1
|
Gender-Related Differences in BMP Expression and Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis within Joint-Hippocampal Axis in a Rat Model of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212163. [PMID: 34830044 PMCID: PMC8620092 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BMPs regulate synovial quiescence and adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus in non-stress conditions. However, changes in BMP expression that are induced by inflammation during rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have not yet been reported. Here, we show that signalling with synovial BMPs (BMP-4 and -7) mediates the effect of systemic inflammation on adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus during pristane-induced arthritis (PIA) in Dark Agouti (DA) rats, an animal model of RA. Moreover, we show gender differences in BMP expressions and their antagonists (Noggin and Gremlin) during PIA and their correlations with the clinical course and IL-17A and TNF-α levels in serum. Our results indicate gender differences in the clinical course, where male rats showed earlier onset and earlier recovery but a worse clinical course in the first two phases of the disease (onset and peak), which correlates with the initial increase of serum IL-17A level. The clinical course of the female rats worsened in remission. Their prolonged symptoms could be a reflection of an increased TNF-α level in serum during remission. Synovial inflammation was greater in females in PIA-remission with greater synovial BMP and antagonist expressions. More significant correlations between serum cytokines (IL-17A and TNF-α), and synovial BMPs and their antagonists were found in females than in males. On the other hand, males showed an increase in hippocampal BMP-4 expression during the acute phase, but both genders showed a decrease in antagonist expressions during PIA in general. Both genders showed a decrease in the number of Ki-67+ and SOX-2+ and DCX+ cells and in the ratio of DCX+ to Ki67+ cells in the dentate gyrus during PIA. However, in PIA remission, females showed a faster increase in the number of Ki67+, SOX-2+, and DCX+ cells and a faster increase in the DCX/Ki67 ratio than males. Both genders showed an increase of hippocampal BMP-7 expression during remission, although males constantly showed greater BMP-7 expression at all time points. Our data show that gender differences exist in the BMP expressions in the periphery-hippocampus axis and in the IL-17A and TNF-α levels in serum, which could imply differences in the mechanisms for the onset and progression of the disease, the clinical course severity, and adult neurogenesis with subsequent neurological complications between genders.
Collapse
|
2
|
Sovershaev TA, Unruh D, Sveinbjørnsson B, Fallon JT, Hansen JB, Bogdanov VY, Sovershaev MA. A novel role of bone morphogenetic protein-7 in the regulation of adhesion and migration of human monocytic cells. Thromb Res 2016; 147:24-31. [PMID: 27669124 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2016.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 7 is abundant in atherosclerotic plaques and increases monocyte pro-coagulant activity by enhancing tissue factor (TF) expression. While several members of the BMP superfamily are able to serve as chemotactic agents for monocytes, the role of BMP-7 in regulation of monocyte motility is not known. AIMS To assess the effect of BMP-7 on adhesive and migratory properties of human monocytes. METHODS Chemokinesis, adhesion, and transendothelial migration of BMP-7-treated THP-1 cells and human monocytes were analysed using live-cell imaging, orbital shear, and Boyden chamber assays. Surface presentation of β2 integrins and phosphorylation status of Akt & focal adhesion kinase (FAK) were studied by flow cytometry and Western blot. RESULTS High levels of BMP-7 protein were detectable in intimal regions of atherosclerotic plaques; BMP-7 significantly enhanced THP-1 and monocyte chemokinetic properties in vitro (1.21+0.01 and 1.76+0.21 fold increase in crawling distance, respectively). Under orbital shear, adhesion of monocytic cells to microvascular endothelial cell (MVEC) monolayers was also significantly increased by BMP-7 (3.89+1.56 and 2.57+0.97 fold over vehicle). Moreover, BMP-7 accelerated transendothelial migration of THP-1 cells and monocytes towards MCP-1 (5.91+0.88 and 2.96±0.65 fold increase, respectively). BMP-7 enhanced cell surface presentation of β2 integrins in the active conformation. Observed effects were determined to be Akt and FAK dependent, as shown by pharmacological inhibition. CONCLUSION BMP-7 directly upregulates adhesion and migration of human monocytic cells via activation of β2 integrins, Akt, and FAK. Our findings suggest that BMP-7 may serve as a novel contributor to atherogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T A Sovershaev
- K.G. Jebsen Thrombosis and Expertise Center (TREC), Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - D Unruh
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - B Sveinbjørnsson
- Molecular Inflammation Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - J T Fallon
- Department of Pathology, Westchester Medical Center/New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - J B Hansen
- K.G. Jebsen Thrombosis and Expertise Center (TREC), Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway; Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, N-9038 Tromsø, Norway
| | - V Y Bogdanov
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA.
