated Medical Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minamiku-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551 Japan
| | - Takeshi Matsuzaki
- Yakult Central Institute for Microbiological Research, 1796 Yaho, Kunitachi, 186-8650 Japan
| | - Ryuta Yamazaki
- Yakult Central Institute for Microbiological Research, 1796 Yaho, Kunitachi, 186-8650 Japan
| | - Hiroto Ishihara
- Department of Immunology and Parasitology, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minamiku-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551 Japan
| | - Wataru Yasui
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minamiku-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551 Japan
| | - J Carl Barrett
- Yakult Central Institute for Microbiological Research, 1796 Yaho, Kunitachi, 186-8650 Japan
| | - Toshinori Ide
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Division of Integerated Medical Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minamiku-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551 Japan
| | - Eiichi Tahara
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bldg. 31, Room 3A11, 31 Center Drive, MSC-2440, Bethesda, MD 20892-2440 USA
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30
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Distinct gene expression patterns in a tamoxifen-sensitive human mammary carcinoma xenograft and its tamoxifen-resistant subline MaCa 3366/TAM. Mol Cancer Ther 2005. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.151.4.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The reasons why human mammary tumors become resistant to tamoxifen therapy are mainly unknown. Changes in gene expression may occur as cells acquire resistance to antiestrogens. We therefore undertook a comparative gene expression analysis of tamoxifen-sensitive and tamoxifen-resistant human breast cancer in vivo models using Affymetrix oligonucleotide arrays to analyze differential gene expression. Total RNAs from the tamoxifen-sensitive patient-derived mammary carcinoma xenograft MaCa 3366 and the tamoxifen-resistant model MaCa 3366/TAM were hybridized to Affymetrix HuGeneFL and to Hu95Av2 arrays. Pairwise comparisons and clustering algorithms were applied to identify differentially expressed genes and patterns of gene expression. As revealed by cluster analysis, the tamoxifen-sensitive and the tamoxifen-resistant breast carcinomas differed regarding their gene expression pattern. More than 100 transcripts are changed in abundance in MaCa 3366/TAM as compared with MaCa 3366. Among the genes that are differentially expressed in the tamoxifen-resistant tumors, there are several IFN-inducible and estrogen-responsive genes, and genes known to be involved in breast carcinogenesis. The genes neuronatin (NNAT) and bone marrow stem cell antigen 2 (BST2) were sharply up-regulated in MaCa 3366/TAM. The differential expression of four genes (NNAT, BST2, IGFBP5, and BCAS1) was confirmed by Taqman PCR. Our results provide the starting point for deriving markers for tamoxifen resistance by differential gene expression profiling in a human breast cancer model of acquired tamoxifen resistance. Finally, genes whose expression profiles are distinctly changed between the two xenograft lines will be further evaluated as potential targets for diagnostic or therapeutic approaches of tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer.
