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Wu T, Santos S, Quezada-Pinedo HG, Vernooij MW, Jaddoe VWV, Klein S, Duijts L, Oei EHG. Body composition and respiratory outcomes in children: a population-based prospective cohort study. Thorax 2024; 79:448-456. [PMID: 38182426 DOI: 10.1136/thorax-2023-220014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Body composition might influence lung function and asthma in children, but its longitudinal relations are unclear. We aimed to identify critical periods for body composition changes during childhood and adolescence in relation to respiratory outcomes in adolescents. METHODS In a population-based prospective cohort study, we measured body mass index, fat mass index (FMI), lean mass index (LMI) and the ratio of android fat mass divided by gynoid fat mass (A/G ratio) by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at 6, 10 and 13 years. At 13 years, lung function was measured by spirometry, and current asthma was assessed by questionnaire. RESULTS Most prominently and consistently, higher FMI and A/G ratio at age 13 years were associated with lower forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1)/forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory flow after exhaling 75% of FVC (FEF75) (range Z-score difference -0.13 (95% CI -0.16 to -0.10) to -0.08 (95% CI -0.11 to -0.05) per SD score increase), and higher LMI at all ages was associated with higher FEF75 (range Z-score difference 0.05 (95% CI 0.01 to 0.08) to 0.09 (95% CI 0.06 to 0.13)). Between the ages of 6 and 13 years, normal to high FMI and A/G ratio were associated with lower FEV1/FVC and FEF75 (range Z-score difference -0.20 (95% CI -0.30 to -0.10) to -0.17 (95% CI -0.28 to -0.06)) and high to high LMI with higher FEF75 (range Z-score difference0.32 (95% CI 0.23 to 0.41)). Body composition changes were not associated with asthma. CONCLUSION Adolescents with higher total and abdominal fat indices may have impaired lung function, while those with a higher lean mass during childhood and adolescence may have better small airway function. Public health measures should focus on a healthy body composition in adolescents to minimise respiratory morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Wu
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Susana Santos
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, n° 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal
- Laboratório para a Investigação Integrativa e Translacional em Saúde Populacional (ITR), Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, n° 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hugo G Quezada-Pinedo
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Meike W Vernooij
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent W V Jaddoe
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Klein
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Liesbeth Duijts
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin H G Oei
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Samouda H, Lee S, Arslanian S, Han M, Kuk JL. Anthropometric Equations to Predict Visceral Adipose Tissue in European and American Youth. J Pediatr 2023; 253:33-39.e3. [PMID: 36115621 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2022.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether prediction equations including a limited but selected number of anthropometrics that consider differences in subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue may improve prediction of the visceral adipose tissue (VAT) in youth. STUDY DESIGN Anthropometrics and abdominal adipose tissue by MRI were available in 7-18 years old youth with overweight or obesity: 181 White Europeans and 186 White and Black Americans. Multivariable regressions were performed to develop and validate the VAT anthropometric predictive equations in a cross-sectional study. RESULTS A model with both waist circumference (WaistC) and hip circumference (HipC) (VAT = [1.594 × WaistC] - [0.681 × HipC] + [1.74 × Age] - 48.95) more strongly predicted VAT in girls of White European ethnicity (R2 = 50.8%; standard error of the estimate [SEE] = 13.47 cm2), White American ethnicity (R2 = 41.9%; SEE, 15.63 cm2), and Black American ethnicity (R2 = 25.1%; SEE, 16.34 cm2) (P < .001), than WaistC or BMI. In boys, WaistC was the strongest predictor of VAT; HipC did not significantly improve VAT prediction. CONCLUSIONS A model including both WaistC and HipC that considers differences in subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue more accurately predicts VAT in girls and is superior to commonly measured anthropometrics used individually. In boys, other anthropometric measures did not significantly contribute to the prediction of VAT beyond WaistC alone. This demonstrates that selected anthropometric predictive equations for VAT can be an accessible, cost-effective alternative to imaging methods that can be used in both clinics and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanen Samouda
- Precision Health Department, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg.
| | - SoJung Lee
- Division of Sports Medicine, Graduate School of Physical Education, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Silva Arslanian
- Center for Pediatric Research in Obesity and Metabolism, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Minsub Han
- Division of Sports Medicine, Graduate School of Physical Education, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Jennifer L Kuk
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Elkind-Hirsch KE, Chappell N, Shaler D, Storment J, Bellanger D. Liraglutide 3 mg on weight, body composition, and hormonal and metabolic parameters in women with obesity and polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized placebo-controlled-phase 3 study. Fertil Steril 2022; 118:371-381. [PMID: 35710599 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2022.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the efficacy and safety of the GLP-1 analog liraglutide 3 mg (LIRA 3 mg) vs. placebo (PL) for reduction of body weight (BW) and hyperandrogenism in women with obesity and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). DESIGN Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. SETTING Hospital-based outpatient endocrine and metabolic center. PATIENT(S) Women diagnosed with PCOS (NIH criteria) were randomly assigned to LIRA 3 mg (n = 55) or PL (n = 27) once daily for 32 weeks with lifestyle intervention. INTERVENTION(S) Study visits at baseline and 32 weeks included BW and body composition by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Oral glucose tolerance tests were done with sex steroids, free androgen index (FAI), and lipids measured in the fasting sample. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) The primary end points were changes in BW and FAI. Safety was assessed in all patients who received at least one dose of the study drug. RESULT(S) Change in BW from baseline to week 32 was -5.7% (±0.75) with LIRA 3 mg vs. -1.4% (±1.09) with PL. At week 32, more participants on LIRA 3 mg than on PL achieved at least 5% weight reductions (25 of 44 vs. 5 of 23). Free androgen index significantly reduced with LIRA 3 mg compared with the PL where the mean FAI slightly increased. Gastrointestinal events, which were mostly mild to moderate, were reported in 58.2% of the LIRA 3 mg-subjects and 18.5% of PL subjects. CONCLUSION(S) LIRA 3 mg once daily appears superior to PL in reducing BW and androgenicity and improving cardiometabolic parameters in women with PCOS and obesity. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT03480022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen E Elkind-Hirsch
- Woman's Hospital Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana; Woman's Endocrinology and Weight Management Clinic, Baton Rouge, Louisiana.
| | - Neil Chappell
- Fertility Answers, Woman's Hospital, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Donna Shaler
- Woman's Hospital Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - John Storment
- Fertility Answers, Woman's Hospital, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Drake Bellanger
- Woman's Endocrinology and Weight Management Clinic, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
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Bea JW, Chen Z, Blew RM, Nicholas JS, Follis S, Bland VL, Cheng TYD, Ochs-Balcom HM, Wactawski-Wende J, Banack HR, Neuhouser ML, Laddu D, Stefanick ML, Cauley JA, Caan B, LeBoff MS, Chlebowski RT, Odegaard AO. MRI Based Validation of Abdominal Adipose Tissue Measurements From DXA in Postmenopausal Women. J Clin Densitom 2022; 25:189-197. [PMID: 34404568 PMCID: PMC8799761 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocd.2021.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is a hypothesized driver of chronic disease. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) potentially offers a lower cost and more available alternative compared to gold-standard magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for quantification of abdominal fat sub-compartments, VAT and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT). We sought to validate VAT and SAT area (cm2) from historical DXA scans against MRI. METHODOLOGY Participants (n = 69) from the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) completed a 3 T MRI scan and a whole body DXA scan (Hologic QDR2000 or QDR4500; 2004-2005). A subset of 43 participants were scanned on both DXA devices. DXA-derived VAT and SAT at the 4th lumbar vertebrae (5 cm wide) were analyzed using APEX software (v4.0, Hologic, Inc., Marlborough, MA). MRI VAT and SAT areas for the corresponding DXA region of interest were quantified using sliceOmatic software (v5.0, Tomovision, Magog, Canada). Pearson correlations between MRI and DXA-derived VAT and SAT were computed, and a Bland-Altman analysis was performed. RESULTS Participants were primarily non-Hispanic white (86%) with a mean age of 70.51 ± 5.79 years and a mean BMI of 27.33 ± 5.40 kg/m2. Correlations between MRI and DXA measured VAT and SAT were 0.90 and 0.92, respectively (p ≤ 0.001). Bland-Altman plots showed that DXA-VAT slightly overestimated VAT on the QDR4500 (-3.31 cm2); this bias was greater in the smaller subset measured on the older DXA model (QDR2000; -30.71 cm2). The overestimation of DXA-SAT was large (-85.16 to -118.66 cm2), but differences were relatively uniform for the QDR4500. CONCLUSIONS New software applied to historic Hologic DXA scans provide estimates of VAT and SAT that are well-correlated with criterion MRI among postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer W Bea
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, USA.
| | - Zhao Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Robert M Blew
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Shawna Follis
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Victoria L Bland
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Heather M Ochs-Balcom
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Jean Wactawski-Wende
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Hailey R Banack
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Marian L Neuhouser
- Cancer Prevention Program. Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Deepika Laddu
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Marcia L Stefanick
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jane A Cauley
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Bette Caan
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Meryl S LeBoff
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rowan T Chlebowski
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Andrew O Odegaard
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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Perna S, Faragli A, Spadaccini D, Peroni G, Gasparri C, Al-Mannai MA, Casali PM, La Porta E, Kelle S, Alogna A, Rondanelli M. Predicting Visceral Adipose Tissue in older adults: A pilot clinical study. Clin Nutr 2022; 41:810-816. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2022.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Cichosz SL, Rasmussen NH, Vestergaard P, Hejlesen O. Precise Prediction of Total Body Lean and Fat Mass From Anthropometric and Demographic Data: Development and Validation of Neural Network Models. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2021; 15:1337-1343. [PMID: 33190515 PMCID: PMC8655297 DOI: 10.1177/1932296820971348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Estimating body composition is relevant in diabetes disease management, such as drug administration and risk assessment of morbidity/mortality. It is unclear how machine learning algorithms could improve easily obtainable body muscle and fat estimates. The objective was to develop and validate machine learning algorithms (neural networks) for precise prediction of body composition based on anthropometric and demographic data. METHODS Cross-sectional cohort study of 18 430 adults and children from the US population. Participants were examined with whole-body dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans, anthropometric assessment, and answered a demographic questionnaire. The primary outcomes were predicted total lean body mass (predLBM), total body fat mass (predFM), and trunk fat mass (predTFM) compared with reference values from DXA scans. RESULTS Participants were randomly partitioned into 70% training (12 901) data and 30% validation (5529) data. The prediction model for predLBM compared with lean body mass measured by DXA (DXALBM) had a Pearson's correlation coefficient of R = 0.99 with a standard error of estimate (SEE) = 1.88 kg (P < .001). The prediction model for predFM compared with fat mass measured by DXA (DXAFM) had a Pearson's coefficient of R = 0.98 with a SEE = 1.91 kg (P < .001). The prediction model for predTFM compared with DXA measured trunk fat mass (DXAFM) had a Pearson's coefficient of R = 0.98 with a SEE = 1.13 kg (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS In this study, neural network models based on anthropometric and demographic data could precisely predict body muscle and fat composition. Precise body estimations are relevant in a broad range of clinical diabetes applications, prevention, and epidemiological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Lebech Cichosz
- Department of Health Science and
Technology, Aalborg University, Denmark
- Simon Lebech Cichosz PhD, Department of
Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7D2,
Aalborg, DK-9220, Denmark.
