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Rami M, Shafique M, Sarma SP. Structural, Functional, and Mutational Studies of a Potent Subtilisin Inhibitor from Budgett's Frog, Lepidobatrachus laevis. Biochemistry 2023; 62:2952-2969. [PMID: 37796763 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.3c00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Subtilases play a significant role in microbial pathogen infections by degrading the host proteins. Subtilisin inhibitors are crucial in fighting against these harmful microorganisms. LL-TIL, from skin secretions of Lepidobatrachus laevis, is a cysteine-rich peptide belonging to the I8 family of inhibitors. Protease inhibitory assays demonstrated that LL-TIL acts as a slow-tight binding inhibitor of subtilisin Carlsberg and proteinase K with inhibition constants of 91 pM and 2.4 nM, respectively. The solution structures of LL-TIL and a mutant peptide reveal that they adopt a typical TIL-type fold with a canonical conformation of a reactive site loop (RSL). The structure of the LL-TIL-subtilisin complex and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations provided an in-depth view of the structural basis of inhibition. NMR relaxation data and molecular dynamics simulations indicated a rigid conformation of RSL, which does not alter significantly upon subtilisin binding. The energy calculation for subtilisin inhibition predicted Ile31 as the highest contributor to the binding energy, which was confirmed experimentally by site-directed mutagenesis. A chimeric mutant of LL-TIL broadened the inhibitory profile and attenuated subtilisin inhibition by 2 orders of magnitude. These results provide a template to engineer more specific and potent TIL-type subtilisin inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihir Rami
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Mohd Shafique
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Siddhartha P Sarma
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
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2
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Amino Acid Substitutions at P1 Position Change the Inhibitory Activity and Specificity of Protease Inhibitors BmSPI38 and BmSPI39 from Bombyx mori. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052073. [PMID: 36903318 PMCID: PMC10004685 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
It was found that silkworm serine protease inhibitors BmSPI38 and BmSPI39 were very different from typical TIL-type protease inhibitors in sequence, structure, and activity. BmSPI38 and BmSPI39 with unique structure and activity may be good models for studying the relationship between the structure and function of small-molecule TIL-type protease inhibitors. In this study, site-directed saturation mutagenesis at the P1 position was conducted to investigate the effect of P1 sites on the inhibitory activity and specificity of BmSPI38 and BmSPI39. In-gel activity staining and protease inhibition experiments confirmed that BmSPI38 and BmSPI39 could strongly inhibit elastase activity. Almost all mutant proteins of BmSPI38 and BmSPI39 retained the inhibitory activities against subtilisin and elastase, but the replacement of P1 residues greatly affected their intrinsic inhibitory activities. Overall, the substitution of Gly54 in BmSPI38 and Ala56 in BmSPI39 with Gln, Ser, or Thr was able to significantly enhance their inhibitory activities against subtilisin and elastase. However, replacing P1 residues in BmSPI38 and BmSPI39 with Ile, Trp, Pro, or Val could seriously weaken their inhibitory activity against subtilisin and elastase. The replacement of P1 residues with Arg or Lys not only reduced the intrinsic activities of BmSPI38 and BmSPI39, but also resulted in the acquisition of stronger trypsin inhibitory activities and weaker chymotrypsin inhibitory activities. The activity staining results showed that BmSPI38(G54K), BmSPI39(A56R), and BmSPI39(A56K) had extremely high acid-base and thermal stability. In conclusion, this study not only confirmed that BmSPI38 and BmSPI39 had strong elastase inhibitory activity, but also confirmed that P1 residue replacement could change their activity and inhibitory specificity. This not only provides a new perspective and idea for the exploitation and utilization of BmSPI38 and BmSPI39 in biomedicine and pest control, but also provides a basis or reference for the activity and specificity modification of TIL-type protease inhibitors.
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3
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Yi N, Yu P, Wu L, Liu Z, Guan J, Liu C, Liu M, Lu Y. RNAi-mediated silencing of Trichinella spiralis serpin-type serine protease inhibitors results in a reduction in larval infectivity. Vet Res 2020; 51:139. [PMID: 33225967 PMCID: PMC7682016 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00860-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichinella spiralis serpin-type serine protease inhibitors (TsSPIs) are expressed in adult worms (AW), newborn larvae (NBL) and muscle larvae (ML) of T. spiralis, with the ML stage demonstrating the highest expression level. This study aims to determine TsSPI functions in larval viability and invasion of intestinal epithelial cells in vitro, as well as their development, survival, and fecundity in vivo via RNAi. TsSPI-specific siRNAs and dsRNA were transfected into ML by incubation. The silencing effect of TsSPI transcription and expression was determined using qPCR and western blot, respectively. After incubation in 60 ng/μL dsRNA–TsSPI for 3 days, larval TsSPI mRNA and protein expression levels were reduced by 68.7% and 68.4% (P < 0.05), respectively. dsRNA-mediated silencing of TsSPI significantly impacted larval invasion into intestinal epithelial cells in vitro but did not affect the survival rate of larvae. After challenge with dsRNA–TsSPI-treated ML, mice exhibited a 56.0% reduction in intestinal AW burden and 56.9% reduction in ML burden (P < 0.05), but NBL production of female AW remained the same (P > 0.05). Our results revealed that RNAi-mediated silencing of TsSPI expression in T. spiralis significantly reduced larval infectivity and survival in the host but had no effect on the survival rate and fecundity. Furthermore, TsSPIs have no effect on the growth and reproduction of parasites but may be directly involved in regulating the interaction of T. spiralis and the host. Therefore, TsSPIs are crucial in the process of T. spiralis larval invasion and parasite survival in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Yi
- Laboratory of Animal Common Disease Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Pengcheng Yu
- Laboratory of Animal Common Disease Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Lijia Wu
- Laboratory of Animal Common Disease Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Zhaokun Liu
- Laboratory of Animal Common Disease Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Jingzhe Guan
- Laboratory of Animal Common Disease Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Laboratory of Animal Common Disease Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Mingxu Liu
- Laboratory of Animal Common Disease Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Yixin Lu
- Laboratory of Animal Common Disease Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Harbin, 150030, China.
