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Takegahara N, Kim H, Choi Y. Unraveling the intricacies of osteoclast differentiation and maturation: insight into novel therapeutic strategies for bone-destructive diseases. Exp Mol Med 2024; 56:264-272. [PMID: 38297158 PMCID: PMC10907717 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-024-01157-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Osteoclasts are the principal cells that efficiently resorb bone. Numerous studies have attempted to reveal the molecular pathways leading to the differentiation and activation of osteoclasts to improve the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis and other bone-destructive diseases. While the cumulative knowledge of osteoclast regulatory molecules, such as receptor activator of nuclear factor-kB ligand (RANKL) and nuclear factor of activated T cells 1 (NFATc1), contributes to the understanding of the developmental progression of osteoclasts, little is known about how the discrete steps of osteoclastogenesis modify osteoclast status but not the absolute number of osteoclasts. The regulatory mechanisms involved in osteoclast maturation but not those involved in differentiation deserve special attention due to their potential use in establishing a more effective treatment strategy: targeting late-phase differentiation while preserving coupled bone formation. Recent studies have shed light on the molecules that govern late-phase osteoclast differentiation and maturation, as well as the metabolic changes needed to adapt to shifting metabolic demands. This review outlines the current understanding of the regulation of osteoclast differentiation, as well as osteoclast metabolic adaptation as a differentiation control mechanism. Additionally, this review introduces molecules that regulate the late-phase osteoclast differentiation and thus minimally impact coupled bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Takegahara
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Hyunsoo Kim
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Yongwon Choi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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Zhang W, Yang F, Yan Q, Li J, Zhang X, Jiang Y, Dai J. Hypoxia inducible factor-1α related mechanism and TCM intervention in process of early fracture healing. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2024; 16:56-69. [PMID: 38375046 PMCID: PMC10874770 DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2023.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
As a common clinical disease, fracture is often accompanied by pain, swelling, bleeding as well as other symptoms and has a high disability rate, even threatening life, seriously endangering patients' physical and psychological health and quality of life. Medical practitioners take many strategies for the treatment of fracture healing, including Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). In the early stage of fracture healing, the local fracture is often in a state of hypoxia, accompanied by the expression of hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), which is beneficial to wound healing. Through literature mining, we thought that hypoxia, HIF-1α and downstream factors affected the mechanism of fracture healing, as well as dominated this process. Therefore, we reviewed the local characteristics and related signaling pathways involved in the fracture healing process and summarized the intervention of TCM on these mechanisms, in order to inspirit the new strategy for fracture healing, as well as elaborate on the possible principles of TCM in treating fractures based on the HIF molecular mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxian Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Fusen Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Qikai Yan
- Affiliated Hospital of Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Xi'an Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Jiahui Li
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiaogang Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yiwei Jiang
- Affiliated Hospital of Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jianye Dai
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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Shan C, Xia Y, Wu Z, Zhao J. HIF-1α and periodontitis: Novel insights linking host-environment interplay to periodontal phenotypes. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 184:50-78. [PMID: 37769974 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2023.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Periodontitis, the sixth most prevalent epidemic disease globally, profoundly impacts oral aesthetics and masticatory functionality. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), an oxygen-dependent transcriptional activator, has emerged as a pivotal regulator in periodontal tissue and alveolar bone metabolism, exerts critical functions in angiogenesis, erythropoiesis, energy metabolism, and cell fate determination. Numerous essential phenotypes regulated by HIF are intricately associated with bone metabolism in periodontal tissues. Extensive investigations have highlighted the central role of HIF and its downstream target genes and pathways in the coupling of angiogenesis and osteogenesis. Within this concise perspective, we comprehensively review the cellular phenotypic alterations and microenvironmental dynamics linking HIF to periodontitis. We analyze current research on the HIF pathway, elucidating its impact on bone repair and regeneration, while unraveling the involved cellular and molecular mechanisms. Furthermore, we briefly discuss the potential application of targeted interventions aimed at HIF in the field of bone tissue regeneration engineering. This review expands our biological understanding of the intricate relationship between the HIF gene and bone angiogenesis in periodontitis and offers valuable insights for the development of innovative therapies to expedite bone repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Shan
- Department of Dentistry, Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi, China; The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University (Affiliated Stomatology Hospital), Ürümqi, China
| | - YuNing Xia
- Department of Dentistry, Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi, China; The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University (Affiliated Stomatology Hospital), Ürümqi, China
| | - Zeyu Wu
- Department of Dentistry, Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi, China; The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University (Affiliated Stomatology Hospital), Ürümqi, China
| | - Jin Zhao
- Department of Dentistry, Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi, China; The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University (Affiliated Stomatology Hospital), Ürümqi, China; Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Institute of Stomatology, Ürümqi, China.
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Pinto-Cardoso R, Bessa-Andrês C, Correia-de-Sá P, Bernardo Noronha-Matos J. Could hypoxia rehabilitate the osteochondral diseased interface? Lessons from the interplay of hypoxia and purinergic signals elsewhere. Biochem Pharmacol 2023:115646. [PMID: 37321413 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The osteochondral unit comprises the articular cartilage (90%), subchondral bone (5%) and calcified cartilage (5%). All cells present at the osteochondral unit that is ultimately responsible for matrix production and osteochondral homeostasis, such as chondrocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts and osteocytes, can release adenine and/or uracil nucleotides to the local microenvironment. Nucleotides are released by these cells either constitutively or upon plasma membrane damage, mechanical stress or hypoxia conditions. Once in the extracellular space, endogenously released nucleotides can activate membrane-bound purinoceptors. Activation of these receptors is fine-tuning regulated by nucleotides' breakdown by enzymes of the ecto-nucleotidase cascade. Depending on the pathophysiological conditions, both the avascular cartilage and the subchondral bone subsist to significant changes in oxygen tension, which has a tremendous impact on tissue homeostasis. Cell stress due to hypoxic conditions directly influences the expression and activity of several purinergic signalling players, namely nucleotide release channels (e.g. Cx43), NTPDase enzymes and purinoceptors. This review gathers experimental evidence concerning the interplay between hypoxia and the purinergic signalling cascade contributing to osteochondral unit homeostasis. Reporting deviations to this relationship resulting from pathological alterations of articular joints may ultimately unravel novel therapeutic targets for osteochondral rehabilitation. At this point, one can only hypothesize how hypoxia mimetic conditions can be beneficial to the ex vivo expansion and differentiation of osteo- and chondro-progenitors for auto-transplantation and tissue regenerative purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Pinto-Cardoso
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia; Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Departamento de Imuno-Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar - Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP)
| | - Catarina Bessa-Andrês
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia; Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Departamento de Imuno-Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar - Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP)
| | - Paulo Correia-de-Sá
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia; Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Departamento de Imuno-Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar - Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP)
| | - José Bernardo Noronha-Matos
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia; Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Departamento de Imuno-Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar - Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP).
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Li Y, Gao H, Zhao L, Wang J. Osteoporosis in COPD patients: Risk factors and pulmonary rehabilitation. THE CLINICAL RESPIRATORY JOURNAL 2022; 16:487-496. [PMID: 35688435 PMCID: PMC9329018 DOI: 10.1111/crj.13514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Objectives To present a review on the pathogenesis, risk factor and treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease complicated with osteoporosis and provide new ideas for the diagnosis and treatment. Data source A systematic search is carried out using keywords as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, osteoporosis, risk factors, and pulmonary rehabilitation. Results Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease have a high prevalence of osteoporosis and a high risk of fracture. The mechanisms of osteoporosis in COPD patients are associated with general risk factors, such as smoking, reduced physical activity, low weight, and disease‐specific risk factors, such as systemic inflammatory, Vitamin D deficiency, use of glucocorticoid, anemia, hypoxemia, and hypercapnia. The treatment of osteoporosis in COPD emphasizes comprehensive intervention, which mainly include basic treatment and anti‐osteoporosis drugs. Noticeably, pulmonary rehabilitation program is an important part of treatment. Conclusions This work summarizes the pathogenesis, risk factor, prevention, and treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease complicated with osteoporosis, and the latest progress of studies on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and osteoporosis is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujuan Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Pudong New Area Gongli Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongchang Gao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Pudong New Area Gongli Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Pudong New Area Gongli Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinrui Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Pudong New Area Gongli Hospital, Shanghai, China
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Wang Q, Zhang Y, Zhang E, Xing X, Chen Y, Nie K, Yuan H, Su MY, Lang N. A Multiparametric Method Based on Clinical and CT-Based Radiomics to Predict the Expression of p53 and VEGF in Patients With Spinal Giant Cell Tumor of Bone. Front Oncol 2022; 12:894696. [PMID: 35800059 PMCID: PMC9253421 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.894696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PurposeThis project aimed to assess the significance of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and p53 for predicting progression-free survival (PFS) in patients with spinal giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB) and to construct models for predicting these two biomarkers based on clinical and computer tomography (CT) radiomics to identify high-risk patients for improving treatment.Material and MethodsA retrospective study was performed from April 2009 to January 2019. A total of 80 patients with spinal GCTB who underwent surgery in our institution were identified. VEGF and p53 expression and clinical and general imaging information were collected. Multivariate Cox regression models were used to verify the prognostic factors. The radiomics features were extracted from the regions of interest (ROIs) in preoperative CT, and then important features were selected by the SVM to build classification models, evaluated by 10-fold crossvalidation. The clinical variables were processed using the same method to build a conventional model for comparison.ResultsThe immunohistochemistry of 80 patients was obtained: 49 with high-VEGF and 31 with low-VEGF, 68 with wild-type p53, and 12 with mutant p53. p53 and VEGF were independent prognostic factors affecting PFS found in multivariate Cox regression analysis. For VEGF, the Spinal Instability Neoplastic Score (SINS) was greater in the high than low groups, p < 0.001. For p53, SINS (p = 0.030) and Enneking stage (p = 0.017) were higher in mutant than wild-type groups. The VEGF radiomics model built using 3 features achieved an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.88, and the p53 radiomics model built using 4 features had an AUC of 0.79. The conventional model built using SINS, and the Enneking stage had a slightly lower AUC of 0.81 for VEGF and 0.72 for p53.Conclusionp53 and VEGF are associated with prognosis in patients with spinal GCTB, and the radiomics analysis based on preoperative CT provides a feasible method for the evaluation of these two biomarkers, which may aid in choosing better management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qizheng Wang
- Department of Radiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Enlong Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoying Xing
- Department of Radiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yongye Chen
- Department of Radiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Nie
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Huishu Yuan
- Department of Radiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Min-Ying Su
- Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Ning Lang, ; Min-Ying Su,
| | - Ning Lang
- Department of Radiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Ning Lang, ; Min-Ying Su,
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Yan T, Xie Y, He H, Fan W, Huang F. Role of nitric oxide in orthodontic tooth movement (Review). Int J Mol Med 2021; 48:168. [PMID: 34278439 PMCID: PMC8285047 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2021.5001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is an ubiquitous signaling molecule that mediates numerous cellular processes associated with cardiovascular, nervous and immune systems. NO also plays an essential role in bone homeostasis regulation. The present review article summarized the effects of NO on bone metabolism during orthodontic tooth movement in order to provide insight into the regulatory role of NO in orthodontic tooth movement. Orthodontic tooth movement is a process in which the periodontal tissue and alveolar bone are reconstructed due to the effect of orthodontic forces. Accumulating evidence has indicated that NO and its downstream signaling molecule, cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), mediate the mechanical signals during orthodontic-related bone remodeling, and exert complex effects on osteogenesis and osteoclastogenesis. NO has a regulatory effect on the cellular activities and functional states of osteoclasts, osteocytes and periodontal ligament fibroblasts involved in orthodontic tooth movement. Variations of NO synthase (NOS) expression levels and NO production in periodontal tissues or gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) have been found on the tension and compression sides during tooth movement in both orthodontic animal models and patients. Furthermore, NO precursor and NOS inhibitor administration increased and reduced the tooth movement in animal models, respectively. Further research is required in order to further elucidate the underlying mechanisms and the clinical application prospect of NO in orthodontic tooth movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Yan
