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Orozco-Moreno M, Visser EA, Hodgson K, Hipgrave Ederveen AL, Bastian K, Goode EA, Öztürk Ö, Pijnenborg JFA, Eerden N, Moons SJ, Rossing E, Wang N, de Haan N, Büll C, Boltje TJ, Munkley J. Targeting aberrant sialylation and fucosylation in prostate cancer cells using potent metabolic inhibitors. Glycobiology 2023; 33:1155-1171. [PMID: 37847613 PMCID: PMC10876042 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwad085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant glycosylation is a hallmark of cancer and is not just a consequence, but also a driver of a malignant phenotype. In prostate cancer, changes in fucosylated and sialylated glycans are common and this has important implications for tumor progression, metastasis, and immune evasion. Glycans hold huge translational potential and new therapies targeting tumor-associated glycans are currently being tested in clinical trials for several tumor types. Inhibitors targeting fucosylation and sialylation have been developed and show promise for cancer treatment, but translational development is hampered by safety issues related to systemic adverse effects. Recently, potent metabolic inhibitors of sialylation and fucosylation were designed that reach higher effective concentrations within the cell, thereby rendering them useful tools to study sialylation and fucosylation as potential candidates for therapeutic testing. Here, we investigated the effects of global metabolic inhibitors of fucosylation and sialylation in the context of prostate cancer progression. We find that these inhibitors effectively shut down the synthesis of sialylated and fucosylated glycans to remodel the prostate cancer glycome with only minor apparent side effects on other glycan types. Our results demonstrate that treatment with inhibitors targeting fucosylation or sialylation decreases prostate cancer cell growth and downregulates the expression of genes and proteins important in the trajectory of disease progression. We anticipate our findings will lead to the broader use of metabolic inhibitors to explore the role of fucosylated and sialylated glycans in prostate tumor pathology and may pave the way for the development of new therapies for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Orozco-Moreno
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Institute of Biosciences, Central Parkway, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Tyne and Wear NE1 3BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Eline A Visser
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Kirsty Hodgson
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Institute of Biosciences, Central Parkway, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Tyne and Wear NE1 3BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Agnes L Hipgrave Ederveen
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Kayla Bastian
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Institute of Biosciences, Central Parkway, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Tyne and Wear NE1 3BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Emily Archer Goode
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Institute of Biosciences, Central Parkway, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Tyne and Wear NE1 3BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Özden Öztürk
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Nienke Eerden
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- GlycoTherapeutics B.V., Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sam J Moons
- Synvenio B.V., Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Emiel Rossing
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ning Wang
- The Mellanby Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, Medical School, Beech Hill Rd, Sheffield, Yorkshire S10 2RX, United Kingdom
| | - Noortje de Haan
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Büll
- Biomolecular Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas J Boltje
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jennifer Munkley
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Institute of Biosciences, Central Parkway, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Tyne and Wear NE1 3BZ, United Kingdom
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Woods EL, Grigorieva IV, Midgley AC, Brown CVM, Lu YA, Phillips AO, Bowen T, Meran S, Steadman R. CD147 mediates the CD44s-dependent differentiation of myofibroblasts driven by transforming growth factor-β 1. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:100987. [PMID: 34364871 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive fibrosis leads to loss of organ function and affects many organs as a result of excessive extracellular matrix production. The ubiquitous matrix polysaccharide hyaluronan (HA) is central to this through association with its primary receptor, CD44, which exists as standard CD44 (CD44s) or multiple splice variants. Mediators such as profibrotic transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 and proinflammatory interleukin (IL)-1β are widely associated with fibrotic progression. TGF-β1 induces myofibroblast differentiation, while IL-1β induces a proinflammatory fibroblast phenotype that promotes fibroblast binding to monocyte/macrophages. CD44 expression is essential for both responses. Potential CD44 splice variants involved, however, are unidentified. The TGF-β1-activated CD44/epidermal growth factor receptor complex induces differentiation of metastatic cells through interactions with the matrix metalloproteinase inducer, CD147. This study aimed to determine the CD44 variants involved in TGF-β1- and IL-1β-mediated responses and to investigate the potential profibrotic role of CD147. Using immunocytochemistry and quantitative PCR, standard CD44s were shown to be essential for both TGF-β1-induced fibroblast/myofibroblast differentiation and IL-1β-induced monocyte binding. Co-immunoprecipitation identified that CD147 associated with CD44s. Using CD147-siRNA and confocal microscopy, we also determined that incorporation of the myofibroblast marker, αSMA, into F-actin stress fibers was prevented in the absence of CD147 and myofibroblast-dependent collagen gel contraction was inhibited. CD147 did not associate with HA, but removal of HA prevented the association of CD44s with CD147 at points of cell–cell contact. Taken together, our data suggest that CD44s/CD147 colocalization is essential in regulating the mechanical tension required for the αSMA incorporation into F-actin stress fibers that regulates myofibroblast phenotype.
