Nrf2–ARE signaling in cellular protection: Mechanism of action and the regulatory mechanisms

Flavonoids from Polypodium hastatum as neuroprotective agents attenuate cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in vitro and in vivo via activating Nrf2

OBJECTIVES

Cerebral ischemic stroke is a leading cause of death worldwide. Though timely reperfusion reduces the infarction size, it exacerbates neuronal apoptosis due to oxidative stress. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a transcription factor regulating the expression of antioxidant enzymes. Activating Nrf2 gives a therapeutic approach to ischemic stroke.

METHODS

Herein we explored flavonoids identified from Polypodium hastatum as Nrf2 activators and their protective effects on PC12 cells injured by oxygen and glucose deprivation/restoration (OGD/R) as well as middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) mice.

RESULTS

The results showed among these flavonoids, AAKR significantly improved the survival of PC12 cells induced by OGD/R and activated Nrf2 in a Keap1-dependent manner. Further investigations have disclosed AAKR attenuated oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and following apoptosis resulting from OGD/R. Meanwhile, activation of Nrf2 by AAKR was involved in the protective effects. Finally, it was found that AAKR could protect MCAO mice brains against ischemia/reperfusion injury via activating Nrf2.

DISCUSSION

This investigation could provide lead compounds for the discovery of novel Nrf2 activators targeting ischemia/reperfusion injury.

Mixture of arsenic and chromium alters antioxidant, DNA repair and tumor suppressor gene expressions in zebrafish brain at environmental concentrations

Arsenic (As) and chromium (Cr) are two harmful toxicants as well as carcinogens which can coexist in polluted surface water and groundwater. This coexistence leads to mixture effects in animals including fish. Both of these heavy metals are reported to manifest reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediated toxicity. Though individual neurotoxic effects have been reported, their mixture effects, its mechanism and cellular responses against oxidative stress and DNA damages remain unknown. The present study evaluated the individual and mixture effects of As and Cr at their environmentally relevant concentrations in zebrafish (Danio rerio) brain after 15, 30 and 60 days of exposure. Nrf2, a transcription factor is involved in the expressional regulation of enzymes needed to maintain cellular redox homeostasis. This study reported the expressional pattern of Nrf2 and its associated xenobiotic metabolizing enzyme Nqo1 and other markers of oxidative stress such as ROS generation, reduced glutathione level, lipid peroxidation and catalase activity. Increased malondialdehyde (MDA) content, glutathione level, and catalase activity indicated oxidative stress in exposed groups. In addition, this study revealed expressional alterations of neurotoxicity marker (ache), DNA repair (ogg1, apex1, creb1, polb, mlh1, msh2 and msh6) and tumor suppressor (p53, brca2) genes. Results of ROS generation, MDA level, histopathological analysis, gene expression and immunofluorescence study confirmed that As and Cr did not show antagonistic effects in combination rather indicated additive effects which was dose-dependent but not always linear.

Nrf2: A key regulator in chemoradiotherapy resistance of osteosarcoma

Osteosarcoma (OS), frequently observed in children and adolescents, is one of the most common primary malignant tumors of the bone known to be associated with a high capacity for invasion and metastasis. The incidence of osteosarcoma in children and adolescents is growing annually, although improvements in survival remain limited. With the clinical application of neoadjuvant chemotherapy, chemotherapy combined with limb-preserving surgery has gained momentum as a major intervention. However, certain patients with OS experience treatment failure owing to chemoradiotherapy resistance or metastasis. Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a key antioxidant factor in organisms, plays a crucial role in maintaining cellular physiological homeostasis; however, its overactivation in cancer cells restricts reactive oxygen species production, promotes DNA repair and drug efflux, and ultimately leads to chemoradiotherapy resistance. Recent studies have also identified the functions of Nrf2 beyond its antioxidative function, including the promotion of proliferation, metastasis, and regulation of metabolism. The current review describes the multiple mechanisms of chemoradiotherapy resistance in OS and the substantial role of Nrf2 in the signaling regulatory network to elucidate the function of Nrf2 in promoting OS chemoradiotherapy resistance and formulating relevant therapeutic strategies.

Phenethyl Isothiocyanate (PEITC) interaction with Keap1 activates the Nrf2 pathway and inhibits lipid accumulation in adipocytes

Phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) has been recognized for its potential effects in various human diseases. However, the impact of PEITC on adipocyte differentiation and its underlying molecular mechanisms is not well understood. This study investigates the effects of PEITC on adipocyte differentiation and elucidates the molecular mechanisms involved in Nrf2 activation. The effects of PEITC on adipocyte differentiation were assessed in C3H10T1/2 and 3T3-L1 cells. Nrf2-induced effects by PEITC were examined in Nrf2 knockout (KO) MEF and Keap1 KO H1299 cells. The interaction between PEITC and Keap1 was evaluated using thermal shift assays and Co-immunoprecipitation experiments. Reconstitution of cysteine mutants of Keap1 in Keap1 KO cells was used to elucidate a critical amino acid for the PEITC-induced Nrf2 stabilization. The initial stages of adipogenesis were crucial for PEITC's anti-adipogenic effects in C3H10T1/2 and 3T3-L1 cells. PEITC increased Nrf2 protein expression, but this induction was absent in Keap1 KO cells. Thermal shift assays with the purified BTB domain of Keap1 confirmed a direct interaction with PEITC. Re-expression of Keap1 in Keap1 KO cells showed that the cysteine residue at position 151 is essential for PEITC-induced Nrf2 expression and the disruption of the Nrf2-Keap1 complex. PEITC was found to activate Nrf2-mediated gene expression and inhibit adipocyte differentiation, at least partially, through Nrf2-dependent mechanisms. This study confirms the anti-adipogenic effects of PEITC. Mechanistic investigations demonstrate that PEITC interacts with Keap1 and that the cysteine residue (C151) of Keap1 is critical for PEITC's effects on Nrf2 activation.

Affinity-purified targets screening facilitates active components discovery of Chinese formula -HuGan tablets as a case

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Alcoholic Liver Disease (ALD), a chronic condition caused by long-term heavy alcohol consumption, can progress to cirrhosis or liver failure. HuGan Tablets (HGT) is a compound preparation made of six Chinese herbs, which is used in clinic for the treatment of chronic hepatitis, with studies demonstrating its efficacy in alleviating alcohol-induced liver injury in rats. However, the active components and therapeutic targets of HGT remain unclear and require further investigation.

AIM OF THIS STUDY

The aim of this study was to develop a systematic pipeline based on the SPR fishing strategy to identify effective components and therapeutic targets in Chinese formulas, using HGT as a representative case.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

HRMS was employed to analyze HGT ingredients absorbed in rat blood, while network pharmacology, molecular docking and literature mining were utilized to identify potential targets of HGT for ALD alleviation. A systematic SPR-based fishing system was developed by evaluating protein target coupling efficiency, sample recovery rate, specificity of target-small molecule binding, and LOD, and candidate components screened and identified using this system were further screened by SPR affinity tests. Additionally, therapeutic efficacy of the selected compounds was validated in vitro using an ethanol-induced AML12 model and further confirmed in vivo using a mouse model of ALD by assessing markers such as ALT, AST, and oxidative stress indicators.

RESULTS

A total of 128 compounds were identified in HGT, with 29 metabolites detected in rat blood. MFN2, SOD2, mTOR, RXRA, and GSTP1 were identified as anti-ALD targets of HGT through integrated network pharmacology, molecular docking, and literature analysis. An SPR-based active component fishing system was successfully developed, capturing 15 candidate compounds. SPR affinity analysis revealed strong binding (KD: 3.41-221.7 μM) between (R,S)-goitrin, chlorogenic acid, saikosaponin B2, schisandrin, schisandrol B, schisandrin A, schisandrin C, and schisantherin A and the target proteins. Except for (R,S)-goitrin, the other seven compounds significantly reduced ALT, AST, TG, ROS, and MDA levels while enhancing SOD and GSH activities in cellular models, with comparable therapeutic effects observed in ALD mice.

CONCLUSION

This study scientifically established an integrated SPR-based pipeline to systematically characterize active ingredients and therapeutic targets in herbal formulations, which was successfully applied to reveal key therapeutic targets and pharmacodynamic components of HGT for ALD. This study provides a valuable framework for SPR-based screening of bioactive components in traditional formulas, as well as for understanding the material basis and mechanism of action of HGT in the treatment of ALD.