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, P.R. China
| | - Yongjian Xie
- Department of Orthodontic Dentistry, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, P.R. China
| | - Hongwen He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Wenguo Fan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Fang Huang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, P.R. China
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Maros ME, Balla P, Micsik T, Sapi Z, Szendroi M, Wenz H, Groden C, Forsyth RG, Picci P, Krenacs T. Cell Cycle Regulatory Protein Expression in Multinucleated Giant Cells of Giant Cell Tumor of Bone: do They Proliferate? Pathol Oncol Res 2021; 27:643146. [PMID: 34257609 PMCID: PMC8262213 DOI: 10.3389/pore.2021.643146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cells of the monocyte macrophage lineage form multinucleated giant cells (GCs) by fusion, which may express some cell cycle markers. By using a comprehensive marker set, here we looked for potential replication activities in GCs, and investigated whether these have diagnostic or clinical relevance in giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB). GC rich regions of 10 primary and 10 first recurrence GCTB cases were tested using immunohistochemistry in tissue microarrays. The nuclear positivity rate of the general proliferation marker, replication licensing, G1/S-phase, S/G2/M-phase, mitosis promoter, and cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor reactions was analyzed in GCs. Concerning Ki67, moderate SP6 reaction was seen in many GC nuclei, while B56 and Mib1 positivity was rare, but the latter could be linked to more aggressive (p = 0.012) phenotype. Regular MCM6 reaction, as opposed to uncommon MCM2, suggested an initial DNA unwinding. Early replication course in GCs was also supported by widely detecting CDK4 and cyclin E, for the first time, and confirming cyclin D1 upregulation. However, post-G1-phase markers CDK2, cyclin A, geminin, topoisomerase-2a, aurora kinase A, and phospho-histone H3 were rare or missing. These were likely silenced by upregulated CDK inhibitors p15INK4b, p16INK4a, p27KIP1, p53 through its effector p21WAF1 and possibly cyclin G1, consistent with the prevention of DNA replication. In conclusion, the upregulation of known and several novel cell cycle progression markers detected here clearly verify early replication activities in GCs, which are controlled by cell cycle arresting CDK inhibitors at G1 phase, and support the functional maturation of GCs in GCTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mate E. Maros
- 1 Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Biomedical Informatics at the Center for Preventive Medicine and Digital Health, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Peter Balla
- 1 Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamas Micsik
- 1 Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltan Sapi
- 1 Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miklos Szendroi
- Department of Orthopedics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Holger Wenz
- Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christoph Groden
- Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Ramses G. Forsyth
- Department of Anatomic Pathology and Experimental Pathology, University Ziekenhuis, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Piero Picci
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Tibor Krenacs
- 1 Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Distinct roles for the hypoxia-inducible transcription factors HIF-1α and HIF-2α in human osteoclast formation and function. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21072. [PMID: 33273561 PMCID: PMC7713367 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78003-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone homeostasis is maintained by a balance between osteoblast-mediated bone formation and osteoclast-driven bone resorption. Hypoxia modulates this relationship partially via direct and indirect effects of the hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) transcription factor on osteoclast formation and bone resorption. Little data is available on the role(s) of the HIF-2α isoform of HIF in osteoclast biology. Here we describe induction of HIF-1α and HIF-2α during the differentiation of human CD14+ monocytes into osteoclasts. Knockdown of HIF-1α did not affect osteoclast differentiation but prevented the increase in bone resorption that occurs under hypoxic conditions. HIF-2α knockdown did not affect bone resorption but moderately inhibited osteoclast formation. Growth of osteoclasts in 3D gels reversed the effect of HIF-2α knockdown; HIF-2α siRNA increasing osteoclast formation in 3D. Glycolysis is the main HIF-regulated pathway that drives bone resorption. HIF knockdown only affected glucose uptake and bone resorption in hypoxic conditions. Inhibition of glycolysis with 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-DG) reduced osteoclast formation and activity under both basal and hypoxic conditions, emphasising the importance of glycolytic metabolism in osteoclast biology. In summary, HIF-1α and HIF-2α play different but overlapping roles in osteoclast biology, highlighting the importance of the HIF pathway as a potential therapeutic target in osteolytic disease.
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Todd VM, Johnson RW. Hypoxia in bone metastasis and osteolysis. Cancer Lett 2020; 489:144-154. [PMID: 32561416 PMCID: PMC7429356 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia is a common feature in tumors, driving pathways that promote epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, invasion, and metastasis. Clinically, high levels of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) expression and stabilization at the primary site in many cancer types is associated with poor patient outcomes. Experimental evidence suggests that HIF signaling in the primary tumor promotes their dissemination to the bone, as well as the release of factors such as LOX that act distantly on the bone to stimulate osteolysis and form a pre-metastatic niche. Additionally, the bone itself is a generally hypoxic organ, fueling the activation of HIF signaling in bone resident cells, promoting tumor cell homing to the bone as well as osteoclastogenesis. The hypoxic microenvironment of the bone also stimulates the vicious cycle of tumor-induced bone destruction, further fueling tumor cell growth and osteolysis. Furthermore, hypoxia appears to regulate key tumor dormancy factors. Thus, hypoxia acts both on the tumor cells as well as the metastatic site to promote tumor cell metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera M Todd
- Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology, Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Rachelle W Johnson
- Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology, Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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11
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Hulley PA, Papadimitriou-Olivgeri I, Knowles HJ. Osteoblast-Osteoclast Coculture Amplifies Inhibitory Effects of FG-4592 on Human Osteoclastogenesis and Reduces Bone Resorption. JBMR Plus 2020; 4:e10370. [PMID: 32666021 PMCID: PMC7340438 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The link between bone and blood vessels is regulated by hypoxia and the hypoxia‐inducible transcription factor, HIF, which drives both osteogenesis and angiogenesis. The recent clinical approval of PHD enzyme inhibitors, which stabilize HIF protein, introduces the potential for a new clinical strategy to treat osteolytic conditions such as osteoporosis, osteonecrosis, and skeletal fracture and nonunion. However, bone‐resorbing osteoclasts also play a central role in bone remodeling and pathological osteolysis, and HIF promotes osteoclast activation and bone loss in vitro. It is therefore likely that the result of PHD enzyme inhibition in vivo would be mediated by a balance between increased bone formation and increased bone resorption. It is essential that we improve our understanding of the effects of HIF on osteoclast formation and function and consider the potential contribution of inhibitory interactions with other musculoskeletal cells. The PHD enzyme inhibitor FG‐4592 stabilized HIF protein and stimulated osteoclast‐mediated bone resorption, but inhibited differentiation of human CD14+ monocytes into osteoclasts. Formation of osteoclasts in a more physiologically relevant 3D collagen gel did not affect the sensitivity of osteoclastogenesis to FG‐4592, but increased sensitivity to reduced concentrations of RANKL. Coculture with osteoblasts amplified inhibition of osteoclastogenesis by FG‐4592, whether the osteoblasts were proliferating, differentiating, or in the presence of exogenous M‐CSF and RANKL. Osteoblast coculture dampened the ability of high concentrations of FG‐4592 to increase bone resorption. These data provide support for the therapeutic use of PHD enzyme inhibitors to improve bone formation and/or reduce bone loss for the treatment of osteolytic pathologies and indicate that FG‐4592 might act in vivo to inhibit the formation and activity of the osteoclasts that drive osteolysis. © 2020 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippa A Hulley
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology & Musculoskeletal Sciences University of Oxford Oxford UK
| | - Ioanna Papadimitriou-Olivgeri
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology & Musculoskeletal Sciences University of Oxford Oxford UK.,Department of Anatomy Histology & Embryology University of Patras Patras Greece
| | - Helen J Knowles
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology & Musculoskeletal Sciences University of Oxford Oxford UK
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12
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Yu X, Jiang H, Cheng G, Shang W, Zhang S. High levels of HIF-1ɑ in hypoxic dental pulps associated with teeth with severe periodontitis. J Mol Histol 2020; 51:265-275. [PMID: 32394128 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-020-09878-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study we investigated the expression of HIF-1ɑ in dental pulps of the teeth with severe periodontitis. The expression of HIF-1ɑ in dental pulps of the teeth with severe periodontitis was detected by immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and real-time PCR. Bone marrow macrophages (BMMs) were cultured under hypoxia in vitro. HIF-1ɑ, osteoclast-specific factors (NFATc1, CTSK and c-fos) and RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis were evaluated by immunofluorescence, TRAP staining and western blotting. High levels of HIF-1ɑ protein were detected in dental pulps of teeth with severe periodontitis, whereas few positive HIF-1ɑ expressions were detected in healthy dental pulps. Hypoxia occurred in the dental pulps in response to heavy periodontitis. Many HIF-1ɑ-positive infiltratory inflammatory cells were observed around blood vessels. Tooth internal resorption was found in some teeth with severe periodontitis. The HIF-1ɑ levels were upregulated in BMMs under hypoxia, which also promoted osteoclast formation and resorption by NFATc1, CTSK and c-fos. Teeth with severe periodontitis show hypoxic dental pulps and increased potential of osteoclastic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xijiao Yu
- Department of Oral Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Department of Endodontics, Jinan Stomatological Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan Jiang
- Department of Endodontics, Jinan Stomatological Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Guannan Cheng
- Department of Orthodontics, Weihai Stomatological Hospital, Weihai, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenzhi Shang
- Department of Endodontics, Jinan Stomatological Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shanyong Zhang
- Department of Oral Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Avnet S, Lemma S, Errani C, Falzetti L, Panza E, Columbaro M, Nanni C, Baldini N. Benign albeit glycolytic: MCT4 expression and lactate release in giant cell tumour of bone. Bone 2020; 134:115302. [PMID: 32112988 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Giant cell tumour of bone (GCTB) is a histologically benign, locally aggressive skeletal lesion with an unpredictable propensity to relapse after surgery and a rare metastatic potential. The microscopic picture of GCTB shows different cell types, including multinucleated giant cells, mononuclear cells of the macrophage-monocyte lineage, and spindle cells. The histogenesis of GCTB is still debated, and morphologic, radiographic or molecular features are not predictive of the clinical course. Characterization of the unexplored cell metabolism of GCTB offers significant clues for the understanding of this elusive pathologic entity. In this study we aimed to characterize GCTB energetic metabolism, with a particular focus on lactate release and the expression of monocarboxylate transporters, to lie down a novel path for understanding the pathophysiology of this tumour. We measured the expression of glycolytic markers (GAPDH, PKM2, MCT4, GLUT1, HK1, LDHA, lactate release) in 25 tissue samples of GCTB by immunostaining and by mRNA and ELISA analyses. We also evaluated MCT1 and MCT4 expression and oxidative markers (JC1 staining and Bec index) in tumour-derived spindle cell cultures and CD14+ monocytic cells. Finally, we quantified the intratumoural and circulating levels of lactate in a series of 17 subjects with GCTB. In sharp contrast to the benign histological features of GCTB, we found a high expression of glycolytic markers, with particular reference to MCT4. Unexpectedly, this was mainly confined to the giant cell, not proliferating cell component. Accordingly, GCTB patients showed higher levels of blood lactate as compared to healthy subjects. In conclusion, taken together, our data indicate that GCTB is characterized by a highly glycolytic metabolism of its giant cell component, opening new perspectives on the pathogenesis, the natural history, and the treatment of this lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Avnet
- Orthopaedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine Unit, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Silvia Lemma
- Orthopaedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine Unit, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Costantino Errani
- Orthopaedic Oncology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luigi Falzetti
- Orthopaedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine Unit, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Emanuele Panza
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marta Columbaro
- Musculoskeletal Cell Biology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Cristina Nanni
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Nicola Baldini
- Orthopaedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine Unit, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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14
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Hidaka K, Mikuni-Takagaki Y, Wada-Takahashi S, Saita M, Kawamata R, Sato T, Kawata A, Miyamoto C, Maehata Y, Watabe H, Tani-Ishii N, Hamada N, Takahashi SS, Deguchi S, Takeuchi R. Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound Prevents Development of Bisphosphonate-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw-Like Pathophysiology in a Rat Model. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2019; 45:1721-1732. [PMID: 31006496 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2019.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We developed a rat model of bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) by removing a maxillary molar tooth (M1) from ovariectomized rats after treatment with alendronate. To mimic periodontitis, some of the rats were administered Porphyromonas gingivalis (p. gingivalis) at the M1 site every 2 to 3 d for 2 wk. Rats pretreated with alendronate plus p. gingivalis showed delayed healing of socket epithelia, periosteal reaction of alveolar bone formation and lower bone mineral density in the alveolus above adjacent M2 teeth. These abnormalities were prevented by tooth socket exposure to 20 min/d low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS), which restored diminished expression of RANKL, Bcl-2, IL-6, Hsp70, NF-κB and TNF-α messenger ribonucleic acids in remote bone marrow, suggesting LIPUS prevented development of BRONJ-like pathophysiology in rat by inducing systemic responses for regeneration, in addition to accelerating local healing. Non-invasive treatment by LIPUS, as well as low-level laser therapy, may be useful for medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouki Hidaka
- Department of Oral Science, Kanagawa Dental University Graduate School of Dentistry, Yokosuka, Japan; Department of Oral Interdisciplinary Medicine, Kanagawa Dental University Graduate School of Dentistry, Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Yuko Mikuni-Takagaki
- Department of Oral Science, Kanagawa Dental University Graduate School of Dentistry, Yokosuka, Japan.