| | | | - Peter Vestergaard
- Steno Diabetes Center North Denmark,
Aalborg University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Ole Hejlesen
- Department of Health Science and
Technology, Aalborg University, Denmark
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7
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Elkind-Hirsch KE, Chappell N, Seidemann E, Storment J, Bellanger D. Exenatide, Dapagliflozin, or Phentermine/Topiramate Differentially Affect Metabolic Profiles in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:3019-3033. [PMID: 34097062 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors reduce weight and improve insulin sensitivity via different mechanisms. OBJECTIVE The efficacy of once-weekly exenatide (EQW) and dapagliflozin (DAPA) alone and coadministered (EQW/DAPA), DAPA/extended-release (ER) metformin (DAPA/MET), and phentermine topiramate extended release (PHEN/TPM) on metabolic parameters, body composition, and sex hormones were examined in obese women with PCOS. METHODS Nondiabetic women (n = 119; aged 18-45 years) with a body mass index (BMI) greater than 30 and less than 45 and polycystic ovary syndrome (National Institutes of Health criteria) were randomly assigned in a single-blinded fashion to EQW (2 mg weekly); DAPA (10 mg daily), EQW/DAPA (2 mg weekly/10 mg daily), DAPA (10 mg)/MET (2000 mg XR daily), or PHEN (7.5 mg)/TPM (46 mg ER daily) treatment for 24 weeks. Study visits at baseline and 24 weeks included weight, blood pressure (BP), waist (WC) measures, and body composition evaluated by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Oral glucose tolerance tests were conducted to assess glycemia and mean blood glucose (MBG), and compute insulin sensitivity (SI) and secretion (IS) measures. Sex steroids, free androgen index (FAI), and lipid profiles were measured in the fasting sample. RESULTS EQW/DAPA and PHEN/TPM resulted in the most loss of weight and total body fat by DXA, and WC. Despite equivalent reductions in BMI and WC with PHEN/TPM, only EQW/DAPA and EQW resulted in significant improvements in MBG, SI, and IS. Reductions in fasting glucose, testosterone, FAI, and BP were seen with all drugs. CONCLUSION Dual therapy with EQW/DAPA was superior to either alone, DAPA/MET and PHEN/TPM in terms of clinical and metabolic benefits in this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen E Elkind-Hirsch
- Woman's Hospital Research Center, Woman's Hospital, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
- Woman's Weight Loss and Metabolic Clinic, Woman's Hospital, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - N Chappell
- Fertility Answers, Woman's Hospital, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Ericka Seidemann
- Woman's Hospital Research Center, Woman's Hospital, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - John Storment
- Fertility Answers, Woman's Hospital, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Drake Bellanger
- Woman's Weight Loss and Metabolic Clinic, Woman's Hospital, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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Piqueras P, Ballester A, Durá-Gil JV, Martinez-Hervas S, Redón J, Real JT. Anthropometric Indicators as a Tool for Diagnosis of Obesity and Other Health Risk Factors: A Literature Review. Front Psychol 2021; 12:631179. [PMID: 34305707 PMCID: PMC8299753 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.631179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is characterized by the accumulation of an excessive amount of fat mass (FM) in the adipose tissue, subcutaneous, or inside certain organs. The risk does not lie so much in the amount of fat accumulated as in its distribution. Abdominal obesity (central or visceral) is an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and cancer, having an important role in the so-called metabolic syndrome. Therefore, it is necessary to prevent, detect, and appropriately treat obesity. The diagnosis is based on anthropometric indices that have been associated with adiposity and its distribution. Indices themselves, or a combination of some of them, conform to a big picture with different values to establish risk. Anthropometric indices can be used for risk identification, intervention, or impact evaluation on nutritional status or health; therefore, they will be called anthropometric health indicators (AHIs). We have found 17 AHIs that can be obtained or estimated from 3D human shapes, being a noninvasive alternative compared to X-ray-based systems, and more accessible than high-cost equipment. A literature review has been conducted to analyze the following information for each indicator: definition; main calculation or obtaining methods used; health aspects associated with the indicator (among others, obesity, metabolic syndrome, or diabetes); criteria to classify the population by means of percentiles or cutoff points, and based on variables such as sex, age, ethnicity, or geographic area, and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Piqueras
- Instituto de Biomecánica de Valencia, Universitat Politècnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alfredo Ballester
- Instituto de Biomecánica de Valencia, Universitat Politècnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan V. Durá-Gil
- Instituto de Biomecánica de Valencia, Universitat Politècnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sergio Martinez-Hervas
- Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Institute of Health Research of the Hospital Clinico Universitario de Valencia (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain
- Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Josep Redón
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clínico de Valencia, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Cardiovascular and Renal Risk Research Group, Institute of Health Research of the Hospital Clinico Universitario de Valencia (INCLIVA), University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - José T. Real
- Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Institute of Health Research of the Hospital Clinico Universitario de Valencia (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain
- Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
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Srikanthan P, Horwich TB, Calfon Press M, Gornbein J, Watson KE. Sex Differences in the Association of Body Composition and Cardiovascular Mortality. J Am Heart Assoc 2021; 10:e017511. [PMID: 33619971 PMCID: PMC8174238 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.017511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background To determine whether differences in body composition contribute to sex differences in cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality, we investigated the relationship between components of body composition and CVD mortality in healthy men and women. Methods and Results Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry body composition data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2004 and CVD mortality data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2014 were evaluated in 11 463 individuals 20 years of age and older. Individuals were divided into 4 body composition groups (low muscle mass-low fat mass-the referent; low muscle-high fat; high muscle-low fat, and high muscle-high fat), and adjusted competing risks analyses were performed for CVD versus non-CVD mortality. In women, high muscle/high fat mass was associated with a significantly lower adjusted CVD mortality rate (hazard ratio [HR], 0.58; 95% CI, 0.39-0.86; P=0.01), but high muscle/low fat mass was not. In men, both high muscle-high fat (HR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.53-1.04; P=0.08) and high muscle-low fat mass (HR, 0.40; 95% CI, 0.21-0.77; P=0.01) were associated with lower CVD. Further, in adjusted competing risks analyses stratified by sex, the CVD rate in women tends to significantly decrease as normalized total fat increase (total fat fourth quartile: HR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.34-0.94; P<0.03), whereas this is not noted in men. Conclusions Higher muscle mass is associated with lower CVD and mortality in men and women. However, in women, high fat, regardless of muscle mass level, appears to be associated with lower CVD mortality risk. This finding highlights the importance of muscle mass in healthy men and women for CVD risk prevention, while suggesting sexual dimorphism with respect to the CVD risk associated with fat mass.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jeff Gornbein
- Division of Internal Medicine University of California Los Angeles CA.,Department of Medicine and Computational Medicine University of California Los Angeles CA
| | - Karol E Watson
- Division of Cardiology University of California Los Angeles CA
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Shi SQ, Li SS, Zhang XY, Wei Z, Fu WZ, He JW, Hu YQ, Li M, Zheng LL, Zhang ZL. LGR4 Gene Polymorphisms Are Associated With Bone and Obesity Phenotypes in Chinese Female Nuclear Families. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:656077. [PMID: 34707566 PMCID: PMC8544421 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.656077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The current study was conducted to determine whether peak bone mineral density (BMD) and obesity phenotypes are associated with certain LGR4 gene polymorphisms found in Chinese nuclear families with female children. METHODS A total of 22 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located in and around the LGR4 gene were identified in 1,300 subjects who were members of 390 Chinese nuclear families with female children. Then, BMD readings of the femoral neck, total hip, and lumbar spine as well as measurements of the total lean mass (TLM), total fat mass (TFM), and trunk fat mass were obtained via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The quantitative transmission disequilibrium test was used to analyze the associations between specific SNPs and LGR4 haplotypes and peak BMD as well as between LGR4 haplotypes and TLM, percent lean mass, TFM, percent fat mass, trunk fat mass, and body mass index (BMI). RESULTS Here, rs7936621 was significantly associated with the BMD values for the total hip and lumbar spine, while rs10835171 and rs6484295 were associated with the trunk fat mass and BMI, respectively. Regarding the haplotypes, we found significant associations between GAA in block 2 and trunk fat mass and BMI, between AGCGT in block 3 and total hip BMD, between TGCTCC in block 5 and femoral neck BMD, and between TACTTC in block 5 and both lumbar spine and femoral neck BMD (all P-values < 0.05). CONCLUSION Genetic variations of the LGR4 gene are related to peak BMD, BMI, and trunk fat mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-qin Shi
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
- Metabolic Bone Disease and Genetic Research Unit, Department of Osteoporosis and Bone Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Shan-shan Li
- Metabolic Bone Disease and Genetic Research Unit, Department of Osteoporosis and Bone Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-ya Zhang
- Metabolic Bone Disease and Genetic Research Unit, Department of Osteoporosis and Bone Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhe Wei
- Metabolic Bone Disease and Genetic Research Unit, Department of Osteoporosis and Bone Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-zhen Fu
- Metabolic Bone Disease and Genetic Research Unit, Department of Osteoporosis and Bone Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin-wei He
- Metabolic Bone Disease and Genetic Research Unit, Department of Osteoporosis and Bone Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun-qiu Hu
- Metabolic Bone Disease and Genetic Research Unit, Department of Osteoporosis and Bone Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Miao Li
- Metabolic Bone Disease and Genetic Research Unit, Department of Osteoporosis and Bone Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-li Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zhen-lin Zhang, ; Li-li Zheng,
| | - Zhen-lin Zhang
- Metabolic Bone Disease and Genetic Research Unit, Department of Osteoporosis and Bone Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Zhen-lin Zhang, ; Li-li Zheng,
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11
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Shimotake Y, Mbelambela EP, Muchanga SM, Villanueva AF, Yan SS, Minami M, Shimomoto R, Lumaya AJ, Suganuma N. Comparative evaluation of anthropometric measurements and prevalence of hypertension: community based cross-sectional study in rural male and female Cambodians. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04432. [PMID: 32715126 PMCID: PMC7371755 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Hypertension is a major and preventable risk factor that can lead to cardiovascular disease. The extent that obesity impacts hypertension differs when using body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) or waist to height ratio (WHtR). This study aimed to determine the prevalence of hypertension and to compare several anthropometric measurements in the prediction of hypertension between males and females from Chet Borey district of Kratie province, in Cambodia. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 276 healthy adults aged 18 years or older, including 94 males and 182 females who visited the local health post of Kaoh chraeng in Kratie province from November 21 to 27, 2015. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were measured. Anthropometric measures: Body mass index (BMI), as well as waist circumference (WC) and waist to height ratio (WHtR) were assessed to analyze adiposity indices. Multivariate analysis was performed to evaluate the association between anthropometric measures and hypertension among males and females after adjustment for confounders. Results Hypertension was more prevalent in males (38.3%) compared to females (26.4%). When considering adiposity indices, WC was higher in females than males (35.7% vs 10.6% females vs males), the same for WHtR (55.0% vs 30.9% females vs males). In the multivariate analysis, for males, in addition to high BMI [aOR 4.37 (1.01–18.81)], high WC [aOR 7.55 (1.42–39.99)] was associated with the risk of developing hypertension. Whereas for females, only WC [aOR 3.24 (1.54–6.83)] was associated with the concerned risk. Conclusion Prediction of hypertension using anthropometric measurements differs by sex and by the index used. In our population, BMI and WC appeared more appropriate for men while only WC was applicable to women. These results afford alternatives to hypertensive screening that may be useful tools for the majority of rural Cambodians since accessibility to health facilities is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Shimotake
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Kochi University Kochi Medical School, Nankoku, Japan
| | - Etongola P Mbelambela
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Kochi University Kochi Medical School, Nankoku, Japan
| | - Sifa Mj Muchanga
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Antonio F Villanueva
- EUCLID UN University (Public International Health), The Gambia and Washington, D.C, USA
| | - Sok Seng Yan
- Royal School of Administration ATTN, Khan Chamkarmorn, Phnom penh, Cambodia
| | - Marina Minami
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Kochi University Kochi Medical School, Nankoku, Japan
| | - Rie Shimomoto
- Department of Nursing, Kochi University, Nankoku, Japan
| | - Ambis Joelle Lumaya
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Narufumi Suganuma
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Kochi University Kochi Medical School, Nankoku, Japan
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12
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Golja P, Robič Pikel T, Zdešar Kotnik K, Fležar M, Selak S, Kapus J, Kotnik P. Direct Comparison of (Anthropometric) Methods for the Assessment of Body Composition. ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2020; 76:183-192. [PMID: 32640459 DOI: 10.1159/000508514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Several methods for the assessment of body composition exist, yet they yield different results. The present study aimed to assess the extent of these differences on a sample of young, healthy subjects. We hypothesised that differences in body composition results obtained with different methods will vary to the extent that a subject can be misclassified into different nutritional categories. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES Underwater weighing (UWW), bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), anthropometry (ANT), and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) were used to assess body composition. An extensive list of ANT regression equations (or sets of equations) was analysed in terms of accuracy and precision relative to DXA. RESULTS When DXA-determined body fat (BF) values were taken as a reference, UWW overestimated BF in both genders. In contrast, BIA (measured with a given bioimpedance analyser) underestimated BF in females, although BIA-determined BF did not differ from DXA in males. A huge difference in BF estimates (8-29% for females and 6-29% for males, for DXA-determined BF of 25.5% and 13.9% for females in males, respectively) was observed across a number of ANT regression equations; yet, ANT proved not to be inferior to DXA, provided that regression equations with the highest combinations of accuracy and precision were chosen. CONCLUSIONS The study proved grounds for comparison of body composition results of young, healthy subjects, obtained with different methods and across a wide range of ANT regression equations. It also revealed a list of the most appropriate ANT regression equations for the selected sample and reported their accuracy and precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Golja