Lactobacillus reuteri alleviates diquat induced hepatic impairment and mitochondrial dysfunction via activation of the Nrf2 antioxidant system and suppression of NF-κB inflammatory response

Accumulating evidence has shown that elevated oxidative stress and inflammatory response leads to hepatic impairment and dysfunction of hens during the aging process. This study was conducted to investigate the potential regulatory mechanisms of Lactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri) in alleviating hepatic oxidative stress and dysfunction induced by diquat (DQ) exposure. A total of 480 48-wk-old Jingbai hens were randomly assigned to 4 groups: control group (Con), L. reuteri group (L.R), diquat-challenged group (DQ), and L. reuteri protective group (L.R+DQ). The results demonstrated that DQ exposure induced oxidative damages and lipid metabolism disorders manifested as the elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities, triglyceride (TC) contents in serum and lipid accumulation in liver. L. reuteri supplementation alleviated DQ-induced liver oxidative injury, reflected by repairing the morphology of liver and decreasing the AST and ALT activities in serum. L. reuteri decreased the hepatic malonaldehyde (MDA) accumulation and enhanced the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in liver through regulating the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1) mediated antioxidant system. In addition, L. reuteri curtailed reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and mitigated the depletion of membrane potential and thus recovering mitochondrial function disturbed by DQ challenge. Moreover, L. reuteri inhibited hepatic toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88)/nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway activation, downregulated the pro-inflammatory-response-related gene expressions (IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6) and the phosphorylation levels of IκBα, and p65 in liver and thus reducing hepatic inflammatory response and apoptosis. Overall, the findings indicate that L. reuteri provides significant protection against oxidative stress, mitochondrial impairment, inflammatory response and apoptosis caused by DQ in laying hens, and highlight its potential as a therapeutic probiotic for alleviating oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction to prolong the health of aging poultry.

Vinpocetine Mitigates Methotrexate-Induced Liver Injury in Rats Through Modulating Intercellular Communication

Methotrexate (MTX) has been widely implemented in managing several malignancies, inflammatory conditions such as rheumatic arthritis, and autoimmune illnesses. Hepatotoxicity is a significant side effect of MTX, characterized by increased oxidative stress (OS) and inflammation. Vinpocetine (Vinpo) is a prescription medication with a favorable safety profile. It exerts anti-inflammatory and oxidant implications that might be novel candidates for protecting against MTX-induced hepatotoxicity. This study investigates the therapeutic impact of Vinpo against MTX-stimulated liver damage via the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) pathways. Rats are allocated into three groups: (1) the Control (saline); (2) the MTX-control (20 mg/kg; injected once i.p.), and (3) the Vinpo + MTX groups. Vinpo was administered orally for 7 days, during which MTX was given intraperitoneally once at the end of Day 3. The liver functions, OS markers, inflammatory mediators, Nrf2, HO-1, NF-κB, and apoptotic signals were estimated. Vinpo lead to enhancement in superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activity, elevation in glutathione (GSH), and a hindrance in malondialdehyde (MDA). It also enhances Nrf2 and HO-1, inhibiting NF-κB (p65) expression and apoptotic markers. Moreover, Vinpo therapy, in conjunction with MTX, restores the normal histological structure of hepatic tissues. Our data suggested that Vinpo exerts a preventive effect against MTX-induced toxicity through anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and apoptotic activities, mediated via Nrf2/HO-1/Nf-κB and caspase-3/Bax/Bcl-2 pathways.

Effects of polyphenols on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a case study of resveratrol

The primary etiology of liver disease is non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which can progress to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, cirrhosis, and ultimately hepatocellular carcinoma. The efficacy of plant-derived polyphenolic compounds has been extensively demonstrated with respect to various aspects and recently proved to be effective at preventing and treating NAFLD. To describe the sources and functions of polyphenolic constituents and clarify the therapeutic effects of polyphenolic constituents on NAFLD, resveratrol (RSV), which has significant therapeutic effects, was selected for a comprehensive analysis. Bibliometric and network pharmacology analyses revealed a strong correlation between insulin resistance (IR), oxidative stress, steatosis, and NAFLD, as well as the significance of intestinal flora and therapeutic interventions for NAFLD. This study reviewed the mechanisms by which RSV acted against NAFLD and explored techniques to enhance its bioavailability. These findings offer new insights into the treatment of NAFLD and the development of innovative RSV formulations.

Dexmedetomidine Promotes Angiogenesis After Ischemic Stroke Through the NRF2/HO-1/VEGF Pathway

Neurological dysfunction following stroke presents a significant challenge for patients. Recent studies suggest that angiogenesis can improve neurological function and enhance neuronal survival after ischemic stroke. Dexmedetomidine exhibits neuroprotective effects through various mechanisms; therefore, this study aimed to investigate whether it promotes angiogenesis and improves neurological function after stroke. A mouse model of ischemic stroke was developed by embolizing the middle cerebral arteries. Neurological function was assessed using scoring methods, the water maze test, and histological analyses, including Nissl and hematoxylin and eosin staining, to evaluate neuronal survival in the ischemic penumbra. Angiogenesis was observed through immunofluorescence staining, whereas pathway protein expression was analyzed via western blotting. Additionally, a model of oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation was established in mouse cerebral microvascular cells to conduct angiogenesis-related experiments. Dexmedetomidine reduced cerebral infarction size, alleviated neurological damage, promoted angiogenesis in the ischemic penumbra, and decreased neuronal death through the Nrf2/HO-1/VEGF pathway. However, these neuroprotective effects were reversed by the NRF2 inhibitor ML385. In vitro, dexmedetomidine enhanced the proliferation, migration, and tube-formation of cerebral microvascular cells in mice. ML385 also reversed the protective effects of dexmedetomidine against hypoxia and glucose deprivation-induced axonal damage. Dexmedetomidine enhances angiogenesis, reduces neuronal damage, and promotes cerebral microvascular cell migration and tube formation in the ischemic penumbra of an ischemic stroke mouse model through the Nrf2/HO-1/VEGF pathway.

The effective-compound compatibility of JHF inhibits fibroblast activation in pulmonary fibrosis by enhancing PINK1/PARK2-mediated mitophagy

This work aimed to elucidate the anti-PF mechanism of ECC-JHF.The effects of ECC-JHF on lung fibrosis and fibroblast activation were investigated by establishing a BLM-induced PF rat model and a transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β)-induced fibroblast activation model. Furthermore, the effects of ECC-JHF on Nrf2 signaling and mitophagy were explored both in vivo and in vitro. In the PF model rats, ECC-JHF mitigated pathological damage, reduced collagen deposition, decreased levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and P62, and increased levels of total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) as well as the expression of Nrf2, HO-1, PINK1, PARK2, and LC3B in lung tissues. These results suggest that the anti-PF mechanism of ECC-JHF may be associated with the inhibition of oxidative stress and the enhancement of mitophagy. The medium dose of ECC-JHF and pirfenidone were similar in improving pulmonary fibrosis in rats. In the TGF-β-induced lung fibroblast activation, ECC-JHF inhibited fibroblast activation by downregulating the levels of fibronectin, alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and collagen I. Additionally, ECC-JHF upregulated the level of Nrf2 and its target proteins, including HO-1 and NQO1, as well as mitophagy-related proteins PINK1, PARK2, and LC3B. This led to an increase in the co-localization of TOM20 and LC3, thereby enhancing mitochondrial autophagy. The application of Nrf2 siRNA and Nrf2 inhibitors significantly diminished the effects of ECC-JHF on Nrf2 signaling, PINK1/PARK2-mediated mitophagy, and fibroblast activation. ECC-JHF exerts a protective effect against PF by suppressing fibroblast activation through the upregulation of Nrf2 and PINK1/PARK2-mediated mitophagy, it provides a new target and strategy for the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis.

L-Theanine attenuates oxidative damage induced by heat stress through the PI3K/AKT/Nrf2 signaling pathway in skeletal muscle cells

The rising prevalence of heat stress (HS), because of global warming, presents a considerable challenge to both human and animal health and welfare. L-Theanine (LTA), a naturally occurring amino acid, may enhance poultry muscle yield and quality, suggesting its potential application in alleviating the negative impacts of HS. However, the molecular mechanisms through which LTA exerts its beneficial effects remain to be fully understood. This study explored the protective effects of LTA on cultured broiler skeletal muscle cells under oxidative stress induced by HS, focusing on the molecular mechanisms involved. Our findings indicate that treatment with LTA significantly improved cell survival, bolstered the activity of antioxidant enzymes, decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) contents and diminished malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in HS-treated cultured cells. Furthermore, LTA enhanced the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathways in HS-treated cultured cells, facilitating mitochondrial biogenesis and reducing cell apoptosis. The protective effects of LTA in HS-treated cultured cells were significantly reduced by the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 or the Nrf2 inhibitor ML385. In conclusion, our study showed that LTA protects cultured skeletal muscle cells from HS-induced oxidative damage by modulating the PI3K/AKT/Nrf2 signaling pathway, positioning LTA as a promising natural antioxidant for poultry feed additives aimed at improving muscle health.

Crocin facilitates osteogenesis and angiogenesis by moderating oxidative stress and ferroptosis via Nrf2/GPX4 pathway

Bone formation is a complex multi-factor process of bone defect healing. Oxidative stress (OS) is predisposed to induce regulatory cell death (RCD), such as ferroptosis. At present, the antioxidant effects of Crocin on erastin induced oxidative damage were studied. The activity of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) was detected by CCK-8 and EdU staining. The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), MDA, SOD and GSH were evaluated. Western blotting assay was used to detect ferroptosis-related proteins. The osteogenic function of BMSCs was determined by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, ALP staining and alizarin red S (ARS) staining. Western blotting and RT-PCR assays were used to detect the expression of osteogenic proteins and genes. Angiogenesis of HUVECs was evaluated by tube formation, RT-PCR, scratch test and Transwell assay. The results showed that Crocin can promote the osteogenic function of BMSCs and angiogenesis of HUVECs. In addition, Crocin protects cells from erastin-induced oxidative injury and inhibits ferroptosis via the Nrf2/GPX4 pathway. These findings suggest that Crocin can promote bone defect healing by regulating OS and inhibiting ferroptosis through the Nrf2/GPX4 pathway.