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4
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Zhu W, Gao H, Luo X, Ye X, Ding L, Hao J, Shu Z, Li S, Li J, Chen Z. Cloning and identification of a new multifunctional Ascaris-type peptide from the hemolymph of Buthus martensii Karsch. Toxicon 2020; 184:167-174. [PMID: 32565098 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Only a few work have been done for peptides from non-venom gland tissues of venomous animals. Here, with the help of the whole body transcriptomic and the hemolymph proteomic data of the Chinese scorpion Buthus martensii Karsch, we identified the first Ascaris-type peptide BmHDP from scorpion hemolymph. The precursor of BmHDP has 80 residues, including a 16 residue signal peptide and a 64 residue mature peptide. The mature peptide has 10 conserved cysteines and adopts a conserved Ascaris-type fold. Using combined inclusion body refolding and biochemical identification strategies, recombinant BmHDP was obtained successfully. Protease inhibitory assays showed that BmHDP inhibited chymotrypsin apparently at a concentration of 8 nM. Patch-clamp experiments showed that BmHDP inhibited the Kv1.3 potassium channel apparently at a concentration of 1000 nM. Coagulation experiment assays showed that BmHDP inhibited intrinsic coagulation pathway apparently at a concentration of 500 nM. To the best of our knowledge, BmHDP is the first Ascaris-type peptide from scorpion hemolymph. Our work highlighted a functional link between scorpion non-venom gland peptides and venom gland toxin peptides, and suggested that scorpion hemolymph might be a new source of bioactive peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei, China
| | - Huanhuan Gao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei, China
| | - Xudong Luo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei, China; Institute of Biomedicine and Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei, China
| | - Xiangdong Ye
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei, China; Institute of Biomedicine and Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei, China
| | - Li Ding
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Dongfeng Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei, China; Institute of Biomedicine and Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei, China
| | - Jinbo Hao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shiyan Occupational Disease Hospital, Hubei, China
| | - Zhan Shu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei, China
| | - Shan Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei, China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Human Parasitology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei, China
| | - Zongyun Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei, China; Institute of Biomedicine and Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei, China.
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5
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Raaymakers C, Stijlemans B, Martin C, Zaman S, Ballet S, Martel A, Pasmans F, Roelants K. A New Family of Diverse Skin Peptides from the Microhylid Frog Genus Phrynomantis. Molecules 2020; 25:E912. [PMID: 32085597 PMCID: PMC7070584 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25040912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A wide range of frogs produce skin poisons composed of bioactive peptides for defence against pathogens, parasites and predators. While several frog families have been thoroughly screened for skin-secreted peptides, others, like the Microhylidae, have remained mostly unexplored. Previous studies of microhylids found no evidence of peptide secretion, suggesting that this defence adaptation was evolutionarily lost. We conducted transcriptome analyses of the skins of Phrynomantis bifasciatus and Phrynomantis microps, two African microhylid species long suspected to be poisonous. Our analyses reveal 17 evolutionary related transcripts that diversified from to those of cytolytic peptides found in other frog families. The 19 peptides predicted to be processed from these transcripts, named phrynomantins, show a striking structural diversity that is distinct from any previously identified frog skin peptide. Functional analyses of five phrynomantins confirm the loss of a cytolytic function and the absence of insecticidal or proinflammatory activity, suggesting that they represent an evolutionary transition to a new, yet unknown function. Our study shows that peptides have been retained in the defence poison of at least one microhylid lineage and encourages research on similarly understudied taxa to further elucidate the diversity and evolution of skin defence molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantijn Raaymakers
- Amphibian Evolution Lab, Biology Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Elsene, Belgium; (C.R.); (S.Z.)
- Wildlife Health Ghent, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (A.M.); (F.P.)
| | - Benoit Stijlemans
- Unit of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Elsene, Belgium;
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Centre for Inflammation Research, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Elsene, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Martin
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Department of Bio-engineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Elsene, Belgium; (C.M.); (S.B.)
| | - Shabnam Zaman
- Amphibian Evolution Lab, Biology Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Elsene, Belgium; (C.R.); (S.Z.)
| | - Steven Ballet
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Department of Bio-engineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Elsene, Belgium; (C.M.); (S.B.)
| | - An Martel
- Wildlife Health Ghent, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (A.M.); (F.P.)
| | - Frank Pasmans
- Wildlife Health Ghent, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (A.M.); (F.P.)
| | - Kim Roelants
- Amphibian Evolution Lab, Biology Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Elsene, Belgium; (C.R.); (S.Z.)