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia,
| | - Tatjana Robič Pikel
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Katja Zdešar Kotnik
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matjaž Fležar
- University Clinic of Pulmonary and Allergic Diseases Golnik, Golnik, Slovenia
| | | | - Jernej Kapus
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Primož Kotnik
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Children's Hospital, University Clinical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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13
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Brandon LJ, Proctor LD. Do the Same Central Anthropometric Variables that Best Predict Blood Pressure in European Americans also Best Predict Blood Pressure in African Americans? Ethn Dis 2020; 30:349-356. [PMID: 32346281 DOI: 10.18865/ed.30.2.349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The purpose of this study was to determine if central anthropometric variables that best estimate blood pressure risks in European Americans also best estimate blood pressure risks in African Americans. Design The participants were 357 normotensive African and European American volunteers with a mean age of 32.6 ± 12.4 years. Participants were evaluated for central adiposity with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, abdomen and thigh skinfolds, waist and hip circumferences, waist/hip ratio, waist/height ratio, body mass index, and systolic and diastolic blood pressures. Descriptive statistics, partial correlations, ANOVA and stepwise regressions were used to analyze the data. Results Central adiposity anthropometric indices made different contributions to blood pressure in African and European American men and women. When weight was held constant, waist circumference shared stronger partial relationships with blood pressure in African Americans (r = .30 to .47) than in European Americans (r = .11 to .32). Waist circumference in combination with other indices was a predictor of systolic and diastolic blood pressures in European American men (P<.05) but only a predictor for diastolic blood pressure in African American men and women (P<.01). Hip circumference was the only predictor for systolic blood pressure (P<.01) in African American men and women. Conclusions Further research on the relative contributions of central anthropometric indices to blood pressure in African and European Americans is warranted. A better understanding of this relationship may help reduce hypertensive morbidity and mortality disparities between African and European Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Jerome Brandon
- Department of Kinesiology & Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Larry D Proctor
- Department of Kinesiology, Sport and Leisure Studies, Grambling State University, Grambling, LA
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14
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Reed RG, Combs HL, Segerstrom SC. The Structure of Self-Regulation and Its Psychological and Physical Health Correlates in Older Adults. COLLABRA-PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 6. [PMID: 32457933 DOI: 10.1525/collabra.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Self-regulation refers to effortful control over one's thoughts, emotions, choices, impulses, and behaviors, and has implications for older adults' health. Executive function, physiological, and subjective indices have all been proposed to reflect self-regulation. Pairwise associations among these indices have been previously examined; however, a self-regulation constellation encompassing all of these indices has never been tested in older adults. The present study described the relationships among indices of self-regulation and tested their between- and within-person associations with upstream personality factors (conscientiousness) and downstream psychological and physical health in 149 older adults aged 60-93 years, assessed semi-annually for five years (up to 10 waves). Indices of self-regulation were only modestly correlated with each other but were each associated with health. Better executive function was associated with better psychological and physical health between and within people, whereas higher heart rate variability was associated with psychological health within people. Better subjective self-regulation had the most between- and within-person associations with better psychological and physical health. Conscientiousness was associated with subjective self-regulation and better psychological and physical health. These findings support the non-unitary nature of self-regulation in older adults and the health relevance of each of its indices between and within older adults. The aging process may change how the indices relate to each other, and older adults may draw more on certain self-regulatory components over others, given limited resources. Subjective self-regulation may be an important final common pathway to psychological and physical health in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca G Reed
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, US.,Formerly affiliated with the Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, US
| | - Hannah L Combs
- Houston Methodist Sugar Land Neurology Associates, Sugar Land, TX, US.,Formerly affiliated with the Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, US
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15
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Cheng SH, Kuo YJ, Lin JCF, Chang WC, Wu CC, Chu YL, Lee CH, Chen YP, Lin CY. Fat distribution may predict intra- or extra-capsular hip fracture in geriatric patients after falling. Injury 2020; 51:414-419. [PMID: 31870609 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2019.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hip fractures can be divided into intra-capsular and extra-capsular fracture based on fracture location; these two types of fracture have different pathogeneses, treatments and prognoses. Many factors influence the patterns of hip fractures, including the injury mechanism, areal bone mineral density and the geometry of the hip. However, the relationship between body composition and hip fracture pattern has not yet been discussed. In this investigation, an analysis of the body compositions of geriatric patients with hip fractures were conducted to identify differences between fat and muscle distributions between patients with intra- and extra-capsular hip fractures. MATERIAL AND METHODS From December 2017 to February 2019, 139 patients with a hip fracture were prospectively enrolled in this study. The groups of patients that were diagnosed as having intra- and extra-capsular hip fractures were compared in terms of patient demographics, pre-operative laboratory data, bone mineral density (BMD) and body composition including muscle and fat distributions obtained using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) . RESULTS Eighty-six and 53 patients were diagnosed with intra-capsular and extra-capsular hip fractures, respectively. A significantly higher serum glucose level, a lower hemoglobin level, a lower T-score level in the proximal femur region, a lower T-score of all parts of interest, and a lower percentage fat content on the region of bilateral proximal hips (gynoid region) and in the lower limb region, were observed in patients with an extra-capsular hip fracture than in those with an intra-capsular hip fracture. However, with all confounding factors controlled for, only the T-score at the proximal femur, percentage fat content in the region of bilateral proximal hips and the ratio of android fat content to gynoid fat content (A/G ratio) are the most relevant factors in predicting the patterns of hip fracture in geriatric patients after falling. CONCLUSION This work demonstrates that lower fat content in the region of bilateral proximal hips and a lower BMD on the proximal femur may predict greater vulnerability of geriatric patients to extra-capsular rather than intra-capsular hip fracture after a falling accident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Hao Cheng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jie Kuo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jeff Chien-Fu Lin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Statistics, National Taipei University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chun Chang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chun Wu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yo-Lun Chu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chian-Her Lee
- Bone and Joint Research Center, Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Pin Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Chung-Ying Lin
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
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16
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Anthropometric indices predicting incident hypertension in an Iranian population: The Isfahan cohort study. Anatol J Cardiol 2020; 22:33-43. [PMID: 31264654 PMCID: PMC6683211 DOI: 10.14744/anatoljcardiol.2019.10594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The aim of the present study was to assess different obesity indices, as well as their best cut-off point, to predict the occurrence of hypertension (HTN) in an Iranian population. Methods: In a population-based study, subjects aged 35 years and older were followed for 7 years. Blood pressure was measured at baseline and after the follow-up. Anthropometry indices included body mass index (BMI), body adiposity index (BAI), the waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), the waist-to-hip ratio (WHpR), and waist and hip circumferences (WC and HC). Logistic regression was employed to calculate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) per standard deviation (SD) increment. The operating characteristic analysis was used to derive the best cut-off value for each index. Results: Among original 6504 participants, 2450 subjects who had no cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and HTN at baseline were revisited, and 542 (22.1%) new cases of HTN were detected. There were minimal differences between most indices in the adjusted models; however, the best HTN predictors were BMI (OR per SD 1.32; 95% CI 1.12–1.56) and almost equally WC (1.35; 1.13–1.60) in men and WC (1.20; 1.04–1.39) in women. As a binary predictor, BMI with a cut-off point of 24.9 kg/m2 in men (1.91; 1.40–2.62) and WC with a cut-off point of 98 cm in women (1.57; 1.17–2.10) were the best in adjusted models. WC, WHpR, and WHtR were significantly associated with an increased risk of HTN only in participants whose weight was normal (BMI, 18.5–24.9 kg/m2). Conclusion: Therefore, BMI in men and WC in women were the best predictors of HTN, both as continuous and binary factors at their appropriate cut-off points.
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17
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Ciaccioni S, Condello G, Guidotti F, Capranica L. Effects of Judo Training on Bones: A Systematic Literature Review. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 33:2882-2896. [PMID: 29239994 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Ciaccioni, S, Condello, G, Guidotti, F, and Capranica, L. Effects of judo training on bones: a systematic literature review. J Strength Cond Res 33(10): 2882-2896, 2019-The aim of this study was to provide a systematic literature review on the osteogenic effects of judo (PROSPERO: CRD42016041803). The online search was conducted according to the inclusion criteria: observational studies and clinical/interventional trials in English from inception to June 2016; bone health, bone mineral density (BMD), diameters, impact force, and bone turnover marker (BTM) outcomes. Thirty-four studies were included and graded for their methodological quality ("fair" quality: 79.4%). The most used assessment method (44.1%) was X-ray absorptiometry. A positive association between judo and bone health/status emerged. Findings support site-specific BMD accrual in children, adolescents, adult athletes, and in premenopausal and postmenopausal female practitioners. Bone turnover markers revealed a hypermetabolic status in high-level judo athletes. The osteogenic stimuli of judo seem to protect athletes from alterations in bone metabolic balance due to weight loss cycling. Sexual dimorphism was found between judoka in bone diameters and mass, and significant differences in bone breadths emerged between elite and nonelite judokas. The fall techniques reduced bone impact force and velocity with respect to "natural" fall. Further longitudinal, cross-sectional, and interventional researches are required. This article provides useful information on bone for health sport scientists, coaches, and practitioners, stimulating future research lines on judo. In particular, coaches and physical trainers should consider introducing judo fall techniques in their training plans to prevent fall-related injuries, especially relevant in the older population. Conversely, coaches are urged to carefully control weight cycling dietary habits of their athletes, which can produce serious metabolic responses on bones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Ciaccioni
- Division of Human Movement and Sport Sciences, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Rome, Italy
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18
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Padin AC, Hébert JR, Woody A, Wilson SJ, Shivappa N, Belury MA, Malarkey WB, Sheridan JF, Kiecolt-Glaser JK. A proinflammatory diet is associated with inflammatory gene expression among healthy, non-obese adults: Can social ties protect against the risks? Brain Behav Immun 2019; 82:36-44. [PMID: 31356923 PMCID: PMC6800628 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The Western diet, characterized by high intake of saturated fat, sugar, and salt, is associated with elevated inflammation and chronic disease risk. Few studies have investigated molecular mechanisms linking diet and inflammation; however, a small number of randomized controlled trials suggest that consuming an anti-inflammatory diet (i.e., a primarily plant-based diet rich in monounsaturated fat and lean protein) decreases proinflammatory gene expression. The current study investigated the association between everyday diet and proinflammatory gene expression, as well as the extent to which central adiposity and social involvement modulate risk. Participants were healthy middle-aged and older adults (N = 105) who completed a food frequency questionnaire and reported how many close social roles they have. Anthropometric measurements and blood samples also were collected; gene expression data were analyzed from LPS-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells for interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. The inflammatory potential of each participant's diet was calculated using the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII®). Participants with higher DII® scores, indicating a more proinflammatory diet, had greater IL-6 (b = -0.02, SE = 0.008, p = .01), IL-1β (b = -0.01, SE = 0.006, p = .03), and TNF-α (b = -0.01, SE = 0.005, p = .04) gene expression if they had a smaller sagittal abdominal diameter (SAD); effects were not seen among those with higher SADs. Social involvement served a protective role, such that participants with smaller SADs had greater IL-6 (b = 0.01, SE = 0.004, p = .049) and IL-1β (b = 0.01, SE = 0.003, p = .045) gene expression only if they had less social involvement; there was no effect of diet on gene expression among those who reported greater social participation. Results are the first to demonstrate a link between self-reported diet and proinflammatory gene expression. Importantly, the effect of diet on gene expression depended upon both body fat composition and social participation, both of which have previously been linked directly with proinflammatory gene expression and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avelina C Padin
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, United States; Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, United States.
