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Yu Y, Wan Z, Wang JH, Yang X, Zhang C. Review of human pegivirus: Prevalence, transmission, pathogenesis, and clinical implication. Virulence 2022; 13:324-341. [PMID: 35132924 PMCID: PMC8837232 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2029328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pegivirus (HPgV-1), previously known as GB virus C (GBV-C) or hepatitis G virus (HGV), is a single-stranded positive RNA virus belonging to the genus Pegivirus of the Flaviviridae family. It is transmitted by percutaneous injuries (PIs), contaminated blood and/or blood products, sexual contact, and vertical mother-to-child transmission. It is widely prevalent in general population, especially in high-risk groups. HPgV-1 viremia is typically cleared within the first 1–2 years of infection in most healthy individuals, but may persist for longer periods of time in immunocompromised individuals and/or those co-infected by other viruses. A large body of evidences indicate that HPgV-1 persistent infection has a beneficial clinical effect on many infectious diseases, such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and hepatitis C. The beneficial effects seem to be related to a significant reduction of immune activation, and/or the inhabitation of co-infected viruses (e.g. HIV-1). HPgV-1 has a broad cellular tropism for lymphoid and myeloid cells, and preferentially replicates in bone marrow and spleen without cytopathic effect, implying a therapeutic potential. The paper aims to summarize the natural history, prevalence and distribution characteristics, and pathogenesis of HPgV-1, and discuss its association with other human viral diseases, and potential use in therapy as a biovaccine or viral vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China.,Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenzhou Wan
- Medical Laboratory of Taizhou Fourth People's Hospital, Taizhou, China
| | - Jian-Hua Wang
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianguang Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Chiyu Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Yang N, Dai R, Zhang X. Global prevalence of human pegivirus-1 in healthy volunteer blood donors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Vox Sang 2019; 115:107-119. [PMID: 31845353 DOI: 10.1111/vox.12876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The local prevalence of HPgV-1 has been reported from different countries worldwide, but the global prevalence of HPgV-1 remains unknown. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to gather data from the literature to estimate the prevalence of HPgV-1 in healthy volunteer blood donors in the world. MATERIALS AND METHODS We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus and Google Scholar databases for records up to January 2019 and included studies reporting HPgV-1 virus prevalence amongst healthy volunteer blood donors based on the detection of HPgV-1 RNA. RESULTS In all, we included 79 studies for the systematic review and 63 for the meta-analysis. Based on the random effect meta-analysis of 35 468 volunteer blood donors, we found the global prevalence of HPgV-1 to be 3·1% (95% CI, 2·4-4·1). The pooled prevalences of HPgV-1 were 1·7% (95% CI, 1·1-2·6) in North America, 9·1% (95% CI, 6·4-12·7) in South America, 2·3% (95% CI, 2%, 2·8) in Europe and 2·4% (95% CI, 1·4-4) in Asia. Subgroup analyses based on age, gender or risk factors were not possible. CONCLUSION Approximately 3 in 100 blood donations worldwide are positive for HPgV-1 increasing the risk of infection from transfusion of their components to subsequent recipients. Further research on virus pathogenicity is required before recommending routine screening of HPgV-1 for healthy volunteer blood donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Yang
- Yantai Central Blood Station, Yantai, China
| | - Run Dai
- Yantai Central Blood Station, Yantai, China
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Horemheb-Rubio G, Ramos-Cervantes P, Arroyo-Figueroa H, Ávila-Ríos S, García-Morales C, Reyes-Terán G, Escobedo G, Estrada G, García-Iglesias T, Muñoz-Saucedo N, Kershenobich D, Ostrosky-Wegman P, Ruiz-Palacios GM. High HPgV replication is associated with improved surrogate markers of HIV progression. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184494. [PMID: 28910347 PMCID: PMC5598987 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human Pegivirus (HPgV) may have a beneficial effect on HIV disease progression in co-infected patients; however, the virologic characteristics of this infection are not well defined. In this study, we determined HPgV viremia prevalence in Mexico and provide new insights to understand HPgV infection and HPgV/HIV co-infection. Methods We analyzed and quantified 7,890 serum samples for HPgV viremia by One-Step RT-Real-Time PCR, 6,484 from healthy blood donors and 1,406 from HIV-infected patients. Data on HIV progression were obtained from patients’ records. HPgV genotyping was performed in 445 samples by nested PCR of the 5’URT region. Finite Mixture Models were used to identify clustering patterns of HPgV viremia in blood donors and co-infected