| | - M A Sovershaev
- Section for Medical Biochemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital of Northern Norway, N-9038 Tromsø, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mantripragada VP, Jayasuriya AC. Bone regeneration using injectable BMP-7 loaded chitosan microparticles in rat femoral defect. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 63:596-608. [PMID: 27040255 PMCID: PMC4839977 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.02.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Injectable chitosan microparticles were prepared using a simple coacervation method under physiologically friendly conditions by eliminating oil or toxic chemical, and employing low temperature and pressure for growth factor stability. Amount of 200 ng of bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP-7) was incorporated in the chitosan microparticles by two methods: encapsulating and coating techniques. These microparticles were tested in vivo to determine the biological response in a rat femoral bone defect at 6 and 12 weeks. Four groups (n=10) were tested which include two groups for BMP-7 incorporated microparticles (by two techniques), microparticles without BMP-7, and defect itself (negative control). Healthy bone formation was observed around the microparticles, which were only confined to the defect site and did not disperse. Histology indicated minor inflammatory response around the microparticles at 6 weeks, which reduced by 12 weeks. Micro-CT analysis of bone surface density and porosity was found to be significantly more (p<0.05) for microparticles containing groups, in comparison with controls, which suggests that the new bone formed in the presence of microparticles is more interconnected and porous. Collagen fibrils analysis conducted using multiphoton microscopy showed significant improvement in the formation of bundled collagen area (%) in microparticles containing groups in comparison with controls, indicating higher cross-linking between the fibrils. Microparticles were biocompatible and did not degrade in the 12 week implant period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ambalangodage C Jayasuriya
- Biomedical Engineering Program, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614-5807, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614-5807, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
Forty years ago Marshal R. Urist discovered a substance in bone matrix that had inductive properties for the development of bone and cartilage, until date, at least 20 bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) have been identified, some of which have been shown in vitro to stimulate the process of stem cell differentiation into osteoblasts in human and animal models. The purpose of this paper is to give a brief overview of BMPs and to review critically the clinical data currently available on the use of BMPs in various periodontal applications. The literature on BMPs was reviewed. A comprehensive search was designed. The articles were independently screened for eligibility. Articles with authentic controls and proper randomization and pertaining specifically to their role in periodontal applications were included. The available literature was analyzed and compiled. The analysis indicates BMPs to be a promising, as well as an effective novel approach to reconstruct and engineer the periodontal apparatus. Here, we represent several articles, as well as recent texts that make up a special and an in-depth review on the subject. On the basis of the data provided in the studies that were reviewed BMPs provide revolutionary therapies in periodontal practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Supreet Kaur
- Department of Periodontics, Sri Guru Ram Das Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Vishakha Grover
- Department of Periodontics, National Dental College and Hospital, Dera Bassi, Punjab, India
| | - Harkiran Kaur
- Department of Periodontics, Sri Guru Ram Das Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Ranjan Malhotra
- Department of Periodontics, National Dental College and Hospital, Dera Bassi, Punjab, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yoon S, Lee Y, Pi J, Jeong Y, Baek K, Yoon J. Overproduction of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-7 in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Protein Expr Purif 2015; 120:87-91. [PMID: 26711959 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2015.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein-7 is a multifunctional growth factor involved in various cellular processes such as osteogenesis, kidney and eye development, brown adipogenesis, and bone metastasis, and thus has been considered to have therapeutic potential for treating various diseases. In this study, we established a Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line stably overexpressing recombinant human BMP-7 (rhBMP-7). Over the course of a 14-day fed-batch culture process in a 7.5-l bioreactor (5-l working volume) using chemically defined medium, the established cells could produce over 188 mg/l of rhBMP-7 protein. The rhBMP-7 was purified to homogeneity from the culture supernatant using a two-step chromatographic procedure that resulted in a recovery rate of approximately 55%, with protein purity greater than 95%. The purified rhBMP-7 was further demonstrated to be functionally active by measuring the proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells, revealing a half-maximal effective concentration of 28.31 ng/ml.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sena Yoon
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 446-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yujin Lee
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 446-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jia Pi
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 446-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongsu Jeong