| | - James R Hébert
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of South Carolina, United States; Connecting Health Innovations LLC, United States
| | - Alex Woody
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, United States
| | - Stephanie J Wilson
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, United States
| | - Nitin Shivappa
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of South Carolina, United States; Connecting Health Innovations LLC, United States
| | - Martha A Belury
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, United States; Department of Human Sciences, College of Education and Human Ecology, The Ohio State University, United States
| | - William B Malarkey
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, United States
| | - John F Sheridan
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, United States; College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, United States
| | - Janice K Kiecolt-Glaser
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, United States
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Piccolo BD, Hall LM, Stephensen CB, Gertz ER, Van Loan MD. Circulating 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations in Overweight and Obese Adults Are Explained by Sun Exposure, Skin Reflectance, and Body Composition. Curr Dev Nutr 2019; 3:nzz065. [PMID: 31304455 PMCID: PMC6616201 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzz065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obese individuals are known to be at higher risk for vitamin D deficiency than normal-weight individuals. Cutaneous synthesis is a major source of vitamin D; however, objective measurements of sun exposure are lacking in this population. OBJECTIVE To assess the validity of a regression model using sun exposure in lean individuals to estimate serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] in overweight and obese individuals, and to develop a prediction equation for serum 25(OH)D in overweight and obese adults. METHODS This study was a secondary analysis of a 15-wk controlled feeding study investigating the effects of dairy consumption on body composition. Information regarding sun exposure, including day, hour, time outside, and clothing, were self-assessed in sun exposure diaries. Personal sun exposure energy (joules) was assessed by downloading time-specific ultraviolet B energy data from climate stations. Skin reflectance was measured using a Minolta 2500d spectrophotometer. Dietary intake of vitamin D was known. Serum 25(OH)D concentration was measured by radioimmunoassay. Body composition was determined from whole-body dual energy x-ray absorptiometry and computed tomography scans. RESULTS Sun exposure was positively related to serum 25(OH)D (r = 0.26; P ≤ 0.05) and inversely related to total fat mass, android fat, and BMI (r = -0.25, -0.30, and -0.32, respectively). The modified Hall model significantly overestimated serum 25(OH)D in overweight and obese adults by 27.33-80.98 nmol/L, depending on the sun exposure calculation. A new regression model was developed for overweight and obese persons that explained 29.1% of the variance in postintervention 25(OH)D concentrations and included sun exposure, skin reflectance, total fat mass, total lean mass, and intra-abdominal adipose tissue as predictors. CONCLUSION Major determinants of serum 25(OH)D concentration in healthy overweight and obese individuals include sun exposure, skin reflectance, and adiposity. Addition of adiposity terms to the prior model significantly improved predictive ability in overweight and obese men and women. (clinicaltrials.gov: NCT00858312).
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Piccolo
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | | | - Charles B Stephensen
- University of California, Davis, CA
- USDA, ARS, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA
| | - Erik R Gertz
- USDA, ARS, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA
| | - Marta D Van Loan
- University of California, Davis, CA
- USDA, ARS, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA
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20
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Linauskas A, Overvad K, Symmons D, Johansen MB, Stengaard-Pedersen K, de Thurah A. Body Fat Percentage, Waist Circumference, and Obesity As Risk Factors for Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Danish Cohort Study. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2019; 71:777-786. [PMID: 29975015 DOI: 10.1002/acr.23694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between bioimpedance-derived total body fat percentage, waist circumference, and body mass index (BMI) and the subsequent development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS A population-based prospective cohort study was conducted using 55,037 patients enrolled in the Danish Diet, Cancer, and Health cohort. Baseline data included anthropometric measures and lifestyle factors. Individuals who developed RA were identified through linkage with the Danish National Patient Registry. The relationships between bioimpedance-derived body fat percentage, waist circumference, and BMI and incident RA were assessed using Cox proportional hazards regression models, stratifying by sex. All analyses were performed for overall RA and the serologic subtypes seropositive and other RA. RESULTS A total of 210 men (37.6% with seropositive RA) and 456 women (41.0% with seropositive RA) developed RA during a median follow-up of 20.1 years. In women, the overall RA risk was 10% higher for each 5% increment of total body fat (hazard ratio [HR] 1.10 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.02-1.18]), 5% higher for each 5-cm increment of waist circumference (HR 1.05 [95% CI 1.01-1.10]), and nearly 50% higher in those whose BMI was in the obese range compared to normal range BMI (HR 1.46 [95% CI 1.12-1.90]). These positive associations were also found for patients with other RA. In men, there were no clear associations between body fat percentage, waist circumference, or BMI and RA. No significant associations were found for seropositive RA in women or men, possibly related to low sample size. CONCLUSION In women, higher body fat percentage, higher waist circumference, and obesity were associated with a higher risk of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asta Linauskas
- Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, and North Denmark Regional Hospital, Hjoerring, Denmark
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21
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Impact of Abdominal Visceral Adiposity on Adult Asthma Symptoms. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2018; 7:1222-1229.e5. [PMID: 30476681 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown the association of anthropometric measures with poor asthma symptoms, especially among women. However, the potential influence of visceral adiposity on asthma symptoms has not been investigated well. OBJECTIVE In this study, we have evaluated whether visceral adiposity is related to poor adult asthma symptoms independent of anthropometric measures and sex. If this relationship presented, we investigated whether it is explained by influence on pulmonary functions and/or obesity-related comorbidities. METHODS We analyzed data from 206 subjects with asthma from Japan. In addition to anthropometric measures (body mass index and waist circumference), abdominal visceral and subcutaneous fat were assessed by computed tomography scan. Quality of life was assessed using the Japanese version of the Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire. RESULTS All obesity indices had inverse association with reduced asthma quality of life among females. However, only the visceral fat area showed a statistical inverse association with Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire in males. Only abdominal visceral fat was associated with higher gastroesophageal reflux disease and depression scores. Although all obesity indices showed inverse association with functional residual capacity, only visceral fat area had a significant inverse association with FEV1 % predicted, independent of other obesity indices. CONCLUSIONS Regardless of sex, abdominal visceral fat was associated with reduced asthma quality of life independent of other obesity indices, and this may be explained by the impact of abdominal visceral fat on reduced FEV1 % predicted and higher risk for gastroesophageal reflux disease and depression. Therefore, visceral adiposity may have more clinical influence than any other obesity indices on asthma symptoms.
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Sims ED, Wang KW, Fleming A, Johnston DL, Zelcer SM, Rassekh SR, Burrow S, Thabane L, Samaan MC. Tri-ponderal mass index in survivors of childhood brain tumors: A cross-sectional study. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16336. [PMID: 30397217 PMCID: PMC6218522 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34602-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Survivors of childhood brain tumors (SCBT) face a higher risk of cardiometabolic disorders and premature mortality compared to the general population. Excess adiposity is a known risk factor for these comorbidities. However, while SCBT have higher adiposity compared to healthy controls, measuring adiposity in clinical practice involves access to specialized equipment and may impact busy clinical services. Tri-ponderal Mass Index (TMI; kg/m3) may be a superior measure of adiposity when compared to Body Mass Index (BMI; kg/m2). However, its use in determining adiposity in SCBT has not been assessed. This study aims to validate TMI as a clinical measure of adiposity in SCBT. This was a cross-sectional study including 44 SCBT (n = 20 female) and 137 (n = 64 female) non-cancer control children, 5-17 years of age. BMI and TMI were calculated from height and weight measurements. Fat mass percentage was assessed using bioelectrical impedance analysis and waist to hip and waist to height ratios were used to assess central adiposity. Regression analyses were adjusted for age, sex, puberty and treatment. TMI demonstrated strong correlations to measures of total and central adiposity and predicted adiposity in SCBT and non-cancer controls, with stronger trends in the latter group. TMI may serve as a reliable clinical measure of adiposity in both SCBT and healthy children.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Danielle Sims
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, McMaster Children's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kuan-Wen Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, McMaster Children's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adam Fleming
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, McMaster Children's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Donna L Johnston
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shayna M Zelcer
- Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Children's Hospital, London Health Sciences Center, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shahrad Rod Rassekh
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/BMT, Department of Pediatrics, British Columbia's Children's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sarah Burrow
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, McMaster University Medical Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lehana Thabane
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Anesthesia, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Evaluation of Medicines, St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Biostatistics Unit, St Joseph's Healthcare-Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - M Constantine Samaan
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, McMaster Children's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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Lee V, Blew R, Hetherington‐Rauth M, Blew D, Galons J, Hagio T, Bea J, Lohman T, Going S. Estimation of visceral fat in 9- to 13-year-old girls using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and anthropometry. Obes Sci Pract 2018; 4:437-447. [PMID: 30338114 PMCID: PMC6180717 DOI: 10.1002/osp4.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Accumulation of visceral fat (VF) in children increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes, and measurement of VF in children using computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is expensive. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) may provide a low-cost alternative. This study aims to determine if DXA VF estimates can accurately estimate VF in young girls, determine if adding anthropometry would improve the estimate and determine if other DXA fat measures, with and without anthropometry, could be used to estimate VF in young girls. METHODS Visceral fat was measured at lumbar intervertebral sites (L1-L2, L2-L3, L3-L4 and L4-L5) using 3.0T MRI on 32 young girls (mean age 11.3 ± 1.3 years). VF was estimated using the GE CoreScan application. Measurement of DXA android and total body fat was performed. Weight, height and waist circumference (WC) measurements were also obtained. RESULTS Waist circumference and body mass index were both strongly correlated with MRI, although WC was the best anthropometric covariate. Per cent fat (%fat) variables had the strongest correlation and did best in regression models. DXA %VF (GE CoreScan) and DXA android %fat and total body %fat accounted for 65% to 74% of the variation in MRI VF. CONCLUSION Waist circumference predicted MRI VF almost as well as DXA estimates in this population, and a combination of WC and DXA fat improves the predictability of VF. DXA VF estimate was improved by the addition of WC; however, DXA android %fat with WC was better at predicting MRI VF.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Lee
- Department of Nutritional SciencesUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizonaUSA
| | - R. Blew
- Department of Nutritional SciencesUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizonaUSA
| | | | - D. Blew
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizonaUSA
| | - J.‐P. Galons
- Department of Medical ImagingUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizonaUSA
| | - T. Hagio
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizonaUSA
- Division of Imaging, Diagnostics, and Software Reliability, Center for Devices and Radiological HealthU.S. Food and Drug AdministrationSilver SpringMarylandUSA
| | - J. Bea
- Department of Nutritional SciencesUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizonaUSA
- Department of MedicineUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizonaUSA
| | - T. Lohman
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizonaUSA
| | - S. Going
- Department of Nutritional SciencesUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizonaUSA
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Andersen M, Glintborg D. Diagnosis and follow-up of type 2 diabetes in women with PCOS: a role for OGTT? Eur J Endocrinol 2018; 179:D1-D14. [PMID: 29921567 DOI: 10.1530/eje-18-0237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is common in premenopausal women. The majority of women with PCOS have insulin resistance and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is higher in women with PCOS compared to controls. In non-pregnant women with PCOS, glycemic status may be assessed by oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), fasting plasma glucose (FPG) or HbA1c. OGTT has been reckoned gold standard test for diagnosing T2D, but OGTT is rarely used for diagnostic purpose in other non-pregnant individuals at risk of T2D, apart from PCOS. OGTT has questionable reproducibility, and high sensitivity of the 2-h glucose value is at the expense of relatively low specificity, especially regarding impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). Furthermore, lean women with PCOS are rarely diagnosed with T2D and only few percent of normal-weight women have prediabetes. Glycemic status is necessary at diagnosis and during follow-up of PCOS, especially in women with high risk of T2D (obesity, previous gestational diabetes (GDM)). We suggest that OGTT should be used in the same situations in PCOS as in other patient groups at risk of T2D. OGTT is indicated for diagnosing GDM; however, OGTT during pregnancy may not be indicated in lean women with PCOS without other risk factors for GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Andersen
- Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Dorte Glintborg
- Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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25
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Sagittal abdominal diameter and Framingham risk score in non-dialysis chronic kidney disease patients. Int Urol Nephrol 2018; 50:1679-1685. [PMID: 29651697 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-018-1861-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is very common now and is associated with high overall and cardiovascular mortality. Numerous studies have reported that abdominal obesity is a risk factor for cardiovascular mortality. We investigated the link between sagittal abdominal diameter (SAD) and Framingham risk score in non-dialysis CKD patients. METHODS In a cross-sectional study, we enrolled 307 prevalent non-dialysis CKD patients (175 males, aged 50.7 ± 17.04 years). SAD and Framingham risk score were measured. RESULTS Framingham cardiovascular disease risk score was independently predicted by SAD (P < 0.01), GFR (P < 0.01) and diabetic history (P < 0.05). Adjusted R2 of the model was 0.178. SAD could be independently predicted by BMI (P < 0.01), diabetic history (P < 0.01), GFR (P < 0.01) and age (P < 0.01). Adjusted R2 of the model was 0.409. Using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, a cutoff SAD value of 16.55 cm was determined with sensitivity of 63.7%, specificity of 58.3%. CONCLUSION Elevated SAD is significantly associated with increased Framingham risk score in non-dialysis CKD patients. SAD can be predicted by patients' BMI, diabetic history, renal function and age. Further investigation is needed to explore the potential benefits of central obesity lowering therapy in this patient group.