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Carpenter AJ, Porter ACG. Construction, characterization, and complementation of a conditional-lethal DNA topoisomerase IIalpha mutant human cell line. Mol Biol Cell 2004; 15:5700-11. [PMID: 15456904 PMCID: PMC532048 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e04-08-0732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA Topoisomerase IIalpha (topoIIalpha) is a DNA decatenating enzyme, abundant constituent of mammalian mitotic chromosomes, and target of numerous antitumor drugs, but its exact role in chromosome structure and dynamics is unclear. In a powerful new approach to this important problem, with significant advantages over the use of topoII inhibitors or RNA interference, we have generated and characterized a human cell line (HTETOP) in which >99.5% topoIIalpha expression can be silenced in all cells by the addition of tetracycline. TopoIIalpha-depleted HTETOP cells enter mitosis and undergo chromosome condensation, albeit with delayed kinetics, but normal anaphases and cytokineses are completely prevented, and all cells die, some becoming polyploid in the process. Cells can be rescued by expression of topoIIalpha fused to green fluorescent protein (GFP), even when certain phosphorylation sites have been mutated, but not when the catalytic residue Y805 is mutated. Thus, in addition to validating GFP-tagged topoIIalpha as an indicator for endogenous topoIIalpha dynamics, our analyses provide new evidence that topoIIalpha plays a largely redundant role in chromosome condensation, but an essential catalytic role in chromosome segregation that cannot be complemented by topoIIbeta and does not require phosphorylation at serine residues 1106, 1247, 1354, or 1393.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Carpenter
- Gene Targeting Group, Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London W12 ONN, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) were first characterized as antiviral proteins. Since then, IFNs have proved to be involved in malignant, angiogenic, inflammatory, immune, and fibrous diseases and, thus, possess a broad spectrum of pathophysiologic properties. IFNs activate a cascade of intracellular signaling pathways leading to upregulation of more than 1000 IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) within the cell. The function of some of the IFN-induced proteins is well described, whereas that of many others remain poorly characterized. This review focuses on three families of small intracellular and intrinsically nonsecreted proteins (10-20 kDa) separated into groups according to their amino acid sequence similarity: the ISG12 group (6-16, ISG12, and ISG12-S), the 1-8 group (9-27/Leu13, 1-8U, and 1-8D), and the ISG15 group (ISG15/UCRP). These IFN-induced genes are abundantly and widely expressed and mainly induced by type I IFN. ISG15 is very well described and is a member of the ubiquitin-like group of proteins. 9-27/Leu-13 associates with CD81/TAPA-1 and plays a role in B cell development. The functions of 1-8U, 1-8D, 6-16, ISG12, and ISG12-S proteins are unknown at present.
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Parker N, Porter ACG. Identification of a novel gene family that includes the interferon-inducible human genes 6-16 and ISG12. BMC Genomics 2004; 5:8. [PMID: 14728724 PMCID: PMC343271 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-5-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2003] [Accepted: 01/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human 6-16 and ISG12 genes are transcriptionally upregulated in a variety of cell types in response to type I interferon (IFN). The predicted products of these genes are small (12.9 and 11.5 kDa respectively), hydrophobic proteins that share 36% overall amino acid identity. Gene disruption and over-expression studies have so far failed to reveal any biochemical or cellular roles for these proteins. RESULTS We have used in silico analyses to identify a novel family of genes (the ISG12 gene family) related to both the human 6-16 and ISG12 genes. Each ISG12 family member codes for a small hydrophobic protein containing a conserved ~80 amino-acid motif (the ISG12 motif). So far we have detected 46 family members in 25 organisms, ranging from unicellular eukaryotes to humans. Humans have four ISG12 genes: the 6-16 gene at chromosome 1p35 and three genes (ISG12(a), ISG12(b) and ISG12(c)) clustered at chromosome 14q32. Mice have three family members (ISG12(a), ISG12(b1) and ISG12(b2)) clustered at chromosome 12F1 (syntenic with human chromosome 14q32). There does not appear to be a murine 6-16 gene. On the basis of phylogenetic analyses, genomic organisation and intron-alignments we suggest that this family has arisen through divergent inter- and intra-chromosomal gene duplication events. The transcripts from human and mouse