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 446-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangehee Baek
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 446-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeseung Yoon
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 446-701, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Varas A, Valencia J, Lavocat F, Martínez VG, Thiam NN, Hidalgo L, Fernández-Sevilla LM, Sacedón R, Vicente A, Miossec P. Blockade of bone morphogenetic protein signaling potentiates the pro-inflammatory phenotype induced by interleukin-17 and tumor necrosis factor-α combination in rheumatoid synoviocytes. Arthritis Res Ther 2015. [PMID: 26215036 PMCID: PMC4517404 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-015-0710-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are multifunctional secreted growth factors regulating a broad spectrum of functions in numerous systems. An increased expression and production of specific BMPs have been described in the rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovium. The aim of this study was to analyze the involvement of the BMP signaling pathway in RA synoviocytes in response to interleukin-17 (IL-17) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Methods The expression of components of the BMP signaling pathway (BMP receptors, BMP ligands, BMP signal transducers, and BMP antagonists) was analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction before and after treatment of RA synoviocytes with TNF-α or IL-17 or both. Regulation was studied in the presence of the specific BMP inhibitor DMH1 (dorsomorphin homologue 1) or an exogenous BMP ligand, BMP6. Expression and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor), chemokines (IL-8, CCL2, CCL5, and CXCL10), and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-1, −2, −3, −9, and −13) were analyzed. Results RA synoviocytes express BMP receptors (mainly BMPRIA, ACTRIA, and BMPRII), signal transducers of the Smad family (Smad1 and 5 and co-Smad4), and different BMP antagonists. The modulation of the expression of the BMP target genes—Id (inhibitor of DNA-binding/differentiation) proteins and Runx (Runt-related transcription factor) transcription factors—after the addition of exogenous BMP shows that the BMP signaling pathway is active. RA synoviocytes also express BMP ligands (BMP2, BMP6, and BMP7) which are highly upregulated after activation with TNF-α and IL-17. Autocrine BMP signaling pathway can be blocked by treatment with the inhibitor DMH1, leading to an increase in the upregulated expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and MMPs induced by the activation of RA synoviocytes with TNF-α and IL-17. Conversely, the additional stimulation of the BMP pathway with the exogenous addition of the BMP6 ligand decreases the expression of those pro-inflammatory and pro-destructive factors. Conclusion The results indicate that the canonical BMP pathway is functionally active in human RA synoviocytes and that the inhibition of autocrine BMP signaling exacerbates the pro-inflammatory phenotype induced in RA synoviocytes by the stimulation with IL-17 and TNF-α.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Varas
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, Madrid, 28040, Spain.
| | - Jaris Valencia
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, Madrid, 28040, Spain.
| | - Fabien Lavocat
- Immunogenomics and Inflammation Research Unit and Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, EA 4130 University of Lyon 1, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, 69437, France.
| | - Víctor G Martínez
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, Madrid, 28040, Spain.
| | - Ndiémé Ndongo Thiam
- Immunogenomics and Inflammation Research Unit and Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, EA 4130 University of Lyon 1, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, 69437, France.
| | - Laura Hidalgo
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, Madrid, 28040, Spain.
| | - Lidia M Fernández-Sevilla
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, Madrid, 28040, Spain.
| | - Rosa Sacedón
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, Madrid, 28040, Spain.
| | - Angeles Vicente
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, Madrid, 28040, Spain.
| | - Pierre Miossec
- Immunogenomics and Inflammation Research Unit and Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, EA 4130 University of Lyon 1, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, 69437, France.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pattanaik D, Brown M, Postlethwaite BC, Postlethwaite AE. Pathogenesis of Systemic Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2015; 6:272. [PMID: 26106387 PMCID: PMC4459100 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic scleroderma (SSc) is one of the most complex systemic autoimmune diseases. It targets the vasculature, connective tissue-producing cells (namely fibroblasts/myofibroblasts), and components of the innate and adaptive immune systems. Clinical and pathologic manifestations of SSc are the result of: (1) innate/adaptive immune system abnormalities leading to production of autoantibodies and cell-mediated autoimmunity, (2) microvascular endothelial cell/small vessel fibroproliferative vasculopathy, and (3) fibroblast dysfunction generating excessive accumulation of collagen and other matrix components in skin and internal organs. All three of these processes interact and affect each other. The disease is heterogeneous in its clinical presentation that likely reflects different genetic or triggering factor (i.e., infection or environmental toxin) influences on the immune system, vasculature, and connective tissue cells. The roles played by other ubiquitous molecular entities (such as lysophospholipids, endocannabinoids, and their diverse receptors and vitamin D) in influencing the immune system, vasculature, and connective tissue cells are just beginning to be realized and studied and may provide insights into new therapeutic approaches to treat SSc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debendra Pattanaik