Bamboo leaf flavonoids ameliorate cyclic heat stress-induced oxidative damage in broiler liver through activation of Keap1-Nrf2 signaling pathway

Heat stress (HS) induces oxidative stress in the liver and affects health and production attributes in poultry birds. Bamboo leaf flavonoid (BLF) is a natural plant flavonoid that is effective in controlling oxidative stress. Therefore, the aim of current study was to investigate the impact of BLF on growth performance, liver index, serum biochemical parameters of liver function, liver antioxidant enzyme activities, and expression of genes and proteins related to the liver Keap1-Nrf2 system in cyclic heat stress (CHS) broilers. Twenty-eight-day old Arbor Acres broilers (n = 200) were randomly assigned to 5 groups. TN group fed basal diet was reared in a thermoneutral environment (24 ± 1 °C); CHS, 400 mg/kg BLF + CHS, 800 mg/kg BLF + CHS, and 1600 mg/kg BLF + CHS groups were reared in high temperature conditions (33 ± 1 °C, 8 h/day), with the basal diet supplemented with 0, 400, 800, and 1600 mg/kg BLF. The results indicated that ADG and ADFI of broilers in 28 to 35d and 36 to 42d CHS groups were significantly lower compared to the TN group. BLF improves growth performance of CHS broilers by increasing ADG, ADFI and decreasing F:G. BLF improved live weight, liver weight, liver index and reduced serum AST, ALP, ALT, T-BIL levels and increased TP levels in CHS broilers. Meanwhile, BLF supplementation enhanced the activity of hepatic antioxidant enzymes, resulting in higher T-AOC, CAT, GSH-PX and T-SOD levels than those of CHS broilers, and significantly reduced MDA levels. In addition, BLF down-regulated the protein levels of Keap1 and P62, increased the expression levels of Nrf2 genes and proteins, and activated the expression of its downstream NQO1, HO-1, and SOD-1 antioxidant genes compared to CHS broilers. In summary, BLF regulates the expression of key genes and proteins in the Keap1-Nrf2 signaling pathway to alleviate liver injury in broilers by inhibiting oxidative stress, thereby promoting the growth performance of broilers with CHS.

Berberine Inhibits Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Formation and Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotypic Switching by Regulating the Nrf2 Pathway

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a life-threatening disease featuring extensive membrane destruction in the vascular wall, which is closely associated with the phenotypic switching of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). A thorough understanding of the changes in regulatory factors during the pathogenesis of VSMC phenotypic switching is essential for medical treatments in AAA. NRF2 was deemed to hold a pivotal position in developing AAA, especially as it can regulate VSMC phenotypic switching. In this study, we found that berberine prevents the formation of AAA by regulating the phenotypic switching of VSMC, which was well validated in both in vitro and in vivo functional experiments. Mechanically, we found that berberine regulates VSMC phenotypic switching by promoting the expression of downstream VSMC contraction genes through the deubiquitination of Keap1, in which the deubiquitinating enzyme USP15 plays an important mediating role in this process.

Overview of Nrf2 as a target in ovary and ovarian dysfunctions focusing on its antioxidant properties

Female infertility is a common issue caused by various factors, such as hormonal imbalances, age-related decline in oocyte quality, and lifestyle choices. Ovarian dysfunction is a prevalent cause, impacting fertility by damaging cells and impairing functions. Oxidative stress (OS) is a condition resulting from an imbalance between natural antioxidants and the generation of oxidants. This phenomenon acts as a double-edged sword, playing a crucial role as a signaling mechanism in both physiological and pathological processes related to the female reproductive system. OS is linked to ovarian dysfunction, leading to cell damage and reduced fertility. Nrf2 is a key regulator in oxidative homeostasis, helping to defend against OS and improve ovarian function in women of reproductive age. Therefore, this review aims to highlight the role of Nrf2 in the female reproductive system, focusing on its antioxidant properties.

PM2.5 Exposure Aggravates Inflammatory Response and Mucus Production in 16HBE Cells through Inducing Oxidative Stress and RAGE Expression

Particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5)-induced oxidative stress has been extensively proposed as a pivotal event in lung diseases. Receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) is a receptor of pro-inflammatory ligands that has been supported to be implied in the progression of multiple lung diseases. This study attempts to delineate the specific effects of PM2.5 on human bronchial epithelial 16HBE cells in vitro and figure out whether PM2.5 functions via mediating oxidative stress and RAGE. In PM2.5-challenged 16HBE cells, MTT assay detected cell viability. ELISA estimated inflammatory levels. Flow cytometry analysis measured ROS activity and related assay kits examined oxidative stress levels. Western blot tested nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), RAGE, β-catenin, and mucin 5AC (MUC5AC) expression. Immunofluorescence staining evaluated nuclear translocation of β-catenin. It was noticed that PM2.5 exposure exacerbated inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and mucus production. Additionally, PM2.5 elevated RAGE expression while declined Nrf2 expression as well as stimulated the nuclear translocation of β-catenin. Furthermore, RAGE inhibition or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase inhibitor VAS2870 mitigated inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and mucus generation in PM2.5-exposed 16HBE cells. In addition, RAGE inhibition or VAS2870 raised Nrf2 expression, reduced RAGE expression, and hampered β-catenin nuclear translocation. Briefly, PM2.5 might act as a leading driver of inflammatory response and mucus production in lung injury, the mechanism of which might be related to the activation of oxidative stress and the up-regulation of RAGE.

Oxidative stress and NRF2 signaling in kidney injury

Oxidative stress plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of acute kidney injury (AKI), chronic kidney disease (CKD), and the AKI-to-CKD transition. This review examines the intricate relationship between oxidative stress and kidney pathophysiology, emphasizing the potential therapeutic role of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), a master regulator of cellular redox homeostasis. In diverse AKI and CKD models, diminished NRF2 activity exacerbates oxidative stress, whereas genetic and pharmacological NRF2 activation alleviates kidney damage induced by nephrotoxic agents, ischemia-reperfusion injury, fibrotic stimuli, and diabetic nephropathy. The renoprotective effects of NRF2 extend beyond antioxidant defense, encompassing its anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic properties. The significance of NRF2 in renal fibrosis is further underscored by its interaction with the transforming growth factor-β signaling cascade. Clinical trials using bardoxolone methyl, a potent NRF2 activator, have yielded both encouraging and challenging outcomes, illustrating the intricacy of modulating NRF2 in human subjects. In summary, this overview suggests the therapeutic potential of targeting NRF2 in kidney disorders and highlights the necessity for continued research to refine treatment approaches.

Pleiotrophin Prevents H2O2-Induced Senescence of Dental Pulp Stem Cells

BACKGROUND

Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) are widely used in research on dental tissue regeneration and systemic disease treatment. However, the oxidative microenvironment often causes cellular senescence, leading to decreased function. Our previous study demonstrated that pleiotrophin (PTN), a secreted extracellular matrix-associated protein, could rescue the proliferative capacity and osteogenic differentiation of replicative senescent DPSCs.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to explore the influence and mechanism of PTN on dental pulp stem cells under H2O2-induced oxidative microenvironment.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

DPSCs isolated from human third molars were treated with 100 μm H2O2 for 4 h, mimicking the oxidative microenvironment. To investigate the influence of PTN on DPSC under H2O2-induced oxidative microenvironment, 50 pg/mL PTN was added in the culture medium for 48 h. RT-qPCR, western blotting, SA-β-gal staining, intracellular ROS production and immunofluorescence staining assays were used to analyse the cellular senescence, osteogenic differentiation capacity, oxidative stress conditions and possible mechanism.

RESULTS

H2O2 treatment increased the ratio of SA-β-gal-positive DPSCs and upregulated the senescence-related gene expression, including P53, P21 and P16. PTN pretreatment downregulated the ratio of SA-β-gal-positive DPSCs and the expression of these genes. Besides, PTN pretreatment partially reversed the H2O2-induced decreased osteogenic differentiation potential of DPSCs, total antioxidant capacity and Nrf2 and HO-1 mRNA expression in DPSCs. Western blotting and immunofluorescent staining results indicated that PTN pretreatment enhanced the Nrf2 nuclear translocation under oxidative stress conditions and observable higher fluorescence signals in the nucleus denoted PTN and Nrf2 colocalisation. Western blotting results showed that PTN reversed the decreased expression of p-AKT in the H2O2-induced oxidative environment. However, the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 blocked the upregulated levels of total Nrf2. Immunofluorescence staining displayed that LY294002 also inhibited the nuclear translocation of Nrf2 which was enhanced under PTN pretreatment.