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Abshire DA, Mudd-Martin G, Moser DK, Lennie TA. Comparing measures of general and abdominal adiposity as predictors of blood pressure in college students. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2018; 66:51-60. [PMID: 28820677 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2017.1369092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare anthropometric measures of body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), and sagittal abdominal diameter (SAD) as predictors of blood pressure in college students. PARTICIPANTS Students (N = 116) were recruited from November 2012 to May 2014 at an urban university and rural community colleges. METHODS Students underwent a brief physical examination during which anthropometric measures were obtained and blood pressure was measured. Covariates were measured using self-reported questionnaires. Hierarchical multiple linear regressions were used for the data analysis. RESULTS All anthropometric measures were predictive of systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). WC was the strongest predictor of SBP (β = .582, p < .01) explaining an additional 3-4% of the variance than BMI, WHtR, or SAD. The measures were similar in predicting DBP. WC predicted SBP independent of BMI. CONCLUSIONS Clinicians should consider using WC to assess the risk for hypertension in college students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demetrius A Abshire
- a University of South Carolina College of Nursing , Columbia , South Carolina, USA
| | - Gia Mudd-Martin
- b University of Kentucky College of Nursing , Lexington , Kentucky, USA
| | - Debra K Moser
- b University of Kentucky College of Nursing , Lexington , Kentucky, USA
| | - Terry A Lennie
- b University of Kentucky College of Nursing , Lexington , Kentucky, USA
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Bacchi E, Cavedon V, Zancanaro C, Moghetti P, Milanese C. Comparison between dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and skinfold thickness in assessing body fat in overweigh/obese adult patients with type-2 diabetes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17424. [PMID: 29234125 PMCID: PMC5727309 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17788-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Percentage of body fat (%BF) is estimated in clinical practice using anthropometric equations, but little is known about their reliability in overweight/obese patients with type-2 diabetes. The aim of this study was to compare, in overweight/obese adults with type-2 diabetes, %BF estimated with several commonly used anthropometric equations and %BF measured with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA, Hologic). The %BF was measured with DXA in 40 patients aged 40-68 years with type-2 diabetes (mean HbA1c, 7.3 ± 0.9%). Body density was estimated in the same patients by means of four anthropometric equations and converted to %BF using the Siri and Brozek equations. Paired-sample t-test and the mean signed difference procedure were used to compare anthropometric equation-derived %BF and DXA measurements. The coefficient of determination was computed. Bland-Altman analysis was used to test the agreement between methods. Among the four anthropometric equations, the Durnin-Womersley equation only showed close agreement with DXA in both female and male patients; the other equations significantly underestimated or overestimated %BF. Two new predictive equations were developed using DXA as the reference to predict total body and trunk %BF. Further comparative studies are required to confirm and refine the accuracy of practical, non-invasive methods for monitoring %BF in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Bacchi
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Valentina Cavedon
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Carlo Zancanaro
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Paolo Moghetti
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Chiara Milanese
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
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Soguel L, Durocher F, Tchernof A, Diorio C. Adiposity, breast density, and breast cancer risk: epidemiological and biological considerations. Eur J Cancer Prev 2017; 26:511-520. [PMID: 27571214 PMCID: PMC5627530 DOI: 10.1097/cej.0000000000000310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Excess total body fat and abdominal adipose tissue are recognized risk factors for metabolic diseases but also for some types of cancers, including breast cancer. Several biological mechanisms in connection with local and systemic effects of adiposity are believed to be implicated in breast cancer development, and may involve breast fat. Breast adipose tissue can be studied through mammography by looking at breast density features such as the nondense area mainly composed of fat, or the percent breast density, which is the proportion of fibroglandular tissue in relation to fat. The relation between adiposity, breast density features, and breast cancer is complex. Studies suggest a paradoxical association as adiposity and absolute nondense area correlate positively with each other, but in contrast to adiposity, absolute nondense area seems to be associated negatively with breast cancer risk. As breast density is one of the strongest risk factors for breast cancer, it is therefore critical to understand how these factors interrelate. In this review, we discuss these relations by first presenting how adiposity measurements and breast density features are linked to breast cancer risk. Then, we used a systematic approach to capture the literature to review the relation between adiposity and breast density features. Finally, the role of adipose tissue in carcinogenesis is discussed briefly from a biological perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludivine Soguel
- Departments of Social and Preventive Medicine
- CHU de Québec Research Center
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Applied Sciences Western Switzerland (HES-SO) Geneva, 25 rue des Caroubiers, Carouge, Switzerland
| | - Francine Durocher
- Molecular Medicine, Cancer Research Center, Laval University, 2325 rue de l’Université
- CHU de Québec Research Center, CHUL, 2724 Laurier Boulevard
| | - André Tchernof
- CHU de Québec Research Center, CHUL, 2724 Laurier Boulevard
- Department of Nutrition, Laval University, 2425 rue de l’Agriculture, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Caroline Diorio
- Departments of Social and Preventive Medicine
- CHU de Québec Research Center
- Deschênes-Fabia Center for Breast Diseases, Saint-Sacrement Hospital, 1050 Chemin Ste-Foy
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29
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Lefferts WK, Sperry SD, Jorgensen RS, Kasprowicz AG, Skilton MR, Figueroa A, Heffernan KS. Carotid stiffness, extra-media thickness and visceral adiposity in young adults. Atherosclerosis 2017; 265:140-146. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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30
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Bea JW, Hsu CH, Blew RM, Irving AP, Caan BJ, Kwan ML, Abraham I, Going SB. Use of iDXA spine scans to evaluate total and visceral abdominal fat. Am J Hum Biol 2017; 30. [PMID: 28884861 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Abdominal fat may be a better predictor than body mass index (BMI) for risk of metabolically-related diseases, such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and some cancers. We sought to validate the percent fat reported on dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) regional spine scans (spine fat fraction, SFF) against abdominal fat obtained from total body scans using the iDXA machine (General Electric, Madison, WI), as previously done on the Prodigy model. METHODS Total body scans and regional spine scans were completed on the same day (N = 50). In alignment with the Prodigy-based study, the following regions of interest (ROI) were assessed from total body scans and compared to the SFF from regional spine scans: total abdominal fat at (1) lumbar vertebrae L2-L4 and (2) L2-Iliac Crest (L2-IC); (3) total trunk fat; and (4) visceral fat in the android region. Separate linear regression models were used to predict each total body scan ROI from SFF; models were validated by bootstrapping. RESULTS The sample was 84% female, a mean age of 38.5 ± 17.4 years, and mean BMI of 23.0 ± 3.8 kg/m2 . The SFF, adjusted for BMI, predicted L2-L4 and L2-IC total abdominal fat (%; Adj. R2 : 0.90) and total trunk fat (%; Adj. R2 : 0.88) well; visceral fat (%) adjusted R2 was 0.83. Linear regression models adjusted for additional participant characteristics resulted in similar adjusted R2 values. CONCLUSIONS This replication of the strong correlation between SFF and abdominal fat measures on the iDXA in a new population confirms the previous Prodigy model findings and improves generalizability.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Bea
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona 85724-5024.,Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724-5024.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721.,The Collaboratory for Metabolic Disease Prevention and Treatment, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85714
| | - C-H Hsu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724
| | - R M Blew
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721.,The Collaboratory for Metabolic Disease Prevention and Treatment, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85714
| | - A P Irving
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona 85724-5024.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - B J Caan
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California 94612
| | - M L Kwan
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California 94612
| | - I Abraham
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona 85724-5024.,Center for Health Outcomes and PharmacoEconomic Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - S B Going
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721.,The Collaboratory for Metabolic Disease Prevention and Treatment, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85714
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Delgado C, Chertow GM, Kaysen GA, Dalrymple LS, Kornak J, Grimes B, Johansen KL. Associations of Body Mass Index and Body Fat With Markers of Inflammation and Nutrition Among Patients Receiving Hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 2017; 70:817-825. [PMID: 28870376 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2017.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the extent to which visceral and subcutaneous body fat are associated with markers of nutrition and inflammation in patients on dialysis therapy could shed light on the obesity paradox and the biology of subcutaneous fat. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS 609 adults receiving hemodialysis who participated in the ACTIVE/ADIPOSE Study. PREDICTORS Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy-derived estimates of percent body fat. OUTCOMES C-Reactive protein (CRP), interleukin 6 (IL-6), prealbumin, albumin, leptin, and adiponectin concentrations. MEASUREMENTS We performed linear regression analyses to examine the extent to which proxies of visceral and subcutaneous fat were associated with inflammation, nutrition, and adiposity-related hormones. RESULTS BMI was directly associated with markers of inflammation (standardized estimate for ln[CRP in mg/L]: 0.30 [95% CI, 0.22-0.38] per 10kg/m2; for ln[IL-6 in pg/mL]: 0.10 [95% CI, 0.02-0.18] per 10kg/m2), but was not associated with markers of nutrition. BMI was also inversely associated with adiponectin and directly associated with leptin. With waist circumference and percent body fat (as a proxy of visceral and subcutaneous fat, respectively) modeled together, waist circumference was associated with markers of inflammation (standardized estimate for ln[CRP in mg/L]: 0.21 [95% CI, 0.09-0.34] per 10cm; for ln[IL-6 in pg/mL]: 0.18 [95% CI, 0.07-0.29] per 10cm), whereas percent body fat was not associated with CRP (standardized estimate for ln[CRP in mg/L]: 0.03 [95% CI, -0.10 to 0.15] per 1%) and was inversely associated with IL-6 (standardized estimate for ln[IL-6 in pg/mL]: -0.15 [95% CI, -0.27 to -0.02] per 1%). In addition, waist circumference was inversely associated with prealbumin and albumin (standardized estimates of -0.12 [95% CI, -0.23 to -0.02] mg/dL per 10cm and -0.17 [95% CI, -0.28 to -0.06] g/dL per 10cm, respectively), and percent body fat was directly associated with prealbumin and albumin (0.20 [95% CI, 0.07-0.32] mg/dL and 0.15 [95% CI, 0.02-0.28] g/dL per 1%, respectively). Higher waist circumference was associated indirectly with adiponectin and directly with leptin concentrations. LIMITATIONS Although the observed associations implicate visceral fat as the cause of inflammation, it cannot be determined in this cross-sectional study. CONCLUSIONS Proxies of visceral and subcutaneous fat appear to have opposing associations with biomarkers of inflammation and nutrition. Subcutaneous fat may be an indicator of nutritional status, and visceral fat, an indicator of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Delgado
- Division of Nephrology, University of California, San Francisco, CA; Nephrology Section, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA.