genes are detectable, all but two (human ISG12(b) and ISG12(c)) being upregulated in response to type I IFN in the cell lines tested. CONCLUSIONS Members of the eukaryotic ISG12 gene family encode a small hydrophobic protein with at least one copy of a newly defined motif of approximately 80 amino-acids (the ISG12 motif). In higher eukaryotes, many of the genes have acquired a responsiveness to type I IFN during evolution suggesting that a role in resisting cellular or environmental stress may be a unifying property of all family members. Analysis of gene-function in higher eukaryotes is complicated by the possibility of functional redundancy between family-members. Genetic studies in organisms (e.g. Dictyostelium discoideum) with just one family member so far identified may be particularly helpful in this respect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadeene Parker
- Gene Targeting Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
- Present address: Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 2QR, UK
| | - Andrew CG Porter
- Gene Targeting Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
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35
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Koike F, Satoh JI, Miyake S, Yamamoto T, Kawai M, Kikuchi S, Nomura K, Yokoyama K, Ota K, Kanda T, Fukazawa T, Yamamura T. Microarray analysis identifies interferon beta-regulated genes in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2003; 139:109-18. [PMID: 12799028 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(03)00155-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms for the interferon beta (IFNbeta) treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) remain to be characterized. Using cDNA microarray technology, we have compared the gene expression profile of T and non-T cells derived from relapsing-remitting MS before and after treatment with IFNbeta-1b. IFNbeta treatment significantly altered expression of 21 genes out of 1263 at 3 and 6 months after treatment. These genes included nine with IFN-responsive promoter elements. Whereas there was no change in Th1 or Th2 marker genes, some of the changes were unexpected but coincided with the beneficial effect of IFNbeta in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiko Koike
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi, Tokyo 187-8502, Kodaira, Japan
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36
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Zhu H, Zhao H, Collins CD, Eckenrode SE, Run Q, McIndoe RA, Crawford JM, Nelson DR, She JX, Liu C. Gene expression associated with interferon alfa antiviral activity in an HCV replicon cell line. Hepatology 2003; 37:1180-8. [PMID: 12717400 DOI: 10.1053/jhep.2003.50184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Interferon alfa (IFN-alpha)-based treatment is the only therapeutic option for chronic hepatitis C viral infection. However, the molecular mechanisms of IFN-alpha antiviral activity are not completely understood. The recent development of an HCV replicon cell culture system provides a feasible experimental model to investigate the molecular details of IFN-induced direct antiviral activity in hepatocytes. In this report, we show that IFN-alpha can effectively inhibit HCV subgenomic RNA replication and suppress viral nonstructural protein synthesis. Using cDNA microarray analysis, we also show that the replicon cells have different gene expression profile compared with the parental hepatoma cells (Huh7). IFN-alpha can induce a number of responsive genes in the replicon cells. One of the genes, 6-16 (G1P3), can enhance IFN-alpha antiviral efficacy. In addition, we demonstrate that IFN-alpha can significantly activate STAT3 in hepatoma cells, suggesting that this pathway plays a role in IFN-alpha signaling. In conclusion, our results indicate that IFN-alpha antiviral activity is associated with activation of STAT3-signaling pathway and intracellular gene activation. Our results also suggest that IFN-alpha-induced target genes may play an important role in IFN-alpha anti-HCV activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haizhen Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville 32610, USA
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37