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Torrealba N, Rodríguez-Berriguete G, Vera R, Fraile B, Olmedilla G, Martínez-Onsurbe P, Sánchez-Chapado M, Paniagua R, Royuela M. Homeostasis: apoptosis and cell cycle in normal and pathological prostate. Aging Male 2020; 23:335-345. [PMID: 29730957 DOI: 10.1080/13685538.2018.1470233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostatic diseases such as hyperplasia and cancer are a consequence of glandular aging due to the loss of homeostasis. Glandular homeostasis is guaranteed by the delicate balance between production and cell death. Both cell renewal and apoptosis are part of this delicate balance. We will explore the predictive capacity for biochemical progression, following prostatectomy, of some members of the Bcl-2 family and of proteins involved in cell cycle inhibition in conjunction with established classical markers. The expression of Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, Mcl-1, Bax, Bim, Bad, PUMA, Noxa, p21, p27, Rb and p53 were analyzed by immunochemistry in 86 samples of radical prostatectomy and correlated with each of the markers established clinicopathological tests using statistical tests such as Sperman, Kaplan-Meier curves, unifactorial Cox, and multifactorial. The most relevant results are: (1) Positive correlation between: p27 with clinical T stage; and PUMA with pathological T stage; (2) Negative correlation between: Bcl-2 with clinical T stage, Bcl-xL with survival, Noxa and pRb with Gleason score.Our results suggest that the expression of Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, PUMA, Noxa, p27, and Rb were related to some of the classic markers established to predict biochemical progression after prostatectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norelia Torrealba
- Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Alcalá, Alcala de Henares, Spain
| | | | - Raúl Vera
- Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Alcalá, Alcala de Henares, Spain
| | - Benito Fraile
- Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Alcalá, Alcala de Henares, Spain
| | - Gabriel Olmedilla
- Department of Pathology, Príncipe de Asturias Hospital, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Martínez-Onsurbe
- Department of Pathology, Príncipe de Asturias Hospital, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ricardo Paniagua
- Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Alcalá, Alcala de Henares, Spain
| | - Mar Royuela
- Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Alcalá, Alcala de Henares, Spain
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Gülhan Ö, Mahi B. The Role of AMACR, CD10, TMPRSS2-ERG, and p27 Protein Expression Among Different Gleason Grades of Prostatic Adenocarcinoma on Needle Biopsy. Clin Med Insights Oncol 2020; 14:1179554920947322. [PMID: 35185351 PMCID: PMC8855389 DOI: 10.1177/1179554920947322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined the immunohistochemical expression of α-methyl acyl coenzyme A racemase (AMACR), CD10, TMPRSS2-ERG, and p27 in prostate adenocarcinoma tumors with different Gleason growth patterns and nonneoplastic prostate tissues to elucidate their roles in prostate carcinogenesis and histological aggressiveness. MATERIAL AND METHODS In total, 80 archival core biopsy tissues diagnosed as prostate carcinoma, benign prostate hyperplasia, and atrophy cases were included. Immunoreactivity was evaluated by calculating the percentage of positively stained cells and the staining intensity. The mean values and test of significance were obtained using the Kruskal-Wallis test. RESULTS We obtained mostly intense immunoreactivity for AMACR, CD10, and ERG in adenocarcinomas. Although no significant differences were noted regarding AMACR and ERG expression, samples with Gleason growth patterns 3 and 5 tended to be strongly positive for ERG. Pattern 3 tumors exhibited the weakest positivity for CD10. The p27 expression was strong and diffuse in nonneoplastic prostate tissues. The loss of p27 expression was more frequent for pattern 5 tumors. CONCLUSION ERG and AMACR were powerful markers to detect cancer. Especially, ERG is evident in early tumors may reflect its interaction with functional androgen receptors in cancer initiation. Pattern 5 tumors associated with stroma may have been exposed to more stromal substrates and upregulate their CD10 content as a protein degrader. We suggest that CD10 expression is associated with an increasing tumor grade. Decreased concentrations of p27 protein might be implicated in prostate carcinogenesis and may be a useful immunohistochemical adjunct in predicting histological aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özdemir Gülhan
- Department of Pathology, Mengücek Gazi Training and Research Hospital, Erzincan Binali Yıldırım University, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Balcı Mahi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kirikkale University, Kırıkkale, Turkey
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Hirth CG, Dos Santos AM, de Cerqueira JBG, Jamacaru FVF, da Cunha MDPSS, Dornelas CA. PanCD44 Immunohistochemical Evaluation in Prostatectomies from Patients with Adenocarcinoma. Biomed Res Int 2018; 2018:2061268. [PMID: 29682524 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2061268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Introduction CD44 has been proposed as a prognostic marker and a stem cell marker but studies in patients with prostate cancer have yielded inconsistent results. Patients and Methods Patients submitted to radical prostatectomy between 2008 and 2013 at a university hospital were followed with biannual serum PSA tests to determine the biochemical recurrence (BR). Archived paraffin blocks with neoplastic and nonneoplastic tissue were evaluated immunohistochemically for a panCD44 and MYC. Results Sixty-nine patients completed follow-up and were included. CD44 positivity was observed in inflammatory cells (42%), nonneoplastic epithelium (39.7%), and neoplastic tissue (12.3%). In nonneoplastic tissues staining was observed in basal and luminal cells with the morphology of terminally differentiated cells. In neoplastic tissues, CD44 negativity was correlated with higher Gleason scores (Rho = −0.204; p = 0.042) and higher preoperative serum PSA levels when evaluated continuously (p = 0.029). CD44 expression was not associated with tumor stage (p = 0.668), surgical margin status (p = 0.471), or BR (p = 0.346), nor was there any association between CD44 and MYC expression in neoplastic tissue (p = 1.0). Conclusion In the bulk of cells, the minority of cancer stem cells would not be detected by immunohistochemistry using panCD44. As a prognostic marker, its expression was weakly correlated with Gleason score and preoperative PSA level, but not with surgical margin status, tumor stage, or BR.