CONCLUSIONS

This study demonstrated that PTN could prevent senescent damage induced by H2O2 on DPSCs, mainly by combining with Nrf2 and enhancing its nuclear translocation.

Long-term exposure to bisphenol-A causes oxidative stress-related alterations at the genetic and cellular levels in the mature ovary of adult zebrafish

Bisphenol-A (BPA) is categorized as a major endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC) used to manufacture many plastic products. BPA affects reproductive performance and promotes infertility by causing hormonal imbalance, mitochondrial dysfunction, and altered gene expression. The present investigation aimed to evaluate the effects of BPA exposure for 28 days on the activity or level of antioxidant response elements (AREs), mRNA expressions of antioxidant genes, and histomorphological changes in the ovary of adult zebrafish. The adult female zebrafish were randomly divided into four experimental groups, viz. control, vehicle (0.01% ethanol), low dose (BPA: 350 µg/L), and high dose (BPA: 700 µg/L) exposure groups. After BPA exposure in both groups, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) level were significantly (p < 0.05) decreased in the zebrafish ovary. Whereas, catalase (CAT) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) level were significantly (p < 0.05) increased in both treatment groups. The sod mRNA expression was significantly (p < 0.05) down-regulated in the high-dose BPA-exposed group. Whereas, cat and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (nrf2) mRNA expressions were significantly (p < 0.05) up-regulated in both BPA-treated groups. Noticeable histomorphological alterations were recorded in the ovary of zebrafish exposed to low and high doses of BPA. The alterations in the activity of ARE, mRNA expressions of antioxidant genes, and histopathological changes suggest that exposure to BPA can cause endocrine disruption and damage to the ovary of adult zebrafish caused by oxidative stress.

Vagus nerve stimulation: A targeted approach for reducing tissue-specific ischemic reperfusion injury

Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS), a neuromodulation technique of applying controlled electrical impulses to the vagus nerve, has now emerged as a potential therapeutic approach for ischemia-reperfusion insults. It provides a pivotal link in improving functional outcomes for the central nervous system and multiple target organs affected by ischemia-reperfusion injury (I/RI). Reduced blood flow during ischemia and subsequent resumption of blood supply during reperfusion to the tissue compromises cellular health because of the combination of mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, cytokine release, inflammation, apoptosis, intracellular calcium overload, and endoplasmic reticulum stress, which ultimately leads to cell death and irreversible tissue damage. Furthermore, inflammation and apoptosis also play critical roles in the acute progression of ischemic injury pathology. Emerging evidence indicates that VNS in I/RI may act in an anti-inflammatory capacity, reducing oxidative stress and apoptosis, while also improving endothelial and mitochondrial function leading to reduced infarct sizes and cytoprotection in skeletal muscle, gastrointestinal tract, liver, kidney, lung, heart, and brain tissue. In this review, we attempt to shed light on the mechanistic links between tissue-specific damage following I/RI and the therapeutic approach of VNS in attenuating damage, considering both direct and remote I/RI scenarios. Thus, we want to advance the understanding of VNS that could further warrant its clinical implementation, especially as a treatment for I/RI.

Fucoxanthin Ameliorates Kidney Injury by CCl4-Induced via Inhibiting Oxidative Stress, Suppressing Ferroptosis, and Modulating Gut Microbiota

Chemical-induced kidney injury represents a substantial health risk, with ferroptosis, a type of cell death caused by lipid peroxidation, playing a role in numerous kidney ailments. Fucoxanthin (Fx), a natural carotenoid known for its antioxidant capabilities, has shown promise in alleviating renal injury, but its exact mechanisms are yet to be fully understood. Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is recognized as a powerful nephrotoxic substance, and this study explores the therapeutic effects of Fx on oxidative stress, ferroptosis and intestinal microbiota in mouse kidneys subjected to CCl4 exposure. The mice were randomly assigned to control, model, colchicine groups (0.1 mg/kg/d), and Fx (50, 100 mg/kg/d) group and underwent related treatments for 4 weeks. Then, we evaluated their renal function, histological alterations in the kidneys, colon, and jejunum, and the levels of related proteins (i.e., Nrf2, GPX4, SLC7A11, HO-1, TFR1, NQO1, GCLM, FTL). Additionally, their gut microbiota was analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The results showed that compared to the CCl4 group, Fx treatment led to lower serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels, reduced malondialdehyde activity in kidneys and intestinal tissues, and increased activity of antioxidant enzymes. Fx also reduced dysbiosis and enhanced the diversity of intestinal flora. In summary, Fx reduced oxidative stress and ferroptosis and partially restored intestinal bacteria, thus improving CCl4-induced renal damage in mice. These results suggest Fx as a potential therapeutic option for kidney injuries related to oxidative stress. Further research is needed to clarify its precise mechanisms and potential clinical implications.

Emodin, a Potent Anthraquinone Mitigates MPTP-Induced Parkinsons' Disease Pathology by Regulating Nrf2 and Its Downstream Targets: In Silico and In Vivo Approach

Parkinson's disease (PD) is marked by neurodegeneration that follows the destruction of dopaminergic neurons, mainly localized to the substantia nigra. It results in debilitating motor as well as non-motor symptoms. The current study investigated the neuroprotective potential of emodin, a naturally occurring anthraquinone derivative, in a well-established model of PD in mice induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). The key focus is the Nrf2 signaling pathway, the major defense mechanism of the cells against oxidative damage and neuroinflammation, both exacerbated in the pathology of PD. Using molecular docking, the binding affinity of emodin to Nrf2 was predicted, revealing strong interactions that suggest emodin's potential to activate Nrf2. Subsequently, in vivo experiments were conducted where MPTP-induced PD mice were treated with emodin, and additional groups received Nrf2 modulators: dimethyl fumarate (DMF) as an agonist and all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) as an antagonist. Emodin treatment led to a significant upregulation of Nrf2 expression, a reduction in oxidative stress markers such as malondialdehyde, and notable improvements in motor and cognitive behavior. DMF co-administration enhanced emodin's neuroprotective effects, whereas ATRA diminished them, highlighting the central role of Nrf2. These findings suggest that emodin effectively targets PD pathology via the Nrf2 pathway.

Sulforaphane suppresses Aβ accumulation and tau hyperphosphorylation in vascular cognitive impairment(VCI)

Sulforaphane (Sfn) is a compound naturally found in cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, and kale. It is well-known for its antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. Sfn has attracted attention for its potential health benefits, particularly its role in brain health and the potential prevention of dementia and neurodegeneration. Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) are the top two causes of dementia. Cerebral vascular lesions give rise to VCI and predispose neurons to degeneration and Alzheimer's disease (AD) by Aβ accumulation and tau hyperphosphorylation. In a rat model of VCI by permanent bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (2VO), we tested the protective effect of the phase II enzyme inducer sulforaphane (Sfn). Sfn ameliorates vascular cognitive deficits by reducing the typical white matter injury and neural atrophy pathological changes in VCI. Moreover, for the first time, we demonstrated that it effectively reduced Aβ and toxic p-tau accumulation in VCI. The protective mechanisms of Sfn involve the induction of HO-1 expression, activation of the Akt/GSK3β pathway, and modulation of amyloid precursor protein (APP) expression levels. Our data suggest that Sfn is a promising therapeutic compound to treat VCI and AD. It inhibits short-term neuron and white matter injuries as well as long-term Aβ and p-tau accumulation caused by cerebral vascular lesions.

Plant-derived natural compounds for the treatment of acute lung injury: A systematic review of their anti-inflammatory effects in animal models

BACKGROUNDS AND AIMS

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a complex pulmonary disease characterized by a severe inflammatory response. The management of ALI presents a formidable challenge due to the intricate nature of its inflammatory cascade. Numerous studies have highlighted the potential therapeutic benefits of plant-derived natural compounds (PNCs) in treating inflammatory diseases. Our study aims to provide robust current evidence regarding the anti-inflammatory effects and underlying molecular mechanisms of PNCs for ALI treatment.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The systematic review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, and the protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42024468401). A comprehensive search was conducted in electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Chinese Scientific Journal database (VIP), Wanfang database, and China biomedical literature service system (SinoMed) up until November 2023. Preclinical studies published in both English and Chinese were included.

RESULTS

Our research encompassed 81 studies, comprising a total of 71 PNCs, including flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, terpenoids, polyphenols, alkaloids, saponins, glycosides, and miscellaneous compounds. This systematic review demonstrated that PNCs played a beneficial role on ALI by regulating the immune response and reducing the release of inflammatory mediators and cytokines. The molecular mechanisms were partially associated with the regulation of Th17/Treg responses, promotion of the polarization of M1-type macrophages to M2-type macrophages, induction of immune cell apoptosis, reversal of microbial dysbiosis in the lungs and the gut, epigenetic modification, and the modulation of inflammatory pathways, including NF-κB, MAPK, TLR4/MyD88, NLRP3/Caspase-1, TGF-β/Smad, Nrf2/HO-1, Rho/ROCK, TLR7/MyD88, and PI3K/AKT, thereby alleviating inflammatory responses and lung damage.