- Department of Medicine, Division of Connective Tissue Diseases, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis, TN , USA ; Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Memphis, TN , USA
| | - Monica Brown
- Section of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis, TN , USA
| | - Bradley C Postlethwaite
- Department of Medicine, Division of Connective Tissue Diseases, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis, TN , USA
| | - Arnold E Postlethwaite
- Department of Medicine, Division of Connective Tissue Diseases, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis, TN , USA ; Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Memphis, TN , USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Design of a controlled release system of OP-1 and TGF-β1 based in microparticles of sodium alginate and release characterization by HPLC-UV. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2011; 47:681-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11626-011-9459-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
9
|
Abstract
Tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase 3 (TIMP-3) is an inhibitor of matrix degradation; however, little else is known about the role(s) of this protein in articular cartilage. In this study we compared levels of TIMP-3 in human knee and ankle cartilages and in normal and degraded cartilages. In addition, our studies focused on the compartmentalization of TIMP-3 in human adult articular cartilage matrix, identification of its potential binding partners, and determining the effects of cytokines on its matrix compartment deposition. We extracted TIMP-3 from cartilage and found that while TIMP-3 was localized throughout the matrix, it was predominately associated with the chondrocyte. We also found that more TIMP-3 was extracted from normal compared to degraded cartilage and more in ankle than knee cartilage suggesting the potential of this inhibitor as a protective agent. Our data suggest that TIMP-3 interacts with heparan sulfate and heparan sulfate proteoglycans and to a lesser extent with heparin and chondroitin sulfate. Stimulation with Interleukin-1β and osteogenic protein-1 decreased while tumor necrosis factor alpha and transforming growth factor beta increased TIMP-3 protein levels; however, TIMP-3 mRNA was not significantly affected by any of these treatments. These characteristics indicate the chondroprotective nature of TIMP-3 and its potential as a therapeutic agent for osteoarthritis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten J Morris
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Perron JC, Dodd J. ActRIIA and BMPRII Type II BMP receptor subunits selectively required for Smad4-independent BMP7-evoked chemotaxis. PLoS One 2009; 4:e8198. [PMID: 20011660 PMCID: PMC2788225 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Accepted: 11/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-evoked reorientation and chemotaxis of cells occurs with rapid onset and involves events local to the cell membrane. The signaling pathways underlying these rapid processes likely diverge from those mediating classical transcriptional responses to BMPs but it remains unclear how BMP receptors are utilized to generate distinct intracellular mechanisms. We show that BMP7-evoked chemotaxis of monocytic cells depends on the activity of canonical type II BMP receptors. Although the three canonical type II BMP receptors are expressed in monocytic cells, inhibition of receptor subunit expression by RNAi reveals that ActRIIA and BMPRII, but not ActRIIB, are each essential for BMP7-evoked chemotaxis but not required individually for BMP-mediated induction. Furthermore, the chemotactic response to BMP7 does not involve canonical Smad4-dependent signaling but acts through PI3K-dependent signaling, illustrating selective activation of distinct intracellular events through differential engagement of receptors. We suggest a model of a BMP receptor complex in which the coordinated activity of ActRIIA and BMPRII receptor subunits selectively mediates the chemotactic response to BMP7.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette C. Perron
- Departments of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics and Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jane Dodd
- Departments of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics and Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Rüster B, Grace B, Seitz O, Seifried E, Henschler R. Induction and detection of human mesenchymal stem cell migration in the 48-well reusable transwell assay. Stem Cells Dev 2005; 14:231-5. [PMID: 15910250 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2005.14.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The induction and detection of chemotactic migration in mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are complicated by their adherent nature. We describe here the experimental details for inducing the transmigration of MSC seeded in microchemotaxis chambers and reliably identifying the translocated cells. A combination of 8-microm pore-sized membranes and a two-step staining procedure resulted in the detection of MSC migration against a gradient of human plasma which plateaued after 4 h. Microscopic enumeration of the transmigrated cells clearly distinguished contaminating nonmigrated cells from transmigrated cells. Chemokinetic and chemotactic effects could be separated and were influenced by precoated fibronectin or vitronectin. Thus, the technique described allows rapid and reliable induction and determination of migration in adherent MSC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Rüster