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Richardsen E, Andersen S, Al-Saad S, Rakaee M, Nordby Y, Pedersen MI, Ness N, Grindstad T, Movik I, Dønnem T, Bremnes R, Busund LT. Evaluation of the proliferation marker Ki-67 in a large prostatectomy cohort. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186852. [PMID: 29141018 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor proliferation index marker Ki-67 is strongly associated with tumor cell proliferation, growth and progression, and is widely used in routine clinicopathological investigation. Prostate cancer is a complex multifaceted and biologically heterogeneous disease, and overtreatment of localized, low volume indolent tumors, is evident. Here, we aimed to assess Ki-67 expression and related outcomes of 535 patients treated with radical prostatectomy. The percentage of tumor epithelial cells expressing Ki-67 was determined by immunohistochemical assay, both digital image analysis and visual scoring by light microscope were used for quantification. The association of Ki-67 and prostate cancer was evaluated, as well as its prognostic value. There was a positive correlation between high expression of Ki-67 and Gleason score > 7 (p < 0.001) as well as tumor size (≥ 20 mm, p = 0.03). In univariate analyses, a high expression of Ki-67 in tumor epithelium was significantly associated with biochemical failure (BF) (digital scoring, p = 0.014) and (visual scoring, p = 0.004). In the multivariate analyses, a high level of Ki-67 was an independent poor prognostic factor for biochemical failure-free survival (BFFS) (Visual scoring, Ki67, p = 0.012, HR:1.50, CI95% 1.10–2.06). In conclusion, high Ki-67 expression is an independent negative prognostic marker for biochemical failure. Our findings support the role of Ki-67 as a significant, poor prognostic factor for in prostate cancer outcome.
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Abstract
A wide array of molecular markers and genomic signatures, reviewed in this article, may soon be used as adjuncts to currently established screening strategies, prognostic parameters, and early detection markers. Markers of genetic susceptibility to PCA, recurrent epigenetic and genetic alterations, including ETS gene fusions, PTEN alterations, and urine-based early detection marker PCA3, are discussed. Impact of recent genome-wide assessment on our understanding of key pathways of PCA development and progression and their potential clinical implications are highlighted.
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Desmeules P, Hovington H, Nguilé-Makao M, Léger C, Caron A, Lacombe L, Fradet Y, Têtu B, Fradet V. Comparison of digital image analysis and visual scoring of KI-67 in prostate cancer prognosis after prostatectomy. Diagn Pathol 2015; 10:67. [PMID: 26070608 PMCID: PMC4465166 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-015-0294-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The tumor proliferative index marker Ki-67 was shown to be associated with clinically significant outcomes in prostate cancer, but its clinical application has limitations due to lack of uniformity and consistency in quantification. Our objective was to compare the measurements obtained with digital image analysis (DIA) versus virtual microscopy (visual scoring (VS)). Methods To do so, we compared the measurement distributions of each technique and their ability to predict clinically useful endpoints. A tissue microarray series from a cohort of 225 men who underwent radical prostatectomy was immunostained for Ki-67. The percentage of Ki-67 positive nuclei in malignant cells was assessed both by VS and DIA, and a H–score was calculated. The distribution and predictive ability of these scoring methods to predict biochemical recurrence (BCR) and death from prostate cancer (DPCa) were compared using Mann–Whitney test and C-index. Results The measurements obtained with VS were similar to the DIA measurements (p = 0.73) but dissimilar to the H-score (p < 0.001). Cox regression models showed that Ki-67 was associated with BCR (HR 1.46, 95 % CI 1.10-1.94) and DPCa (HR 1.26, 95 % CI 1.06-1.50). C-indexes revealed that Ki-67 was a better predictor of DPCa (0.803, 0.8059 and 0.789; VS, DIA and H-score, respectively) than of BCR (0.625, 0.632 and 0.604; VS, DIA and H-score, respectively). Conclusion The measurement distributions and the predictive abilities of VS and DIA were similar and presented the same predictive behaviour in our cohort, supporting the role of Ki-67 proliferative index as an important prognostic factor of BCR and DPCa in prostate cancer post RP. Virtual Slides The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/6656878501536663 Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13000-015-0294-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice Desmeules
- Cancer Research Centre, CHU de Québec, Québec, Canada. .,Anatomic Pathology and Cytology Department, Hôpital du St-Sacrement, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec, Laval University, Québec, Canada.
| | - Hélène Hovington
- Department of Surgery/Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, Canada. .,Cancer Research Centre, CHU de Québec, Québec, Canada.
| | - Molière Nguilé-Makao
- Department of Surgery/Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, Canada. .,Cancer Research Centre, CHU de Québec, Québec, Canada.
| | - Caroline Léger
- Department of Surgery/Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, Canada. .,Cancer Research Centre, CHU de Québec, Québec, Canada.
| | - André Caron
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada. .,Population Health Unit (URESP), Centre de recherche FRQS du Centre hospitalier affilié universitaire de Québec, Québec, Canada.
| | - Louis Lacombe
- Department of Surgery/Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, Canada. .,Cancer Research Centre, CHU de Québec, Québec, Canada.
| | - Yves Fradet
- Department of Surgery/Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, Canada. .,Cancer Research Centre, CHU de Québec, Québec, Canada.
| | - Bernard Têtu
- Cancer Research Centre, CHU de Québec, Québec, Canada. .,Anatomic Pathology and Cytology Department, Hôpital du St-Sacrement, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec, Laval University, Québec, Canada.
| | - Vincent Fradet
- Department of Surgery/Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, Canada. .,Cancer Research Centre, CHU de Québec, Québec, Canada. .,Centre de recherche en cancérologie de l'Université Laval, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec - pavillon L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, 10 rue McMahon, Québec, QC, G1R3S1, Canada.
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Hoogland AM, Kweldam CF, van Leenders GJ. Prognostic histopathological and molecular markers on prostate cancer needle-biopsies: a review. Biomed Res Int 2014; 2014:341324. [PMID: 25243131 DOI: 10.1155/2014/341324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is diverse in clinical presentation, histopathological tumor growth patterns, and survival. Therefore, individual assessment of a tumor's aggressive potential is crucial for clinical decision-making in men with prostate cancer. To date a large number of prognostic markers for prostate cancer have been described, most of them based on radical prostatectomy specimens. However, in order to affect clinical decision-making, validation of respective markers in pretreatment diagnostic needle-biopsies is essential. Here, we discuss established and promising histopathological and molecular parameters in diagnostic needle-biopsies.