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Zhang Y, Jamaluddin M, Wang S, Tian B, Garofalo RP, Casola A, Brasier AR. Ribavirin treatment up-regulates antiviral gene expression via the interferon-stimulated response element in respiratory syncytial virus-infected epithelial cells. J Virol 2003; 77:5933-47. [PMID: 12719586 PMCID: PMC154027 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.10.5933-5947.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a mucosa-restricted virus that is a leading cause of epidemic respiratory tract infections in children. RSV replication is a potent activator of the epithelial-cell genomic response, influencing the expression of a spectrum of cellular pathways, including proinflammatory chemokines of the CC, CXC, and CX(3)C subclasses. Ribavirin (1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide) is a nontoxic antiviral agent currently licensed for the treatment of severe RSV lower respiratory tract infections. Because ribavirin treatment reduces the cytopathic effect in infected cells, we used high-density microarrays to investigate the hypothesis that ribavirin modifies the virus-induced epithelial genomic response to replicating virus. Ribavirin treatment administered in concentrations of 10 to 100 micro g/ml potently inhibited RSV transcription, thereby reducing the level of RSV N transcripts to approximately 13% of levels in nontreated cells. We observed that in both the absence and the presence of ribavirin, RSV infection induced global alterations in the host epithelial cell, affecting approximately 49% of the approximately 6,650 expressed genes detectable by the microarray. Ribavirin influences the expression of only 7.5% of the RSV-inducible genes (total number of genes, 272), suggesting that the epithelial-cell genetic program initiated by viral infection is independent of high-level RSV replication. Hierarchical clustering of the ribavirin-regulated genes identified four expression patterns. In one group, ribavirin inhibited the expression of the RSV-inducible CC chemokines MIP-1 alpha and -1 beta, which are important in RSV-induced pulmonary pathology, and interferon (IFN), a cytokine important in the mucosal immune response. In a second group, ribavirin further up-regulated a set of RSV- and IFN-stimulated response genes (ISGs) encoding antiviral proteins (MxA and p56), complement products, acute-phase response factors, and the STAT and IRF transcription factors. Because IFN-beta expression itself was reduced in the ribavirin-treated cells, we further investigated the mechanism for up-regulation of the IFN-signaling pathway. Enhanced expression of IFI 6-16, IFI 9-27, MxA/p78, STAT-1 alpha, STAT-1 beta, IRF-7B, and TAP-1-LMP2 transcripts were independently reproduced by Northern blot analysis. Ribavirin-enhanced TAP-1-LMP2 expression was a transcriptional event where site mutations of the IFN-stimulated response element (ISRE) blocked RSV and ribavirin-inducible promoter activity. Furthermore, ribavirin up-regulated the transcriptional activity of a reporter gene selectively driven by the ISRE. In specific DNA pull-down assays, we observed that ribavirin enhanced RSV-induced STAT-1 binding to the ISRE. We conclude that ribavirin potentiates virus-induced ISRE signaling to enhance the expression of antiviral ISGs, suggesting a mechanism for the efficacy of combined treatment with ribavirin and IFN in other chronic viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Zhang
- Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-1060, USA
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38
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Wong LH, Sim H, Chatterjee-Kishore M, Hatzinisiriou I, Devenish RJ, Stark G, Ralph SJ. Isolation and characterization of a human STAT1 gene regulatory element. Inducibility by interferon (IFN) types I and II and role of IFN regulatory factor-1. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:19408-17. [PMID: 11909852 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111302200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor STAT1 plays a pivotal role in signal transduction of type I and II interferons (IFNs). STAT1 activation leads to changes in expression of key regulatory genes encoding caspases and cell cycle inhibitors. Deficient STAT1 expression in human cancer cells and virally mediated inhibition of STAT1 function have been associated with cellular resistance to IFNs and mycobacterial infection in humans. Thus, given the relative importance of STAT1, we isolated and characterized a human STAT1 intronic enhancer region displaying IFN-regulated activity. Functional analyses by transient expression identified a repressor region and type I and II IFN-inducible elements within the STAT1 enhancer sequence. A candidate IRF-E/GAS/IRF-E (IGI) sequence containing GAAANN nucleotide repeats was shown by gel shift assay to bind to IFN regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1), but not to IFN-stimulated gene factor-3 (ISGF-3) or STAT1-3. An additional larger IGI-binding complex containing IRF-1 was identified. Mutation of the GAAANN repeats within the IGI DNA element eliminated IRF-1 binding and the IFN-regulated activity of the STAT1 intronic enhancer region. Transfection of the IFN-resistant MM96 cell line to express increased levels of IRF-1 protein also elevated STAT1, STAT2, and p48/IRF-9 expression and enhanced cellular responsiveness to IFN-beta. Reciprocating regulation between IRF-1 and STAT1 genes and encoded proteins indicates that an intracellular amplifier circuit exists controlling cellular responsiveness to the IFNs.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Motifs