antiretroviral (ART)-naïve patients. Results HPgV was detected in 2.98% of blood donors and 33% of HIV patients, with a wide range of viral loads. The most prevalent genotypes were 3 (58.6%)and 2 (33.7%). HPgV viral loads from healthy blood donors and HPgV/HIV+ ART-naïve co-infected patients were clustered into two component distributions, low and high, with a cut-off point of 5.07log10 and 5.06log10, respectively. High HPgV viremia was associated with improved surrogate markers of HIV infection, independent of the estimated duration of HIV infection or HIV treatment. Conclusions HPgV prevalence in Mexico was similar to that reported for other countries. The prevalent genotypes could be related to Mexico’s geographic location and ethnicity, since genotype 2 is frequent in the United States and Europe and genotype 3 in Asia and Amerindian populations. HPgV viral load demonstrated two patterns of replication, low and high. The more pronounced beneficial response observed in co-infected patients with high HPgV viremia may explain discrepancies found between other studies. Mechanisms explaining high and low HPgV replication should be explored to determine whether the persistently elevated replication depends on host or viral factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gibran Horemheb-Rubio
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Pilar Ramos-Cervantes
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Hugo Arroyo-Figueroa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Santiago Ávila-Ríos
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Claudia García-Morales
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Reyes-Terán
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Galileo Escobedo
- Liver Pancreas and Intestinal Motility Laboratory, Hospital General de México, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gloria Estrada
- Blood Bank, Hospital General de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Trinidad García-Iglesias
- Immnuology Laboratory, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Nayeli Muñoz-Saucedo
- Immnuology Laboratory, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - David Kershenobich
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Guillermo M. Ruiz-Palacios
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
- * E-mail:
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AbuOdeh RO, Al-Absi E, Ali NH, Khalili M, Al-Mawlawi N, Hadwan TA, Althani AA, Nasrallah GK. Detection and phylogenetic analysis of human pegivirus (GBV-C) among blood donors and patients infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) in Qatar. J Med Virol 2015; 87:2074-81. [PMID: 26058920 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Human Pegivirus (HPgV), formerly GB virus-C/Hepatitis G virus (GBV-C/HGV), collectively known as GBV-C, is widely spread and has been reported to be associated with non-A-E hepatitis. To our knowledge, no previous study was conducted about HPgV in Qatar. Thus, the objectives of this study were as follows: (i) to determine the rates of HPgV infection in Qatar among healthy blood donors and HBV-infected patients, and (ii) to determine the most predominant HPgV genotype in Qatar. A total of 714 blood plasma samples from healthy donors (612) and HBV-infected patients (102) were collected. RNA was extracted, reversed transcribed, and then subjected for HPgV detection by two round-nested PCR using primers amplifying a 208 bp of 5'-UTR of the HPgV. For genotyping, the 5'-UTR PCR products (from 25 randomly picked samples) were cloned and sequenced. The overall infection rate of HPgV in Qatar was 13.3%. There was no significant difference (P = 0.41) in the infection rates between healthy donor (13.7%) and in HBV-infected patients (10.7%). Moreover, we did not find any significant association between HPgV infection rates and nationality, sex, or age (P > 0.05). Sequence analysis of 40 5'-UTR PCR amplicons yielded the European genotype 2 as most predominant in Qatar, although other genotypes (5 and 7) were also present. Our results indicate that there is no strong correlation between HPgV infection rate, condition, nationality, age, and sex, and genotype 2 is most predominant in Qatar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raed O AbuOdeh
- Departmentof Basic Sciences, College of Science and Health Professions, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), National Guard Health Affairs, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Enas Al-Absi
- Biomedical Science Program, Health Sciences Department, College of Arts and Sciences and Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Nadima H Ali
- Biomedical Science Program, Health Sciences Department, College of Arts and Sciences and Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Makiyeh Khalili
- Virology and Molecular Biology Section, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha, Qatar
| | - Naema Al-Mawlawi
- Virology and Molecular Biology Section, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha, Qatar
| | - Tameem A Hadwan
- Biomedical Science Program, Health Sciences Department, College of Arts and Sciences and Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Asmaa A Althani