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Sirma H, Broemel M, Stumm L, Tsourlakis T, Steurer S, Tennstedt P, Salomon G, Michl U, Haese A, Simon R, Sauter G, Schlomm T, Minner S. Loss of CDKN1B/p27Kip1 expression is associated with ERG fusion-negative prostate cancer, but is unrelated to patient prognosis. Oncol Lett 2013; 6:1245-1252. [PMID: 24179503 PMCID: PMC3813765 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2013.1563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27Kip1 has been suggested as a prognostic marker in prostate cancer. The aim of this study was to determine the clinical and prognostic role of p27 expression in hormone-naive prostate cancers. A tissue microarray containing samples from 4,699 prostate cancers with attached pathological, clinical follow-up and molecular data was analyzed for nuclear p27 expression by immunohistochemistry. p27 staining was negative in 18.6%, weak in 33.5%, moderate in 28.4% and strong in 19.5% of 3,701 interpretable cancer spots. Loss of p27 immunostaining was linked to tumors of low Gleason grade (P<0.0001) and ERG fusion-negative cancers (P<0.0001). p27 levels were not associated with other parameters, including tumor stage, nodal stage, preoperative prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels, surgical margin status and cell proliferation (as measured by the Ki67 labeling index). p27 expression was also unrelated to clinical outcome in all cancers, as well as in the subsets of ERG fusion-positive and -negative cancers. Overall, the present data demonstrated that elevated p27 expression was often unrelated to prostate cancer phenotype. Furthermore, the lack of an effect of the p27 protein levels on PSA recurrence following radical prostatectomy indicated that factors other than p27 expression are likely to be the major determinants of prostate cancer recurrence. However, a subset of ERG-negative, low-grade tumors was frequently characterized by loss of p27, suggesting a role of this alteration for the development of these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hüseyin Sirma
- Institute of Pathology, Prostate Cancer Center and Section for Translational Prostate Cancer Research at Clinic of Urology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg D-20246, Germany
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Abstract
As our understanding of the molecular events leading to the development and progression of genitourologic malignancies, new markers of detection, prognostication, and therapy prediction can be exploited in the management of these prevalent tumors. The current review discusses the recent advances in prostate, bladder, renal, and testicular neoplasms that are pertinent to the anatomic pathologist.
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Abstract
CONTEXT The unprecedented advances in cancer genetics and genomics are rapidly affecting clinical management and diagnostics in solid tumor oncology. Molecular diagnostics is now an integral part of routine clinical management in patients with lung, colon, and breast cancer. In sharp contrast, molecular biomarkers have been largely excluded from current management algorithms of urologic malignancies. OBJECTIVE To discuss promising candidate biomarkers that may soon make their transition to the realm of clinical management of genitourologic malignancies. The need for new treatment alternatives that can improve upon the modest outcome so far in patients with several types of urologic cancer is evident. Well-validated prognostic molecular biomarkers that can help clinicians identify patients in need of early aggressive management are lacking. Identifying robust predictive biomarkers that will stratify response to emerging targeted therapeutics is another crucially needed development. A compiled review of salient studies addressing the topic could be helpful in focusing future efforts. DATA SOURCES A PubMed (US National Library of Medicine) search for published studies with the following search terms was conducted: molecular , prognostic , targeted therapy , genomics , theranostics and urinary bladder cancer , prostate adenocarcinoma , and renal cell carcinoma . Articles with large cohorts and multivariate analyses were given preference. CONCLUSIONS Our recent understanding of the complex molecular alterations involved in the development and progression of urologic malignancies is yielding novel diagnostic and prognostic molecular tools and opening the doors for experimental targeted therapies for these prevalent, frequently lethal solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- George J Netto
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA.
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14
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Abstract
Prostate cancer cells are exquisitely dependent on androgen receptor (AR) activity for proliferation and survival. As these functions are critical targets of therapeutic intervention for human disease, it is imperative to delineate the mechanisms by which AR engages the cell cycle engine. More than a decade of research has revealed that elegant intercommunication between AR and the cell cycle machinery governs receptor-dependent cellular proliferation, and that perturbations in this process occur frequently in human disease. Here, AR-cell cycle interplay and associated cancer relevance will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Schiewer
- Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 S 10th St., Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 S 10th St., Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Michael A. Augello
- Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 S 10th St., Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 S 10th St., Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Karen E. Knudsen
- Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 S 10th St., Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 S 10th St., Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
- Department of Urology, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 S 10th St., Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 S 10th St., Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
- Corresponding author at: Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 S 10th St., BLSB 1008, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA. Tel.: +1 215 503 8574 (office)/+1 215 503 8573 (lab). (K.E. Knudsen)
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15
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Abstract
CONTEXT Molecular diagnostic applications are now an integral part of the management algorithms of several solid tumors, such as breast, colon, and lung. In stark contrast, the current clinical management of urologic malignancies is lagging behind. Clinically robust molecular tests that can identify patients who are more likely to respond to a given targeted agent or even those in need of a more aggressive treatment based on well-validated molecular prognosticators are still lacking. Several promising biomarkers for detection, prognosis, and targeted therapeutics are being evaluated. OBJECTIVE To discuss candidate biomarkers that may soon make the transition to clinical assay for patients in urologic oncology. DATA SOURCES Selected original articles published in the PubMed service of the US National Library of Medicine. CONCLUSIONS Recent understanding of the complex molecular alterations involved in the development and progression of urologic malignancies is yielding novel diagnostic and prognostic molecular tools and opening the doors for experimental targeted therapies in these prevalent, frequently lethal solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- George J Netto
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, The Harry and Jeanette Weinberg Building, 401 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21231-2410, USA.