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Chmelař J, Kotál J, Kovaříková A, Kotsyfakis M. The Use of Tick Salivary Proteins as Novel Therapeutics. Front Physiol 2019; 10:812. [PMID: 31297067 PMCID: PMC6607933 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The last three decades of research into tick salivary components have revealed several proteins with important pharmacological and immunological activities. Two primary interests have driven research into tick salivary secretions: the search for suitable pathogen transmission blocking or “anti-tick” vaccine candidates and the search for novel therapeutics derived from tick salivary components. Intensive basic research in the field of tick salivary gland transcriptomics and proteomics has identified several major protein families that play important roles in tick feeding and overcoming vertebrate anti-tick responses. Moreover, these families contain members with unrealized therapeutic potential. Here we review the major tick salivary protein families exploitable in medical applications such as immunomodulation, inhibition of hemostasis and inflammation. Moreover, we discuss the potential, opportunities, and challenges in searching for novel tick-derived drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jindřich Chmelař
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Jan Kotál
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czechia.,Laboratory of Genomics and Proteomics of Disease Vectors, Biology Centre CAS, Institute of Parasitology, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Anna Kovaříková
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Michail Kotsyfakis
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czechia.,Laboratory of Genomics and Proteomics of Disease Vectors, Biology Centre CAS, Institute of Parasitology, České Budějovice, Czechia
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7
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Li Y, Dong Z, Liu H, Zhu R, Bai Y, Xia Q, Zhao P. The fungal-resistance factors BmSPI38 and BmSPI39 predominantly exist as tetramers, not monomers, in Bombyx mori. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 27:686-697. [PMID: 29845671 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have indicated that trypsin inhibitor-like cysteine-rich domain (TIL)-type protease inhibitors, BmSPI38 and BmSPI39, suppress conidial germination and integument penetration of entomopathogenic fungi by inhibiting their cuticle-degrading proteases and might functions as fungal-resistance factors in the silkworm. To date, the physiological forms and functional significance of multimerization of BmSPI38 and BmSPI39 remain unknown. In this study, we investigated the physiological forms of BmSPI38 and BmSPI39 in Bombyx mori silkworms using multiple complementary methods, including activity staining, reducing and nonreducing sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, western blotting and immunofluorescence. We found that recombinant BmSPI38 and BmSPI39 tend to form homologous multimers, and their dimers, trimers and tetramers possessed intense inhibitory activity against subtilisin A from Bacillus licheniformis. In contrast, their monomers showed no detectable inhibitory activity. Both BmSPI38 and BmSPI39 also exist mainly as stable tetramers in silkworm tissues, and they also predominantly function as a tetramer in these tissues. This study is the first to demonstrate this preferred quaternary form of a TIL-type protease inhibitor and will likely help to elucidate the mechanisms of BmSPI38 and BmSPI39 in the innate immune response of the silkworm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Li
- Vitamin D Research Institute, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, Shaanxi Province, China
- Qinling-Bashan Mountains Bioresources Comprehensive Development C.I.C, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Z Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - H Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - R Zhu
- Mental Health Education Center, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Y Bai
- Vitamin D Research Institute, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Q Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - P Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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8
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Parizi LF, Ali A, Tirloni L, Oldiges DP, Sabadin GA, Coutinho ML, Seixas A, Logullo C, Termignoni C, DA Silva Vaz I. Peptidase inhibitors in tick physiology. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 32:129-144. [PMID: 29111611 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Peptidase inhibitors regulate a wide range of physiological processes involved in the interaction between hematophagous parasites and their hosts, including tissue remodeling, the immune response and blood coagulation. In tick physiology, peptidase inhibitors have a crucial role in adaptation to improve parasitism mechanisms, facilitating blood feeding by interfering with defense-related host peptidases. Recently, a larger number of studies on this topic led to the description of several new tick inhibitors displaying interesting novel features, for example a role in pathogen transmission to the host. A comprehensive review discussing these emerging concepts can therefore shed light on peptidase inhibitor functions, their relevance to tick physiology and their potential applications. Here, we summarize and examine the general characteristics, functional diversity and action of tick peptidase inhibitors with known physiological roles in the tick-host-pathogen interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F Parizi
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - A Ali
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan
- Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - L Tirloni
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - D P Oldiges
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - G A Sabadin
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - M L Coutinho
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - A Seixas
- Departamento de Farmacociências, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - C Logullo
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos-CBB and Unidade de Experimentação Animal, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - C Termignoni
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - I DA Silva Vaz
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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9