| | - Glenn M Chertow
- Division of Nephrology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA; US Renal Data System Nutrition Special Studies Center, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - George A Kaysen
- US Renal Data System Nutrition Special Studies Center, Ann Arbor, MI; Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of California, Davis, CA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | | | - John Kornak
- US Renal Data System Nutrition Special Studies Center, Ann Arbor, MI; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Barbara Grimes
- US Renal Data System Nutrition Special Studies Center, Ann Arbor, MI; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Kirsten L Johansen
- Division of Nephrology, University of California, San Francisco, CA; Nephrology Section, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA; US Renal Data System Nutrition Special Studies Center, Ann Arbor, MI
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32
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Diazzi C, Brigante G, Ferrannini G, Ansaloni A, Zirilli L, De Santis MC, Zona S, Guaraldi G, Rochira V. Pituitary growth hormone (GH) secretion is partially rescued in HIV-infected patients with GH deficiency (GHD) compared to hypopituitary patients. Endocrine 2017; 55:885-898. [PMID: 27730472 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-016-1133-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Biochemical growth hormone deficiency is prevalent among human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients, but if this condition is clinically relevant remains challenging. The aim is to prospectively compare the growth hormone deficiency/insulin-like growth factor-1 status of 71 human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with impaired growth hormone response to growth hormone releasing hormone + Arginine with that of 65 hypopituitary patients affected by a true growth hormone deficiency secondary to pituitary disease. The main outcomes were: basal serum growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-1, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3, growth hormone peak and area under the curve after growth hormone response to growth hormone releasing hormone + Arginine test, body mass index, waist and hip circumference, and body composition by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Insulin-like growth factor-1 binding protein 3, basal growth hormone (p < 0.005), growth hormone peak and area under the curve after growth hormone response to growth hormone releasing hormone + Arginine, waist to hip ratio, insulin-like growth factor-1, fasting glucose, insulin, and triglycerides (p < 0.0001) were lower in hypopituitary than human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Total and trunk fat mass by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry were higher in hypopituitary than in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients (p < 0.0001). In all the patients total body fat was associated with both growth hormone peak and area under the curve at stepwise linear regression analysis. The degree of growth hormone deficiency is more severe in hypopituitary than in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients, suggesting that the function of growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-1 axis is partially rescued in the latter thanks to a preserved pituitary secretory reserve. Data from the current study suggest that human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with peak growth hormone < 9 mg/L may have partial growth hormone deficiency and clinicians should be cautious before prescribing recombinant human growth hormone replacement treatment to patients living with human immunodeficiency virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Diazzi
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, Metabolism and Geriatrics, Azienda USL of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Giulia Brigante
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, Metabolism and Geriatrics, Azienda USL of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | | | - Anna Ansaloni
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Lucia Zirilli
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, Metabolism and Geriatrics, Azienda USL of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina De Santis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathological Anatomy, Azienda USL of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Stefano Zona
- HIV Metabolic Clinic, Infectious and Tropical Disease Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Adults and Children, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Giovanni Guaraldi
- HIV Metabolic Clinic, Infectious and Tropical Disease Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Adults and Children, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Rochira
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, Metabolism and Geriatrics, Azienda USL of Modena, Modena, Italy.
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Kim EY, Kim K, Kim YS, Ahn HK, Jeong YM, Kim JH, Choi WJ. Prevalence of and Factors Associated with Sarcopenia in Korean Cancer Survivors: Based on Data Obtained by the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2008–2011. Nutr Cancer 2017; 69:394-401. [DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2017.1267776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eun Young Kim
- Department of Radiology, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kirang Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Saing Kim
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Kyung Ahn
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Mi Jeong
- Department of Radiology, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Ho Kim
- Department of Radiology, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Jun Choi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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Sardarinia M, Ansari R, Azizi F, Hadaegh F, Bozorgmanesh M. Mortality prediction of a body shape index versus traditional anthropometric measures in an Iranian population: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. Nutrition 2017; 33:105-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Charbonneau-Roberts G, Saudny-Unterberger H, Kuhnlein HV, Egeland GM. Body mass index may overestimate the prevalence of overweight and obesity among the Inuit. Int J Circumpolar Health 2016; 64:163-9. [PMID: 15945286 DOI: 10.3402/ijch.v64i2.17969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Body mass index (BMI) is a widely used body weight classification system but has known limitations, and may need to be adjusted for sitting height in order to be useful as an indicator of health risks in special populations. Data confirm that Inuit and Far East Asians have shorter legs and relatively higher sitting heights compared with all other populations. Using standing height alone to calculate the BMI may overestimate the number of individuals that are overweight and obese, and at risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease among the Inuit. Measuring sitting height allows for the calculation of a sitting height-to-standing height ratio (SH/S) which can be used to correct the observed BMI. Incorporating sitting height measurements into health research could help formulate Inuit-specific screening guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guylaine Charbonneau-Roberts
- School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition and Centre for Indigenous Peoples' Nutrition and Environment (CINE), McGill University, Québec, Canada
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Dhillon J, Tan SY, Mattes RD. Almond Consumption during Energy Restriction Lowers Truncal Fat and Blood Pressure in Compliant Overweight or Obese Adults. J Nutr 2016; 146:2513-2519. [PMID: 27807041 DOI: 10.3945/jn.116.238444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The inclusion of almonds in an energy-restricted diet has been reported both to enhance or to have no effect on weight loss. Their effects specifically on visceral body fat stores during energy restriction have not been widely examined. In addition, almond consumption has been associated with reduced blood pressure (BP), but whether this is linked to or independent of changes in body composition has to our knowledge not been examined. OBJECTIVE We evaluated the effects of consuming almonds as part of an energy-restricted diet on body composition, specifically visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and BP, compared to a nut-free energy-restricted diet. METHODS A randomized controlled 12-wk clinical trial of 86 healthy adults [body mass index (in kg/m2): 25-40] was conducted. Participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 energy-restricted (500-kcal deficit/d) diets: an almond-enriched diet (AED) (15% energy from almonds) or a nut-free diet (NFD). A linear mixed-model analysis on primary outcomes such as body weight, body fat, VAT, and BP was performed on all participants [intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis] and compliant participants (complier analysis). RESULTS Body weight, truncal and total fat percentage, VAT, and systolic BP decreased after 12 wk of energy restriction in both the ITT and complier analyses (P < 0.05). The complier analysis (but not the ITT analysis) indicated a greater mean ± SEM reduction in truncal fat (AED: -1.21% ± 0.26%; NFD: -0.48% ± 0.24%; P = 0.025), total fat (AED: -1.79% ± 0.36%; NFD: -0.74% ± 0.33%; P = 0.035), and diastolic BP (AED: -2.71 ± 1.2 mm Hg; NFD: 0.815 ± 1.1 mm Hg; P = 0.029), and a greater tendency for VAT loss (AED: -8.19 ± 1.8 cm2; NFD: -3.99 ± 1.7 cm2; P = 0.09) over time in the AED group than the NFD group. CONCLUSIONS Moderate almond consumption by compliant overweight and obese individuals during energy restriction results in greater proportional reductions of truncal and total body fat as well as diastolic BP and hence may help to reduce metabolic disease risk in obesity. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02360787.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaapna Dhillon
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Sze-Yen Tan
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Richard D Mattes
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
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Peeters A, Tanamas S, Gearon E, Al-Gindan Y, Lean MEJ. Beyond BMI: How to Capture Influences from Body Composition in Health Surveys. Curr Nutr Rep 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13668-016-0183-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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George MD, McGill NK, Baker JF. Creatine kinase in the U.S. population: Impact of demographics, comorbidities, and body composition on the normal range. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e4344. [PMID: 27537560 PMCID: PMC5370787 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000004344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Creatine kinase (CK) values are a critical part of the workup of suspected myopathies and are often assessed in patients that develop myalgia on statin therapy. CK elevations may influence the initiation and cessation of statin treatment, and incidentally discovered CK elevation may lead to further testing. A number of factors influence CK levels in healthy patients, but current reference ranges do not incorporate important influencers of CK such as race. Objectives of this study were to evaluate clinical factors associated with CK among healthy individuals and to develop practical reference ranges for important subgroups to improve test interpretation. METHODS CK was evaluated in nonpregnant participants ≥20 years old from the cross-sectional National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011-2014. Linear and logistic regression stratified by sex identified clinical factors associated with CK levels. Adjustment for anthropomorphic measures assessed whether age and race-ethnicity differences in CK were explained by differences in body composition. The 95th and 97.5th percentiles of CK in sex/race-ethnicity subgroups were calculated, excluding patients with recent strenuous exercise. RESULTS A total of 10,096 nonpregnant adults were studied. Black race was strongly associated with CK. The odds ratio of having an abnormal CK for black women was 5.08 (95% CI 3.65-7.08) and for black men was 8.39 (95% CI 6.11-11.52). CK was substantially lower in older men. Differences in CK by age but not race-ethnicity were largely explained by body composition. Women with low body mass index were less likely to have an elevated CK, and overweight or obese men had an almost 2-fold greater odds of having an elevated CK. The 97.5th percentile of CK was 382 (95% CI 295-469) in white men, 1001 (95% CI 718-1284) in black men, 295 (95% CI 216-374) in white women, and 487 (95% CI 310-664) in black women. CONCLUSION CK is substantially higher in men and in black patients. Differences in body size and composition are also important but do not explain racial differences in CK. The 95th and 97.5th percentiles in sex and race-ethnicity subgroups provide a practical guide for clinicians interpreting CK values.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joshua F. Baker
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Pennsylvania
- Philadelphia VA Medical Center
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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Bea JW, Blew RM, Going SB, Hsu CH, Lee MC, Lee VR, Caan BJ, Kwan ML, Lohman TG. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry spine scans to determine abdominal fat in postmenopausal women. Am J Hum Biol 2016; 28:918-926. [PMID: 27416964 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Body composition may be a better predictor of chronic disease risk than body mass index (BMI) in older populations. OBJECTIVES We sought to validate spine fat fraction (%) from dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) spine scans as a proxy for total abdominal fat. METHODS Total body DXA scan abdominal fat regions of interest (ROI) that have been previously validated by magnetic resonance imaging were assessed among healthy, postmenopausal women who also had antero-posterior spine scans (n = 103). ROIs were (1) lumbar vertebrae L2-L4 and (2) L2-Iliac Crest (L2-IC), manually selected by two independent raters, and (3) trunk, auto-selected by DXA software. Intra-class correlation coefficients evaluated intra and inter-rater reliability on a random subset (N = 25). Linear regression models, validated by bootstrapping, assessed the relationship between spine fat fraction (%) and total abdominal fat (%) ROIs. RESULTS Mean age, BMI, and total body fat were 66.1 ± 4.8 y, 25.8 ± 3.8 kg/m2 and 40.0 ± 6.6%, respectively. There were no significant differences within or between raters. Linear regression models adjusted for several participant and scan characteristics were equivalent to using only BMI and spine fat fraction. The model predicted L2-L4 (Adj. R2 : 0.83) and L2-IC (Adj. R2 : 0.84) abdominal fat (%) well; the adjusted R2 for trunk fat (%) was 0.78. Model validation demonstrated minimal over-fitting (Adj. R2 : 0.82, 0.83, and 0.77 for L2-L4, L2-IC, and trunk fat, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The strong correlation between spine fat fraction and DXA abdominal fat measures make it suitable for further development in postmenopausal chronic disease risk prediction models. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 28:918-926, 2016. © 2016Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Bea