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16
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Abstract
Compared to other solid tumours such as breast, colon, and lung, the current clinical management of urological malignancies is lagging behind in terms of utilisation of clinically robust molecular tests that can identify patients that are more likely to respond to a given targeted agent, or even those in need of a more aggressive treatment approach based on well-validated molecular prognosticators. Several promising biomarkers for detection, prognosis, and targeted therapeutics are now under evaluation. The following review discusses some of the candidate biomarkers that may soon make their transition into clinically applicable assays in urological oncology patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- George J Netto
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
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Yang K, Tang Y, Habermehl GK, Iczkowski KA. Stable alterations of CD44 isoform expression in prostate cancer cells decrease invasion and growth and alter ligand binding and chemosensitivity. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:16. [PMID: 20074368 PMCID: PMC2820461 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2009] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dysregulated CD44 expression characterizes most human cancers, including prostate cancer (PCa). PCa loses expression of CD44 standard (CD44s) that is present in benign epithelium, and overexpresses the novel splice variant isoform, CD44v7-10. Methods Using retroviral gene delivery to PC-3M PCa cells, we expressed luciferase-only, enforced CD44s re-expression as a fusion protein with luciferase at its C-terminus or as a protein separate from luciferase, or knocked down CD44v7-10 by RNAi. Invasion, migration, proliferation, soft agar colony formation, adhesion, Docetaxel sensitivity, and xenograft growth assays were carried out. Expression responses of merlin, a CD44 binding partner, and growth-permissive phospho-merlin, were assessed by western blot. Results Compared to luciferase-only PC-3M cells, all three treatments reduced invasion and migration. Growth and soft agar colony formation were reduced only by re-expression of CD44s as a separate or fusion protein but not CD44v7-10 RNAi. Hyaluronan and osteopontin binding were greatly strengthened by CD44s expression as a separate protein, but not a fusion protein. CD44v7-10 RNAi in PC-3M cells caused marked sensitization to Docetaxel; the two CD44s re-expression approaches caused minimal sensitization. In limited numbers of mouse subcutaneous xenografts, all three alterations produced only nonsignificant trends toward slower growth compared with luciferase-only controls. The expression of CD44s as a separate protein, but not a fusion protein, caused emergence of a strongly-expressed, hypophosphorylated species of phospho-merlin. Conclusion Stable re-expression of CD44s reduces PCa growth and invasion in vitro, and possibly in vivo, suggesting CD44 alterations have potential as gene therapy. When the C-terminus of CD44s is fused to another protein, most phenotypic effects are lessened, particularly hyaluronan adhesion. Finally, CD44v7-10, although it was not functionally significant for growth, may be a target for chemosensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Yang
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver Health Science Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Wolters T, Vissers KJ, Bangma CH, Schröder FH, van Leenders GJLH. The value of EZH2, p27(kip1), BMI-1 and MIB-1 on biopsy specimens with low-risk prostate cancer in selecting men with significant prostate cancer at prostatectomy. BJU Int 2009; 106:280-6. [PMID: 19888978 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2009.08998.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the additional prognostic value of the molecular markers EZH2, MIB-1, p27(kip1) and BMI-1 on needle biopsies from men with low-risk prostate cancer, as this disease in needle biopsies shows a heterogeneous clinical outcome, and while it is known that the expression of these tissue markers is predictive of the clinical outcome after radical prostatectomy (RP) their value in prostate biopsies is largely unknown. PATIENTS AND METHODS The study included men participating in a screening study, diagnosed with low-risk prostate cancer and subsequently treated with RP. Immunohistochemical staining for EZH2, MIB-1, p27(kip1) and BMI-1 on the needle biopsies were (semi)quantitatively scored and expression levels were related to significant disease at RP. Clinical low-risk prostate cancer was defined as a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level of < or =10 ng/mL, clinical T-stage < or =2, biopsy Gleason score < or =6, a PSA density of <0.20 ng/mL/g and two or fewer positive cores. Significant PC at RP was defined as presence of any of extracapsular extension, Gleason pattern 4/5, or tumour volume > or =0.5 mL. RESULTS In all, 86 biopsy specimens were included; there was high EZH2 expression (>1.0%) in 42% and a low p27(kip) expression (<90%) in 63%. Significant disease was present in 44 (51%) RP specimens. A high EZH2 (odds ratio 3.19, P = 0.043) and a low p27(kip1) (4.69, P = 0.036) were independent predictors for significant prostate cancer at RP. CONCLUSIONS The determination of EZH2 and p27(kip1) on diagnostic needle biopsies supports the selection of men with indolent prostate cancer at RP. Especially p27(kip1) could improve the pretreatment risk assessment of patients with low-risk prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tineke Wolters
- Department of Urology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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19
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Zellweger T, Günther S, Zlobec I, Savic S, Sauter G, Moch H, Mattarelli G, Eichenberger T, Curschellas E, Rüfenacht H, Bachmann A, Gasser TC, Mihatsch MJ, Bubendorf L. Tumour growth fraction measured by immunohistochemical staining of Ki67 is an independent prognostic factor in preoperative prostate biopsies with small-volume or low-grade prostate cancer. Int J Cancer 2009; 124:2116-23. [PMID: 19117060 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Accurate prognostic parameters in prostate biopsies are needed to better counsel individual patients with prostate cancer. We evaluated the prognostic impact of morphologic and immunohistochemical parameters in preoperative prostate cancer biopsies. A consecutive series of prostate biopsies of 279 men (72% with clinical stage T1c and 23% with T2) who subsequently underwent radical prostatectomy was prospectively analysed for Gleason score, number and percentage of positive cores (NPC, PPC), total percentage of biopsy tissue with tumour (TPT), maximum tumour percentage per core (MTP), and expression of Ki67, Bcl-2 and p53. All biopsy features were significantly associated with at least one feature of the radical prostatectomy specimen. pT stage was independently predicted by PSA, seminal vesicle invasion by Ki67 LI, positive margins by PSA and MTP, large tumour diameter by PSA and PPC, and Gleason score by biopsy Gleason score, MTP, and Ki67 LI, respectively. Biopsy Gleason score, NPC (1 vs. >1), TPT (<7 vs. >or=7%), and Ki67 LI (<10 vs. >or=10%) were significant predictors of biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy (p < 0.01, each). KI67 LI was the only independent prognostic factor in case of a low TPT (<7%) or low Gleason score (<7), the hazard ratio being 6.76 and 6.44, respectively. In summary, preoperative Gleason score, NPC, TPT and Ki67 LI significantly predict the risk of recurrence after radical prostatectomy, and Ki67 is an independent prognosticator in biopsies with low-volume or low-grade prostate cancer. Analysis of Ki67 LI in these biopsies may help to better identify patients with clinically insignificant prostate cancer.