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Barbosa EA, Oliveira A, Plácido A, Socodato R, Portugal CC, Mafud AC, Ombredane AS, Moreira DC, Vale N, Bessa LJ, Joanitti GA, Alves C, Gomes P, Delerue-Matos C, Mascarenhas YP, Marani MM, Relvas JB, Pintado M, Leite JRSA. Structure and function of a novel antioxidant peptide from the skin of tropical frogs. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 115:68-79. [PMID: 29162516 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The amphibian skin plays an important role protecting the organism from external harmful factors such as microorganisms or UV radiation. Based on biorational strategies, many studies have investigated the cutaneous secretion of anurans as a source of bioactive molecules. By a peptidomic approach, a novel antioxidant peptide (AOP) with in vitro free radical scavenging ability was isolated from Physalaemus nattereri. The AOP, named antioxidin-I, has a molecular weight [M+H]+ = 1543.69Da and a TWYFITPYIPDK primary amino acid sequence. The gene encoding the antioxidin-I precursor was expressed in the skin tissue of three other Tropical frog species: Phyllomedusa tarsius, P. distincta and Pithecopus rohdei. cDNA sequencing revealed highly homologous regions (signal peptide and acidic region). Mature antioxidin-I has a novel primary sequence with low similarity compared with previously described amphibian's AOPs. Antioxidin-I adopts a random structure even at high concentrations of hydrophobic solvent, it has poor antimicrobial activity and poor performance in free radical scavenging assays in vitro, with the exception of the ORAC assay. However, antioxidin-I presented a low cytotoxicity and suppressed menadione-induced redox imbalance when tested with fibroblast in culture. In addition, it had the capacity to substantially attenuate the hypoxia-induced production of reactive oxygen species when tested in hypoxia exposed living microglial cells, suggesting a potential neuroprotective role for this peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eder Alves Barbosa
- Laboratório de Espectrometria de Massa, EMBRAPA Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, Brazil; Laboratório de Síntese e Análise de Biomoléculas, Instituto de Química, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Ana Oliveira
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, CBQF, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Arquiteto Lobão Vital Apartado, 2511, Asprela, Porto, Portugal
| | - Alexandra Plácido
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, GRAQ, Instituto Superior de Engenha do Porto, ISEP, Porto, Portugal
| | - Renato Socodato
- Glial Cell Biology Lab, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde and Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Camila C Portugal
- Glial Cell Biology Lab, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde and Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Carolina Mafud
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, IFSC, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Dept Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel 4051, Switzerland
| | - Alicia S Ombredane
- Laboratório de Nanobiotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, UnB, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Daniel C Moreira
- Área de Morfologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, UnB, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Nuno Vale
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Farmacologia, Departamento de Ciências do Medicamento, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Lucinda J Bessa
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Graziella A Joanitti
- Laboratório de Nanobiotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, UnB, Brasília, DF, Brazil; Campus Ceilândia, Centro Metropolitano, UnB, Ceilândia, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Alves
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Gomes
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | | | | | - Mariela M Marani
- IPEEC-CONICET, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Puerto Madryn, Argentina
| | - João B Relvas
- Glial Cell Biology Lab, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde and Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuela Pintado
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, CBQF, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Arquiteto Lobão Vital Apartado, 2511, Asprela, Porto, Portugal
| | - José Roberto S A Leite
- Glial Cell Biology Lab, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde and Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Área de Morfologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, UnB, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
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Wang X, Ren S, Guo C, Zhang W, Zhang X, Zhang B, Li S, Ren J, Hu Y, Wang H. Identification and functional analyses of novel antioxidant peptides and antimicrobial peptides from skin secretions of four East Asian frog species. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2017; 49:550-559. [PMID: 28402481 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmx032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we identified 50 peptides that are classified into 21 peptide families with antioxidant and/or antimicrobial activity from Amolops daiyunensis, Pelophylax hubeiensis, Hylarana maosuoensis and Nanorana pleskei, which belong to four different genera in the Ranidae and Dicroglossidae families. These four frog species were found for the first time to express antioxidant peptides (AOPs) and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). These peptides include seven newly discovered families daiyunin-1, daiyunin-2, daiyunin-3, maosonensis-1MS1, pleskein-1, pleskein-2, and pleskein-3. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity assays showed that some of these peptides have good biological activities. For example, at a concentration of 50 μM, nigroain-B-MS1, and nigroain-C-MS1 both exhibited relatively strong 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonicacid) (ABTS) free radical scavenging ability, with eradication rates of 99.7% and 68.3% (nigroain-B-MS1), and 99.8% and 58.3% (nigroain-C-MS1), respectively. These peptides are potential candidates for the development of novel antioxidant or AMP preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Shuguang Ren
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
- The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050011, China
| | - Chao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Weiqi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Baowen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Sihan Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Jian Ren
- College of Basic, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Yuhong Hu
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
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11
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Novel Kazal-type proteinase inhibitors from the skin secretion of the Splendid leaf frog, Cruziohyla calcarifer. EUPA OPEN PROTEOMICS 2017; 15:1-13. [PMID: 29900120 PMCID: PMC5965718 DOI: 10.1016/j.euprot.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
18 novel Kazal proteins were identified in skin secretions of Cruziohyla calcarifer. CCKPs share the C-X(7)-C-X(6,7)-C-X(6,7)-Y-X(3)-C-X(2)-C-X(15-21)-C pattern. Trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitory activity was proposed for 5 types of CCKPs. CCKP-1 has trypsin inhibitory activity and molecular mass of [M+H]+ = 5926.43 Da.
Peptidase inhibitors have an important role controlling a variety of biological processes. Here, we employed a peptidomic approach including molecular cloning, tandem mass spectrometry and enzymatic assays to reveal 7 Kazal-type proteinase inhibitors (CCKPs) (18 variants) in the skin secretion of the unexplored frog, Cruziohyla calcarifer. All 18 proteins shared the Kazal pattern C-X(7)-C-X(6,7)-C-X(6,7)-Y-X(3)-C-X(2)-C-X(15-21)-C and 3 disulphide bridges. Based on structural comparative analysis, we deemed trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitory activity in CCKP-1, 4 and CCKP 2, 5, 7, respectively. These peptidase inhibitors presumably play a role to control the balance between other functional peptides produced in the amphibian skin secretions.