- Biomedical Science Program, Health Sciences Department, College of Arts and Sciences and Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Gheyath K Nasrallah
- Biomedical Science Program, Health Sciences Department, College of Arts and Sciences and Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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Chivero ET, Stapleton JT. Tropism of human pegivirus (formerly known as GB virus C/hepatitis G virus) and host immunomodulation: insights into a highly successful viral infection. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:1521-32. [PMID: 25667328 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.000086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human pegivirus (HPgV; originally called GB virus C/hepatitis G virus) is an RNA virus within the genus Pegivirus of the family Flaviviridae that commonly causes persistent infection. Worldwide, ~750 million people are actively infected (viraemic) and an estimated 0.75-1.5 billion people have evidence of prior HPgV infection. No causal association between HPgV and disease has been identified; however, several studies described a beneficial relationship between persistent HPgV infection and survival in individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus. The beneficial effect appeared to be related to a reduction in host immune activation. HPgV replicates well in vivo (mean plasma viral loads typically >1×107 genome copies ml-1); however, the virus grows poorly in vitro and systems to study this virus are limited. Consequently, mechanisms of viral persistence and host immune modulation remain poorly characterized, and the primary permissive cell type(s) has not yet been identified. HPgV RNA is found in liver, spleen, bone marrow and PBMCs, including T- and B-lymphocytes, NK-cells, and monocytes, although the mechanism of cell-to-cell transmission is unclear. HPgV RNA is also present in serum microvesicles with properties of exosomes. These microvesicles are able to transmit viral RNA to PBMCs in vitro, resulting in productive infection. This review summarizes existing data on HPgV cellular tropism and the effect of HPgV on immune activation in various PBMCs, and discusses how this may influence viral persistence. We conclude that an increased understanding of HPgV replication and immune modulation may provide insights into persistent RNA viral infection of humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest T Chivero
- Medicine Service, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Interdisciplinary Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Departments of Internal Medicine and Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Jack T Stapleton
- Medicine Service, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Interdisciplinary Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Departments of Internal Medicine and Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Pujol FH, Mejías E, Loureiro CL, Ludert JE, Liprandi F, Pernalete JM. Infection with transfusion-transmitted virus (TTV) in humans and other primates in Venezuela. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 2013; 99:173-80. [PMID: 15814036 DOI: 10.1179/136485905x24193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Tranfusion-transmitted virus (TTV), a single-stranded circular DNA virus that chronically infects humans and other animals, displays a high degree of genetic diversity and was originally thought to be associated with hepatitis. The prevalences of TTV infection among different populations of humans and non-human primates from Venezuela have now been evaluated, using serum samples and three different detection tests. All three tests were PCR-based, one involving a hemi-nested PCR and primers based on the N22 open-reading-frame-1 region (N22-PCR), another employing 55 cycles with primers from the more conserved untranslated region (UTR-PCR), and the other using a hemi-nested PCR with primers from the same region (HUTR-PCR). The overall prevalences of human infection appeared much higher with the HUTR-PCR (52%) than with the N22-PCR (13%) or the UTR-PCR (5%). When the products amplified by N22-PCR from 28 human isolates of TTV were sequenced, only two genotypes of the virus were detected. The non-human sera tested came from primates kept in a zoo in north-western Venezuela. TTV DNA was detected, by HUTR-PCR, in both of the chimpanzee sera tested but not in any of the sera from the 11 New-World primates or the other 12 Old-World primates that were investigated. The results, particularly those of the HUTR-PCR, indicate that TTV infection is common in Venezuela, especially in populations, such as many Amerindian groups, who live under poor sanitary conditions. Although TTV infection may be relatively rare among non-human primates from the New World, this will have to be investigated further, using many more samples collected throughout the Americas.
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Affiliation(s)
- F H Pujol
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular (CMBC), Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Apartado 21827, Caracas 1020-A, Venezuela.