| | - Satoko Wada-Takahashi
- Department of Oral Science, Kanagawa Dental University Graduate School of Dentistry, Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Makiko Saita
- Department of Oral Interdisciplinary Medicine, Kanagawa Dental University Graduate School of Dentistry, Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Ryota Kawamata
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Diagnosis and Treatment, Kanagawa Dental University Graduate School of Dentistry, Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Takenori Sato
- Department of Oral Science, Kanagawa Dental University Graduate School of Dentistry, Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Akira Kawata
- Department of Oral Science, Kanagawa Dental University Graduate School of Dentistry, Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Chihiro Miyamoto
- Department of Oral Science, Kanagawa Dental University Graduate School of Dentistry, Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Yojiro Maehata
- Department of Oral Science, Kanagawa Dental University Graduate School of Dentistry, Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Watabe
- Department of Oral Interdisciplinary Medicine, Kanagawa Dental University Graduate School of Dentistry, Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Tani-Ishii
- Department of Oral Interdisciplinary Medicine, Kanagawa Dental University Graduate School of Dentistry, Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Nobushiro Hamada
- Department of Oral Science, Kanagawa Dental University Graduate School of Dentistry, Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Shun-Suke Takahashi
- Department of Oral Science, Kanagawa Dental University Graduate School of Dentistry, Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Shinji Deguchi
- Kanagawa Dental University Graduate School of Dentistry, Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Ryohei Takeuchi
- Department of Oral Science, Kanagawa Dental University Graduate School of Dentistry, Yokosuka, Japan; Joint Surgery Center, Kawasaki Saiwai Hospital, Kawasaki, Japan
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15
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Zhang T, Kastrenopoulou A, Larrouture Q, Athanasou NA, Knowles HJ. Angiopoietin-like 4 promotes osteosarcoma cell proliferation and migration and stimulates osteoclastogenesis. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:536. [PMID: 29739381 PMCID: PMC5941625 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4468-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteosarcoma is the most common primary bone cancer in children and young adults. It is highly aggressive and patients that present with metastasis have a poor prognosis. Angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPTL4) drives the progression and metastasis of many solid tumours, but has not been described in osteosarcoma tissue. ANGPTL4 also enhances osteoclast activity, which is required for osteosarcoma growth in bone. We therefore investigated the expression and function of ANGPTL4 in human osteosarcoma tissue and cell lines. METHODS Expression of ANGPTL4 in osteosarcoma tissue microarrays was determined by immunohistochemistry. Hypoxic secretion of ANGPTL4 was tested by ELISA and Western blot. Regulation of ANGPTL4 by hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) was investigated using isoform specific HIF siRNA (HIF-1α, HIF-2α). Effects of ANGPTL4 on cell proliferation, migration (scratch wound assay), colony formation and osteoblastogenesis were assessed using exogenous ANGPTL4 or cells stably transfected with ANGPTL4. Osteoclastogenic differentiation of CD14+ monocytes was assessed by staining for tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), bone resorption was assessed by lacunar resorption of dentine. RESULTS ANGPTL4 was immunohistochemically detectable in 76/109 cases. ANGPTL4 was induced by hypoxia in 6 osteosarcoma cell lines, under the control of the HIF-1α transcription factor. MG-63 cells transfected with an ANGPTL4 over-expression plasmid exhibited increased proliferation and migration capacity and promoted osteoclastogenesis and osteoclast-mediated bone resorption. Individually the full-length form of ANGPTL4 could increase MG-63 cell proliferation, whereas N-terminal ANGPTL4 mediated the other pro-tumourigenic phenotypes. CONCLUSIONS This study describes a role(s) for ANGPTL4 in osteosarcoma and identifies ANGPTL4 as a treatment target that could potentially reduce tumour progression, inhibit angiogenesis, reduce bone destruction and prevent metastatic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Zhang
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LD UK
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 People’s Republic of China
| | - A. Kastrenopoulou
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LD UK
| | - Q. Larrouture
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LD UK
| | - N. A. Athanasou
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LD UK
| | - H. J. Knowles
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LD UK
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16
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Mazzi-Chaves JF, Petean IBF, Soares IMV, Salles AG, Antunes LAA, Segato RAB, Silva LABD, Küchler EC, Antunes LS, Sousa-Neto MD. Influence Of Genetic Polymorphisms In Genes Of Bone Remodeling And Angiogenesis Process In The Apical Periodontitis. Braz Dent J 2018; 29:179-183. [DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440201802260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract Persistent apical periodontitis (AP) is a situation involving an inflammatory and immune response caused mainly by anaerobic polymicrobial infection of the root canal system and the outcome and follow-up of the root canal treatment has been reported as intimately related to host response. The apical periodontitis repair might be associated with genetic polymorphisms. This study aimed to evaluate the association between HIF1A genetic polymorphisms (rs2301113 and rs2057482) with PAP in Brazilian patients. Subjects with at least 1 year of follow-up after root canal therapy (RCT) were recalled. Sixty-four subjects with signs/symptoms of PAP and 84 subjects with root canal-treated teeth exhibiting healthy perirradicular tissues (healed) were included. Genomic DNA was extracted from saliva and used for HIF1A genotyping by real-time PCR. Genotype and allele frequencies were compared by c2 or Fisher’s exact tests and odds ratio was implemented, using Epi Info 3.5.2. All tests were performed with an established alpha of 0.05. There was no association between allele and genotype distribution for HIF1As polymorphisms and PAP (p>0.05). The genetic polymorphisms in HIF1A were not associated with persistent apical periodontitis.
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17
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Hulley PA, Bishop T, Vernet A, Schneider JE, Edwards JR, Athanasou NA, Knowles HJ. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha does not regulate osteoclastogenesis but enhances bone resorption activity via prolyl-4-hydroxylase 2. J Pathol 2017; 242:322-333. [PMID: 28418093 PMCID: PMC5518186 DOI: 10.1002/path.4906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Osteogenic-angiogenic coupling is promoted by the hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α) transcription factor, provoking interest in HIF activation as a therapeutic strategy to improve osteoblast mineralization and treat pathological osteolysis. However, HIF also enhances the bone-resorbing activity of mature osteoclasts. It is therefore essential to determine the full effect(s) of HIF on both the formation and the bone-resorbing function of osteoclasts in order to understand how they might respond to such a strategy. Expression of HIF-1α mRNA and protein increased during osteoclast differentiation from CD14+ monocytic precursors, additionally inducing expression of the HIF-regulated glycolytic enzymes. However, HIF-1α siRNA only moderately affected osteoclast differentiation, accelerating fusion of precursor cells. HIF induction by inhibition of the regulatory prolyl-4-hydroxylase (PHD) enzymes reduced osteoclastogenesis, but was confirmed to enhance bone resorption by mature osteoclasts. Phd2+/- murine osteoclasts also exhibited enhanced bone resorption, associated with increased expression of resorption-associated Acp5, in comparison with wild-type cells from littermate controls. Phd3-/- bone marrow precursors displayed accelerated early fusion, mirroring results with HIF-1α siRNA. In vivo, Phd2+/- and Phd3-/- mice exhibited reduced trabecular bone mass, associated with reduced mineralization by Phd2+/- osteoblasts. These data indicate that HIF predominantly functions as a regulator of osteoclast-mediated bone resorption, with little effect on osteoclast differentiation. Inhibition of HIF might therefore represent an alternative strategy to treat diseases characterized by pathological levels of osteolysis. © 2017 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippa A Hulley
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology & Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tammie Bishop
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Aude Vernet
- BHF Experimental MR Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - James R Edwards
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology & Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nick A Athanasou
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology & Musculoskeletal Sciences, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Helen J Knowles
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology & Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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18
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Knowles HJ. Hypoxia-Induced Fibroblast Growth Factor 11 Stimulates Osteoclast-Mediated Resorption of Bone. Calcif Tissue Int 2017; 100:382-391. [PMID: 28097375 PMCID: PMC5336535 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-016-0228-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Over-activation of osteoclasts is directly responsible for pathological bone loss in conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and cancer metastasis to bone. Hypoxia is a common feature of these conditions, associated with poor prognosis, which also stimulates osteoclast-mediated bone resorption via induction of the hypoxia-inducible transcription factor HIF-1α. Here, we investigate the effects of fibroblast growth factor 11 (FGF11) on osteoclast function. FGF11 is an intracellular FGF that was induced both by hypoxia (2% O2, p < 0.01) and by inhibition of the HIF-regulating prolyl hydroxylase enzymes (CoCl2, p < 0.001) in osteoclasts. Isoform-specific siRNA demonstrated that the induction of Fgf11 mRNA expression by hypoxia is HIF-1α-dependent (p < 0.01). Hypoxic stimulation of bone resorption was inhibited in osteoclasts treated with siRNA targeting FGF11 (p < 0.05). This was at least partially due to reduced secretion of an unidentified pro-resorptive factor downstream of FGF11. FGF11 expression within hypoxic, resorbing osteoclasts co-localised with microtubule-associated alpha-tubulin. FGF11 was also abundantly expressed in osteoclasts within the rheumatoid synovium and in giant cell tumour of bone. This study suggests FGF11 as a novel factor driving pathological bone resorption in osteolytic disease and as a potential target for the development of new anti-resorptive therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen J Knowles
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology & Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LD, UK.