- Base Sequence
- Binding Sites
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Western
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Artificial, Yeast
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2
- DNA, Complementary/metabolism
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Enhancer Elements, Genetic
- Exons
- Genes, Reporter
- Genetic Vectors
- Humans
- Interferon Regulatory Factor-1
- Interferon Type I/pharmacology
- Interferon-gamma/pharmacology
- Introns
- Luciferases/metabolism
- Models, Genetic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Mutation
- Phosphoproteins/metabolism
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Protein Binding
- STAT1 Transcription Factor
- Time Factors
- Trans-Activators/genetics
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic
- Transfection
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee H Wong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
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Reich NC. Nuclear/cytoplasmic localization of IRFs in response to viral infection or interferon stimulation. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2002; 22:103-9. [PMID: 11846981 DOI: 10.1089/107999002753452719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the interferon (IFN) regulatory factor (IRFs) family of transcription factors play diverse roles in immunity and cellular response to viral infections. Their biologic effects result from their ability to regulate either constitutive, inducible, or tissue-specific gene expression. All characterized IRFs contain nuclear localization signals that allow their translocation to the nucleus. However, certain IRFs reside in a latent state in the cytoplasm of the cell and only redistribute to the nucleus following an activating trigger. IRF-3 and IRF-9 are examples of IRFs that are regulated by cellular redistribution. These IRFs use distinct mechanisms that regulate nuclear/cytoplasmic localization, and both depend on strong interaction with non-IRF subunits of multimeric transcription complexes. This review compares the activation of IRF-3 and IRF-9 and their respective physiologic impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy C Reich
- Department of Pathology, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
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40
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Weihua X, Hu J, Roy SK, Mannino SB, Kalvakolanu DV. Interleukin-6 modulates interferon-regulated gene expression by inducing the ISGF3 gamma gene using CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-beta(C/EBP-beta). BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2000; 1492:163-71. [PMID: 11004486 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4781(00)00111-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Although interleukin-6 (IL-6) alone does not induce the expression of IFN stimulated genes (ISG), a low dose priming of cells with IL-6 strongly enhances the cellular responses to interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha). This effect of IL-6 is not due to superstimulation of the JAK-STAT pathway. Rather, IL-6 induces expression of ISGF3 gamma (p48), a subunit of the multimeric transcription factor ISGF3. As a result IFN-alpha robustly activates gene transcription in IL-6 primed cells. We have shown earlier that the transcription of ISGF3 gamma gene is regulated through a novel element GATE (gamma-IFN activated transcriptional element). We show here IL-6 induces the ISGF3 gamma gene through GATE. Transcription factor C/EBP-beta is required for inducing ISGF3 gamma gene expression through GATE. A mutant C/EBP-beta inhibits the IL-6 inducible ISGF3 gamma gene expression through GATE. Together, these results establish a molecular basis for the synergy between IFNs and IL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Weihua
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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41
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Navarro L, David M. p38-dependent activation of interferon regulatory factor 3 by lipopolysaccharide. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:35535-8. [PMID: 10585427 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.50.35535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) is known to participate in the transcriptional induction of interferon (IFN) alpha and IFNbeta genes, as well as of a number of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), as a result of viral infection. In the present study we demonstrate the activation of IRF3 followed by ISG induction after exposure of cells to the bacterial cell wall component lipopolysaccharide. Engagement of Toll-like receptors by lipopolysaccharide triggered the nuclear translocation of IRF3, followed by its DNA binding and the subsequent induction of several interferon-regulated genes. Transcriptional activation of ISGs occurred in a protein synthesis independent manner, but was sensitive to inhibition of the stress-activated protein kinase, p38. The activation of IRF3 by viral particles or bacterial membrane components suggests that this signaling pathway might contribute to the evolutionary conserved innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Navarro