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona, 85724-5024.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721
| | - R M Blew
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721
| | - S B Going
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721
| | - C-H Hsu
- University of Arizona Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, Tucson, Arizona, 85724
| | - M C Lee
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721
| | - V R Lee
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721
| | - B J Caan
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California, 94612
| | - M L Kwan
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California, 94612
| | - T G Lohman
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721
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Lee JJ, Ho C, Chen HJ, Huang N, Yeh JC, deFerranti S. Is the 90th Percentile Adequate? The Optimal Waist Circumference Cutoff Points for Predicting Cardiovascular Risks in 124,643 15-Year-Old Taiwanese Adolescents. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158818. [PMID: 27389572 PMCID: PMC4936838 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Adolescent obesity has increased to alarming proportions globally. However, few studies have investigated the optimal waist circumference (WC) of Asian adolescents. This study sought to establish the optimal WC cutoff points that identify a cluster of cardiovascular risk factors (CVRFs) among 15-year-old ethnically Chinese adolescents. This study was a regional population-based study on the CVRFs among adolescents who enrolled in all the senior high schools in Taipei City, Taiwan, between 2011 and 2014. Four cross-sectional health examinations of first-year senior high school (grade 10) students were conducted from September to December of each year. A total of 124,643 adolescents aged 15 (boys: 63,654; girls: 60,989) were recruited. Participants who had at least three of five CVRFs were classified as the high-risk group. We used receiver-operating characteristic curves and the area under the curve (AUC) to determine the optimal WC cutoff points and the accuracy of WC in predicting high cardiovascular risk. WC was a good predictor for high cardiovascular risk for both boys (AUC: 0.845, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.833–0.857) and girls (AUC: 0.763, 95% CI: 0.731–0.795). The optimal WC cutoff points were ≥78.9 cm for boys (77th percentile) and ≥70.7 cm for girls (77th percentile). Adolescents with normal weight and an abnormal WC were more likely to be in the high cardiovascular risk group (odds ratio: 3.70, 95% CI: 2.65–5.17) compared to their peers with normal weight and normal WC. The optimal WC cutoff point of 15-year-old Taiwanese adolescents for identifying CVRFs should be the 77th percentile; the 90th percentile of the WC might be inadequate. The high WC criteria can help health professionals identify higher proportion of the adolescents with cardiovascular risks and refer them for further evaluations and interventions. Adolescents’ height, weight and WC should be measured as a standard practice in routine health checkups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Jiunshiou Lee
- Department of Family Medicine, Yangming Branch, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Health Care Management, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - ChinYu Ho
- Department of Family Medicine, Yangming Branch, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Health Care Management, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Leisure Industry and Health Promotion, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei City, Taiwan
- * E-mail: ;
| | - Hsin-Jen Chen
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Nicole Huang
- Institute of Hospital and Health Care Administration, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Jade Chienyu Yeh
- Department of Family Medicine, Lo-Sheng Sanatorium and Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Sarah deFerranti
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States of America
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Sugimoto T, Tsutsumimoto K, Nakakubo S, Murata S, Doi T, Ono R. [Abdominal obesity mediates the association between a low physical activity and a decline in gait speed in community-dwelling elderly people: A cross-sectional study]. Nihon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi 2016; 53:54-61. [PMID: 26935519 DOI: 10.3143/geriatrics.53.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
AIM A low physical activity leads to obesity and a decline in the physical function. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to examine whether the association between a low physical activity and low physical function was mediated by obesity. METHODS A total of 73 community-dwelling elderly people participated in this study. The analysis included 56 participants without knee and hip osteoarthritis, low cognitive function (the Mini Mental State Examination score <24) and rheumatoid arthritis (mean age±SD: 73.3±4.1, female: 50%). The daily step count was collected as a measure of physical activity by a single axial accelerometer. The physical function was measured by the gait speed. Obesity was measured by the body mass index and waist circumference. To assess whether the association between the physical activity and physical function was mediated by obesity, linear regression models were fitted according to Baron and Kenny procedures for a mediation analysis. A p value <0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. RESULTS The body mass index did not act as a mediator in the association between the physical activity and gait speed, whereas the waist circumference acted as a full mediator in the association between the physical activity and gait speed. CONCLUSION An increased waist circumference mediates the association between a low physical activity and a low physical function in community-dwelling elderly people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiki Sugimoto
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Kobe University, Graduate School of Health Sciences
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Pereira da Silva A, Matos A, Valente A, Gil Â, Alonso I, Ribeiro R, Bicho M, Gorjão-Clara J. Body Composition Assessment and Nutritional Status Evaluation in Men and Women Portuguese Centenarians. J Nutr Health Aging 2016; 20:256-66. [PMID: 26892574 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-015-0566-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess body composition, nutritional status and its differences between genders in a sample of Portuguese centenarians. DESIGN Observational cross-sectional study. SETTING Centenarians recruited in Portugal, able to give informed consent. PARTICIPANTS A total of 252 subjects, with a median age of 100 years, mostly women (77.8%) who accepted to participate in the study, during the period of 2012 to 2014. MEASUREMENTS Anthropometric data collected (weight, height, BMI, waist circumference, hip and waist/hip ratio) were evaluated according to WHO criteria. A portable tetrapolar bioimpedance analyzer was used to calculate body composition and to assess resting metabolism. Nutritional status was evaluated according to three different criteria: BMI, waist circumference and body fat percentage using anthropometric equations and bioimpedance. RESULTS We observed an overall mean weight of 51.02±11.03Kg, height of 1.55±0.07m and a BMI of 21.07±3.69Kg/m2. For most of the evaluated parameters, we found substantial differences between genders. The prevalence of underweight and overweight were 25.3% and 13.3%, respectively. Only 5 subjects were obese. Overweight subjects were mostly men (W=10.6% vs. M=22.6%), whereas women were more underweight (W=28.7% vs. M=13.2%). When considering the waist circumference, 26.5% were above the cut-off value. Most of centenarians (72.9%) had a healthy level of visceral fat. This measurement was highly correlated with waist circumference (r= 0.687, p<0.001). The mean of body fat mass was 10.69±6.50Kg, fat-free mass 40.87±7.60Kg and total body water 27.54±6.25Kg. According to body fat mass criteria assessed by bioimpedance, the prevalence of obesity in study population was 6.0% with no gender differences (p = 0.225). Obesity prevalence using anthropometric equations was higher (Deurenberg: 77.7% and Gallagher: 42.8%) than the obtained value by bioimpedance analysis, although according to Bland-Altman analysis both equations showed a good agreement (Deurenberg: 95.8% and Gallagher: 97%) with bioimpedance method. The prevalence of hypohydration (12.9%) was tendentiously higher in women compared to men (W= 15.4% vs. M= 5.0%, p=0.087). Despite the frequency of osteoporosis was higher in women (W = 71.85% vs. M = 28.15%), 95% of men revealed criteria for osteoporosis. Resting metabolic rate (RMR) was significantly different between genders using bioimpedance analysis (W= 1123.33± 173.91; M= 1350.10± 188.88; p<0.001) or Harris Benedict equation (W= 934.92± 102.60; M= 1018.85± 171.68; p=0.001). Bland- Altman analysis between methods indicate that there was an agreement of 97.6%. The overall mean metabolic age obtained was 83.52±1.11 years, well below the chronologic age (p<0.001). CONCLUSION In Portuguese centenarians, clinical and nutritional approach should be improved on the gender basis. In relation to nutritional status, centenarians were more frequently underweight than overweight. The thinness could be a natural process, contributing for the longevity being rather overweight a reducing factor in life expectancy. BMI and waist circumference showed a good correlation with body fat percentage. Despite the results of Bland- Altman analysis, Deurenberg and Gallagher equations are not suitable to evaluate obesity prevalence in centenarians. Harris Benedict equation seems to be a good option to measure RMR in centenaries, when BIA is not available. Body composition and nutritional characterization of Portuguese centenarians are relevant contribution in scientific evidence production for the action plan of healthy ageing in Europe (2012-2020) and also for clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pereira da Silva
- Alda Pereira da Silva, Genetics Laboratory, Environmental Health Institute, ISAMB, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Portugal, Av. Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal, Phone: +351 217 999 449; Mobile: +351 966649533;
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Manuel AR, Hart N, Stradling JR. Correlates of obesity-related chronic ventilatory failure. BMJ Open Respir Res 2016; 3:e000110. [PMID: 26918192 PMCID: PMC4762144 DOI: 10.1136/bmjresp-2015-000110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Only a third of obese patients develop chronic ventilatory failure. This cross-sectional study assessed multiple factors potentially associated with chronic ventilatory failure. Materials/patients and methods Participants had a body mass index (BMI) >30 kg/m2, with or without chronic ventilatory failure (awake arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide >6 kPa or base excess (BE) ≥2 mmols/L). Factors investigated were grouped into domains: (1) obesity measures, (2) pulmonary function, (3) respiratory and non-respiratory muscle strength, (4) sleep study derivatives, (5) hypoxic and hypercapnic responses, and (6) some hormonal, nutritional and inflammatory measures. Results 71 obese participants (52% male) were studied over 27 months, 52 (SD 9) years and BMI 47 (range 32–74) kg/m2. The best univariate correlates of BE from each domain were: (1) dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measurement of visceral fat (r=+0.50, p=0.001); (2) supine forced expiratory volume in 1 s (r=−0.40, p=0.001); (3) sniff maximum pressure (r=−0.28, p=0.02); (4) mean overnight arterial oxygen saturation (r=−0.50, p<0.001); (5) ventilatory response to 15% O2 breathing (r=−0.28, p=0.02); and (6) vitamin D (r=−0.30, p=0.01). In multivariate analysis, only visceral fat and ventilatory response to hypoxia remained significant. Conclusions We have confirmed that in the obese, BMI is a poor correlate of chronic ventilatory failure, and the best independent correlates are visceral fat and hypoxic ventilatory response. Trial registration number NCT01380418.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari R Manuel
- Oxford Centre for Respiratory Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Churchill Campus, and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust , Oxford , UK
| | - Nicholas Hart
- Lane Fox Clinical Respiratory Physiology Centre, St Thomas' Hospital, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust , London , UK
| | - John R Stradling
- Oxford Centre for Respiratory Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Churchill Campus, and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust , Oxford , UK
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Azarbal F, Stefanick ML, Assimes TL, Manson JE, Bea JW, Li W, Hlatky MA, Larson JC, LeBlanc ES, Albert CM, Nassir R, Martin LW, Perez MV. Lean body mass and risk of incident atrial fibrillation in post-menopausal women. Eur Heart J 2015; 37:1606-13. [PMID: 26371115 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS High body mass index (BMI) is a risk factor for atrial fibrillation (AF). The aim of this study was to determine whether lean body mass (LBM) predicts AF. METHODS AND RESULTS The Women's Health Initiative is a study of post-menopausal women aged 50-79 enrolled at 40 US centres from 1994 to 1998. A subset of 11 393 participants at three centres underwent dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Baseline demographics and clinical histories were recorded. Incident AF was identified using hospitalization records and diagnostic codes from Medicare claims. A multivariable Cox hazard regression model adjusted for demographic and clinical risk factors was used to evaluate associations between components of body composition and AF risk. After exclusion for prevalent AF or incomplete data, 8832 participants with an average age of 63.3 years remained for analysis. Over the 11.6 years of average follow-up time, 1035 women developed incident AF. After covariate adjustment, all measures of LBM were independently associated with higher rates of AF: total LBM [hazard ratio (HR) 1.24 per 5 kg increase, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.14-1.34], central LBM (HR 1.51 per 5 kg increase, 95% CI 1.31-1.74), and peripheral LBM (HR 1.39 per 5 kg increase, 95% CI 1.19-1.63). The association between total LBM and AF remained significant after adjustment for total fat mass (HR 1.22 per 5 kg increase, 95% CI 1.13-1.31). CONCLUSION Greater LBM is a strong independent risk factor for AF. After adjusting for obesity-related risk factors, the risk of AF conferred by higher BMI is primarily driven by the association between LBM and AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farnaz Azarbal