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19
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Mechanisms governing metastatic dormancy in breast cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2017; 44:72-82. [PMID: 28344165 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a systemic disease characterized by early dissemination of tumor cells to distant organs. In this foreign environment, tumor cells may stay in a dormant state as single cells or as micrometastases for many years before growing out into a macrometastatic lesion. As metastasis is the primary cause for breast cancer-related death, it is important to understand the mechanisms underlying the maintenance of dormancy and dormancy escape to find druggable targets to eradicate metastatic tumor cells. Metastatic dormancy is regulated by complex interactions between tumor cells and the local microenvironment. In addition, cancer-directed immunity and systemic instigation play a crucial role.
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20
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Knowles HJ. Multiple Roles of Angiopoietin-Like 4 in Osteolytic Disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:80. [PMID: 28458654 PMCID: PMC5394121 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia and the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) transcription factor drive pathological bone loss in conditions including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, primary bone tumours, and bone metastatic cancer. There is therefore considerable interest in determining the function(s) of HIF-induced genes in these pathologies. Angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPTL4) is an adipose-derived, HIF-1α- and PPARγ-induced gene that was originally discovered as an endocrine and autocrine/paracrine regulator of lipid metabolism. Given the inverse relationship between bone adiposity and fracture risk, ANGPTL4 might be considered a good candidate for mediating the downstream effects of HIF-1α relevant to osteolytic disease. This review will consider the possible roles of ANGPTL4 in regulation of osteoclast-mediated bone resorption, cartilage degradation, angiogenesis, and inflammation, focusing on results obtained in the study of RA. Possible roles in other musculoskeletal pathologies will also be discussed. This will highlight ANGPTL4 as a regulator of multiple disease processes, which could represent a novel therapeutic target in osteolytic musculoskeletal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen J. Knowles
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- *Correspondence: Helen J. Knowles,
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21
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Drager J, Sheikh Z, Zhang YL, Harvey EJ, Barralet JE. Local delivery of iron chelators reduces in vivo remodeling of a calcium phosphate bone graft substitute. Acta Biomater 2016; 42:411-419. [PMID: 27449336 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Iron chelators are known activators of the Hypoxia Includible Factor-1α (HIF-1α) pathway, a critical cellular pathway involved in angiogenic responses to hypoxia. Local delivery of these chelators has shown promise in bone tissue engineering strategies by inducing angiogenesis and osteogenesis. Hypoxic microenvironments are also a stimulus for osteoclast differentiation and resorptive activity, a process likely mediated by HIF-1α. In vitro, low doses of the iron chelator Deferoxamine (DFO) has shown to induce HIF-1α mediated osteoclast formation and function. However other studies have proposed an opposite in vitro effect likely through HIF independent mechanisms. To investigate use of these medications in bioceramic based bone tissue engineering strategies this study aimed to determine the in vivo effect of local delivery of iron chelators on bioceramic remodeling. A non-weight bearing cranial onlay model was used to assess monetite resorption and new bone formation in the presence or absence of a repeated delivery of two iron chelators, DFO and 1,10 Phenanthroline (PHT) at doses known to induce HIF. We found a marked reduction graft resorption and remodeling associated with iron chelation. This was correlated to a 3-fold reduction in osteoclast number at the bone graft interface. Iron is needed for mitochondrial biogenesis during osteoclastic differentiation and reducing extracellular iron levels may inhibit this process and possibly overpower any HIF induced osteoclast formation. Our findings suggest that these inexpensive and widely available molecules may be used to locally reduce bioceramic scaffold resorption and encourages future investigations of iron chelators as bone anti-resorptive agents in other clinical contexts. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Low doses of iron chelators can induce angiogenesis and osteogenesis in repairing bone by stimulating the oxygen sensitive gene; hypoxia inducible factor. These medications have potential to augment bioceramic based bone tissue engineering strategies without the downsides of protein-based growth factors. HIF activation is also known to stimulate osteoclast-mediated resorption and could potentially accelerate remodeling of biocermaics, however we have shown that the local delivery of iron chelation at doses known to induce HIF resulted in a reduction of monetite resorption and a significant decrease in osteoclast number at the bone graft interface. This maybe due to HIF independent mechanism. This is the first study to show a local effect of iron chelators in vivo on osteoclast-mediated resorption. This opens the potential of further study of these bifunctional medications to modulate resorption of biocermaics in environments where a prolonged presence of material is desired for graft site stability. Moreover these safe widely used medications can be explored to locally reduce osteoclasts in pathological bone resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Drager
- Division of Orthopaedics, McGill University Health Center, 1650 Cedar Ave, Montreal, Qc H3G 1A4, Canada.
| | - Zeeshan Sheikh
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 150 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada.
| | - Yu Ling Zhang
- Division of Orthopaedics, McGill University Health Center, 1650 Cedar Ave, Montreal, Qc H3G 1A4, Canada; Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, 3640, Rue University, Montreal, Qc H3A 0C7, Canada.
| | - Edward J Harvey
- Division of Orthopaedics, McGill University Health Center, 1650 Cedar Ave, Montreal, Qc H3G 1A4, Canada.
| | - Jake E Barralet
- Division of Orthopaedics, McGill University Health Center, 1650 Cedar Ave, Montreal, Qc H3G 1A4, Canada; Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, 3640, Rue University, Montreal, Qc H3A 0C7, Canada.
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22
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Abstract
Bone integrity is maintained throughout life via the homeostatic actions of bone cells, namely, osteoclasts, which resorb bone, and osteoblasts, which produce bone. Disruption of this balance in favor of osteoclast activation results in pathological bone loss, which occurs in conditions including osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, primary bone cancer, and cancer metastasis to bone. Hypoxia also plays a major role in these conditions, where it is associated with disease progression and poor prognosis. In recent years, considerable interest has arisen in the mechanisms whereby hypoxia and the hypoxia-inducible transcription factors, HIF-1α and HIF-2α, affect bone remodeling and bone pathologies. This review summarizes the current evidence for hypoxia-mediated regulation of osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption activity. Role(s) of HIF and HIF target genes in the formation of multinucleated osteoclasts from cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage and in the activation of bone resorption by mature osteoclasts will be discussed. Specific attention will be paid to hypoxic metabolism and generation of ATP by osteoclasts. Hypoxia-driven increases in both glycolytic flux and mitochondrial metabolic activity, along with consequent generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, have been found to be essential for osteoclast formation and resorption activity. Finally, evidence for the use of HIF inhibitors as potential therapeutic agents targeting bone resorption in osteolytic disease will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen J Knowles
- Botnar Research Centre, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
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23
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Lau CPY, Wong KC, Huang L, Li G, Tsui SKW, Kumta SM. A mouse model of luciferase-transfected stromal cells of giant cell tumor of bone. Connect Tissue Res 2015; 56:493-503. [PMID: 26327464 DOI: 10.3109/03008207.2015.1075519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A major barrier towards the study of the effects of drugs on Giant Cell Tumor of Bone (GCT) has been the lack of an animal model. In this study, we created an animal model in which GCT stromal cells survived and functioned as proliferating neoplastic cells. A proliferative cell line of GCT stromal cells was used to create a stable and luciferase-transduced cell line, Luc-G33. The cell line was characterized and was found that there were no significant differences on cell proliferation rate and recruitment of monocytes when compared with the wild type GCT stromal cells. We delivered the Luc-G33 cells either subcutaneously on the back or to the tibiae of the nude mice. The presence of viable Luc-G33 cells was assessed using real-time live imaging by the IVIS 200 bioluminescent imaging (BLI) system. The tumor cells initially propagated and remained viable on site for 7 weeks in the subcutaneous tumor model. We also tested in vivo antitumor effects of Zoledronate (ZOL) and Geranylgeranyl transferase-I inhibitor (GGTI-298) alone or their combinations in Luc-G33-transplanted nude mice. ZOL alone at 400 µg/kg and the co-treatment of ZOL at 400 µg/kg and GGTI-298 at 1.16 mg/kg reduced tumor cell viability in the model. Furthermore, the anti-tumor effects by ZOL, GGTI-298 and the co-treatment in subcutaneous tumor model were also confirmed by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. In conclusion, we established a nude mice model of GCT stromal cells which allows non-invasive, real-time assessments of tumor development and testing the in vivo effects of different adjuvants for treating GCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol P Y Lau
- a Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , NT , Hong Kong
| | - Kwok Chuen Wong
- a Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , NT , Hong Kong
| | - Lin Huang
- b Department of Surgery , Prince of Wales Hospital , Shatin , NT , Hong Kong , and
| | - Gang Li
- a Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , NT , Hong Kong
| | - Stephen K W Tsui
- c School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , NT , Hong Kong
| | - Shekhar Madhukar Kumta
- a Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , NT , Hong Kong
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GUO SHIBING, BAI RUI, LIU WANLIN, ZHAO AIQING, ZHAO ZHENQUN, WANG YUXIN, WANG YONG, ZHAO WEI, WANG WENXUAN. MicroRNA-210 is upregulated by hypoxia-inducible factor-1α in the stromal cells of giant cell tumors of bone. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:6185-92. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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25
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Wei ZF, Lv Q, Xia Y, Yue MF, Shi C, Xia YF, Chou GX, Wang ZT, Dai Y. Norisoboldine, an Anti-Arthritis Alkaloid Isolated from Radix Linderae, Attenuates Osteoclast Differentiation and Inflammatory Bone Erosion in an Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor-Dependent Manner. Int J Biol Sci 2015; 11:1113-26. [PMID: 26221077 PMCID: PMC4515821 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.12152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Norisoboldine (NOR), the primary isoquinoline alkaloid constituent of the root of Lindera aggregata, has previously been demonstrated to attenuate osteoclast (OC) differentiation. Accumulative evidence has shown that aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) plays an important role in regulating the differentiation of various cells, and multiple isoquinoline alkaloids can modulate AhR. In the present study, we explored the role of NOR in the AhR signaling pathway. These data showed that the combination of AhR antagonist resveratrol (Res) or α-naphthoflavone (α-NF) nearly reversed the inhibition of OC differentiation through NOR. NOR could stably bind to AhR, up-regulate the nuclear translocation of AhR, and enhance the accumulation of the AhR-ARNT complex, AhR-mediated reporter gene activity and CYP1A1 expression in RAW 264.7 cells, suggesting that NOR might be an agonist of AhR. Moreover, NOR inhibited the nuclear translocation of NF-κB-p65, resulting in the evident accumulation of the AhR-NF-κB-p65 complex, which could be markedly inhibited through either Res or α-NF. Although NOR only slightly affected the expression of HIF-1α, NOR markedly reduced VEGF mRNA expression and ARNT-HIF-1α complex accumulation. In vivo studies indicated that NOR decreased the number of OCs and ameliorated the bone erosion in the joints of rats with collagen-induced arthritis, accompanied by the up-regulation of CYP1A1 and the down-regulation of VEGF mRNA expression in the synovium of rats. A combination of α-NF nearly completely reversed the effects of NOR. In conclusion, NOR attenuated OC differentiation and bone erosion through the activation of AhR and the subsequent inhibition of both NF-κB and HIF pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-feng Wei
- 1. State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Qi Lv
- 1. State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ying Xia
- 1. State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Meng-fan Yue
- 1. State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Can Shi
- 1. State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yu-feng Xia
- 1. State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Gui-xin Chou
- 2. Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zheng-tao Wang
- 2. Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yue Dai
- 1. State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China
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Balla P, Maros ME, Barna G, Antal I, Papp G, Sapi Z, Athanasou NA, Benassi MS, Picci P, Krenacs T. Prognostic impact of reduced connexin43 expression and gap junction coupling of neoplastic stromal cells in giant cell tumor of bone. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125316. [PMID: 25933380 PMCID: PMC4416750 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Missense mutations of the GJA1 gene encoding the gap junction channel protein connexin43 (Cx43) cause bone malformations resulting in oculodentodigital dysplasia (ODDD), while GJA1 null and ODDD mutant mice develop osteopenia. In this study we investigated Cx43 expression and channel functions in giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB), a locally aggressive osteolytic lesion with uncertain progression. Cx43 protein levels assessed by immunohistochemistry were correlated with GCTB cell types, clinico-radiological stages and progression free survival in tissue microarrays of 89 primary and 34 recurrent GCTB cases. Cx43 expression, phosphorylation, subcellular distribution and gap junction coupling was also investigated and compared between cultured neoplastic GCTB stromal cells and bone marow stromal cells or HDFa fibroblasts as a control. In GCTB tissues, most Cx43 was produced by CD163 negative neoplastic stromal cells and less by CD163 positive reactive monocytes/macrophages or by giant cells. Significantly less Cx43 was detected in α-smooth muscle actin positive than α-smooth muscle actin negative stromal cells and in osteoclast-rich tumor nests than in the adjacent reactive stroma. Progressively reduced Cx43 production in GCTB was significantly linked to advanced clinico-radiological stages and worse progression free survival. In neoplastic GCTB stromal cell cultures most Cx43 protein was localized in the paranuclear-Golgi region, while it was concentrated in the cell membranes both in bone marrow stromal cells and HDFa fibroblasts. In Western blots, alkaline phosphatase sensitive bands, linked to serine residues (Ser369, Ser372 or Ser373) detected in control cells, were missing in GCTB stromal cells. Defective cell membrane localization of Cx43 channels was in line with the significantly reduced transfer of the 622 Da fluorescing calcein dye between GCTB stromal cells. Our results show that significant downregulation of Cx43 expression and gap junction coupling in neoplastic stromal cells are associated with the clinical progression and worse prognosis in GCTB.