CONCLUSION

The therapeutic effects of PNCs on ALI are mediated through the modulation of immunity and inflammatory pathways. In light of their potential, PNCs represent a promising pharmacological intervention for the treatment of ALI.

The SIRT-1/Nrf2/HO-1 axis: Guardians of neuronal health in neurological disorders

SIRT1 (Sirtuin 1) is a NAD+-dependent deacetylase that functions through nucleoplasmic transfer and is present in nearly all mammalian tissues. SIRT1 is believed to deacetylate its protein substrates, resulting in neuroprotective actions, including reduced oxidative stress and inflammation, increased autophagy, increased nerve growth factors, and preserved neuronal integrity in aging or neurological disease. Nrf2 is a transcription factor that regulates the genes responsible for oxidative stress response and substance detoxification. The activation of Nrf2 guards cells against oxidative damage, inflammation, and carcinogenic stimuli. Several neurological abnormalities and inflammatory disorders have been associated with variations in Nrf2 activation caused by either pharmacological or genetic factors. Recent evidence indicates that Nrf2 is at the center of a complex cellular regulatory network, establishing it as a transcription factor with genuine pleiotropy. HO-1 is most likely a component of a defense mechanism in cells under stress, as it provides negative feedback for cell activation and mediator synthesis. This mediator is upregulated by Nrf2, nitric oxide (NO), and other factors in various inflammatory states. HO-1 or its metabolites, such as CO, may mitigate inflammation by modulating signal transduction pathways. Neurological diseases may be effectively treated by modulating the activity of HO-1. Multiple studies have demonstrated that SIRT1 and Nrf2 share an important connection. SIRT1 enhances Nrf2, activates HO-1, protects against oxidative injury, and decreases neuronal death. This has been associated with numerous neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. Therefore, activating the SIRT1/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway may help treat various neurological disorders. This review focuses on the current understanding of the SIRT1 and Nrf2/HO-1 neuroprotective processes and the potential therapeutic applications of their target activators in neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders.

Zhongfeng Xingnao Liquid ameliorates post-stroke cognitive impairment through sirtuin1 (SIRT1)/nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) pathway

The activation of the sirtuin1 (SIRT1)/nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) pathway has been shown to mitigate oxidative stress-induced apoptosis and mitochondrial damage by reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Clinical trials have demonstrated that Zhongfeng Xingnao Liquid (ZFXN) ameliorates post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI). However, the underlying mechanism, particularly whether it involves protecting mitochondria and inhibiting apoptosis through the SIRT1/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, remains unclear. This study employed an oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) cell model using SH-SY5Y cells and induced PSCI in rats through modified bilateral carotid artery ligation (2VO). The effects of ZFXN on learning and memory, neuroprotective activity, mitochondrial function, oxidative stress, and the SIRT1/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway were evaluated both in vivo and in vitro. Results indicated that ZFXN significantly increased the B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl2)/Bcl2-associated X (Bax) ratio, reduced terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end-labeling (TUNEL)+ cells, and markedly improved cognition, synaptic plasticity, and neuronal function in the hippocampus and cortex. Furthermore, ZFXN exhibited potent antioxidant activity, evidenced by decreased ROS and malondialdehyde (MDA) content and increased superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH) levels. ZFXN also demonstrated considerable enhancement of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), Tom20 fluorescence intensity, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and energy charge (EC) levels, and mitochondrial complex I and III activity, thereby inhibiting mitochondrial damage. Additionally, ZFXN significantly increased SIRT1 activity and elevated SIRT1, nuclear Nrf2, and HO-1 levels. Notably, these effects were substantially counteracted when SIRT1 was suppressed by the inhibitor EX-527 in vitro. In conclusion, ZFXN alleviates PSCI by activating the SIRT1/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway and preventing mitochondrial damage.

Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBS)-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in human thyrocytes: involvement of AhR and NRF-2/HO-1 pathway

PURPOSE

In this in vitro study, we investigated the effects of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) on human thyrocytes, with a focus on the involvement of AhR, a key player in xenobiotic response, and the anti-oxidant Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway.

METHODS

Primary cultured thyrocytes were exposed to the dioxin-like congeners PCB118 and PCB126 at 2.5 and 5 µM concentrations. mRNA expression was assessed by real-time PCR, and protein expression by Western Blot and ELISA, while protein quantification was assessed by densitometric analysis.

RESULTS

In cultured thyrocytes, PCB118 and PCB126 induced a significant (P < 0.01) increase of mRNA and protein levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1beta and IL-6, while reducing those of thyroglobulin (TG) and NIS (p < 0.05), indicating down-regulation of these thyroid-specific genes in PCB-induced inflammation. ROS production also increased (p < 0.001). mRNA levels of AhR and the downstream molecules cytochrome P4501A, Nrf-2/HO-1 increased (p < 0.001), as well as related protein levels (p < 0.01), suggesting the activation of AhR and Nrf-2 pathways in response to PCBs exposure. AhR silencing decreased AhR-related gene expression and restored NIS and TG expression, while reducing inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress markers (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Dioxin-like PCBs (PCB118 and PCB126) may promote inflammation and oxidative stress in thyrocytes, impairing the expression of genes that are key players of thyroid function. These effects can be partially attributed to the activation of the AhR and Nrf-2 pathways. These data may contribute to explain the mechanisms underlying thyroid toxicity of PCBs, highlighting the potential role of these pollutants as a trigger of autoimmune thyroid inflammation and damage.

Asperuloside as a Novel NRF2 Activator to Ameliorate Endothelial Dysfunction in High Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice

Aims: Current treatments are inadequate in alleviating obesity-associated vascular diseases. The development of effective therapies to ameliorate endothelial dysfunction and attenuate oxidative stress is of utmost importance. Asperuloside (ASP), a bioactive compound extracted from Eucommia species, exhibits antiobesity properties. However, the effects of ASP on vasculopathy have not been investigated. Therefore, the effects of ASP on vascular dysfunction and related mechanisms were elucidated. Results: ASP significantly reversed the impaired endothelium-dependent relaxations (EDRs) in obese mice and interleukin (IL)-1β-treated aortas. ASP suppressed endothelial activation in obese mice aortas and IL-1β-treated endothelial cells. ASP attenuated oxidative stress, scavenged mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS), and upregulated heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression in endothelium, independent of its anti-inflammatory properties. HO-1 knockdown diminished the protective effects of ASP against impaired EDRs, ROS overproduction, and endothelial activation. Endothelial cell-specific nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) knockdown eliminated the ASP-mediated vascular protective effects and endothelial HO-1 upregulation, emphasizing that ASP improves endothelial function by activating Nrf2/HO-1 signaling. ASP facilitated Nrf2 nuclear translocation and the direct binding of Nrf2 to antioxidant response element, thereby enhancing HO-1 transcription and scavenging ROS. The cellular thermal shift assay results provide the first experimental characterization of the direct binding of ASP to Nrf2. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that ASP ameliorates obesity-associated endothelial dysfunction by activating Nrf2/HO-1 signaling and thereby maintaining redox hemostasis, suggesting its potential as a novel Nrf2-targeted therapeutic agent and dietary supplement for vasculopathy. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 42, 77-96.

Resveratrol Alleviated T-2 Toxin-Induced Liver Injury via Preservation of Nrf2 Pathway and GSH Synthesis

T-2 toxin is a trichothecene mycotoxin and is considered as an extremely inevitable pollutant with potent hepatotoxicity. However, the approach to alleviation of T-2 toxin-triggered hepatotoxicity has been recognized as a serious challenge. Resveratrol (Res) is a polyphenol natural product isolated from various plant species, but its protective effect against T-2 toxin hepatotoxicity and detailed mechanism remains obscure. In the present study, the effect of Res against the hepatotoxicity was evaluated, and the underlying mechanisms were further revealed in mice. Functionally, Res inhibited liver injury, oxidative damage, and mitochondrial dysfunction induced by T-2 toxin. Mechanistically, Res modulated Nrf2-mediated antioxidant pathway and glutathione synthesis inhibition. Collectively, our findings first showed beyond doubt that Res ameliorated T-2 toxin-triggered liver injury by regulating Nrf2 pathways in mice.

Medicinal plants for the management of post-COVID-19 fatigue: A literature review on the role and mechanisms

Background

COVID-19 infection has a lasting impact on human health, which is known as post-COVID-19 conditions. Fatigue is one of the most commonly reported post-COVID-19 conditions. Management of fatigue in the post-COVID-19 era is necessary and emerging. The use of medicinal plants may provide a strategy for the management of post-COVID-19 fatigue.

Methods

A literature search has been conducted by using PubMed, Embase and Cochrane library databases is performed for studies published up to March 2024. Keywords, such as "post-COVID-19 conditions, persistent COVID-19 symptoms, chronic COVID-19, long-term sequelae, fatigue, post-COVID-19 fatigue, herbal plants, medicinal herbs, traditional Chinese medicine, pharmacological mechanisms, pharmacological actions" are thoroughly searched in Englsih and Chinese. This study reviews the pathophysiology of post-COVID-19 fatigue and potential herbal plants for managing post-COVID-19 fatigue.