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Marcia L Stefanick
- Department of Medicine, Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Themistocles L Assimes
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - JoAnn E Manson
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer W Bea
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Wenjun Li
- Division of Preventive and Behavioral Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Mark A Hlatky
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Joseph C Larson
- Data Coordinating Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Erin S LeBlanc
- Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Christine M Albert
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rami Nassir
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Lisa W Martin
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Marco V Perez
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA Stanford Center for Inherited Cardiovascular Disease, 300 Pasteur Drive #H2155, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Seabolt LA, Welch EB, Silver HJ. Imaging methods for analyzing body composition in human obesity and cardiometabolic disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1353:41-59. [PMID: 26250623 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Advances in the technological qualities of imaging modalities for assessing human body composition have been stimulated by accumulating evidence that individual components of body composition have significant influences on chronic disease onset, disease progression, treatment response, and health outcomes. Importantly, imaging modalities have provided a systematic method for differentiating phenotypes of body composition that diverge from what is considered normal, that is, having low bone mass (osteopenia/osteoporosis), low muscle mass (sarcopenia), high fat mass (obesity), or high fat with low muscle mass (sarcopenic obesity). Moreover, advances over the past three decades in the sensitivity and quality of imaging not just to discern the amount and distribution of adipose and lean tissue but also to differentiate layers or depots within tissues and cells is enhancing our understanding of distinct mechanistic, metabolic, and functional roles of body composition within human phenotypes. In this review, we focus on advances in imaging technologies that show great promise for future investigation of human body composition and how they are being used to address the pandemic of obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn A Seabolt
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - E Brian Welch
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Heidi J Silver
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Excessive visceral fat is associated with greater metabolic fluctuation and increased risk for dementia in older adults. The aim of the current study is to directly determine the impact of central adiposity on brain structure at midlife by examining the thickness of the cerebral cortex. METHODS High-resolution magnetization-prepared rapid acquisition gradient-echo images were obtained from 103 participants aged 40 to 60 years (mean [standard deviation] = 49.63 [6.47] years) on a 3-T Siemens Skyra scanner. Visceral fat was measured using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS Individuals with higher visceral fat mass and volume had significantly thicker cortex in the right posterior cingulate gyrus (β = 0.29 [p = .019] and β = 0.31 [p = .011], respectively), controlling for age, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol level, and blood glucose level. CONCLUSIONS Visceral fat was significantly associated with thicker cortex in the posterior cingulate gyrus. Although future studies are necessary, these results indicate that central adiposity is associated with significant metabolic changes that impinge upon the central nervous system in middle age.
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Sasai H, Brychta RJ, Wood RP, Rothney MP, Zhao X, Skarulis MC, Chen KY. Does Visceral Fat Estimated by Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry Independently Predict Cardiometabolic Risks in Adults? J Diabetes Sci Technol 2015; 9:917-24. [PMID: 25802470 PMCID: PMC4525640 DOI: 10.1177/1932296815577424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abdominal visceral fat, typically measured by computer tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), has been shown to correlate with cardiometabolic risks. The purpose of this study was to examine whether a newly developed and validated visceral fat measurement from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) provides added predictive value to the cross-sectional differences of cardiometabolic parameters beyond the traditional anthropometric and DXA adiposity parameters. METHOD A heterogeneous cohort of 194 adults (81 males and 113 females) with a BMI of 19 to 54 kg/m(2) participated in this cross-sectional study. Body composition was measured with a DXA densitometer. Visceral fat was then computed with a proprietary algorithm. Insulin sensitivity index (SI, measured by intravenous glucose tolerance test), blood pressures, and lipid profiles, and peak oxygen uptake were also measured as cardiometabolic risk parameters. RESULTS DXA-estimated visceral fat mass was associated with HDL cholesterol (regression coefficient [β] = -5.15, P < .01, adjusted R(2) = .21), triglyceride (β = 26.01, P < .01, adjusted R(2) = .14), and peak oxygen uptake (β = -3.15, P < .01, adjusted R(2) = .57) after adjusting for age, gender, and ethnicity. A subanalysis stratifying gender-specific BMI tertiles showed visceral fat, together with ethnicity, was independently associated with SI in overweight men and moderately obese women (second tertile). CONCLUSIONS Without requiring additional CT or MRI-based measurements, visceral fat detected by DXA might offer certain advantages over the traditional DXA adiposity parameters as means of assessing cardiometabolic risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Sasai
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robert J Brychta
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rachel P Wood
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Megan P Rothney
- Computational Biology and Biostatistics Laboratory, GE Global Research Center, Niskayuna, NY, USA
| | - Xiongce Zhao
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Monica C Skarulis
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kong Y Chen
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Hu T, Yao L, Gustat J, Chen W, Webber L, Bazzano L. Which measures of adiposity predict subsequent left ventricular geometry? Evidence from the Bogalusa Heart Study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2015; 25:319-326. [PMID: 25534865 PMCID: PMC4417354 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy increases the risk of future cardiovascular events. The relationship between obesity in young adulthood and later LV geometry is unknown. We examined the association between long-term changes in measures of adiposity and subsequent LV geometry among 1073 young adults from the Bogalusa Heart Study. METHODS AND RESULTS Echocardiography-measured LV geometry was classified into normal (N = 796), concentric remodeling (N = 124), eccentric hypertrophy (N = 99), and concentric hypertrophy (N = 54) by integrating relative wall thickness and LV mass index. The mean age of our population was 38 years when the LV geometry was measured. Body mass index (BMI) increased by a mean of 4.9 kg/m(2) over a median of 20 years, waist circumference (WC) by 10.9 cm over 17 years, waist/hip ratio by 0.02 over 10 years, waist/height ratio by 0.06 over 17 years, abdominal height by 0.9 cm over 10 years, body fat (BF) percentage by 12.7% over 20 years, and Visceral Adiposity Index by 0.30 over 17 years. In polytomous logistic regression models corrected for multiple comparisons, participants with one-standard-deviation increases in BMI, WC, waist/height ratio, and BF had 2.00 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.53-2.61), 1.33 (1.06-1.68), 1.35 (1.07-1.70), and 1.60 (1.26-2.03) times the risk of eccentric hypertrophy, respectively, after adjustment for demographic, lifestyle, metabolic risk factors, and follow-up time. Likewise, the rates of change in BMI, WC, waist/height ratio, and BF were associated with eccentric hypertrophy. There was no association with concentric remodeling or concentric hypertrophy. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that increases in BMI, WC, waist/height ratio, and BF were strong predictors of eccentric hypertrophy in middle age.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hu
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - L Yao
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - J Gustat
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - W Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - L Webber
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - L Bazzano
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.
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Salamat MR, Shanei A, Salamat AH, Khoshhali M, Asgari M. Anthropometric predictive equations for estimating body composition. Adv Biomed Res 2015; 4:34. [PMID: 25709999 PMCID: PMC4333433 DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.150429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Precise and accurate measurements of body composition are useful in achieving a greater understanding of human energy metabolism in physiology and in different clinical conditions, such as, cardiovascular disease and overall mortality. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) can be used to measure body composition, but the easiest method to assess body composition is the use of anthropometric indices. This study has been designed to evaluate the accuracy and precision of body composition prediction
equations by various anthropometric measures instead of a whole body DXA scan. Materials and Methods: We identified 143 adult patients underwent DXA evaluation of the whole body. The anthropometric indices were also measured. Datasets were split randomly into two parts. Multiple regression analysis with a backward stepwise elimination procedure was used as the derivation set and then the estimates were compared with the actual measurements from the whole-body scans for a validation set. The SPSS version 20 for Windows software was used in multiple regression and data analysis. Results: Using multiple linear regression analyses, the best equation for predicting the whole-body fat mass (R2 = 0.808) included the body mass index (BMI) and gender; the best equation for predicting whole-body lean mass (R2 = 0.780) included BMI, WC, gender, and age; and the best equation for predicting trunk fat mass (R2 = 0.759) included BMI, WC, and gender. Conclusions: Combinations of anthropometric measurements predict whole-body lean mass and trunk fat mass better than any of these single anthropometric indices. Therefore, the findings of the present study may be used to verify the results in patients with various diseases or diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Salamat
- Department of Medical Physics and Medical Engineering, Medical School, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ahmad Shanei
- Department of Medical Physics and Medical Engineering, Medical School, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Salamat
- Department of Research and Development, Isfahan Osteoporosis Diagnosis and Body Composition Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mehri Khoshhali
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Health School, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahdi Asgari
- Department of Medical Physics and Medical Engineering, Medical School, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Sensitivity and specificity of different measures of adiposity to distinguish between low/high motor coordination. J Pediatr (Rio J) 2015; 91:44-51. [PMID: 25211381 DOI: 10.1016/j.jped.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine the ability of different measures of adiposity to discriminate between low/high motor coordination and to evaluate the relationship between different measures of adiposity and motor coordination. METHODS This study included 596 elementary school children aged 9 to 12 years (218 females - 47.1%). Weight, height, and waist circumference were objectively measured by standardized protocols. Body fat percentage was estimated by bioelectric impedance. Body mass index and waist-to-height ratio were computed. Motor coordination was assessed by the Körperkoordination Test für Kinder. Cardiorespiratory fitness was predicted by a maximal multistage 20 m shuttle-run test of the Fitnessgram Test Battery. A questionnaire was used to assess the maternal educational level. RESULTS The receiver operating characteristic performance of body fat percentage in females and waist circumference in males presented a slightly better discriminatory accuracy than body mass index, waist circumference and waist-to-height ratio in predicting low motor coordination. After adjustments, logistic regression analyses showed that body mass index (β=2.155; 95% CI: 1.164-3.992; p=0.015 for girls; β=3.255; 95% CI: 1.740-6.088; p<0.001 for males), waist circumference (β=2.489; 95% CI: 1.242-4.988; p=0.010 for girls; β=3.296; 95% CI: 1.784-6.090; p<0.001 for males), body fat percentage (β=2.395; 95% CI: 1.234-4.646; p=0.010 for girls; β=2.603; 95% CI: 1.462-4.634; p<0.001 for males) and waist-to-height ratio (β=3.840; 95% CI: 2.025-7.283; p<0.001 for males) were positively and significantly associated with motor coordination in both sexes, with the exception of waist-to-height ratio in girls (β=1.343; 95% CI: 0.713-2.528; p=0.381). CONCLUSION Body fat percentage and waist circumference showed a slightly better discriminatory accuracy in predicting low motor coordination for females and for males, respectively.
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