- Department of Biology, University of California San Diego Cancer Center, University of California, La Jolla, California 92093-0322, USA
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42
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Paterson M, Laxton CD, Thomas HC, Ackrill AM, Foster GR. Hepatitis C virus NS5A protein inhibits interferon antiviral activity, but the effects do not correlate with clinical response. Gastroenterology 1999; 117:1187-97. [PMID: 10535883 DOI: 10.1016/s0016-5085(99)70405-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection are commonly treated with interferon alfa (IFN-alpha), but the long-term response rate is poor. A region of NS5A of hepatitis C virus genotype 1 (the ISDR) has been associated with treatment outcome in some patients. NS5A binds to and inhibits PKR in vitro and inhibits IFN-alpha in human cells. We examined the effects of the NS5A protein from patients who did or did not respond to IFN-alpha to determine whether NS5A from IFN-alpha nonresponders inhibited the effects of IFN-alpha in vitro. METHODS We cloned NS5A from patients who had well-characterized responses to IFN-alpha and expressed them in a human fibroblast cell line under the control of an inducible promoter. The NS5A expression levels were controlled, and the effects of different proteins on the protective actions of IFN-alpha against encephalomyocarditis virus were investigated. RESULTS NS5A expression blocked the antiviral effects of IFN-alpha in human cells. This inhibition was dependent on the level of NS5A expression. Although ISDR changes gave only small differences in IFN-alpha inhibition, clones derived from a patient who did not respond to IFN-alpha and one who did respond to treatment differed greatly: the clones from a patient with response to IFN-alpha were much more inhibitory than those derived from the patient with no response. CONCLUSIONS The inhibition of the antiviral effects of IFN-alpha by NS5A is not regulated exclusively by the ISDR, and the effects of NS5A in vitro do not correlate with treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Paterson
- Imperial College of Medicine at St. Mary's Campus, London, England
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Oates AC, Wollberg P, Pratt SJ, Paw BH, Johnson SL, Ho RK, Postlethwait JH, Zon LI, Wilks AF. Zebrafish stat3 is expressed in restricted tissues during embryogenesis and stat1 rescues cytokine signaling in a STAT1-deficient human cell line. Dev Dyn 1999; 215:352-70. [PMID: 10417824 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0177(199908)215:4<352::aid-aja7>3.0.co;2-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors of the STAT family are required for cellular responses to multiple signaling molecules. After ligand binding-induced activation of cognate receptors, STAT proteins are phosphorylated, hetero- or homodimerize, and translocate to the nucleus. Subsequent STAT binding to specific DNA elements in the promoters of signal-responsive genes alters the transcriptional activity of these loci. STAT function has been implicated in the transduction of signals for growth, reproduction, viral defense, and immune regulation. We have isolated and characterized two STAT homologs from the zebrafish Danio rerio. The stat3 gene is expressed in a tissue-restricted manner during embryogenesis, and larval development with highest levels of transcript are detected in the anterior hypoblast, eyes, cranial sensory ganglia, gut, pharyngeal arches, cranial motor nuclei, and lateral line system. In contrast, the stat1 gene is not expressed during early development. The stat3 gene maps to a chromosomal position syntenic with the mouse and human STAT3 homologs, whereas the stat1 gene does not. Despite a higher rate of evolutionary change in stat1 relative to stat3, the stat1 protein rescues interferon-signaling functions in a STAT1-deficient human cell line, indicating that cytokine-signaling mechanisms are likely to be conserved between fish and tetrapods. Dev Dyn 1999;215:352-370.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Oates
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne Tumour Biology Branch, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia.