Results and conclusion

Representative medicinal plants that have been extensively investigated by previous studies are presented in the study. Three common mechanisms among the most extensively studied for post-COVID-19 fatigue, with each mechanism having medicinal plants as an example. The latest clinical studies concerning the management of post-COVID-19 fatigue using medicinal plants have also been summarized. The study shows the potential for improving post-COVID-19 fatigue by consuming medicinal plants.

Cadmium and polyvinyl chloride microplastics induce mitochondrial damage and apoptosis under oxidative stress in duck kidney

Polyvinyl chloride microplastics (PVC-MPs) and Cadmium (Cd) are widely occurring water pollutants that interact with each other to exert toxic effects. As a waterfowl, Muscovy duck is more susceptible to PVC-MPs and Cd than land poultry. In this study, Muscovy duck was used as a research model, and 10 mg/L PVC-MPs and 50 mg/kg Cd were used alone and in combine to explore the effect on the kidney of Muscovy duck. We found that treatment of Cd or PVC-MPs alone changed the kidney weight, increased creatinine and urea nitrogen content, and disrupted oxidative balance and macro/trace element metabolism, while the combination of PVC-MPs+Cd reduced the accumulation of Cd in the kidney. In addition, treatment of Cd and PVC-MPs alone caused mitochondrial damage, increase or decrease of mitochondria-associated proteins (Fis1, Drp1, PGC-1α, Nrf1), and Nrf2 signaling pathway plays a key role in detoxification and alleviation of oxidative stress, and we found that PVC-MPs+Cd treatment recovered related proteins (Nrf2, Keap-1, HO-1, NQO1, AC-SOD2, SOD2) compared with the Cd and PVC-MPs alone treatment. Finally, we detected changes in apoptosis-related proteins and genes (Caspase-3, Caspase-9, Bax, Bcl-2, Cytc) and TUNEL staining, and after PVC-MPs+Cd treatment, apoptosis-related proteins/genes recovered and the apoptosis rate decreased compared with the Cd and PVC-MPs alone treatment. These results indicate that renal function is impaired, oxidative stress and trace element metabolism disorder, nuclear factor-E2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) is activated into the nucleus to induce the expression of related antioxidant proteins (such as HO-1, NQO1). These injuries can induce mitochondrial damage and eventually lead to renal cell apoptosis. To sum up, these evidence show that Cd or PVC-MPs can induce kidney oxidative damage, trace element metabolism disorder, mitochondrial damage and apoptosis.

C-Peptide Ameliorates Particulate Matter 2.5-Induced Skin Cell Apoptosis by Inhibiting NADPH Oxidation

Connecting peptide (C-peptide), a byproduct of insulin biosynthesis, has diverse cellular and biological functions. Particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) adversely affects human skin, leading to skin thickening, wrinkle formation, skin aging, and inflammation. This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of C-peptide against PM2.5-induced damage to skin cells, focusing on oxidative stress as a key mechanism. C-peptide mitigated NADPH oxidation and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production induced by PM2.5. It also suppressed PM2.5-induced NADPH oxidase (NOX) activity and alleviated PM2.5-induced NOX1 and NOX4 expression. C-peptide protected against PM2.5-induced DNA damage, lipid peroxidation, and protein carbonylation. Additionally, C-peptide mitigated PM2.5-induced apoptosis by inhibiting intracellular ROS production. In summary, our findings suggest that C-peptide mitigates PM2.5-induced apoptosis in human HaCaT keratinocytes by inhibiting intracellular ROS production and NOX activity.

Potential Signal Pathways and Therapeutic Effects of Mesenchymal Stem Cell on Oxidative Stress in Diseases

Oxidative stress is a biological stress response produced by the destruction of redox equilibrium in aerobic metabolism in organisms, which is closely related to the occurrence of many diseases. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been found to improve oxidative stress injury in a variety of diseases, including lung injury, liver diseases, atherosclerotic diseases, diabetes and its complications, ischemia-reperfusion injury, inflammatory bowel disease. The antioxidant stress capacity of MSCs may be a breakthrough in the treatment of these diseases. This review found that MSCs have the ability to resist oxidative stress, which may be achieved through MSCs involvement in mediating the Nrf2, MAPK, NF-κB, AMPK, PI3K/AKT and Wnt4/β-catenin signaling pathways.

Psoralen and Isopsoralen Activate Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 Through Interaction With Kelch-Like ECH-Associated Protein 1

As natural furocoumarins, psoralen and its isomer isopsoralen are widely distributed in various fruits including Ficus carica L., vegetables including celery, and medicinal herbs including Psoralea corylifolia L. Although psoralen and isopsoralen have been used as dietary supplements because of their bioactivities such as antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties; however, the potential mechanisms underlying the antioxidant activities of these two furocoumarins still need to be explored. Hence, the aims of this work were to examine the activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) by psoralen and isopsoralen, as well as the binding interaction of Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) with these two furocoumarins. Interestingly, both psoralen and isopsoralen induced Nrf2 nuclear translocation in a dose-dependent manner in HEK293T cells. These two furanocoumarins also activated antioxidant response element (ARE)-driven luciferase activity. The mRNA expression of GCLM, HO-1, and NQO1 genes was significantly upregulated by treatment of HEK293T cells with psoralen and isopsoralen, respectively. Similarly, the expression of proteins can be promoted. Both psoralen and isopsoralen were located in the top of the central pocket of the Keap1 Kelch domain, suggesting that they were natural ligands of Keap1. In conclusion, both psoralen and isopsoralen activate Nrf2 through interaction with Keap1, thereby serving as natural antioxidants.

Arsenic Trioxide (ATOIII) Induces NAD(P)H Quinone Oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) Expression in Hepatic and Extrahepatic Tissues of C57BL/6 Mice

Arsenic trioxide (ATOIII) has emerged as a potent therapeutic agent for acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), yet its clinical application is often limited by significant adverse effects. This study investigates the molecular mechanisms underlying ATOIII's impact on cellular detoxification pathways, focusing on the regulation of NAD(P)H/quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1), a crucial enzyme in maintaining cellular homeostasis and cancer prevention. We explored ATOIII's effects on NQO1 expression in C57BL/6 mice and Hepa-1c1c7 cells, both independently and in combination with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), a known NQO1 inducer. Our findings revealed that ATOIII significantly increased NQO1 expression in hepatic and extrahepatic tissues, as well as in Hepa-1c1c7 cells, at mRNA, protein, and activity levels. This upregulation occurred both in the presence and absence of TCDD. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that ATOIII promotes the nuclear translocation of both nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor-2 (NRF2) and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) transcription factors. Furthermore, ATOIII exposure increased antioxidant response element (ARE)-driven reporter gene activity, indicating a transcriptional mechanism of NQO1 induction. Notably, gene silencing experiments confirmed the critical roles of both NRF2 and AHR in mediating ATOIII-induced NQO1 expression. In conclusion, ATOIII exposure is found to upregulate the NQO1 enzyme through a transcriptional mechanism via AHR- and NRF2- dependent mechanisms, offering valuable insights into its therapeutic mechanisms.

GLP-1 receptor agonist liraglutide alleviates kidney injury by regulating nuclear translocation of NRF2 in diabetic nephropathy

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a severe renal disorder that arises as a complication of diabetes. Liraglutide, an analogue of a glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist, has been shown to decrease diabetes-caused renal damage. Nevertheless, the complete understanding of the roles and mechanism remains unclear. In our study, diabetic rat models were created through a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ). The level of fasting blood glucose, 24-h urine protein, serum creatinine (Scr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were assessed. Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining was applied to examine the pathological changes in renal tissues. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation was measured via dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) probes. Western blot was conducted to examine the levels of oxidative stress-related and extracellular matrix (ECM)-associated proteins. The nuclear translocation of NRF2 was investigated through immunofluorescence and Western blot assays. We demonstrated that liraglutide attenuated DN-induced oxidative stress and ECM deposition in vitro and in vivo. Liraglutide exerted a reno-protective effect by promoting nuclear translocation of NRF2 in mesangial cells. ML385, an NRF2 inhibitor, counteracted the beneficial impact of liraglutide.