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immune Hematology, German Red Cross Blood Donor Service, University of Frankfurt, D 60528 Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Charron F, Tessier-Lavigne M. Novel brain wiring functions for classical morphogens: a role as graded positional cues in axon guidance. Development 2005; 132:2251-62. [PMID: 15857918 DOI: 10.1242/dev.01830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
During embryonic development, morphogens act as graded positional cues to dictate cell fate specification and tissue patterning. Recent findings indicate that morphogen gradients also serve to guide axonal pathfinding during development of the nervous system. These findings challenge our previous notions about morphogens and axon guidance molecules, and suggest that these proteins, rather than having sharply divergent functions, act more globally to provide graded positional information that can be interpreted by responding cells either to specify cell fate or to direct axonal pathfinding. This review presents the roles identified for members of three prominent morphogen families – the Hedgehog, Wnt and TGFβ/BMP families– in axon guidance, and discusses potential implications for the molecular mechanisms underlying their guidance functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Charron
- Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, 371 Serra Mall, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Tamai N, Myoui A, Hirao M, Kaito T, Ochi T, Tanaka J, Takaoka K, Yoshikawa H. A new biotechnology for articular cartilage repair: subchondral implantation of a composite of interconnected porous hydroxyapatite, synthetic polymer (PLA-PEG), and bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2). Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2005; 13:405-17. [PMID: 15882564 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2004.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2004] [Accepted: 12/20/2004] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Articular cartilage repair remains a major obstacle in tissue engineering. We recently developed a novel tool for articular cartilage repair, consisting of a triple composite of an interconnected porous hydroxyapatite (IP-CHA), recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2), and a synthetic biodegradable polymer [poly-d,l-lactic acid/polyethylene glycol (PLA-PEG)] as a carrier for rhBMP-2. In the present study, we evaluated the capacity of the triple composite to induce the regeneration of articular cartilage. METHODS Full-thickness cartilage defects were created in the trochlear groove of 52 New Zealand White rabbits. Sixteen defects were filled with the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)/PLA-PEG/IP-CHA composite (group I), 12 with PLA-PEG/IP-CHA (group II), 12 with IP-CHA alone (group III), and 12 were left empty (group IV). The animals were killed 1, 3, and 6 weeks after surgery, and the gross appearance of the defect sites was assessed. The harvested tissues were examined radiographically and histologically. RESULTS One week after implantation with the BMP/PLA-PEG/IP-CHA composite (group I), vigorous repair had occurred in the subchondral defect. It contained an agglomeration of mesenchymal cells which had migrated from the surrounding bone marrow either directly, or indirectly via the interconnecting pores of the IP-CHA scaffold. At 6 weeks, these defects were completely repaired. The regenerated cartilage manifested a hyaline-like appearance, with a mature matrix and a columnar organization of chondrocytes. CONCLUSIONS The triple composite of rhBMP-2, PLA-PEG, and IP-CHA promotes the repair of full-thickness articular cartilage defects within as short a period as 3 weeks in the rabbit model. Hence, this novel cell-free implant biotechnology could mark a new development in the field of articular cartilage repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Tamai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kalinovsky A, Scheiffele P. Transcriptional control of synaptic differentiation by retrograde signals. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2004; 14:272-9. [PMID: 15194106 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2004.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Synaptic differentiation during development is a multi-step process, which requires reciprocal communication between pre- and postsynaptic cells. Cell surface interactions can induce the assembly of synaptic specializations but maintenance and growth of synapses depend on transcriptional regulation. Transcriptional responses associated with synaptic differentiation are observed in central and peripheral neurons and depend on retrograde signals coming from the target region. Although the identity of most of the retrograde signaling pathways remains to be identified, the TGFbeta family of growth factors have emerged as one crucial signal at the neuromuscular junction. Here, we discuss evidence for transcriptional control during synaptic differentiation and the signaling pathways mediating retrograde TGFbeta signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kalinovsky
- Columbia University, Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, 630 West 168(th) Street, P&S 11-511, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
|
16
|
Abstract
During spinal cord development, commissural neurons extend their axons ventrally, away from the roof plate. The roof plate is the source of a diffusible repellent that orients commissural axons in vitro and, thus, may regulate the trajectory of commissural axons in vivo. Of three Bmps expressed in the roof plate, BMP7, but not BMP6 or GDF7, mimics the roof plate activity in vitro. We show here that expression of both Bmp7 and Gdf7 by roof plate cells is required for the fidelity of commissural axon growth in vivo. We also demonstrate that BMP7 and GDF7 heterodimerize in vitro and that, under these conditions, GDF7 enhances the axon-orienting activity of BMP7. Our findings suggest that a GDF7:BMP7 heterodimer functions as a roof plate-derived repellent that establishes the initial ventral trajectory of commissural axons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J Butler