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Abstract
SUMMARYPhylogeography of parasites and microbes is a recent field. Phylogeographic studies have been performed mostly to test three major hypotheses that are not mutually exclusive on the origins and distributions of human parasites and microbes: (1) the “out of Africa” pattern where parasites are supposed to have followed the dispersal and expansion of modern humans in and out of Africa, (2) the “domestication” pattern where parasites were captured in the domestication centres and dispersed through them and (3) the “globalization” pattern, in relation to historical and more recent trade routes. With some exceptions, such studies of human protozoans, helminths and ectoparasites are quite limited. The conclusion emphasizes the need to acquire more phylogeographic data in non-Occidental countries, and particularly in Asia where all the animal domestications took place.
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Dominguez-Bello MG, Blaser MJ. The Human Microbiota as a Marker for Migrations of Individuals and Populations. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANTHROPOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anthro-081309-145711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin J. Blaser
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016;
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Alvarado-Mora MV, Botelho L, Nishiya A, Neto RA, Gomes-Gouvêa MS, Gutierrez MF, Carrilho FJ, Pinho JRR. Frequency and genotypic distribution of GB virus C (GBV-C) among Colombian population with Hepatitis B (HBV) or Hepatitis C (HCV) infection. Virol J 2011; 8:345. [PMID: 21745373 PMCID: PMC3142244 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND GB virus C (GBV-C) is an enveloped positive-sense ssRNA virus belonging to the Flaviviridae family. Studies on the genetic variability of the GBV-C reveals the existence of six genotypes: genotype 1 predominates in West Africa, genotype 2 in Europe and America, genotype 3 in Asia, genotype 4 in Southwest Asia, genotype 5 in South Africa and genotype 6 in Indonesia. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency and genotypic distribution of GBV-C in the Colombian population. METHODS Two groups were analyzed: i) 408 Colombian blood donors infected with HCV (n = 250) and HBV (n = 158) from Bogotá and ii) 99 indigenous people with HBV infection from Leticia, Amazonas. A fragment of 344 bp from the 5' untranslated region (5' UTR) was amplified by nested RT PCR. Viral sequences were genotyped by phylogenetic analysis using reference sequences from each genotype obtained from GenBank (n = 160). Bayesian phylogenetic analyses were conducted using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) approach to obtain the MCC tree using BEAST v.1.5.3. RESULTS Among blood donors, from 158 HBsAg positive samples, eight 5.06% (n = 8) were positive for GBV-C and from 250 anti-HCV positive samples, 3.2%(n = 8) were positive for GBV-C. Also, 7.7% (n = 7) GBV-C positive samples were found among indigenous people from Leticia. A phylogenetic analysis revealed the presence of the following GBV-C genotypes among blood donors: 2a (41.6%), 1 (33.3%), 3 (16.6%) and 2b (8.3%). All genotype 1 sequences were found in co-infection with HBV and 4/5 sequences genotype 2a were found in co-infection with HCV. All sequences from indigenous people from Leticia were classified as genotype 3. The presence of GBV-C infection was not correlated with the sex (p = 0.43), age (p = 0.38) or origin (p = 0.17). CONCLUSIONS It was found a high frequency of GBV-C genotype 1 and 2 in blood donors. The presence of genotype 3 in indigenous population was previously reported from Santa Marta region in Colombia and in native people from Venezuela and Bolivia. This fact may be correlated to the ancient movements of Asian people to South America a long time ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica V Alvarado-Mora
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, São Paulo Institute of Tropical Medicine and Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Livia Botelho
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, São Paulo Institute of Tropical Medicine and Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Raymundo A Neto
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michele S Gomes-Gouvêa
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, São Paulo Institute of Tropical Medicine and Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria F Gutierrez
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Microbiology, Pontificia Javeriana University, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Flair J Carrilho
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, São Paulo Institute of Tropical Medicine and Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João RR Pinho
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, São Paulo Institute of Tropical Medicine and Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Giret MTM, Miraglia JL, Sucupira MCA, Nishiya A, Levi JE, Diaz RS, Sabino EC, Kallas EG. Prevalence, incidence density, and genotype distribution of GB virus C infection in a cohort of recently HIV-1-infected subjects in Sao Paulo, Brazil. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18407. [PMID: 21483671 PMCID: PMC3071701 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The results of previous studies elsewhere have indicated that GB virus C (GBV-C) infection is frequent in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) due to similar transmission routes of both viruses. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, incidence density and genotypic characteristics of GBV-C in this population. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The study population included 233 patients from a cohort primarily comprised of homosexual men recently infected with HIV-1 in São Paulo, Brazil. The presence of GBV-C RNA was determined in plasma samples by reverse transcriptase-nested polymerase chain reaction and quantified by real-time PCR. GBV-C genotypes were determined by direct sequencing. HIV viral load, CD4+ T lymphocyte and CD8+ T lymphocyte count were also tested in all patients. The overall prevalence of GBV-C infection was 0.23 (95% CI: 0.18 to 0.29) in the study group. There was no significant difference between patients with and without GBV-C infection and Glycoprotein E2 antibody presence regarding age, sex, HIV-1 viral load, CD4+ and CD8+T cell counts and treatment with antiretroviral drugs. An inverse correlation was observed between GBV-C and HIV-1 loads at enrollment and after one year. Also, a positive but not significant correlation was observed between GBV-C load and CD4+ T lymphocyte. Phylogenetic analysis of the GBV-C isolates revealed the presence of genotype 1 and genotype 2, these sub classified into subtype 2a and 2b. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE GBV-C infection is common in recently HIV -1 infected patients in Sao Paulo, Brazil and the predominant genotype is 2b. This study provides the first report of the GBV-C prevalence at the time of diagnosis of HIV-1 and the incidence density of GBV-C infection in one year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa M. Giret
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Luiz Miraglia
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - José Eduardo Levi
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo S. Diaz
- Infectious Diseases Division, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Esper G. Kallas
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Odeh RA. RETRACTED: Detection and genotyping of GB virus-C in dromedary camels in the United Arab Emirates. Vet Microbiol 2011; 147:226-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2010] [Accepted: 06/25/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Hekmat S, Mohraz M, Vahabpour R, Jam S, Bahramali G, Banifazl M, Aghakhani A, Eslamifar A, Mahboudi F, Edalat R, Ramezani A. Frequency and genotype of GB virus C among Iranian patients infected with HIV. J Med Virol 2008; 80:1941-6. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Domínguez-Bello MG, Pérez ME, Bortolini MC, Salzano FM, Pericchi LR, Zambrano-Guzmán O, Linz B. Amerindian Helicobacter pylori strains go extinct, as european strains expand their host range. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3307. [PMID: 18830403 PMCID: PMC2551748 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2008] [Accepted: 08/14/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the diversity of bacteria and host in the H. pylori-human model. The human indigenous bacterium H. pylori diverged along with humans, into African, European, Asian and Amerindian groups. Of these, Amerindians have the least genetic diversity. Since niche diversity widens the sets of resources for colonizing species, we predicted that the Amerindian H. pylori strains would be the least diverse. We analyzed the multilocus sequence (7 housekeeping genes) of 131 strains: 19 cultured from Africans, 36 from Spanish, 11 from Koreans, 43 from Amerindians and 22 from South American Mestizos. We found that all strains that had been cultured from Africans were African strains (hpAfrica1), all from Spanish were European (hpEurope) and all from Koreans were hspEAsia but that Amerindians and Mestizos carried mixed strains: hspAmerind and hpEurope strains had been cultured from Amerindians and hpEurope and hpAfrica1 were cultured from Mestizos. The least genetically diverse H. pylori strains were hspAmerind. Strains hpEurope were the most diverse and showed remarkable multilocus sequence mosaicism (indicating recombination). The lower genetic structure in hpEurope strains is consistent with colonization of a diversity of hosts. If diversity is important for the success of H. pylori, then the low diversity of Amerindian strains might be linked to their apparent tendency to disappear. This suggests that Amerindian strains may lack the needed diversity to survive the diversity brought by non-Amerindian hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G. Domínguez-Bello
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Maria E. Pérez
- Department of Mathematics, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States of America
| | - Maria C. Bortolini
- Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Francisco M. Salzano
- Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Luis R. Pericchi
- Department of Mathematics, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States of America
| | - Orlisbeth Zambrano-Guzmán
- Bilingual Intercultural Department, Universidad Pedagogica Experimental Libertador, Puerto Ayacucho, Venezuela
| | - Bodo Linz
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max-Planck-Institut für Infektionsbiologie, Berlin, Germany