PDE4B abrogation extenuates angiotensin II-induced endothelial dysfunction related to hypertension through up-regulation of AMPK/Sirt1/Nrf2/ARE signaling

Endothelial dysfunction is commonly perceived as a precursor in the process of hypertension, a severe cardiovascular disorder. Phosphodiesterase 4B (PDE4B) inactivation has been proposed to exert cardioprotective effects and prevent pulmonary hypertension. However, the role of PDE4B in endothelial dysfunction in hypertension remains inexplicit, which will be investigated in the present work. In angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), RT-qPCR and Western blotting were used to analyze PDE4B expression. CCK-8 method was used to detect cell viability. Flow cytometry assay and Caspase 3 assay kit were used to detect cellular apoptotic level. Wound healing and tube formation assays were respectively used to detect cell migration and angiogenesis. Western blotting and corresponding assay kits were respectively used to analyze the expressions and contents of endothelial dysfunction markers. JC-1 assay, RT-qPCR and relevant assay kit were respectively used to detect mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), quantify mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number and mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening. Besides, Western blotting was used to analyze the expressions of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/sirtuin 1 (Sirt1)/nuclear factor-erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2)/antioxidant response element (ARE) signaling-associated proteins. PDE4B expression was increased in Ang II- induced HUVECs. PDE4B knockdown promoted the viability, migration, angiogenesis while inhibiting the apoptosis, endothelial dysfunction, ERS and mitochondrial damage in Ang II-induced HUVECs. Additionally, PDE4B silence activated AMPK/Sirt1/Nrf2/ARE pathway and AMPK inhibitor Compound C (CC) partially reversed the effects of PDE4B down-regulation on Ang II-induced HUVECs. Conclusively, PDE4B inhibition might protect against Ang II-induced endothelial dysfunction in HUVECs via up-regulating AMPK/Sirt1/Nrf2/ARE pathway, which might be mediated by the suppression of ERS and mitochondrial damage.

The Molecular Characterization and Antioxidant Defense of a Novel Nrf2 from the Pacific Abalone Haliotis discus hannai Ino

The Nrf2/ARE pathway is considered the most important endogenous antioxidant signaling pathway in mammals, playing a crucial role in defending against external damage. This study investigated the functional characteristics of Nrf2 in the abalone, Haliotis discus hannai. The full-length cDNA sequence of the HdhNrf2 gene was cloned using rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) technology and consists of 4568 base pairs encoding a protein of 694 amino acids. The predicted theoretical molecular weight was 77 kDa, with an isoelectric point of 4.72. Multiple sequence alignment analysis revealed the relative conservation of the HdhNrf2 amino acid sequence in H. discus hannai. The tissue expression pattern of the HdhNrf2 gene was analyzed using real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR, which showed the highest expression in the gills, followed by hemocytes, with the lowest levels in the foot and mantle. The inducible expression of HdhNrf2 and antioxidant genes in abalone under H2O2 stress was investigated at various time points. Furthermore, an expression vector, pET-28a(+)-rHdhNrf2, was constructed, and the recombinant protein rHdhNrf2 was obtained through induced expression and purification. These findings indicated that HdhNrf2 plays a crucial role in the defense of abalones against oxidative stress.

Probiotic, Postbiotic, and Paraprobiotic Effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus as a Modulator of Obesity-Associated Factors

Obesity is a pandemic currently affecting the world's population that decreases the quality of life and promotes the development of chronic non-communicable diseases. Lactobacillus rhamnosus is recognized for multiple positive effects on obesity and overall health. In fact, such effects may occur even when the microorganisms do not remain alive (paraprobiotic effects). This raises the need to elucidate the mechanisms by which obesity-associated factors can be modulated. This narrative review explores recent findings on the effects of L. rhamnosus, particularly, its postbiotic and paraprobiotic effects, on the modulation of adiposity, weight gain, oxidative stress, inflammation, adipokines, satiety, and maintenance of intestinal integrity, with the aim of providing a better understanding of its mechanisms of action in order to contribute to streamlining its clinical and therapeutic applications. The literature shows that L. rhamnosus can modulate obesity-associated factors when analyzed in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, its postbiotic and paraprobiotic effects may be comparable to the more studied probiotic actions. Some mechanisms involve regulation of gene expression, intracellular signaling, and enteroendocrine communication, among others. We conclude that the evidence is promising, although there are still multiple knowledge gaps that require further study in order to fully utilize L. rhamnosus to improve human health.

Unraveling the role of heavy metals xenobiotics in cancer: a critical review

Cancer is a multifaceted disease characterized by the gradual accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations within cells, leading to uncontrolled cell growth and invasive behavior. The intricate interplay between environmental factors, such as exposure to carcinogens, and the molecular cascades governing cell growth, differentiation, and survival contributes to cancer's development and progression. This review offers a comprehensive overview of key molecular targets and their roles in cancer development. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors are implicated in various cancers due to their role in regulating lipid metabolism, inflammation, and cell proliferation. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 protects cells from oxidative damage but can also promote tumor cell survival. Cytochrome P450 1B1 metabolizes exogenous and endogenous substances, and its increased expression is observed in several cancers. The constitutive androstane receptor regulates gene expression, and its dysregulation can lead to liver cancer. Transforming growth factor-beta 2 is involved in the development and progression of various cancers by dysregulating cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration. Chelation treatment has been investigated for removing heavy metals, while genetically altered immune cells show promise in treating specific cancers. Metal-organic frameworks and fibronectin targeting represent new directions in cancer treatment. While some heavy metals, such as arsenic, chromium, nickel, and cadmium, are known to have carcinogenic properties, others, like zinc, Copper, gold, bismuth, and silver, have many uses that highlight their potential as effective cancer control tactics. There are a variety of heavy metal-based technologies that show potential for improving cancer treatment methods, including targeted drug delivery, improved radiation, and diagnostic tools.

Metabolic signatures of population exposure to metal mixtures: A metabolome-wide association study

Numerous studies have explored the health impacts of individual metal exposures, yet the effects of metal mixtures on human endogenous metabolism remain largely unexplored. We aimed to assess the serum metabolic signatures of people exposed to metal mixtures. Serum and urine samples were collected from 186 workers at a steel factory in Anhui, China, in September 2019. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was used to analyze the concentrations of 23 metal elements. The serum metabolome was determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). A metabolome-wide association study (MWAS) was performed across the metal exposures and metabolism using quantile g-computation modeling. Pathway enrichment analysis was performed using MetaboAnalyst. We identified 226 metabolites associated with metal mixtures, primarily involving lipid metabolism (glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids), amino acid metabolism (arginine and proline, alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism) and caffeine metabolic pathways. Exposure to metal mixtures is mainly associated with alterations in lipid metabolism and amino acid metabolism, particularly in the glycerophospholipid and arginine and proline metabolism pathways.

Isoliquiritigenin as a modulator of the Nrf2 signaling pathway: potential therapeutic implications

Nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a transcription factor responsible for cytoprotection, plays a crucial role in regulating the expression of numerous antioxidant genes, thereby reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and safeguarding cells against oxidative stress. Extensive research has demonstrated the involvement of Nrf2 in various diseases, prompting the exploration of Nrf2 activation as a potential therapeutic approach for a variety of diseases. Consequently, there has been a surge of interest in investigating the Nrf2 signaling pathway and developing compounds that can modulate its activity. Isoliquiritigenin (ISL) (PubChem CID:638278) exhibits a diverse range of pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-tumor properties. Notably, its robust antioxidant activity has garnered significant attention. Furthermore, ISL has been found to possess therapeutic effects on various diseases, such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, kidney diseases, and cancer, through the activation of the Nrf2 pathway. This review aims to evaluate the potential of ISL in modulating the Nrf2 signaling pathway and summarize the role of ISL in diverse diseases prevention and treatment through modulating the Nrf2 signaling pathway.

Hepatic WDR23 proteostasis mediates insulin homeostasis by regulating insulin-degrading enzyme capacity

Maintaining insulin homeostasis is critical for cellular and organismal metabolism. In the liver, insulin is degraded by the activity of the insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE). Here, we establish a hepatic regulatory axis for IDE through WDR23-proteostasis. Wdr23KO mice have increased IDE expression, reduced circulating insulin, and defective insulin responses. Genetically engineered human cell models lacking WDR23 also increase IDE expression and display dysregulated phosphorylation of insulin signaling cascade proteins, IRS-1, AKT2, MAPK, FoxO, and mTOR, similar to cells treated with insulin, which can be mitigated by chemical inhibition of IDE. Mechanistically, the cytoprotective transcription factor NRF2, a direct target of WDR23-Cul4 proteostasis, mediates the enhanced transcriptional expression of IDE when WDR23 is ablated. Moreover, an analysis of human genetic variation in WDR23 across a large naturally aging human cohort in the US Health and Retirement Study reveals a significant association of WDR23 with altered hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) levels in older adults, supporting the use of WDR23 as a new molecular determinant of metabolic health in humans.

Therapeutic potential of fucoidan in central nervous system disorders: A systematic review

Central nervous system (CNS) disorders have a complicated pathogenesis, and to date, no single mechanism can fully explain them. Most drugs used for CNS disorders primarily aim to manage symptoms and delay disease progression, and none have demonstrated any pathological reversal. Fucoidan is a safe, sulfated polysaccharide from seaweed that exhibits multiple pharmacological effects, and it is anticipated to be a novel treatment for CNS disorders. To assess the possible clinical uses of fucoidan, this review aims to provide an overview of its neuroprotective mechanism in both in vivo and in vitro CNS disease models, as well as its pharmacokinetics and safety. We included 39 articles on the pharmacology of fucoidan in CNS disorders. In vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrate that fucoidan has important roles in regulating lipid metabolism, enhancing the cholinergic system, maintaining the functional integrity of the blood-brain barrier and mitochondria, inhibiting inflammation, and attenuating oxidative stress and apoptosis, highlighting its potential for CNS disease treatment. Fucoidan has a protective effect against CNS disorders. With ongoing research on fucoidan, it is expected that a natural, highly effective, less toxic, and highly potent fucoidan-based drug or nutritional supplement targeting CNS diseases will be developed.