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Laurila M, Tammela TLJ, Auvinen A, Isola J, Visakorpi T, Luukkaala T, Määttänen L, Ruutu M, Ala-Opas M, Mildh M, Martikainen P. Biological aggressiveness of prostate cancer in the Finnish screening trial. Int J Cancer 2008; 124:547-52. [PMID: 19004023 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer aggressiveness was evaluated based on pathologic characterization of cases detected in the Finnish prostate cancer screening trial. The trial population consists of 80,458 men aged 55-67 years. A total of 32,000 men were randomized to the screening arm. The remaining 48,000 men formed the control arm. The interval cases and cancers among nonparticipants and in the control arm were identified from the Finnish Cancer Registry. Random samples were selected from screen-detected cases (126 of 543 in the first and 133 of 508 in the second round) and control arm cancers (133 out of 863), in addition to all 92 interval cancers and 106 cases among nonparticipants. All the biopsies were regraded according to the Gleason system. The expression of the proliferation antigen Ki-67 was determined in 479 cases (72%). More than half of the tumors diagnosed in the first round of screening were high-grade cancers (Gleason 7 or higher). In the second round, the proportion of low-grade cancers increased from 47% to 70%. Cancers in the screening arm were more commonly focal and fewer bilateral cancers were detected. The cancers among nonparticipants were the most aggressive group. The aggressiveness of the interval cancers was between the cancers detected in the first and the second round. Our results indicate that prostate cancers detected through screening are less biologically aggressive. This was most notable after the first screening round. Nonparticipants had more aggressive cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marita Laurila
- Department of Pathology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.
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21
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Robbins EW, Travanty EA, Yang K, Iczkowski KA. MAP kinase pathways and calcitonin influence CD44 alternate isoform expression in prostate cancer cells. BMC Cancer 2008; 8:260. [PMID: 18793421 PMCID: PMC2551621 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-8-260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2008] [Accepted: 09/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dysregulated expression and splicing of cell adhesion marker CD44 is found in many types of cancer. In prostate cancer (PC) specifically, the standard isoform (CD44s) has been found to be downregulated compared with benign tissue whereas predominant variant isoform CD44v7-10 is upregulated. Mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways and paracrine calcitonin are two common factors linked to dysregulated expression and splicing of CD44 in cancer. Calcitonin has been found to increase proliferation and invasion in PC acting through the protein kinase A pathway. Methods In androgen-independent PC with known high CD44v7-10 expression, CD44 total and CD44v7-10 RNA or protein were assessed in response to exogenous and endogenous calcitonin and to inhibitors of protein kinase A, MEK, JNK, or p38 kinase. Benign cells and calcitonin receptor-negative PC cells were also tested. Results MEK or p38 but not JNK reduced CD44 total RNA by 40%–65% in cancer and benign cells. Inhibition of protein kinase A reduced CD44 total and v7-10 protein expression. In calcitonin receptor-positive cells only, calcitonin increased CD44 variant RNA and protein by 3 h and persisting to 48 h, apparently dependent on an uninhibited p38 pathway. Cells with constitutive CT expression showed an increase in CD44v7-10 mRNA but a decrease in CD44 total RNA. Conclusion The MEK pathway increases CD44 RNA, while calcitonin, acting through the protein kinase A and p38 pathway, facilitates variant splicing. These findings could be used in the formulation of therapeutic methods for PC targeting CD44 alternate splicing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric W Robbins
- Department of Pathology, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
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22
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Samaratunga H, Epstein JI. What is the molecular pathology of low-risk prostate cancer? World J Urol 2008; 26:431-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s00345-008-0260-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2008] [Accepted: 03/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Schlomm T, Erbersdobler A, Mirlacher M, Sauter G. Molecular staging of prostate cancer in the year 2007. World J Urol 2007; 25:19-30. [PMID: 17334767 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-007-0153-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2007] [Accepted: 01/27/2007] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous attempts towards improving patient management by molecular staging have been fruitless so far. No single molecular parameter is routinely analyzed in prostate cancer tissue. This may be partly due to genuine properties of prostate cancer that may make this tumor a difficult target. Furthermore, inherent logistical problems result in a shortage of prostate cancer tissue for research purposes. For the future, it can be hoped that the availability of more powerful molecular techniques in combination with better tissue archives will allow more rapid progress. Powerful DNA array and proteomics methods allow the systematic analysis of virtually all genes of a cancer on the DNA, RNA, and protein level. Although such approaches are sometimes labeled as "fishing expeditions," it cannot be totally disregarded that the simultaneous analysis of all genes has a high likelihood of identifying significant new information. In future, one of the major scientific challenges will be the validation of several potential biomarkers in large enough and clinically well-characterized patient cohorts. In particular, studies on needle core biopsies and hormone refractory cancers are imperatively needed for investigating the natural history of the disease or to discover potential predictive markers for radiation therapy and new therapeutic target genes to answer the clinically most important questions for optimal clinical decision making in prostate cancer patients: which patients will not require local therapy? If local therapy is needed, what is the treatment of choice? What medications should be given if metastases are present?