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Li Y, Liu H, Zhu R, Xia Q, Zhao P. Loss of second and sixth conserved cysteine residues from trypsin inhibitor-like cysteine-rich domain-type protease inhibitors in Bombyx mori may induce activity against microbial proteases. Peptides 2016; 86:13-23. [PMID: 27677962 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2016.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have indicated that most trypsin inhibitor-like cysteine-rich domain (TIL)-type protease inhibitors, which contain a single TIL domain with ten conserved cysteines, inhibit cathepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, or elastase. Our recent findings suggest that Cys2nd and Cys6th were lost from the TIL domain of the fungal-resistance factors in Bombyx mori, BmSPI38 and BmSPI39, which inhibit microbial proteases and the germination of Beauveria bassiana conidia. To reveal the significance of these two missing cysteines in relation to the structure and function of TIL-type protease inhibitors in B. mori, cysteines were introduced at these two positions (D36 and L56 in BmSPI38, D38 and L58 in BmSPI39) by site-directed mutagenesis. The homology structure model of TIL domain of the wild-type and mutated form of BmSPI39 showed that two cysteine mutations may cause incorrect disulfide bond formation of B. mori TIL-type protease inhibitors. The results of Far-UV circular dichroism (CD) spectra indicated that both the wild-type and mutated form of BmSPI39 harbored predominantly random coil structures, and had slightly different secondary structure compositions. SDS-PAGE and Western blotting analysis showed that cysteine mutations affected the multimerization states and electrophoretic mobility of BmSPI38 and BmSPI39. Activity staining and protease inhibition assays showed that the introduction of cysteine mutations dramaticly reduced the activity of inhibitors against microbial proteases, such as subtilisin A from Bacillus licheniformis, protease K from Engyodontium album, protease from Aspergillus melleus. We also systematically analyzed the key residue sites, which may greatly influence the specificity and potency of TIL-type protease inhibitors. We found that the two missing cysteines in B. mori TIL-type protease inhibitors might be crucial for their inhibitory activities against microbial proteases. The genetic engineering of TIL-type protease inhibitors may be applied in both health care and agricultural industries, and could lead to new methods for breeding fungus-resistant transgenic crops and antifungal transgenic silkworm strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youshan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; Vitamin D Research Institute, Shaanxi Sci-Tech University, Hanzhong 723001, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Huawei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Rui Zhu
- College of Education Science, Shaanxi Sci-Tech University, Hanzhong 723001, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Qingyou Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China.
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13
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Abstract
Background:Proteases are important enzymes that can degrade proteins and are found in animals, plants, bacteria, fungi and viruses. The action of proteases can be controlled by Protease Inhibitors (PIs), chemical or proteinaceous in nature that can block the active site of protease. Since the step catalyzed by proteases may play important role in life cycle of microbes, hindering the action of proteases by PIs may act as therapeutic intervention for microbial infection.Material and Methods:A thorough study was performed and wide range of literature was surveyed to confirm our results of PIs showing antibacterial activity.Results:PIs have shown to be effective drugs against bacterial pathogens, pathogenic viruses- Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Herpes virus, Hepatitis Virus. PIs have recently been investigated for controlling protozoan parasites. Clinical value of proteases and their inhibitors has been studied inHelicobacter pyloriwhich is the etiologic agent of gastritis.Conclusion:This review is intended to highlight the role of PIs in the Battle against Microbial Pathogens.
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Zhang Z, Mao Y, Li D, Zhang Y, Li W, Jia H, Zheng J, Li L, Lu Y. High-level expression and characterization of two serine protease inhibitors from Trichinella spiralis. Vet Parasitol 2016; 219:34-9. [PMID: 26921036 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Serine protease inhibitors (SPIs) play important roles in tissue homeostasis, cell survival, development, and host defense. So far, SPIs have been identified from various organisms, such as animals, plants, bacteria, poxviruses, and parasites. In this study, two SPIs (Tsp03044 and TspAd5) were identified from the genome of Trichinella spiralis and expressed in Escherichia coli. Sequence analysis revealed that these two SPIs contained essential structural motifs, which were well conserved within the tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) and serpin superfamily. Based on protease inhibition assays, the recombinant Tsp03044 showed inhibitory effects on trypsin, α-chymotrypsin, and pepsin, while the recombinant TspAd5 could effectively inhibit the activities of α-chymotrypsin and pepsin. Both these inhibitors showed activity between 28 and 48 °C. The expression levels of the two SPIs were also determined at different developmental stages of the parasite with real-time PCR. Our results indicate that Tsp03044 and TspAd5 are functional serine protease inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Common Disease Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Yixian Mao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Common Disease Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Da Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Common Disease Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Yvhan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Common Disease Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Common Disease Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Honglin Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology-Michigan State University Joint Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Maduan Street 427, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Jun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology-Michigan State University Joint Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Maduan Street 427, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Common Disease Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Yixin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Common Disease Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Harbin 150030, PR China.