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MESH Headings
- Actins/genetics
- Actins/metabolism
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Alkaline Phosphatase/deficiency
- Alkaline Phosphatase/genetics
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/metabolism
- Bone Marrow Cells/metabolism
- Bone Marrow Cells/pathology
- Bone Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Bone Neoplasms/genetics
- Bone Neoplasms/metabolism
- Bone Neoplasms/pathology
- Bone and Bones/metabolism
- Bone and Bones/pathology
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Connexin 43/genetics
- Connexin 43/metabolism
- Gap Junctions/metabolism
- Gap Junctions/pathology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Giant Cell Tumor of Bone/diagnosis
- Giant Cell Tumor of Bone/genetics
- Giant Cell Tumor of Bone/metabolism
- Giant Cell Tumor of Bone/pathology
- Giant Cells/metabolism
- Giant Cells/pathology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/pathology
- Humans
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Macrophages/pathology
- Middle Aged
- Monocytes/metabolism
- Monocytes/pathology
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/pathology
- Primary Cell Culture
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Survival Analysis
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Balla
- 1st Department of Pathology & Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mate Elod Maros
- 1st Department of Pathology & Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Gabor Barna
- 1st Department of Pathology & Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University Budapest, Hungary
| | - Imre Antal
- Department of Orthopaedics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gergo Papp
- 1st Department of Pathology & Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltan Sapi
- 1st Department of Pathology & Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Maria Serena Benassi
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Orthopaedics Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Pierro Picci
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Orthopaedics Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Tibor Krenacs
- 1st Department of Pathology & Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University Budapest, Hungary
- Hunragian Academy of Sciences-Semmelweis University (MTA-SE) Tumor Progression Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
- * E-mail:
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Zhang J, Dong J, Yang Z, Ma X, Zhang J, Li M, Chen Y, Ding Y, Li K, Zhang Z. Expression of ezrin, CD44, and VEGF in giant cell tumor of bone and its significance. World J Surg Oncol 2015; 13:168. [PMID: 25929323 PMCID: PMC4434870 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-015-0579-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This research aimed to study the role of ezrin, CD44, and VEGF in invasion, metastasis, recurrence, and prognosis of giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB) and its association with the clinical and pathological features of GCTB. Methods Expression status of ezrin, CD44, and VEGF in 80 GCTB tissues and its adjacent noncancerous tissue samples were measured with immunohistochemical and Elivison staining. Their correlation with the clinical and pathologic factors was statistically analyzed by chi-square test. Results The expression status of ezrin, CD44, and VEGF were significantly higher in GCTB tissue samples than in its adjacent noncancerous tissue samples and in GCTB at Campanacci stage III than in Campanacci stages I and II (P < 0.05). No significant difference was found in age and sex of the patients and locations of the tumor (P > 0.05). Survival analysis showed that the expression status of ezrin, CD44, VEGF, and Campanacci clinical stages of GCTB were positively associated with the survival rate of GCTB patients and negatively associated with ezrin and Campanacci stages of GCTB, indicating that ezrin, CD44, VEGF, and Campanacci clinical stages of GCTB are the independent factors for GCTB. Conclusions Ezrin, CD44, and VEGF are over-expressed in GCTB tissue and its adjacent noncancerous tissue samples and may play an important role in the occurrence, invasion, metastasis, and recurrence of GCTB. Measurement of ezrin, CD44, and VEGF expression status may contribute to the judgment of prognosis of GCTB patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Bone and Soft Tissue Tumors Research Center of Yunnan Province, Department of Orthopaedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, 650118, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jian Dong
- Bone and Soft Tissue Tumors Research Center of Yunnan Province, Department of Orthopaedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, 650118, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zuozhang Yang
- Bone and Soft Tissue Tumors Research Center of Yunnan Province, Department of Orthopaedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, 650118, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiang Ma
- Bone and Soft Tissue Tumors Research Center of Yunnan Province, Department of Orthopaedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, 650118, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jinlei Zhang
- Bone and Soft Tissue Tumors Research Center of Yunnan Province, Department of Orthopaedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, 650118, People's Republic of China.
| | - Mei Li
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, 650118, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, 650118, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yingying Ding
- Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650118, People's Republic China.
| | - Kun Li
- Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650118, People's Republic China.
| | - Zhiping Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650118, People's Republic China.
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Li ML, Yi J, Yang Y, Zhang X, Zheng W, Li Y, Zhao Z. Compression and hypoxia play independent roles while having combinative effects in the osteoclastogenesis induced by periodontal ligament cells. Angle Orthod 2015; 86:66-73. [PMID: 25844508 DOI: 10.2319/121414.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the isolated and combined effects of compression and hypoxia on the osteoclastogenesis induced by periodontal ligament cells (PDLCs). MATERIALS AND METHODS A periodontal ligament tissue model (PDLtm) was established by 3-D culturing human PDLCs on a thin sheet of poly lactic-co-glycolic acid scaffold. The PDLtm was treated with hypoxia and/or compression for 6, 24, or 72 hours. After that, a real-time polymerase chain reaction was used for gene expression analysis. The conditioned media were used for the coculture of osteoblast and osteoclast (OC) precursors; tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining was done to examine OC formation. RESULTS Either compression or hypoxia alone significantly up-regulated the gene expression of pro-osteoclastogenic cytokines in the PDLtm and enhanced osteoclastogenesis in the cocultures, and the combination of the two had significantly stronger effects than either stimulation alone. In addition, comparing the two stimulants, we found that the osteoclastogenic property of the PDLCs peaked earlier (at 6 hours) in the compression group than in the hypoxia group (at 24 hours). CONCLUSIONS Both compressive force and hypoxia may take part in initiating osteoclastogenesis in orthodontic tooth movement and may have combinatory effects, which could update our concepts of the mechanisms involved in the initiation of bone resorption on the pressure side of the tooth in question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Le Li
- a PhD Student, Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School and Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianru Yi
- a PhD Student, Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School and Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Yang
- b Postgraduate Student, Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School and Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- b Postgraduate Student, Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School and Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- c Lecturer, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School and Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Li
- d Associate Professor, Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School and Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhihe Zhao
- e Professor, Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School and Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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29
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Inhibition of osteoclast activation by phloretin through disturbing αvβ3 integrin-c-Src pathway. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:680145. [PMID: 25834823 PMCID: PMC4365379 DOI: 10.1155/2015/680145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study was to explore the sequential signaling of disorganization of the actin cytoskeletal architecture by phloretin. RAW 264.7 macrophages were incubated with 1–20 μM phloretin for 5 days in the presence of RANKL. C57BL/6 mice were ovariectomized (OVX) and orally treated with 10 mg/kg phloretin once a day for 8 weeks. Phloretin allayed RANKL stimulated formation of actin podosomes with the concomitant retardation of the vinculin activation. Oral administration of phloretin suppressed the induction of femoral gelsolin and vinculin in OVX mice. The RANK-RANKL interaction resulted in the αvβ3 integrin induction, which was demoted by phloretin. The RANKL induction of actin rings and vacuolar-type H+-ATPase entailed Pyk2 phosphorylation and c-Src and c-Cbl induction, all of which were blunted by phloretin. Similar inhibition was also observed in phloretin-exposed OVX mouse femoral bone tissues with decreased trabecular collagen formation. Phloretin suppressed the paxillin induction in RANKL-activated osteoclasts and in OVX epiphyseal bone tissues. Also, phloretin attenuated the Syk phosphorylation and phospholipase Cγ induction by RANKL in osteoclasts. These results suggest that phloretin was an inhibitor of actin podosomes and sealing zone, disrupting αvβ3 integrin-c-Src-Pyk2/Syk signaling pathway for the regulation of actin cytoskeletal organization in osteoclasts.