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Schlomm
- Martini-Clinic, Prostate Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
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Abstract
The genetic alterations leading to prostate cancer are gradually being discovered. A wide variety of genes have been associated with prostate cancer development as well as tumor progression. Knowledge of gene polymorphisms associated with disease aid in the understanding of important pathways involved in this process and may result in the near future in clinical applications. Urinary molecular markers will soon be available to aid in the decision of repeat prostate biopsies. Recent findings suggest the importance of androgen signaling in disease development and progression. The further understanding of interaction of inflammation, diet, and genetic predisposition will improve risk stratification in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- H G van der Poel
- Department of Urology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Kremer CL, Klein RR, Mendelson J, Browne W, Samadzedeh LK, Vanpatten K, Highstrom L, Pestano GA, Nagle RB. Expression of mTOR signaling pathway markers in prostate cancer progression. Prostate 2006; 66:1203-12. [PMID: 16652388 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway is central to prostate cancer progression. A preliminary investigation of immuno-histochemical expression of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway markers was undertaken to identify patterns of expression in prostate tissue. METHODS Immunohistochemistry was performed on a custom-made prostate tissue array. Mean long scores and variability of long scores for each marker were recorded for normal lumenal cells, prostate intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), and cancer. RESULTS Expression of PTEN decreased and mTOR signaling pathway markers increased in PIN and in cancer as compared to normal cells in the majority of samples. Overexpression of 4E-BP1 and p-4E-BP1 was observed in PIN and cancer. However, in cancer, the overexpression of 4E-BP1 was significantly higher than with any other marker. DISCUSSION Results suggest that 4E-BP1 overexpression is strongly associated with prostate cancer, especially when combined with PTEN and mTOR expression data. Hierarchical clustering analysis utilizing PTEN, mTOR, and 4E-BP1 separated normal from cancer cell populations in most cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste L Kremer
- Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, 1525 N. Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
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27
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Ghanem MA, Van der Kwast TH, Sudaryo MK, Mathoera RB, van den Heuvel MM, Al-Doray AAM, Nijman RM, van Steenbrugge GJ. MIB-1 (KI-67) Proliferation Index and Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27Kip1 Protein Expression in Nephroblastoma. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10:591-7. [PMID: 14760081 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-0884-02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE A number of studies have indicated that the tumor proliferation marker MIB-1 and cell cycle inhibitor p27(Kip1) expression are of prognostic importance in a variety of cancers. The present study was performed to evaluate the prognostic value of these molecules in Wilms' tumors. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN MIB-1 and p27(Kip1) expressions were investigated by the means of immunohistochemical analysis of 62 Wilms' tumor. Patients were preoperatively treated by chemotherapeutic agents and had a mean follow-up of 5.7 years. RESULTS MIB-1 and p27(Kip1) were expressed in normal kidney tissues and in the three main components of Wilms' tumor, i.e., the blastemal, epithelial, and stromal cells. In Wilms' tumors, the percentage of MIB-1-positive cells in the blastema ranged between 0 and 42% (mean, 9.4%) and in the epithelial component between 0 and 53% (mean, 19.9%), with a significant difference (P < 0.01). The percentage of blastemal p27(Kip1)-positive cells ranged between 3 and 85% (mean, 55.1%) and for the epithelial component between 1 and 87% (mean, 59%). There was a significant inverse relationship between blastemal MIB-1 and p27(Kip1) expression in Wilms' tumor. Univariate analysis showed that blastemal MIB-1 and p27(Kip1) expression were indicative for clinical progression and tumor-specific survival. In a multivariate analysis, blastemal MIB-1 and p27(Kip1) protein expression proved to be an independent prognostic for clinical progression besides stage. CONCLUSIONS It was concluded that both MIB-1-based proliferative activity and p27(Kip1) protein expression in the blastema have prognostic impact in Wilms' tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazen A Ghanem
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Bostwick DG, Burke HB, Djakiew D, Euling S, Ho SM, Landolph J, Morrison H, Sonawane B, Shifflett T, Waters DJ, Timms B. Human prostate cancer risk factors. Cancer 2004; 101:2371-490. [PMID: 15495199 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.20408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 383] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer has the highest prevalence of any nonskin cancer in the human body, with similar likelihood of neoplastic foci found within the prostates of men around the world regardless of diet, occupation, lifestyle, or other factors. Essentially all men with circulating androgens will develop microscopic prostate cancer if they live long enough. This review is a contemporary and comprehensive, literature-based analysis of the putative risk factors for human prostate cancer, and the results were presented at a multidisciplinary consensus conference held in Crystal City, Virginia, in the fall of 2002. The objectives were to evaluate known environmental factors and mechanisms of prostatic carcinogenesis and to identify existing data gaps and future research needs. The review is divided into four sections, including 1) epidemiology (endogenous factors [family history, hormones, race, aging and oxidative stress] and exogenous factors [diet, environmental agents, occupation and other factors, including lifestyle factors]); 2) animal and cell culture models for prediction of human risk (rodent models, transgenic models, mouse reconstitution models, severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome mouse models, canine models, xenograft models, and cell culture models); 3) biomarkers in prostate cancer, most of which have been tested only as predictive factors for patient outcome after treatment rather than as risk factors; and 4) genotoxic and nongenotoxic mechanisms of carcinogenesis. The authors conclude that most of the data regarding risk relies, of necessity, on epidemiologic studies, but animal and cell culture models offer promise in confirming some important findings. The current understanding of biomarkers of disease and risk factors is limited. An understanding of the risk factors for prostate cancer has practical importance for public health research and policy, genetic and nutritional education and chemoprevention, and prevention strategies.