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15
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van Oosten LN, Pieterse M, Pinkse MWH, Verhaert PDEM. Screening Method for the Discovery of Potential Bioactive Cysteine-Containing Peptides Using 3D Mass Mapping. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2015; 26:2039-2050. [PMID: 26552389 PMCID: PMC4654750 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-015-1282-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Animal venoms and toxins are a valuable source of bioactive peptides with pharmacologic relevance as potential drug leads. A large subset of biologically active peptides discovered up till now contain disulfide bridges that enhance stability and activity. To discover new members of this class of peptides, we developed a workflow screening specifically for those peptides that contain inter- and intra-molecular disulfide bonds by means of three-dimensional (3D) mass mapping. Two intrinsic properties of the sulfur atom, (1) its relatively large negative mass defect, and (2) its isotopic composition, allow for differentiation between cysteine-containing peptides and peptides lacking sulfur. High sulfur content in a peptide decreases the normalized nominal mass defect (NMD) and increases the normalized isotopic shift (NIS). Hence in a 3D plot of mass, NIS, and NMD, peptides with sulfur appear in this plot with a distinct spatial localization compared with peptides that lack sulfur. In this study we investigated the skin secretion of two frog species; Odorrana schmackeri and Bombina variegata. Peptides from the crude skin secretions were separated by nanoflow LC, and of all eluting peptides high resolution zoom scans were acquired in order to accurately determine both monoisotopic mass and average mass. Both the NMD and the NIS were calculated from the experimental data using an in-house developed MATLAB script. Candidate peptides exhibiting a low NMD and high NIS values were selected for targeted de novo sequencing, and this resulted in the identification of several novel inter- and intra-molecular disulfide bond containing peptides. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luuk N van Oosten
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, 2628 BC, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Mervin Pieterse
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, 2628 BC, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn W H Pinkse
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, 2628 BC, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Peter D E M Verhaert
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, 2628 BC, Delft, The Netherlands.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Antwerp University, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium.
- CEBMMS (Center of Excellence in Biological and Medical Mass Spectrometry), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, 221 85, Lund, Sweden.
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Biological characterization of compounds from Rhinella schneideri poison that act on the complement system. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2015; 21:25. [PMID: 26273286 PMCID: PMC4535373 DOI: 10.1186/s40409-015-0024-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The skin secretions of toads of the family Bufonidae contain biogenic amines, alkaloids, steroids (bufotoxins), bufodienolides (bufogenin), peptides and proteins. The poison of Rhinella schneideri, formerly classified as Bufo paracnemis, presents components that act on different biological systems, including the complement system. The aim of this study was to isolate and examine the activity of Rhinella schneideri poison (RsP) components on the complement system. Methods The components active on the complement system were purified in three chromatographic steps, using a combination of cation-exchange, anion-exchange and gel filtration chromatography. The resulting fractions were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and screened for their activity in the hemolytic assay of the classical/lectin complement pathways. Fractions active on the complement system were also assessed for their ability to generate C3 fragments evaluated by two dimensional immunoelectrophoresis assay, C3a and C5a by neutrophil chemotaxis assay and SC5b-9 complex by ELISA assay. Results The fractionation protocol was able to isolate the component S5 from the RsP, as demonstrated by SDS-PAGE and the RP-FPLC profile. S5 is a protein of about 6000 Da, while S2 presents components of higher molecular mass (40,000 to 50,000 Da). Fractions S2 and S5 attenuated the hemolytic activity of the classical/lectin pathways after preincubation with normal human serum. Both components stimulated complement-dependent neutrophil chemotaxis and the production of C3 fragments, as shown by two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis. S2 showed a higher capacity to generate the SC5b-9 complex than the other fractions. This action was observed after the exposure of normal human serum to the fractions. Conclusions This is the first study to examine the activity of RsP components on the complement system. Fractions S2 and S5 reduced the complement hemolytic activity, stimulated complement-dependent neutrophil chemotaxis and stimulated the production of C3 fragments, indicating that they were able to activate the complement cascade. Furthermore, fraction S2 was also able to generate the SC5b-9 complex. These components may be useful tools for studying dysfunction of the complement cascade.
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Wang YW, Tan JM, Du CW, Luan N, Yan XW, Lai R, Lu QM. A Novel Trypsin Inhibitor-Like Cysteine-Rich Peptide from the Frog Lepidobatrachus laevis Containing Proteinase-Inhibiting Activity. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2015; 5:209-214. [PMID: 26329591 PMCID: PMC4567993 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-015-0069-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Various bio-active substances in amphibian skins play important roles in survival of the amphibians. Many protease inhibitor peptides have been identified from amphibian skins, which are supposed to negatively modulate the activity of proteases to avoid premature degradation or release of skin peptides, or to inhibit extracellular proteases produced by invading bacteria. However, there is no information on the proteinase inhibitors from the frog Lepidobatrachus laevis which is unique in South America. In this work, a cDNA encoding a novel trypsin inhibitor-like (TIL) cysteine-rich peptide was identified from the skin cDNA library of L. laevis. The 240-bp coding region encodes an 80-amino acid residue precursor protein containing 10 half-cysteines. By sequence comparison and signal peptide prediction, the precursor was predicted to release a 55-amino acid mature peptide with amino acid sequence, IRCPKDKIYKFCGSPCPPSCKDLTPNCIAVCKKGCFCRDGTVDNNHGKCVKKENC. The mature peptide was named LL-TIL. LL-TIL shares significant domain similarity with the peptides from the TIL supper family. Antimicrobial and trypsin-inhibitory abilities of recombinant LL-TIL were tested. Recombinant LL-TIL showed no antimicrobial activity, while it had trypsin-inhibiting activity with a Ki of 16.5178 μM. These results suggested there was TIL peptide with proteinase-inhibiting activity in the skin of frog L. laevis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of TIL peptide from frog skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wei Wang
- Life Sciences College of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ji-Min Tan
- Life Sciences College of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Can-Wei Du
- Life Sciences College of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ning Luan
- Life Sciences College of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiu-Wen Yan
- Life Sciences College of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ren Lai
- Life Sciences College of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China
| | - Qiu-Min Lu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China.