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Gomes-Filho JE, Wayama MT, Dornelles RCM, Ervolino E, Yamanari GH, Lodi CS, Sivieri-Araújo G, Dezan-Júnior E, Cintra LTA. Raloxifene modulates regulators of osteoclastogenesis and angiogenesis in an oestrogen deficiency periapical lesion model. Int Endod J 2014; 48:1059-68. [PMID: 25354165 DOI: 10.1111/iej.12403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
AIM To analyse the local regulatory mechanisms of osteoclastogenesis and angiogenesis during the progression of periapical lesions in female rats with oestrogen deficiency and treatment with raloxifene (RLX). METHODOLOGY Female Wistar rats were distributed into groups: SHAM-veh, subjected to sham surgery and treated with a vehicle; OVX-veh, subjected to ovary removal and treated with a vehicle; and OVX-RLX, subjected to ovary removal and treated with RLX. Vehicle or RLX was administered orally for 90 days. During treatment, the dental pulp of mandibular first molars was exposed to the oral environment for induction of periapical lesions, which were analysed after 7 and 30 days. After the experimental periods, blood samples were collected for measurement of oestradiol, calcium, phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase. The rats were euthanized and the mandibles removed and processed for immunohistochemical detection of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL), osteoprotegerin (OPG), hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BALP). Data were compared using Kruskal-Wallis followed by Dunn test (nonparametric values) and anova followed by the Tukey's test (parametric values). RESULTS The plasma concentration of oestradiol showed hypo-oestrogenism in the rats subjected to ovary removal. On day 7, alkaline phosphatase activity, calcium and phosphorus were higher in the OVX-RLX group than in the OVX-veh group (P < 0.001), but immunolabelling for RANKL and HIF-1α was lower in OVX-RLX group (P < 0.001). On day 30, the OVX-veh group had higher immunolabelling for RANKL than the OVX-RLX group (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the immunoreactivity of OPG and BALP between any groups at either time-point (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION RLX therapy reversed the increased levels of the local regulators of both osteoclastogenesis and angiogenesis induced by oestrogen deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Gomes-Filho
- Department of Endodontics, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, Univ. Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - M T Wayama
- Department of Endodontics, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, Univ. Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - R C M Dornelles
- Department of Endodontics, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, Univ. Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - E Ervolino
- Department of Endodontics, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, Univ. Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - G H Yamanari
- Department of Endodontics, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, Univ. Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - C S Lodi
- Department of Endodontics, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, Univ. Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - G Sivieri-Araújo
- Department of Endodontics, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, Univ. Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - E Dezan-Júnior
- Department of Endodontics, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, Univ. Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - L T A Cintra
- Department of Endodontics, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, Univ. Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, Brazil
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Gene expression profiling of giant cell tumor of bone reveals downregulation of extracellular matrix components decorin and lumican associated with lung metastasis. Virchows Arch 2014; 465:703-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s00428-014-1666-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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32
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Fu S, Bai R, Zhao Z, Zhang Z, Zhang G, Wang Y, Wang Y, Jiang D, Zhu D. Overexpression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and vascular endothelial growth factor in sacral giant cell tumors and the correlation with tumor microvessel density. Exp Ther Med 2014; 8:1453-1458. [PMID: 25289039 PMCID: PMC4186367 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.1971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although classified as benign, giant cell tumors of the bone (GCTB) may be aggressive, recur and even metastasize to the lungs. In addition, the pathogenesis and histogenesis remain unclear; thus, the driving factors behind the strong tumor growth capacity of GCTB require investigation. In the present study, the expression levels of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which are promoted by hypoxic conditions, were determined in 22 sacral GCTB samples using immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis. Furthermore, CD34 expression was analyzed using these methods. The correlation between HIF-1α or VEGF expression and the tumor microvessel density (MVD) was then determined. The results demonstrated that HIF-1α, VEGF and CD34 were overexpressed in the 22 sacral GCTB specimens, and overexpression of HIF-1α and VEGF correlated with the tumor MVD. Thus, the present study has provided novel indicators for the tumor growth capacity of GCTBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaofeng Fu
- Graduate School of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400331, P.R. China
| | - Rui Bai
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Huhhot, Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region 010050, P.R. China
| | - Zhenqun Zhao
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Huhhot, Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region 010050, P.R. China
| | - Zhifeng Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Huhhot, Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region 010050, P.R. China
| | - Gang Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Huhhot, Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region 010050, P.R. China
| | - Yuxin Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Huhhot, Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region 010050, P.R. China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Huhhot, Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region 010050, P.R. China
| | - Dianming Jiang
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Dezhi Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, Fourth Hospital of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Huhhot, Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region 010030, P.R. China
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Intermittent hypoxia effect on osteoclastogenesis stimulated by neuroblastoma cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105555. [PMID: 25148040 PMCID: PMC4141796 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial pediatric solid tumor. Intermittent hypoxia, which is characterized by cyclic periods of hypoxia and reoxygenation, has been shown to positively modulate tumor development and thereby induce tumor growth, angiogenic processes, and metastasis. Bone is one of the target organs of metastasis in advanced neuroblastoma Neuroblastoma cells produce osteoclast-activating factors that increase bone resorption by the osteoclasts. The present study focuses on how intermittent hypoxia preconditioned SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells modulate osteoclastogenesis in RAW 264.7 cells compared with neuroblastoma cells grown at normoxic conditions. Methods We inhibited HIF-1α and HIF-2α in neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells by siRNA/shRNA approaches. Protein expression of HIF-1α, HIF-2α and MAPKs were investigated by western blotting. Expression of osteoclastogenic factors were determined by real-time RT-PCR. The influence of intermittent hypoxia and HIF-1α siRNA on migration of neuroblastoma cells and in vitro differentiation of RAW 264.7 cells were assessed. Intratibial injection was performed with SH-SY5Y stable luciferase-expressing cells and in vivo bioluminescence imaging was used in the analysis of tumor growth in bone. Results Upregulation of mRNAs of osteoclastogenic factors VEGF and RANKL was observed in intermittent hypoxia-exposed neuroblastoma cells. Conditioned medium from the intermittent hypoxia-exposed neuroblastoma cells was found to enhance osteoclastogenesis, up-regulate the mRNAs of osteoclast marker genes including TRAP, CaSR and cathepsin K and induce the activation of ERK, JNK, and p38 in RAW 264.7 cells. Intermittent hypoxia-exposed neuroblastoma cells showed an increased migratory pattern compared with the parental cells. A significant increase of tumor volume was found in animals that received the intermittent hypoxia-exposed cells intratibially compared with parental cells. Conclusions Intermittent hypoxic exposure enhanced capabilities of neuroblastoma cells in induction of osteoclast differentiation in RAW 264.7 cells. Increased migration and intratibial tumor growth was observed in intermittent hypoxia-exposed neuroblastoma cells compared with parental cells.
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Han KH, Ryu JW, Lim KE, Lee SH, Kim Y, Hwang CS, Choi JY, Han KO. Vascular expression of the chemokine CX3CL1 promotes osteoclast recruitment and exacerbates bone resorption in an irradiated murine model. Bone 2014; 61:91-101. [PMID: 24401612 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2013.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Circulating osteoclast precursor cells highly express CX3C chemokine receptor 1 (CX3CR1), which is the only receptor for the unique CX3C membrane-anchored chemokine, fractalkine (CX3CL1). An irradiated murine model was used to evaluate the role of the CX3CL1-CX3CR1 axis in osteoclast recruitment and osteoclastogenesis. Ionizing radiation (IR) promoted the migration of circulating CD11b+ cells to irradiated bones and dose-dependently increased the number of differentiated osteoclasts in irradiated bones. Notably, CX3CL1 was dramatically upregulated in the vascular endothelium after IR. IR-induced production of CX3CL1 by skeletal vascular endothelium promoted chemoattraction of circulating CX3CR1+/CD11b+ cells and triggered homing of these osteoclast precursor cells toward the bone remodeling surface, a specific site for osteoclast differentiation. CX3CL1 also increased the endothelium-derived expression of other chemokines including stromal cell-derived factor-1 (CXCL12) and macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (CXCL2) by activating the hypoxia-inducible factor-1 α pathway. These effects may further enhance osteoclastogenesis. A series of in vivo experiments confirmed that knockout of CX3CR1 in bone marrow-derived cells and functional inhibition of CX3CL1 using a specific neutralizing antibody significantly ameliorated osteoclastogenesis and prevented bone loss after IR. These results demonstrate that the de novo CX3CL1-CX3CR1 axis plays a pivotal role in osteoclast recruitment and subsequent bone resorption, and verify its therapeutic potential as a new target for anti-resorptive treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Hoon Han
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Won Ryu
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Eun Lim
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, WCU Program, Skeletal Diseases Genome Research Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-422, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Han Lee
- Department of Cardiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuna Kim
- Department of Cardiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Sun Hwang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Kwandong University, Seoul 100-380, Republic of Korea
| | - Je-Yong Choi
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, WCU Program, Skeletal Diseases Genome Research Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-422, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Ok Han
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Kwandong University, Seoul 100-380, Republic of Korea; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, G-SAM Medical Center, Gunpo-si 435-010, Republic of Korea.
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Federman N, Brien EW, Narasimhan V, Dry SM, Sodhi M, Chawla SP. Giant cell tumor of bone in childhood: clinical aspects and novel therapeutic targets. Paediatr Drugs 2014; 16:21-8. [PMID: 24114694 DOI: 10.1007/s40272-013-0051-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB) is a rare primary bone tumor that primarily affects young adults, but can be seen in children. The primary modality of treatment is surgical resection; however, this is not always possible given the location and extent of the neoplasm. Recent developments in the understanding of the underlying molecular pathogenesis of disease have pointed to interactions between the stromal component producing receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB (RANK) and RANK-ligand (RANKL) causing the formation of osteoclast-like giant cells that drive bone destruction. The development of a monoclonal humanized antibody to RANKL, denosumab, has been shown to reduce skeletal-related events from osteoporosis and from bony metastases from solid tumors. Recent phase II clinical trials with denosumab in skeletally mature adolescents over age 12 years and adults with GCTB, have shown both safety and efficacy, leading to its accelerated US FDA approval on 13 June 2013. In children who are skeletally immature, safety and efficacy has not been established, and there has been only published anecdotal use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Federman
- Department of Pediatrics, Hematology/Oncology, Mattel Children's Hospital at University of California, Los Angeles, USA,
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36
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Moriyama M, Moriyama H, Uda J, Matsuyama A, Osawa M, Hayakawa T. BNIP3 plays crucial roles in the differentiation and maintenance of epidermal keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 134:1627-1635. [PMID: 24402046 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptome analysis of the epidermis of Hes1(-/-) mouse revealed the direct relationship between Hes1 (hairy and enhancer of split-1) and BNIP3 (BCL2 and adenovirus E1B 19-kDa-interacting protein 3), a potent inducer of autophagy. Keratinocyte differentiation is going along with activation of lysosomal enzymes and organelle clearance, expecting the contribution of autophagy in this process. We found that BNIP3 was expressed in the suprabasal layer of the epidermis, where autophagosome formation is normally observed. Forced expression of BNIP3 in human primary epidermal keratinocytes (HPEKs) resulted in autophagy induction and keratinocyte differentiation, whereas knockdown of BNIP3 had the opposite effect. Intriguingly, addition of an autophagy inhibitor significantly suppressed the BNIP3-stimulated differentiation of keratinocytes, suggesting that BNIP3 plays a crucial role in keratinocyte differentiation by inducing autophagy. Furthermore, the number of dead cells increased in the human epidermal equivalent of BNIP3 knockdown keratinocytes, which suggests that BNIP3 is important for maintenance of skin epidermis. Interestingly, although UVB irradiation stimulated BNIP3 expression and cleavage of caspase3, suppression of UVB-induced BNIP3 expression led to further increase in cleaved caspase3 levels. This suggests that BNIP3 has a protective effect against UVB-induced apoptosis in keratinocytes. Overall, our data provide valuable insights into the role of BNIP3 in the differentiation and maintenance of epidermal keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Moriyama
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kinki University, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka, Japan; Platform for Realization of Regenerative Medicine, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Moriyama
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kinki University, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Junki Uda