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Li L, Ren CH, Tahir SA, Ren C, Thompson TC. Caveolin-1 maintains activated Akt in prostate cancer cells through scaffolding domain binding site interactions with and inhibition of serine/threonine protein phosphatases PP1 and PP2A. Mol Cell Biol 2003; 23:9389-404. [PMID: 14645548 PMCID: PMC309640 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.23.24.9389-9404.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2003] [Revised: 06/04/2003] [Accepted: 09/09/2003] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously it has been reported that caveolin-1 (cav-1) has antiapoptotic activities in prostate cancer cells and functions downstream of androgenic stimulation. In this study, we demonstrate that cav-1 overexpression significantly reduced thapsigargin (Tg)-stimulated apoptosis. Examination of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K)/Akt signaling cascade revealed higher activities of PDK1 and Akt but not PI3-K in cav-1-stimulated cells compared to control cells. We subsequently found that cav-1 interacts with and inhibits serine/threonine protein phosphatases PP1 and PP2A through scaffolding domain binding site interactions. Deletion of the cav-1 scaffolding domain significantly reduces phosphorylated Akt and cell viability compared with wild-type cav-1. Analysis of potential substrates for PP1 and PP2A revealed that cav-1-mediated inhibition of PP1 and PP2A leads to increased PDK1, Akt, and ERK1/2 activities. We demonstrate that increased Akt activities are largely responsible for cav-1-mediated cell survival using dominant-negative Akt mutants and specific inhibitors to MEK1/MEK and show that cav-1 increases the half-life of phosphorylated PDK1 and Akt after inhibition of PI3-K by LY294002. We further demonstrate that cav-1-stimulated Akt activities lead to increased phosphorylation of multiple Akt substrates, including GSK3, FKHR, and MDM2. In addition, overexpression of cav-1 significantly increases translocation of phosphorylated androgen receptor to nucleus. Our studies therefore reveal a novel mechanism of Akt activation in prostate cancer and potentially other malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Likun Li
- Scott Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, 6560 Fannin, Suite 2100, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Abstract
Prostate needle biopsy remains the gold standard for diagnosing prostate cancer. Prostate cancer on needle biopsy can be evaluated by numerous techniques of quantifying tumour extent, Gleason score, and the presence of perineural invasion (PNI). These modalities can help clinicians in assessing the risk of extraprostatic disease, progression likelihood, and in helping men with prostate cancer choose among therapeutic options. This review details the information that should be included in the routine pathology report. Recent advances in molecular biology of prostate carcinogenesis have identified many molecular markers for prostate cancer. While several are extremely promising as diagnostic immunohistochemical markers, other prognostic markers are not yet ready to be used in routine practice until they are validated by large prospective studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhou
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Freedland SJ, de Gregorio F, Sacoolidge JC, Elshimali YI, Csathy GS, Elashoff DA, Reiter RE, Aronson WJ. Predicting biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy for patients with organ-confined disease using p27 expression. Urology 2003; 61:1187-92. [PMID: 12809895 DOI: 10.1016/s0090-4295(03)00034-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES It is unclear why men who undergo radical prostatectomy (RP) and are found to have pathologically organ-confined disease develop prostate-specific antigen (PSA) recurrences. We previously found that patients with less than 45% of cells in the prostate needle biopsy specimen (PNBx) staining positive for the cell cycle regulator p27 had a significantly increased risk of biochemical recurrence after RP. We sought to determine whether p27 staining in the PNBx specimen might serve as a molecular marker for PSA failure in the subset of patients who develop PSA recurrence despite organ-confined disease at RP. METHODS The PNBx specimens of 161 men treated with RP between 1991 and 2000 were examined for p27 expression using immunohistochemistry. The p27 cutpoint of less than 45% expression was used to define the high and low-risk categories. Patients were separated into two groups for analysis: organ-confined (pT2 and negative surgical margins) and non-organ-confined (pT2 with positive surgical margins, pT3, pT4, or lymph node involvement). The mean and median follow-up for patients with organ-confined and non-organ-confined disease was 47 and 43 months and 42 and 38 months, respectively. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis was used to examine the preoperative clinical variables that were the strongest predictors of biochemical recurrence after RP among each group. RESULTS Among organ-confined patients, p27 expression was the only significant independent predictor of the time to biochemical recurrence after RP (hazard ratio 5.15, 95% confidence interval 1.41 to 18.83, P = 0.013). Among patients with non-organ-confined disease, the percentage of biopsy tissue with cancer, biopsy Gleason score, and PSA level were independent predictors of PSA recurrence. p27 expression was not a significant independent predictor of PSA recurrence among men with non-organ-confined disease. CONCLUSIONS p27 expression in the PNBx was a significant independent predictor of PSA failure for patients with pathologically organ-confined disease, but not for those with non-organ-confined disease. Patients with organ-confined disease but low p27 expression had a greater than fivefold risk of developing PSA recurrence than were men with high p27 expression, suggesting that p27 may be a molecular marker associated with micrometastatic disease at the time of RP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Freedland
- Department of Urology, University of California, Los Angeles, School of Medicine, 90095-1738, USA
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Abstract
The arguments for and against screening for prostatic cancer are frequently discussed (Albertsen PC. Screening for prostate cancer is neither appropriate nor cost-effective. Urol Clin North Am 1996; 23: 521-530; Schroder FH, Alexander FE, Bangma CH, Hugosson J, Smith DS. Screening and early detection of prostate cancer. Prostate 2000; 44: 255-263). In contrast, this paper outlines how screening became possible, why the decision was made not to initiate a national screening programme in Britain, the other pathways being pursued, and the current problems, in particular the issue of histopathology workload.
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