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18
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Xu X, Lai R. The chemistry and biological activities of peptides from amphibian skin secretions. Chem Rev 2015; 115:1760-846. [PMID: 25594509 DOI: 10.1021/cr4006704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xueqing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology , Kunming 650223, Yunnan, China
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Wang R, Zhou Y, Chen T, Zhou M, Wang L, Shaw C. Identification and functional analysis of a novel tryptophyllin peptide from the skin of the red-eye leaf frog, Agalychnis callidryas. Int J Biol Sci 2015; 11:209-19. [PMID: 25561903 PMCID: PMC4279096 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.10143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Amphibian skin has proved repeatedly to be a largely untapped source of bioactive peptides and this is especially true of members of the Phyllomedusinae subfamily of frogs native to South and Central America. Tryptophyllins are a group of peptides mainly found in the skin of members of this genus. In this study, a novel tryptophyllin (TPH) type 3 peptide, named AcT-3, has been isolated and structurally-characterised from the skin secretion and lyophilised skin extract of the red-eye leaf frog, Agalychnis callidryas. The peptide was identified in and purified from the skin secretion by reverse-phase HPLC. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and MS/MS fragmentation sequencing established its primary structure as: pGlu-Gly-Lys-Pro-Tyr-Trp-Pro-Pro-Pro-Phe-Leu-Pro-Glu, with a non-protonated molecular mass of 1538.19Da. The mature peptide possessed the canonical N-terminal pGlu residue that arises from post-translational modification of a Gln residue. The deduced open-reading frame consisted of 63 amino acid residues encoding a highly-conserved signal peptide of approximately 22 amino acid residues, an intervening acidic spacer peptide domain, a single AcT-3 encoding domain and a C terminal processing site. A synthetic replicate of AcT-3 was found to antagonise the effect of BK on rat tail artery smooth muscle and to contract the intestinal smooth muscle preparations. It was also found that AcT-3 could dose-dependently inhibit the proliferation of human prostate cancer cell lines after 72h incubation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Wang
- 1. Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy. Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China ; 2. School of Pharmacy, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Yu Zhou
- 2. School of Pharmacy, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK ; 3. School of Biomedical Science and Institute of Molecular Medicine, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, Fujian, China
| | - Tianbao Chen
- 2. School of Pharmacy, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Mei Zhou
- 2. School of Pharmacy, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Lei Wang
- 2. School of Pharmacy, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Chris Shaw
- 2. School of Pharmacy, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK
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20
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König E, Bininda-Emonds ORP, Shaw C. The diversity and evolution of anuran skin peptides. Peptides 2015; 63:96-117. [PMID: 25464160 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Amphibians exhibit various, characteristic adaptations related to their "incomplete" shift from the aquatic to the terrestrial habitat. In particular, the integument was subject to a number of specialized modifications during the evolution of these animals. In this review, we place special emphasis on endogenous host-defence skin peptides from the cuteanous granular glands anuran amphibians (frogs and toads). The overview on the two broad groups of neuroactive and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) goes beyond a simple itemization in that we provide a new perspective into the evolution and function of anuran AMPs. Briefly, these cationic, amphipathic and α-helical peptides are traditionally viewed as being part of the innate immune system, protecting the moist skin against invading microorganisms through their cytolytic action. However, the complete record of anuran species investigated to date suggests that AMPs are distributed sporadically (i.e., non-universally) across Anura. Together with the intriguing observation that virtually all anurans known to produce neuropeptides in their granular glands also co-secrete cytolytic peptides, we call the traditional role for AMPs as being purely antimicrobial into question and present an alternative scenario. We hypothesize AMPs to assist neuroactive peptides in their antipredator role through their cytolytic action increasing the delivery of the latter to the endocrine and nervous system of the predator. Thus, AMPs are more accurately viewed as cytolysins and their contribution to the immune system is better regarded as an accessory benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico König
- AG Systematik und Evolutionsbiologie, IBU - Fakultät V, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky Strasse 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany.