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Hibbert L, Foster GR. Human type I interferons differ greatly in their effects on the proliferation of primary B cells. J Interferon Cytokine Res 1999; 19:309-18. [PMID: 10334381 DOI: 10.1089/107999099314009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the effects of eight subtypes of human interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) and human IFN-beta on primary human B cells. In costimulation with antibodies to IgM (but not to CD40), some of these induced the cells to proliferate (but not to differentiate). Individual IFN differed greatly in their relative proliferative effects. IFN-alpha8 at 0.1-0.5 ng/ml induced proliferation, whereas most other subtypes were active only at concentrations >5 ng/ml, and IFN-alpha1 was inactive. These marked differences were not due to a selective overall increase in B cell response only to some IFN subtypes, as all those tested similarly induced the IFN-inducible genes 6-16 and HLA class I. Our results show that human B cells must respond to type I IFN via two distinct pathways. One is specific for IFN-alpha8 but can be activated by other IFN at relatively high concentrations. The other responds to them all and causes activation of IFN-inducible genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Hibbert
- Imperial College School of Medicine at St. Mary's, St. Mary's Hospital, London, UK
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Naka K, Yokozaki H, Yasui W, Tahara H, Tahara E, Tahara E. Effect of antisense human telomerase RNA transfection on the growth of human gastric cancer cell lines. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999; 255:753-8. [PMID: 10049783 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1998.9938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The majority of gastric cancers express high levels of human telomerase template RNA (hTR) that is essential for cellular survival. In this study, we examined whether antisense hTR (ahTR) had a growth inhibitory effect on three gastric cancer cell lines, MKN-1, MKN-28, and TMK-1, through transfection via an ahTR expression vector. Both the ahTR transfected MKN-1 and TMK-1 cells changed morphologically into multinucleate giant cells, and subsequently underwent cell death. Conversely, the ahTR transfected MKN-28 cells survived over 50 PDs in spite of telomere shortening. Surprisingly, high levels of telomerase activity were observed in the telomere-reduced cells. Furthermore, the expression of mRNAs for p21/Waf1/Cip1/Sdi1, IRF-1 and IFN inducible 6-16 was higher in the telomere-reduced cells than in the parental cells. These results suggest overall that the ahTR expression may bring about telomere shorting, leading to cell death or cellular senescence in gastric cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Naka
- First Department of Pathology, Hiroshima University School of Medicine, 1-2-3 Kasumi Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
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Kanda K, Kempkes B, Bornkamm GW, von Gabain A, Decker T. The Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 2 (EBNA2), a protein required for B lymphocyte immortalization, induces the synthesis of type I interferon in Burkitt's lymphoma cell lines. Biol Chem 1999; 380:213-21. [PMID: 10195428 DOI: 10.1515/bc.1999.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 2 (EBNA2), a protein involved in cell transformation, interferes with the cellular response to type I interferons (IFN-alpha/beta). We investigated the function of conditionally expressed EBNA2 in the context of the IFN response in Burkitt's lymphoma cell lines. Expression of EBNA2 led to the transcriptional activation of both endogenous or transfected IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), genes which contain within their promoters either the interferon-stimulated response element (ISRE) or the gamma interferon activation site (GAS). In search of a molecular mechanism for the transcriptional induction of ISGs, we observed an EBNA2-dependent synthesis of IFN-beta mRNA at low levels and the secretion of low amounts of IFN. A transfected IFN-beta promoter responded to EBNA2 activation, and a sequence closely resembling a RBP-Jkappa binding site was pinpointed as a potential target of EBNA2 activity. EBNA2-dependent transcriptional induction of the IFN-beta promoter occurred in EBV-negative Burkitt's lymphoma cells, indicating that other EBV genes were not required for the induction of IFN-beta synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kanda
- Vienna Biocenter, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, University of Vienna, Austria
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47
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Abstract
Interferons play key roles in mediating antiviral and antigrowth responses and in modulating immune response. The main signaling pathways are rapid and direct. They involve tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of signal transducers and activators of transcription factors by Janus tyrosine kinases at the cell membrane, followed by release of signal transducers and activators of transcription and their migration to the nucleus, where they induce the expression of the many gene products that determine the responses. Ancillary pathways are also activated by the interferons, but their effects on cell physiology are less clear. The Janus kinases and signal transducers and activators of transcription, and many of the interferon-induced proteins, play important alternative roles in cells, raising interesting questions as to how the responses to the interferons intersect with more general aspects of cellular physiology and how the specificity of cytokine responses is maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Stark
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Ohio 44195, USA.