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Michon IN, Penning LC, Molenaar TJM, van Berkel TJC, Biessen EAL, Kuiper J. The effect of TGF-beta receptor binding peptides on smooth muscle cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 293:1279-86. [PMID: 12054515 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(02)00378-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
TGF-beta1 is a potent regulator of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation, migration, and extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis. In this study, we selected two peptides, IM-1 and IM-2, that bind to the TGF-beta type II receptor (TGF-beta RII) using phage display. IM-1 and IM-2 bind to the TGF-beta RII, with a K(d) of 1 microM. Like TGF-beta, IM-1 induced VSMC chemotaxis and PAI-1 mRNA expression, as determined using Boyden chambers and real time quantitative PCR. In contrast, IM-2 had no effect on VSMC chemotaxis or PAI-1 induction. Induction of ECM synthesis, involving proteins such as osteopontin and alpha-smooth muscle actin, was determined by ELISA. Osteopontin expression was inhibited by both peptides, but TGF-beta-induced alpha-smooth muscle actin expression could only be inhibited by IM-1. In conclusion, IM-1 activity on VSMC is agonistic with TGF-beta, except for ECM synthesis, whereas the IM-2 peptide is antagonistic for some examined TGF-beta functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid N Michon
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Montgomery E, Goggins M, Zhou S, Argani P, Wilentz R, Kaushal M, Booker S, Romans K, Bhargava P, Hruban R, Kern S. Nuclear localization of Dpc4 (Madh4, Smad4) in colorectal carcinomas and relation to mismatch repair/transforming growth factor-beta receptor defects. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2001; 158:537-42. [PMID: 11159190 PMCID: PMC1850322 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63995-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The tumor-suppressor protein Dpc4 (Smad4, Madh4) regulates gene expression. On binding of an extracellular ligand of the extensive transforming growth factor (TGF) superfamily to its cognate receptor complex, latent cytoplasmic Dpc4 is activated and translocated into the nucleus to function as part of various DNA-binding transcriptional activator complexes. The most relevant ligand/receptor pair to control the tumor suppressive function of Dpc4 remains uncertain, but is usually assumed to be TGF-beta and its heteromeric receptor. We exploited a fortuitous experiment of nature to directly test this hypothesis: the TGF-beta type II receptor gene is inactivated by mutation in nearly all colorectal carcinomas having microsatellite instability, as seen in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) and in sporadic medullary colorectal cancers. Using a specific and sensitive immunohistochemical label for Dpc4, we examined nuclear localization of Dpc4 in 13 HNPCC, six medullary, and 41 sporadic nonmedullary colorectal carcinomas. In agreement with published rates, two (5%) of 41 sporadic tumors showed complete loss of Dpc4 protein, indicative of genetic inactivation. All 13 HNPCC and six medullary tumors had intact cytoplasmic and nuclear Dpc4 localization. The TGFBR2 gene was sequenced in three of the cancers from patients with HNPCC, and all of these harbored inactivating mutations. The specificity of the immunohistochemical assay was demonstrated in xenograft tumors of syngeneic cell lines that differed in DPC4 genetic status because of an engineered gene knockout. Thus, nuclear localization of Dpc4 can be maintained in cells with inactivated TGF-beta type II receptors, suggesting the persistence of tumor-suppressive action of an upstream signaling input, most likely a ligand/receptor complex distinct from TGF-beta. Identification of the relevant input would be expected to have implications for the understanding of tumorigenesis and the design of rational biological therapy.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Medullary/genetics
- Carcinoma, Medullary/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Medullary/pathology
- Cell Nucleus/chemistry
- Colorectal Neoplasms/genetics
- Colorectal Neoplasms/metabolism
- Colorectal Neoplasms/pathology
- Colorectal Neoplasms, Hereditary Nonpolyposis/genetics
- Colorectal Neoplasms, Hereditary Nonpolyposis/metabolism
- Colorectal Neoplasms, Hereditary Nonpolyposis/pathology
- DNA Mutational Analysis
- DNA Repair
- DNA, Neoplasm/chemistry
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Genotype
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Mutation
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Phenotype
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases
- Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type II
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
- Smad4 Protein
- Trans-Activators/genetics
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
- Transplantation, Heterologous
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Montgomery