Stress granules in atherosclerosis: Insights and therapeutic opportunities

Atherosclerosis, a complex inflammatory and metabolic disorder, is the underlying cause of several life-threatening cardiovascular diseases. Stress granules (SG) are biomolecular condensates composed of proteins and mRNA that form in response to stress. Recent studies suggest a potential link between SG and atherosclerosis development. However, there remain gaps in understanding SG role in atherosclerosis development. Here we provide a thorough analysis of the role of SG in atherosclerosis, covering cellular stresses stimulation, core components, and regulatory genes in SG formation. Furthermore, we explore atherosclerosis induced factors such as inflammation, low or oscillatory shear stress (OSS), and oxidative stress (OS) may impact SG formation and then the development of atherosclerotic lesions. We have assessed how changes in SG dynamics impact pro-atherogenic processes like endothelial dysfunction, lipid metabolism, and immune cell recruitment in atherosclerosis. In summary, this review emphasizes the complex interplay between SG and atherosclerosis that could open innovative directions for targeted therapeutic strategies in preventing or treating atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases.

Oxidative stress in alcoholic liver disease, focusing on proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids: A review

Oxidative stress is one of the important factors in the development of alcoholic liver disease. The production of reactive oxygen species and other free radicals is an important feature of alcohol metabolism in the liver and an important substance in liver injury. When large amounts of ROS are produced, the homeostasis of the liver REDOX system will be disrupted and liver injury will be caused. Oxidative stress can damage proteins, nucleic acids and lipids, liver dysfunction. In addition, damaging factors produced by oxidative damage to liver tissue can induce the occurrence of inflammation, thereby aggravating the development of ALD. This article reviews the oxidative damage of alcohol on liver proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, and provides new insights and summaries of the oxidative stress process. We also discussed the relationship between oxidative stress and inflammation in alcoholic liver disease from different perspectives. Finally, the research status of antioxidant therapy in alcoholic liver disease was summarized, hoping to provide better help for learning and developing the understanding of alcoholic liver disease.

Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus 1.0207 Exopolysaccharides Attenuate Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Oxidative Stress Damage in IPEC-J2 Cells through the Keap1/Nrf2 Pathway

Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus (L. bulgaricus) is one of the most commonly employed Lactobacillus in the food industry. Exopolysaccharides (EPS) of Lactobacillus, which are known to exhibit probiotic properties, are secondary metabolites produced during the growth of Lactobacillus. This study identified the structure of the EPS produced by L. bulgaricus 1.0207 and investigated the mitigation of L. bulgaricus 1.0207 EPS on H2O2-induced oxidative stress in IPEC-J2 cells. L. bulgaricus 1.0207 EPS consisted of glucose and galactose and possessed a molecular weight of 4.06 × 104 Da. L. bulgaricus 1.0207 EPS exhibited notable scavenging capacity against DPPH, hydroxyl radicals, superoxide anions, and ABTS radicals. Additionally, L. bulgaricus 1.0207 EPS enhanced cell proliferation, reduced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, increased activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), catalase (CAT), and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) elevated the relative expression of CAT, SOD, HO-1, NQO1, ZO-1, and Occludin genes. Moreover, L. bulgaricus 1.0207 EPS improved the expression of Nrf2, pNrf2, pNrf2/Nrf2, and Bcl-2 proteins, while decreasing the expression of Keap1, Caspase3, and Bax proteins, with the best effect at a concentration of 100 μg/mL. L. bulgaricus 1.0207 EPS mitigated H2O2-induced oxidative stress injury in IPEC-J2 cells by activating the Keap1/Nrf2 pathway. Meanwhile, L. bulgaricus 1.0207 EPS exhibited the potential to decrease apoptosis and restore the integrity of the gut barrier. The findings establish a theoretical foundation for the development and application of L.bulgaricus 1.0207 and its EPS.

Seabuckthorn polysaccharides mitigate hepatic steatosis by modulating the Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway and gut microbiota

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is becoming a significant global public health threat. Seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) has been used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). The hypolipidemic effects of Seabuckthorn polysaccharides (SP) against high-fat diets (HFD)-induced NAFLD were systematically explored and compared with that of Bifidobacterium lactis V9 (B. Lactis V9). Results showed that HFD-induced alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels decreased by 2.8-fold and 4.5-fold, respectively, after SP supplementation. Moreover, the alleviating effect on hepatic lipid accumulation is better than that of B. Lactis V9. The ACC and FASN mRNA levels were significantly reduced by 1.8 fold (P < 0.05) and 2.3 folds (P < 0.05), respectively, while the CPT1α and PPARα mRNA levels was significantly increased by 2.3 fold (P < 0.05) and 1.6 fold (P < 0.05), respectively, after SP administration. SP activated phosphorylated-AMPK and inhibited PPARγ protein expression, improved serum oxidative stress and inflammation (P < 0.05). SP supplementation leads to increased hepatic expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and Superoxide dismutase-2 (SOD-2). Furthermore, SP treatment improved HFD-induced intestinal dysbiosis. Lentisphaerae, Firmicutes, Tenericutes and Peptococcus sp., RC9_gut_group sp., and Parabacteroides sp. of the gut microbiota were significantly associated with hepatic steatosis and indicators related to oxidative stress and inflammation. Therefore, SP can mitigate hepatic lipid accumulation by regulating Nrf-2/HO-1 signaling pathways and gut microbiota. This study offers new evidence supporting the use of SP as a prebiotic treatment for NAFLD.

Phosphocreatine attenuates doxorubicin-induced nephrotoxicity through inhibition of apoptosis, and restore mitochondrial function via activation of Nrf2 and PGC-1α pathways

Doxorubicin (DOX), a chemotherapy drug widely recognized for its efficacy in cancer treatment, unfortunately, has significant nephrotoxic effects leading to kidney damage. This study explores the nephroprotective potential of Phosphocreatine (PCr) in rats, specifically examining its influence on Nrf2 (Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2) and PGC-1α (Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha) pathways, its role in apoptosis inhibition, and effectiveness in preserving mitochondrial function. The research employed in vivo experiments in rats, focusing on PCr's capacity to protect renal function against doxorubicin-induced damage. The study entailed evaluating Nrf2 and PGC-1α pathway activation, apoptosis rates, and mitochondrial health in renal tissues. A significant aspect of this research was the use of high-resolution respirometry (HRR) to assess the function of isolated kidney mitochondria, providing in-depth insights into mitochondrial bioenergetics and respiratory efficiency under the influence of PCr and doxorubicin. Results demonstrated that PCr treatment significantly enhanced the activation of Nrf2 and PGC-1α pathways, reduced apoptosis, and preserved mitochondrial structure in doxorubicin-affected kidneys. Observations included upregulated expression of Nrf2 and PGC-1α target genes, stabilization of mitochondrial membranes, and a notable improvement in cellular antioxidant defense, evidenced by the activities of enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA) This study positions phosphocreatine as a promising agent in mitigating doxorubicin-induced kidney damage in rats. The findings, particularly the insights from HRR on isolated kidney mitochondria, highlight PCr's potential in enhancing mitochondrial function and reducing nephrotoxic side effects of chemotherapy. These encouraging results pave the way for further research into PCr's applications in cancer treatment, aiming to improve patient outcomes by managing chemotherapy-related renal injuries.

The potential protective role of carotenoids from saffron: A focus on endoplasmic reticulum stress-related organ damage

The anticancer, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties of carotenoids from saffron or apocarotenoids (e.g., crocin, safranal, crocetin, and picrocrocin) have prompted research into their benefits. Apocarotenoids seem to be effective compound for the treatment of chronic diseases, such as neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, cancer, respiratory, and metabolic disorders. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an essential organelle found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells that participates in the biosynthesis of proteins, lipids, and steroid hormones. Given the role of the ER in the regulation of several fundamental biological processes, including metabolic pathways and immune responses, aberrant ER function can have a significant influence on these vital processes and result in serious pathological consequences. Exposure of cell to adverse environmental challenges, such as toxic agents, ischemia, and so on, causes accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER lumen, also called ER stress. There is a growing evidence to suggest that ER disturbance in the form of oxidative/nitrosative stress and subsequent apoptotic cell death plays major roles in the pathogenesis of many human diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, neurodegenerative diseases, and liver diseases. Apocarotenoids with their unique properties can modulate ER stress through PERK/eIF2α/ATF4/CHOP (protein kinase R (PKR)-like ER kinase/eukaryotic initiation factor 2α/activating transcription factor 4/C/EBP /homologous protein) and X-Box Binding Protein 1/activating transcription factor 6 (XBP1/ATF6) pathways. In addition, they suppress apoptosis through inhibition of endoplasmic and mitochondrial-dependent caspase cascade and can stimulate SIRT1 (silent information regulator 1) and Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2) expression, thereby leading to protection against oxidative stress. This review summarizes the potential benefits of apocarotenoids in various ER-stress-related disorders.