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Li X, Leung S, Burns C, Stark GR. Cooperative binding of Stat1-2 heterodimers and ISGF3 to tandem DNA elements. Biochimie 1998; 80:703-10. [PMID: 9865492 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9084(99)80023-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Interferon (IFN)-alpha-activated Stat1 homodimers and Stat1-2 heterodimers bind to GAS elements, whereas the transcription factor ISGF3, which contains Stat1, Stat2 and p48, binds to ISREs. We now find that Stat1-2 dimers can form heterotetramers on tandem GAS sites and that the heterotetramers have a much higher binding affinity for a double GAS site than do heterodimers for a single site, suggesting cooperativity mediated through protein-protein interactions. Stat1-2 heterotetramers can also be detected with a single GAS site, again indicating cooperativity mediated through protein-protein interactions. Deleting 40 amino acid residues from the N-terminus of Stat1 abolished Stat1-Stat2 heterotetramer formation, but did not affect heterodimer formation and an N-terminal peptide containing the first 120 residues of Stat2 inhibited heterotetramer formation but did not affect heterodimer formation. Thus, the N-terminal regions of both Stat1 and Stat2 are important for cooperative DNA binding, and heterodimers probably interact with each other through these regions. Cooperative binding of ISGF3 was also observed using the tandem ISREs from the IFN-alpha responsive promoter of the 6-16 gene. A more abundant and larger complex was formed with a probe containing two ISREs than with a probe containing a single ISRE. The N-terminal regions of both Stat1 and Stat2 are important for the cooperative binding of ISGF3 to tandem ISREs but not to a single site. The cooperative DNA-binding activities of ISGF3 and Stat1-2 dimers are likely to contribute to the transcriptional activation of those IFN-alpha-responsive genes that have tandem DNA elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Li
- The Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Ohio 44195, USA
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Navarro L, Mowen K, Rodems S, Weaver B, Reich N, Spector D, David M. Cytomegalovirus activates interferon immediate-early response gene expression and an interferon regulatory factor 3-containing interferon-stimulated response element-binding complex. Mol Cell Biol 1998; 18:3796-802. [PMID: 9632763 PMCID: PMC108963 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.18.7.3796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/1997] [Accepted: 03/12/1998] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon establishes an antiviral state in numerous cell types through the induction of a set of immediate-early response genes. Activation of these genes is mediated by phosphorylation of latent transcription factors of the STAT family. We found that infection of primary foreskin fibroblasts with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) causes selective transcriptional activation of the alpha/beta-interferon-responsive ISG54 gene. However, no activation or nuclear translocation of STAT proteins was detected. Activation of ISG54 occurs independent of protein synthesis but is prevented by protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Further analysis revealed that HCMV infection induced the DNA binding of a novel complex, tentatively called cytomegalovirus-induced interferon-stimulated response element binding factor (CIF). CIF is composed, at least in part, of the recently identified interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), but it does not contain the STAT1 and STAT2 proteins that participate in the formation of interferon-stimulated gene factor 3. IRF3, which has previously been shown to possess no intrinsic transcriptional activation potential, interacts with the transcriptional coactivator CREB binding protein, but not with p300, to form CIF. Activating interferon-stimulated genes without the need for prior synthesis of interferons might provide the host cell with a potential shortcut in the activation of its antiviral defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Navarro
- Department of Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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Lee CG, Eki T, Okumura K, da Costa Soares V, Hurwitz J. Molecular analysis of the cDNA and genomic DNA encoding mouse RNA helicase A. Genomics 1998; 47:365-71. [PMID: 9480750 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1997.5139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
RNA helicase A is an enzyme that possesses both RNA and DNA helicase activities. In this report, we describe the isolation of a mouse cDNA encoding RNA helicase A. The deduced amino acid sequence derived from mouse RNA helicase A cDNA exhibits 87 and 47% identity to its human and Drosophila homologs, respectively. Using Southern blot analysis employing a mouse backcross panel, we have assigned the mouse RNA helicase A gene to chromosome 1, mapping near the D1Bir20 locus at MGD position 67. Northern blot and primer extension analyses indicate that, although its level is variable, RNA helicase A appears to be expressed from a single transcription start site in all tissues tested. Sequence analysis of the upstream genomic DNA revealed that the promoter region lacks a TATA box and contains two high-affinity sites for Sp1, one ISRE, a binding site for interferon regulatory factor, and three AP2-binding sites. These findings suggest that the transcriptional regulation of the RNA helicase A gene is complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Lee
- Graduate Program in Molecular Biology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10021, USA
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