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kinki University, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akifumi Matsuyama
- Platform for Realization of Regenerative Medicine, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Masatake Osawa
- Division of Regeneration Technology, Gifu University School of Medicine, Gifu, Gifu, Japan
| | - Takao Hayakawa
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kinki University, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka, Japan
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37
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Al Hadi H, Smerdon GR, Fox SW. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy suppresses osteoclast formation and bone resorption. J Orthop Res 2013; 31:1839-44. [PMID: 23878004 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The cellular and molecular mechanism through which hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBO) improves osteonecrosis (ON) is unclear. The present study therefore examined the effect of HBO, pressure and hyperoxia on RANKL-induced osteoclast formation in RAW 264.7 cells and human peripheral blood monocytes (PBMC). Daily exposure to HBO (2.4 ATA, 97% O2 , 90 min), hyperbaric pressure (2.4 ATA, 8.8% O2 , 90 min) or normobaric hyperoxia (1 ATA, 95% O2 , 90 min) significantly decreased RANKL-induced osteoclast formation and bone resorption in normoxic conditions. HBO had a more pronounced anti-osteoclastic effect than hyperoxia or pressure alone and also directly inhibited osteoclast formation and resorption in hypoxic conditions a hallmark of many osteolytic skeletal disorders. The suppressive action of HBO was at least in part mediated through a reduction in RANK, NFATc1, and Dc-STAMP expression and inhibition of hypoxia-induced HIF-1α mRNA and protein expression. This data provides mechanistic evidence supporting the use of HBO as an adjunctive therapy to prevent osteoclast formation and bone loss associated with low oxygen partial pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadil Al Hadi
- School of Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, UK
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38
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Dowen D, Kakkar R, Dildey P, Gerrand C. Pain and fracture after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction caused by giant cell tumour of the distal femur. BMJ Case Rep 2013; 2013:bcr-2013-010422. [PMID: 24072827 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2013-010422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The causes of pain after an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction are numerous and may have complex origins. We present an unusual case in which pain after an ACL reconstruction developed secondary to a giant cell tumour of the bone occurring around a fixation screw in the distal femur, with an associated fracture through the femoral tunnel of a previously well-functioning reconstruction. We discuss the aetiology and the treatment of a complex clinical scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Dowen
- Dept of Orthopaedics, Sunderland Royal Hospital, Sunderland, UK
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39
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Kampen KR, Ter Elst A, de Bont ESJM. Vascular endothelial growth factor signaling in acute myeloid leukemia. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:1307-17. [PMID: 22833169 PMCID: PMC11113417 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1085-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This review is designed to provide an overview of the current literature concerning vascular endothelial growth factor signaling (VEGF) in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Aberrant VEGF signaling operates in the bone marrow of AML patients and is related to a poor prognosis. The altered signaling pathway demonstrated to interfere in several autocrine and paracrine signaling pathways. VEGF signaling promotes autocrine AML blast cell proliferation, survival, and chemotherapy resistance. In addition, VEGF signaling can mediate paracrine vascular endothelial cell-controlled angiogenesis in AML. Both effects presumably explain the association of high VEGF levels and poor therapeutic outcome. More recently, researches focusing on bone marrow stem cell niches demonstrate a role for VEGF signaling in the preservation of several cell types within these niches. The bone marrow niches are proposed to be a protective microenvironment for AML cells that could be responsible for relapses in AML patients. This implies the need of sophisticated VEGF-targeted therapeutics in AML therapy strategies. This review highlights our current understanding of aberrant VEGF signaling in AML, appoints the interference of VEGF signaling in the AML-associated microenvironment, and reflects the novelty of current VEGF-targeted therapeutics used in clinical trails for the treatment of AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim R Kampen
- Division of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Department of Pediatrics, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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40
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Yang LL, Li GB, Ma S, Zou C, Zhou S, Sun QZ, Cheng C, Chen X, Wang LJ, Feng S, Li LL, Yang SY. Structure–Activity Relationship Studies of Pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine Derivatives Leading to the Discovery of a Novel Multikinase Inhibitor That Potently Inhibits FLT3 and VEGFR2 and Evaluation of Its Activity against Acute Myeloid Leukemia in Vitro and in Vivo. J Med Chem 2013; 56:1641-55. [PMID: 23362959 DOI: 10.1021/jm301537p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Ling Yang
- State
Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital,
West China Medical School, and ‡College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Sichuan 610041,
China
| | - Guo-Bo Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital,
West China Medical School, and ‡College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Sichuan 610041,
China
| | - Shuang Ma
- State
Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital,
West China Medical School, and ‡College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Sichuan 610041,
China
| | - Chan Zou
- State
Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital,
West China Medical School, and ‡College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Sichuan 610041,
China
| | - Shu Zhou
- State
Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital,
West China Medical School, and ‡College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Sichuan 610041,
China
| | - Qi-Zheng Sun
- State
Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital,
West China Medical School, and ‡College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Sichuan 610041,
China
| | - Chuan Cheng
- State
Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital,
West China Medical School, and ‡College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Sichuan 610041,
China
| | - Xin Chen
- State
Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital,
West China Medical School, and ‡College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Sichuan 610041,
China
| | - Li-Jiao Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital,
West China Medical School, and ‡College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Sichuan 610041,
China
| | - Shan Feng
- State
Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital,
West China Medical School, and ‡College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Sichuan 610041,
China
| | - Lin-Li Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital,
West China Medical School, and ‡College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Sichuan 610041,
China
| | - Sheng-Yong Yang
- State
Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital,
West China Medical School, and ‡College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Sichuan 610041,
China
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41
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Cowan RW, Singh G. Giant cell tumor of bone: a basic science perspective. Bone 2013; 52:238-46. [PMID: 23063845 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Comprehending the pathogenesis of giant cell tumor of bone (GCT) is of critical importance for developing novel targeted treatments for this locally-aggressive primary bone tumor. GCT is characterized by the presence of large multinucleated osteoclast-like giant cells distributed amongst mononuclear spindle-like stromal cells and other monocytes. The giant cells are principally responsible for the extensive bone resorption by the tumor. However, the spindle-like stromal cells chiefly direct the pathology of the tumor by recruiting monocytes and promoting their fusion into giant cells. The stromal cells also enhance the resorptive ability of the giant cells. This review encompasses many of the attributes of GCT, including the process of giant cell formation and the mechanisms of bone resorption. The significance of the receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) in the development of GCT and the importance of proteases, including numerous matrix metalloproteinases, are highlighted. The mesenchymal lineage of the stromal cells and the origin of the hematopoietic monocytes are also discussed. Several aspects of GCT that require further understanding, including the etiology of the tumor, the mechanisms of metastases, and the development of an appropriate animal model, are also considered. By exploring the current status of GCT research, this review accentuates the significant progress made in understanding the biology of the tumor, and discusses important areas for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Cowan
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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42
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Bolin C, Tawara K, Sutherland C, Redshaw J, Aranda P, Moselhy J, Anderson R, Jorcyk CL. Oncostatin m promotes mammary tumor metastasis to bone and osteolytic bone degradation. Genes Cancer 2012; 3:117-30. [PMID: 23050044 DOI: 10.1177/1947601912458284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncostatin M (OSM) is an interleukin-6 (IL-6) family cytokine that has been implicated in a number of biological processes including inflammation, hematopoiesis, immune responses, development, and bone homeostasis. Recent evidence suggests that OSM may promote breast tumor invasion and metastasis. We investigated the role of OSM in the formation of bone metastases in vivo using the 4T1.2 mouse mammary tumor model in which OSM expression was knocked down using shRNA (4T1.2-OSM). 4T1.2-OSM cells were injected orthotopically into Balb/c mice, resulting in a greater than 97% decrease in spontaneous metastasis to bone compared to control cells. Intratibial injection of these same 4T1.2-OSM cells also dramatically reduced the osteolytic destruction of trabecular bone volume compared to control cells. Furthermore, in a tumor resection model, mice bearing 4T1.2-OSM tumors showed an increase in survival by a median of 10 days. To investigate the specific cellular mechanisms important for OSM-induced osteolytic metastasis to bone, an in vitro model was developed using the RAW 264.7 preosteoclast cell line co-cultured with 4T1.2 mouse mammary tumor cells. Treatment of co-cultures with OSM resulted in a 3-fold induction of osteoclastogenesis using the TRAP assay. We identified several tumor cell-induced factors including vascular endothelial growth factor, IL-6, and a previously uncharacterized OSM-regulated bone metastasis factor, amphiregulin (AREG), which increased osteoclast differentiation by 4.5-fold. In addition, pretreatment of co-cultures with an anti-AREG neutralizing antibody completely reversed OSM-induced osteoclastogenesis. Our results suggest that one mechanism for OSM-induced osteoclast differentiation is via an AREG autocrine loop, resulting in decreased osteoprotegerin secretion by the 4T1.2 cells. These data provide evidence that OSM might be an important therapeutic target for the prevention of breast cancer metastasis to bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste Bolin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA
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43
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Taylor RM, Kashima TG, Knowles HJ, Athanasou NA. VEGF, FLT3 ligand, PlGF and HGF can substitute for M-CSF to induce human osteoclast formation: implications for giant cell tumour pathobiology. J Transl Med 2012; 92:1398-406. [PMID: 22906984 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2012.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Giant cell tumour of bone (GCTB) is a primary bone tumour that contains numerous very large, hyper-nucleated osteoclastic giant cells. Osteoclasts form from CD14+ monocytes and macrophages in the presence of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL) and macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF). GCTB contains numerous growth factors, some of which have been reported to influence osteoclastogenesis and resorption. We investigated whether these growth factors are capable of substituting for M-CSF to support osteoclast formation from cultured human monocytes and whether they influence osteoclast cytomorphology and resorption. Vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A), VEGF-D, FLT3 ligand (FL), placental growth factor (PlGF) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) supported RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis in the absence of M-CSF, resulting in the formation of numerous TRAP+ multinucleated cells capable of lacunar resorption. Monocytes cultured in the presence of M-CSF, HGF, VEGF-A and RANKL together resulted in the formation of very large, hyper-nucleated (GCTB-like) osteoclasts that were hyper-resorptive. M-CSF and M-CSF substitute growth factors were identified immunohistochemically in GCTB tissue sections and these factors stimulated the resorption of osteoclasts derived from a subset of GCTBs. Our findings indicate that there are growth factors that are capable of substituting for M-CSF to induce human osteoclast formation and that these factors are present in GCTB where they influence osteoclast cytomorphology and have a role in osteoclast formation and resorption activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Taylor
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Science, University of Oxford, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Oxford, UK
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Dandajena TC, Ihnat MA, Disch B, Thorpe J, Currier GF. Hypoxia triggers a HIF-mediated differentiation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells into osteoclasts. Orthod Craniofac Res 2012; 15:1-9. [PMID: 22264322 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-6343.2011.01530.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The source and mechanisms leading to osteoclast (OC) generation during tooth movement are not clearly understood. We hypothesized that during tooth movement, OC differentiate from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNC) downstream of the global hypoxia-inducible transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to demonstrate up-regulation of OC growth factors from osteoblasts (OB) and subsequent conversion of PBMNC into functional OC under hypoxic stress. MATERIAL AND METHODS Human primary PBMNC were cocultured with/without OB and subjected to either hypoxia (2.5% O2) or normoxia (21% O2) over 14 days. Levels of HIF, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and receptor activator for nuclear factor kappa-β ligand (RANKL) were measured. Conversion of PBMNC into OC was measured using resorption and TRAP assays. RESULTS Functional OC were only observed in response to hypoxia during coculture of PBMNC and OB and only after up-regulation of HIF, VEGF and RANKL in the hypoxic conditions. YC-1, a HIF inhibitor, reduced OC formation in response to hypoxia. CONCLUSION Hypoxia triggers the differentiation of PBMNC into functional OC in the presence of OB in a HIF-dependent manner as would occur during orthodontic loading of the periodontal ligament space.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Dandajena
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73162, USA.