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Le Roux P, Behar S, Higgins D, Charette M. OP-1 enhances dendritic growth from cerebral cortical neurons in vitro. Exp Neurol 1999; 160:151-63. [PMID: 10630200 DOI: 10.1006/exnr.1999.7194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Osteogenic protein-1 (OP-1), a member of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily, has been demonstrated to stimulate dendrite growth from sympathetic neurons in culture. However, it is not known whether OP-1 affects dendrite growth from central nervous system neurons. Therefore we quantified axon and primary, secondary, and total dendritic growth from embryonic mouse cortical neurons (E 18) grown in vitro in a chemically defined medium. Morphology and double immunolabeling (MAP2, NF-H) were used to identify cortical dendrites and axons after 3 days in vitro. Cell morphology, neuron survival, and axon length were similar under all experimental conditions. The number of primary dendrites also was similar; however, the length of primary dendrites and the length and number of secondary dendrites were significantly increased by the addition of OP-1 to the culture medium. This increase in dendrite growth was dose-dependent; maximal dendritic growth was observed after the addition of 30-100 ng/ml of OP-1 to the culture medium. Specific support of dendrite growth was not observed when neurons were exposed to other members of the TGF-beta superfamily. These findings demonstrate that OP-1 selectively increases dendrite growth from cerebral cortical neurons in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Le Roux
- Department of Neurosurgery, New York University, New York 10016, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Augsburger A, Schuchardt A, Hoskins S, Dodd J, Butler S. BMPs as mediators of roof plate repulsion of commissural neurons. Neuron 1999; 24:127-41. [PMID: 10677032 DOI: 10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80827-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
During spinal cord development, commissural (C) neurons, located near the dorsal midline, send axons ventrally and across the floor plate (FP). The trajectory of these axons toward the FP is guided in part by netrins. The mechanisms that guide the early phase of C axon extension, however, have not been resolved. We show that the roof plate (RP) expresses a diffusible activity that repels C axons and orients their growth within the dorsal spinal cord. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) appear to act as RP-derived chemorepellents that guide the early trajectory of the axons of C neurons in the developing spinal cord: BMP7 mimics the RP repellent activity for C axons in vitro, can act directly to collapse C growth cones, and appears to serve an essential function in RP repulsion of C axons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Augsburger
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a common disorder characterized by reduced bone mineral density, deterioration of the microarchitecture of bone tissue and increased risk of fracture. The aim of treatment of osteoporosis is to maintain and, ideally, to restore bone strength safely. In recent years the role of polypeptide growth factors in bone metabolism has begun to appear. It has been proposed that alterations in the expression or production of growth factor can modulate the proliferation and activity of bone forming cells. In this direction, the role of structurally diverse peptides for the management and diagnosis of osteoporosis has attracted the attention of many investigators. This paper reviews numerous findings concerning the use of polypeptides, hormones, and growth factors, for the management of osteoporosis. Many of the compounds mentioned here are experimental prototypes of new therapeutic classes. Though it is unlikely that some of the compounds may ever be used clinically, development of safe and efficacious agents in each class will define the future course of therapy for osteoporosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Kundu
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Klein-Nulend J, Semeins CM, Mulder JW, Winters HA, Goei SW, Ooms ME, Burger EH. Stimulation of cartilage differentiation by osteogenic protein-1 in cultures of human perichondrium. TISSUE ENGINEERING 1998; 4:305-13. [PMID: 9836793 DOI: 10.1089/ten.1998.4.305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Exposure of progenitor cells with chondrogenic potential to recombinant human osteogenic protein-1 [rhOP-1, or bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP-7] may be of therapeutic interest in the regeneration of articular cartilage. Therefore, in this study, we examined the influence of rhOP-1 on cartilage formation by human perichondrium tissue containing progenitor cells with chondrogenic potential in vitro. Fragments of outer ear perichondrium tissue were embedded in clotting autologous blood to which rhOP-1 had been added or not (controls), and the resulting explant was cultured for 3 weeks without further addition of rhOP-1. Cartilage formation was monitored biochemically by measuring [³5;S]sulfate incorporation into proteoglycans and histologically by monitoring the presence of metachromatic matrix with cells in nests. The presence of rhOP-1 in the explant at the beginning of culture stimulated [³5;S]sulfate incorporation into proteoglycans in a dose-dependent manner after 3 weeks of culture. Maximal stimulation was reached at 40 microgram/ml. Histology revealed that explants treated with 20-200 microgram/ml rhOP-1, but not untreated control explants, contained areas of metachromatic-staining matrix with chondrocytes in cell nests. These results suggest that rhOP-1 stimulates differentiation of cartilage from perichondrium tissue. The direct actions of rhOP-1 on perichondrium cells to stimulate chondrocytic differentiation and production of cartilage matrix in vitro provide a cellular mechanism for the induction of cartilage formation by rhOP-1 in vivo. Thus, rhOP-1 may promote early steps in the cascade of events leading to cartilage formation. Therefore, rhOP-1 could be an interesting factor for regeneration of cartilage in articular cartilage defects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Klein-Nulend