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Murhekar MV, Chakravarty R, Murhekar KM, Banerjee A, Sehgal SC. Hepatitis B virus genotypes among the Jarawas: a primitive Negrito tribe of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. Arch Virol 2006; 151:1499-510. [PMID: 16514497 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-006-0737-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2005] [Accepted: 01/27/2006] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The Jarawas, a classical hunter-gatherer tribe of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India, were living in isolation for several centuries. They came into contact with the civilized world recently. Serological studies carried out among them revealed that hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is hyper-endemic. The present study was carried out to investigate the possible origin of HBV infection in Jarawas. Genotyping, RFLP analysis, sequencing, and sequence analysis revealed the prevalence of HBV genotype C, similar to genotype C detected in Thailand, Vietnam, and Myanmar. In contrast, genotype D was prevalent among other non-Jarawa tribes of the island. These data suggest that HBV infection was transmitted from Indo-China to the Andaman Islands during migration of the Jarawas many centuries ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Murhekar
- Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
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Pujol FH, Devesa M. Genotypic variability of hepatitis viruses associated with chronic infection and the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Gastroenterol 2005; 39:611-8. [PMID: 16000930 DOI: 10.1097/01.mcg.0000170770.49394.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
At least five hepatitis viruses are known to date. Infection by enterically transmitted viruses (HAV and HEV) is generally benign compared with the disease caused by parenterally transmitted viruses (HBV, HCV, and HDV). Chronic infection by HBV is common and may evolve to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Eight HBV genotypes (A-H) have been described, with the South American genotype F being the most divergent. Seven clades of HDV have been described; among them, the South American genotype III is associated to a high frequency of fulminant hepatitis. HCV infection leads to a high rate of chronicity and HCC. From the six HCV genotypes, infection with genotype 1 might have the worst prognostic. Chronic infection by HCV and HBV is the major risk factor for HCC, which occurs, in the majority of the cases, as a consequence of cirrhosis. However, there is growing evidence that some HBV and HCV proteins might contribute to the generation of HCC. Some HBV and HCV variants and specific mutations within the viral genomes might be more frequently associated with the evolution to HCC. Although more studies are needed, emerging evidence indicates that it might be important to address the genetic variability of these viruses and their contribution to the development of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flor H Pujol
- Laboratoria de Virología Molecular, Caracas, Venezuela.
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Lyra AC, Pinho JRR, Silva LK, Sousa L, Saraceni CP, Braga EL, Pereira JE, Zarife MAS, Reis MG, Lyra LGC, Silva LCD, Carrilho FJ. HEV, TTV and GBV-C/HGV markers in patients with acute viral hepatitis. Braz J Med Biol Res 2005; 38:767-75. [PMID: 15917959 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2005000500015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of HEV, TTV and GBV-C/GBV-C/HGV in patients with acute viral hepatitis A, B and non-A-C. We evaluated sera of 94 patients from a sentinel program who had acute hepatitis A (N = 40), B (N = 42) and non-A-C (N = 12); 71 blood donors served as controls. IgM and anti-HEV IgG antibodies were detected by enzyme immunoassay using commercial kits. TTV and GBV-C/HGV were detected by nested PCR; genotyping was done by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Anti-HEV IgG was present in 38, 10 and 17% of patients with hepatitis A, B and non-A-C. Four patients with hepatitis A and 1 with non-A-C hepatitis also had anti-HEV IgM detected in serum. TTV was detected in 21% of patients with acute hepatitis and in 31% of donors. GBV-C/HGV was detected in 9% of patients with hepatitis, and in 10% of donors. We found TTV isolates of genotypes 1, 2, 3, and 4 and GBV-C/HGV isolates of genotypes 1 and 2. Mean aminotransferase levels were lower in patients who were TTV or GBV-C/HGV positive. In conclusion, the detection of anti-HEV IgM in some acute hepatitis A cases suggests co-infection with HEV and hepatitis E could be the etiology of a few cases of sporadic non-A-C hepatitis in Salvador, Brazil. TTV genotype 1, 2, 3 and 4 isolates and GBV-C/HGV genotype 1 and 2 strains are frequent in the studied population. TTV and GBV-C/HGV infection does not appear to have a role in the etiology of acute hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Lyra
- Departamento de Gastroenterologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
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Ozdarendeli A, Toroman ZA, Kalkan A, Kilic SS, Ozden M, Doymaz MZ. Prevalence and genotypes of hepatitis G virus among hemodialysis patients in Eastern Anatolia, Turkey. Med Princ Pract 2005; 14:102-6. [PMID: 15785102 DOI: 10.1159/000083920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2003] [Accepted: 03/27/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To study the prevalence and genotype distribution of hepatitis G virus (HGV) in hemodialysis patients in East Anatolia, Turkey. SUBJECTS AND MATERIALS Eighty-nine hemodialysis patients and 30 healthy individuals were analyzed by using reverse-transcriptase nested polymerase chain reaction with primers specific for 5' untranslated region. HGV genotyping was performed by PCR and three randomly selected HGV-positive samples were sequenced. RESULTS Of the 89 hemodialysis patients, HGV RNA was detected in 9 (10.2%). All of our isolates were assigned to genotype 2. CONCLUSION Our results showed that hemodialysis patients carry the risk for HGV infection in East Anatolia, Turkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aykut Ozdarendeli
- Department of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Firat University Medical School, Elazig, Turkey.