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45
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Kim Y, Nizami S, Goto H, Lee FY. Modern interpretation of giant cell tumor of bone: predominantly osteoclastogenic stromal tumor. Clin Orthop Surg 2012; 4:107-16. [PMID: 22662295 PMCID: PMC3360182 DOI: 10.4055/cios.2012.4.2.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Owing to striking features of numerous multinucleated cells and bone destruction, giant cell tumor (GCT) of bone, often called as osteoclastoma, has drawn major attractions from orthopaedic surgeons, pathologists, and radiologists. The name GCT or osteoclastoma gives a false impression of a tumor comprising of proliferating osteoclasts or osteoclast precursors. The underlying mechanisms for excessive osteoclastogenesis are intriguing and GCT has served as an exciting disease model representing a paradigm of osteoclastogenesis for bone biologists. The modern interpretation of GCT is predominantly osteoclastogenic stromal cell tumors of mesenchymal origin. A diverse array of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines disrupts osteoblastic differentiation and promotes the formation of excessive multi-nucleated osteoclastic cells. Pro-osteoclastogenic cytokines such as receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL), interleukin (IL)-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) as well as monocyte-recruiting chemokines such as stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 participate in unfavorable osteoclastogenesis and bone destruction. This model represents a self-sufficient osteoclastogenic paracrine loop in a localized area. Consistent with this paradigm, a recombinant RANK-Fc protein and bisphosphonates are currently being tried for GCT treatment in addition to surgical excision and conventional topical adjuvant therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhree Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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46
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Hirvonen MJ, Mulari MTK, Büki KG, Vihko P, Härkönen PL, Väänänen HK. Rab13 is upregulated during osteoclast differentiation and associates with small vesicles revealing polarized distribution in resorbing cells. J Histochem Cytochem 2012; 60:537-49. [PMID: 22562557 DOI: 10.1369/0022155412448069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoclasts are bone-resorbing multinucleated cells that undergo drastic changes in their polarization due to heavy vesicular trafficking during the resorption cycle. These events require the precise orchestration of membrane traffic in order to maintain the unique characteristics of the different membrane domains in osteoclasts. Rab proteins are small GTPases involved in regulation of most, if not all, steps of vesicle trafficking. The investigators studied RAB genes in human osteoclasts and found that at least 26 RABs were expressed in osteoclasts. Out of these, RAB13 gene expression was highly upregulated during differentiation of human peripheral blood monocytic cells into osteoclasts. To study its possible function in osteoclasts, the investigators performed immunolocalization studies for Rab13 and various known markers of osteoclast vesicular trafficking. Rab13 localized to small vesicular structures at the superior parts of the osteoclast between the trans-Golgi network and basolateral membrane domain. Rab13 localization suggests that it is not involved in endocytosis or transcytosis of bone degradation products. In addition, Rab13 did not associate with early endosomes or recycling endosomes labeled with EEA1 or TRITC-conjugated transferrin, respectively. Its involvement in glucose transporter traffic was excluded as well. It is suggested that Rab13 is associated with a putative secretory function in osteoclasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirkka J Hirvonen
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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47
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Costa-Rodrigues J, Fernandes A, Fernandes MH. Reciprocal osteoblastic and osteoclastic modulation in co-cultured MG63 osteosarcoma cells and human osteoclast precursors. J Cell Biochem 2012; 112:3704-13. [PMID: 21815187 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.23295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is usually associated with a disturbed bone metabolism. The aim of this work was to characterize the reciprocal interactions between MG63 osteosarcoma cells and osteoclasts, in a co-culture system. Co-cultures were characterized throughout 21 days for the osteoclastogenic response and the expression of osteoblastic markers. Monocultures of MG63 cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) and co-cultures of PBMC + human bone marrow cells (hBMC) were also performed. Compared to PBMC cultures, co-cultures yielded significantly increased gene expression of osteoclast-related markers, tartarate-acid resistant phosphatase (TRAP) activity, TRAP-positive multinucleated cells, cells with actin rings and vitronectin receptors (VNR) and calcitonin receptors (CTR) and calcium phosphate resorbing ability. Results showed that the development of functional osteoclasts required a very low number of MG63 cells, suggesting a high osteoclastogenic-triggering capacity of this cell line. Subjacent mechanisms involved the pathways MEK and NF-kB, although with a lower relevance than that observed on PBMC monocultures or co-cultures of hBMC + PBMC; PGE2 production also had a contribution. Compared to MG63 cell monocultures, the co-culture expressed lower levels of COL1 and ALP, and higher levels of BMP-2, suggesting that PBMC also modulated the osteoblastic behavior. While M-CSF appeared to be involved in the osteoclastogenic response on the MG63 + PBMC co-cultures, RANKL does not seem to be a key player in the process. On the other hand, sphingosine-1-phosphate production might contribute to the modulation of the osteoblastic behavior. Results suggest that the reciprocal modulation between osteosarcoma and osteoclastic cells might contribute to the disturbed bone metabolism associated with bone tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Costa-Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Biocompatibilidade Celular, Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Chae HS, Park HJ, Hwang HR, Kwon A, Lim WH, Yi WJ, Han DH, Kim YH, Baek JH. The effect of antioxidants on the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and orthodontic tooth movement. Mol Cells 2011; 32:189-96. [PMID: 21574020 PMCID: PMC3887665 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-011-0071-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Revised: 04/25/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Orthodontic force causes gradual compression of the periodontal ligament tissues, which leads to local hypoxia in the compression side of the tissues. In this study, we investigated whether antioxidants exert a regulatory effect on two factors: the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDLFs) that were exposed to mechanical compression and hypoxia and the rate of orthodontic tooth movement in rats. Exposure of PDLFs to mechanical compression (0.5-3.0 g/cm(2)) or hypoxic conditions increased the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species. Hypoxic treatment for 24 h increased the mRNA levels of IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8 as well as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in PDLFs. Resveratrol (10 nM) or N-acetylcysteine (NAC, 20 mM) diminished the transcriptional activity of hypoxiainducible factor-1 and hypoxia-induced expression of VEGF. Combined treatment with mechanical compression and hypoxia significantly increased the expression levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α and VEGF in PDLFs. These levels were suppressed by NAC and resveratrol. The maxillary first molars of rats were moved mesially for seven days using an orthodontic appliance. NAC decreased the amount of orthodontic tooth movement compared to the vehicle-treated group. The results from immunohistochemical staining demonstrated that NAC suppressed the expression of IL-1β and TNF-α in the periodontal ligament tissues compared to the vehicle-treated group. These results suggest that antioxidants have the potential to negatively regulate the rate of orthodontic tooth movement through the down-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the compression sides of periodontal ligament tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwa Sung Chae
- Department of Molecular Genetics, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-749, Korea
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-749, Korea
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Hyun-Jung Park
- Department of Molecular Genetics, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-749, Korea
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Hyo Rin Hwang
- Department of Molecular Genetics, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-749, Korea
| | - Arang Kwon
- Department of Molecular Genetics, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-749, Korea
| | - Won-Hee Lim
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-749, Korea
| | - Won Jin Yi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-749, Korea
| | - Dong-Hun Han
- Department of Preventive and Social Dentistry, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-749, Korea
| | - Young Ho Kim
- Department of Orthodontics, The Institute of Oral Health Science, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 135-710, Korea
| | - Jeong-Hwa Baek
- Department of Molecular Genetics, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-749, Korea
- Department of Pharmacology and Dental Therapeutics, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-749, Korea
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49
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Wang Z, Shi Q, Wang Z, Gu Y, Shen Y, Sun M, Deng M, Zhang H, Fang J, Zhang S, Xie F. Clinicopathologic correlation of cancer stem cell markers CD44, CD24, VEGF and HIF-1α in ductal carcinoma in situ and invasive ductal carcinoma of breast: an immunohistochemistry-based pilot study. Pathol Res Pract 2011; 207:505-13. [PMID: 21802218 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2011.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Revised: 05/30/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
CD24(-/low)CD44(+) cells have been identified as putative cancer stem cells (CSCs) in breast cancer. However, the expression of these markers, as well as their association with clinical parameters or tumor microenvironment of breast cancer, remains largely unknown. In the present study, we examined the expression of CD44, CD24, VEGF, and HIF-1α in human breast tumor tissues and assessed their clinicopathological correlations. We investigated tissue samples, including 117 cases of invasive ductal carcinoma (IDCa), 14 cases of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), and 15 cases of intraductal hyperplasia (IDH) from breast tissues. The expression of CD44, CD24, HIF-1α, and VEGF was evaluated using immunohistochemical staining. CD24, CD44, HIF-1α, and VEGF were expressed in 49 (41.9%), 51 (43.6%), 32 (27.4%), and 97 cases (82.9%), respectively, in IDCa. CD24(-/low)CD44(+) cells were noted in 48 (41.3%) cases. The levels of CD24 and VEGF expression correlated positively with tumor malignancy (P<0.05). Meanwhile, the expression of CD24, CD44, and VEGF correlated significantly positively with increasing tumor grade (P<0.05). In addition, associations between CD44 and VEGF, CD24 and VEGF, HIF-1α and VEGF, CD24(-/low)CD44(+) and VEGF, CD24(-/low)CD44(+) and HIF-1α were also observed (P<0.05). The HIF-1α expression level was relatively higher in early stage breast cancer patients with CD24(-/low)CD44(+) cells. Taken together, our results suggest that CD24 and VEGF may play important roles in breast tumorigenesis and progression, while HIF-1α may play a role in the early stage of breast carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- The Ultrasonagraphy Center of Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Sanxiang Road, Suzhou 215004, PR China
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50
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Park HJ, Baek KH, Lee HL, Kwon A, Hwang HR, Qadir AS, Woo KM, Ryoo HM, Baek JH. Hypoxia inducible factor-1α directly induces the expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand in periodontal ligament fibroblasts. Mol Cells 2011; 31:573-8. [PMID: 21533547 PMCID: PMC3887619 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-011-1055-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Revised: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
During orthodontic tooth movement, local hypoxia and enhanced osteoclastogenesis are observed in the compression side of periodontal tissues. The receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) is an osteoblast/stromal cell-derived factor that is essential for osteoclastogenesis. In this study, we examined the effect of hypoxia on RANKL expression in human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDLFs) to investigate the relationship between local hypoxia and enhanced osteoclastogenesis in the compression side of periodontal tissues. Hypoxia significantly enhanced the levels of RANKL mRNA and protein as well as hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) protein in PDLFs. Constitutively active HIF-1α alone significantly increased the levels of RANKL expression in PDLFs under normoxic conditions, whereas dominant negative HIF-1α blocked hypoxia-induced RANKL expression. To investigate further whether HIF-1α directly regulates RANKL transcription, a luciferase reporter assay was performed using the reporter vector containing the RANKL promoter sequence. Exposure to hypoxia or overexpression of constitutively active HIF-1α significantly increased RANKL promoter activity, whereas dominant negative HIF-1α blocked hypoxia-induced RANKL promoter activity. Furthermore, mutations of putative HIF-1α binding elements in RANKL promoter prevented hypoxia-induced RANKL promoter activity. The results of chromatin immunoprecipitation showed that hypoxia or constitutively active HIF-1α increased the DNA binding of HIF-1α to RANKL promoter. These results suggest that HIF-1α mediates hypoxia-induced up-regulation of RANKL expression and that in compression side periodontal ligament, hypoxia enhances osteoclastogenesis, at least in part, via an increased RANKL expression in PDLFs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jeong-Hwa Baek
- Department of Molecular Genetics, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-749, Korea
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