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, ACTA-Vrije Universiteit, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Yeh LC, Betchel KP, Lee JC. Inhibition of BMP receptor synthesis by antisense oligonucleotides attenuates OP-1 action in primary cultures of fetal rat calvaria cells. J Bone Miner Res 1998; 13:1870-9. [PMID: 9844105 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.1998.13.12.1870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Osteogenic protein-1 (OP-1 or bone morphogenetic protein-7 [BMP-7]) stimulates osteoblast differentiation in vitro and induces bone formation in vivo. BMPs exert their effects through complex formation with a heterodimeric receptor composed of a type I and a type II polypeptide. In the present study, mRNAs for three BMP subtype I receptors (ActR-I, BMPR-IA, and BMPR-IB) and one BMPR-II receptor were detected by Northern analysis in two human osteosarcoma cell lines (SaOS-2 and TE85) and in the primary cultures of fetal rat calvaria (FRC) cells. OP-1 affected the steady-state mRNA levels of these receptors differently among these cell types. To study the role of each receptor type in OP-1 action in FRC cells, receptor synthesis was inhibited by antisense oligonucleotides. Inhibition of receptor synthesis was confirmed by immunoprecipitation of radiolabeled cellular proteins with specific antibodies. The osteogenic action of OP-1 was measured by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and mineralized bone nodule formation in FRC cells. Results showed that inhibition of synthesis of a single subtype I receptor alone did not affect significantly the OP-1-stimulated ALP activity. Inhibition of BMPR-II synthesis reduced the OP-1-stimulated ALP activity by about 50%. Inhibition of synthesis of any one of the type I receptor plus the BMPR-II receptor did not reduce the OP-1-stimulated ALP activity significantly beyond that observed by inhibition of BMPR-II alone. Under these conditions, nodule formation was affected similarly, thus supporting the observations made with the ALP measurements. The present results suggest that the ActR-I, BMPR-IA, and BMPR-IB receptors and the BMPR-II receptor are expressed and functional for OP-1 in FRC cells and that regulation of synthesis of these receptors may be a mechanism by which a specific cell type responds to OP-1. The turnover rate of these receptor proteins might be relatively long and another type II receptor(s) for OP-1 might be functional in FRC cells.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Activin Receptors, Type I
- Alkaline Phosphatase/metabolism
- Animals
- Blotting, Northern
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors, Type I
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors, Type II
- Bone Morphogenetic Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Humans
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/pharmacology
- Osteoblasts/cytology
- Osteoblasts/drug effects
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Receptors, Cell Surface/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Receptors, Growth Factor/metabolism
- Skull
- Transforming Growth Factor beta
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L C Yeh
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78284-7760, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Klein-Nulend J, Louwerse RT, Heyligers IC, Wuisman PI, Semeins CM, Goei SW, Burger EH. Osteogenic protein (OP-1, BMP-7) stimulates cartilage differentiation of human and goat perichondrium tissue in vitro. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH 1998; 40:614-20. [PMID: 9599038 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4636(19980615)40:4<614::aid-jbm13>3.0.co;2-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine in vitro the influence of recombinant human osteogenic protein-1 [rhOP-1, or bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP-7)] on cartilage formation by human and goat perichondrium tissue containing progenitor cells with chondrogenic potential. Fragments of outer ear perichondrium tissue were embedded in clotting autologous blood to which rhOP-1 had been added or not added (controls), and the resulting explant was cultured for 3 weeks without further addition of rhOP-1. Cartilage formation was monitored biochemically by measuring [35S]-sulphate incorporation into proteoglycans and histologically by monitoring the presence of metachromatic matrix with cells in nests. The presence of rhOP-1 in the explant at the beginning of culture stimulated [35S]-sulphate incorporation into proteoglycans in a dose-dependent manner after 3 weeks of culture. Maximal stimulation was reached at 40 microg/mL (human explants: +148%; goat explants: +116%). Histology revealed that explants treated with 20-200 microg/mL of rhOP-1, but not untreated control explants, contained areas of metachromatic-staining matrix with chondrocytes in cell nests. It was concluded that rhOP-1 stimulates differentiation of cartilage from perichondrium tissue. The direct actions of rhOP-1 on perichondrium cells in the stimulation of chondrocytic differentiation and production of cartilage matrix in vitro provides a cellular mechanism for the induction of cartilage formation by rhOP-1 in vivo. Thus rhOP-1 may promote early steps in the cascade of events leading to cartilage formation and could prove to be an interesting factor in the regeneration of cartilage in articular cartilage defects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Klein-Nulend
- ACTA-Vrije Universiteit, Department of Oral Cell Biology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
An 11-year-old boy developed florid reactive periostitis several years after minor trauma. The symptoms responded initially to antibiotics, but after cessation, rapidly recurred and progressed, requiring a ray amputation to relieve the pain and to achieve a functional hand. The reactive periostitis affected the volar aspect of two adjacent phalanges with sparing of the intervening joint, confirming that this is a reactive process rather than a benign neoplasm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R D Craver
- Department of Pathology, LSU School of Medicine and Children's Hospital, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
|