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Abu Odeh RO, Al-Moslih MI, Al-Jokhdar MW, Ezzeddine SA. Detection and genotyping of GBV-C virus in the United Arab Emirates. J Med Virol 2005; 76:534-40. [PMID: 15977226 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
GB virus-C/Hepatitis G virus (GBV-C/HGV), collectively known as GBV-C, is spread widely and has been reported to be associated with non A-E hepatitis. The aim of the current project was to determine the rate of infection and genotypic characteristics of GBV-C in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). A total of 379 plasma/serum samples representing different populations in the UAE and comprising healthy as well as patients positive for HBV and HCV were screened using RT-PCR/nested PCR of the 5'-untranslated region (UTR). National subjects (n=168) and non-nationals residing in the UAE (n=211) were tested. The results obtained showed that the rate of GBV-C infection in healthy nationals, and those positive for HCV or HBV were 11.1%, 14.3%, and 5.7%, respectively, compared to 8.3%, 33.3%, and 8.6%, respectively, in non-nationals. No statistically significant correlation between infection with GBV-C and HCV or HBV (P>0.05) was found. Sequence analysis of the 5'-UTR using 37 and 46 clones from 8 and 6 healthy nationals and non-nationals, respectively, revealed the prevalence of the European/North American genotype 2 when compared to the five reference genotypes in GenBank.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raed O Abu Odeh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
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Devesa M, Rodríguez C, León G, Liprandi F, Pujol FH. Clade analysis and surface antigen polymorphism of hepatitis B virus American genotypes. J Med Virol 2004; 72:377-84. [PMID: 14748061 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Eight genotypes (A-H) of hepatitis B virus (HBV) have been described, HBV genotypes F and H being autochthonous to America. HBV genotype F has been classified in four clusters. The objective of this study was to gain insight into the molecular epidemiology of HBV American genotypes, as well as to analyze the genotype-related polymorphism in some functional domains of the surface proteins. The sequences of the S region of 106 isolates genotype F and H were analyzed, out of which 47 isolates genotype F circulated in different Venezuelan populations. Most of the Venezuelan isolates genotype F were grouped in cluster III (n = 39) and 7 in cluster II. One isolate obtained from a blood donor could not be classified in any clade and harbored amino acid substitutions characteristic of a vaccine escape mutant (G145R) and a stop codon in the surface antigen. Amino acid analysis of the PreS and S gene products showed unique genetic characteristics in genotype F and H sequences in some important domains involved in the early steps of infection. Out of 30 available sequences, two complete genome sequences of HBV genotype F from Venezuela were obtained. Phylogenetic analysis of these complete genomes confirmed the presence of four clusters inside genotype F, differing in more than 4% nucleotide divergence. Our extended analysis showed that genotype F clades Ia, III, and IV exhibit a restricted geographic distribution (Central America, the North and the South of South America, respectively) while clades Ib and II are found in all the Americas except in the Northern South America and North America respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisol Devesa
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, CMBC, IVIC, Caracas, Venezuela
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