| | - Olaf R P Bininda-Emonds
- AG Systematik und Evolutionsbiologie, IBU - Fakultät V, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky Strasse 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Chris Shaw
- School of Pharmacy, Medical Biology Center, Queen's University, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK
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Liu H, Chen J, Wang X, Yan S, Xu Y, San M, Tang W, Yang F, Cao Z, Li W, Wu Y, Chen Z. Functional characterization of a new non-Kunitz serine protease inhibitor from the scorpion Lychas mucronatus. Int J Biol Macromol 2014; 72:158-62. [PMID: 25150597 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Serine protease inhibitors have been widely discovered from different animal venoms, but most of them belong to Kunitz-type toxin subfamily. Here, by screening scorpion venom gland cDNA libraries, we identified four new non-Kunitz serine protease inhibitors with a conserved Ascaris-type structural fold: Ascaris-type toxins Lychas mucronatus Ascaris-type protease inhibitor (LmAPI), Pandinus cavimanus Ascaris-type protease inhibitor (PcAPI), Pandinus cavimanus Ascaris-type protease inhibitor 2 (PcAPI-2), and Hottentotta judaicus Ascaris-type protease inhibitor (HjAPI). The detailed characterization of one Ascaris-type toxin LmAPI was further carried out, which contains 60 residues and possesses a classical Ascaris-type cysteine framework reticulated by five disulfide bridges. Enzyme and inhibitor reaction kinetics experiments showed that recombinant LmAPI inhibits the activity of chymotrypsin potently with a Ki value of 15.5 nM, but has little effect on trypsin and elastase. Bioinformatics analyses suggested that LmAPI contains unique functional residues "TQD" and might be a useful template to produce specific protease inhibitors. Our results indicated that animal venoms are a natural source of new type of protease inhibitors, which will accelerate the development of diagnostic and therapeutic agents for human diseases that target diverse proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medicinal Macromolecular Laboratory, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei, China
| | - Jing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medicinal Macromolecular Laboratory, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei, China
| | - Shirong Yan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medicinal Macromolecular Laboratory, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei, China
| | - Yue Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medicinal Macromolecular Laboratory, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei, China
| | - Mingkui San
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medicinal Macromolecular Laboratory, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Tang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medicinal Macromolecular Laboratory, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei, China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Hubei, China
| | - Zhijian Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Hubei, China
| | - Wenxin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Hubei, China
| | - Yingliang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Hubei, China
| | - Zongyun Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medicinal Macromolecular Laboratory, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei, China.
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Song Y, Gong K, Yan H, Hong W, Wang L, Wu Y, Li W, Li W, Cao Z. Sj7170, a unique dual-function peptide with a specific α-chymotrypsin inhibitory activity and a potent tumor-activating effect from scorpion venom. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:11667-11680. [PMID: 24584937 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.540419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A new peptide precursor, termed Sj7170, was characterized from the venomous gland cDNA library of the scorpion Scorpiops jendeki. Sj7170 was deduced to be a 62-amino acid peptide cross-linked by five disulfide bridges. The recombinant Sj7170 peptide (rSj7170) with chromatographic purity was produced by a prokaryotic expression system. Enzyme inhibition assay in vitro and in vivo showed that rSj7170 specifically inhibited the activity of α-chymotrypsin at micromole concentrations. In addition, Sj7170 not only promoted cell proliferation and colony formation by up-regulating the expression of cyclin D1 in vitro but also enhanced tumor growth in nude mice. Finally, Sj7170 accelerated cellular migration and invasion by increasing the expression of the transcription factor Snail and then inducing the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Moreover, Sj7170 changed cell morphology and cytoskeleton of U87 cells by the GTPase pathway. Taken together, Sj7170 is a unique dual-function peptide, i.e. a specific α-chymotrypsin inhibitor and a potent tumorigenesis/metastasis activator. Our work not only opens an avenue of developing new modulators of tumorigenesis/metastasis from serine protease inhibitors but also strengthens the functional link between protease inhibitors and tumor activators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Song
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China; College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Ke Gong
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Hong Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China; College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Wei Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China; College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Le Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China; College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Yingliang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China; College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Wenhua Li
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China.
| | - Wenxin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China; College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China.
| | - Zhijian Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China; College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China.
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23
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Protease inhibitors from marine venomous animals and their counterparts in terrestrial venomous animals. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:2069-112. [PMID: 23771044 PMCID: PMC3721222 DOI: 10.3390/md11062069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The Kunitz-type protease inhibitors are the best-characterized family of serine protease inhibitors, probably due to their abundance in several organisms. These inhibitors consist of a chain of ~60 amino acid residues stabilized by three disulfide bridges, and was first observed in the bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI)-like protease inhibitors, which strongly inhibit trypsin and chymotrypsin. In this review we present the protease inhibitors (PIs) described to date from marine venomous animals, such as from sea anemone extracts and Conus venom, as well as their counterparts in terrestrial venomous animals, such as snakes, scorpions, spiders, Anurans, and Hymenopterans. More emphasis was given to the Kunitz-type inhibitors, once they are found in all these organisms. Their biological sources, specificity against different proteases, and other molecular blanks (being also K+ channel blockers) are presented, followed by their molecular diversity. Whereas sea anemone, snakes and other venomous animals present mainly Kunitz-type inhibitors, PIs from Anurans present the major variety in structure length and number of Cys residues, with at least six distinguishable classes. A representative alignment of PIs from these venomous animals shows that, despite eventual differences in Cys assignment, the key-residues for the protease inhibitory activity in all of them occupy similar positions in primary sequence. The key-residues for the K+ channel blocking activity was also compared.
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24
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PsT-1: A new tryptophyllin peptide from the skin secretion of Waxy Monkey Leaf Frog, Phyllomedusa sauvagei. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 184:14-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2013.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 12/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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Chen Z, Wang B, Hu J, Yang W, Cao Z, Zhuo R, Li W, Wu Y. SjAPI, the first functionally characterized Ascaris-type protease inhibitor from animal venoms. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57529. [PMID: 23533574 PMCID: PMC3606364 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serine protease inhibitors act as modulators of serine proteases, playing important roles in protecting animal toxin peptides from degradation. However, all known serine protease inhibitors discovered thus far from animal venom belong to the Kunitz-type subfamily, and whether there are other novel types of protease inhibitors in animal venom remains unclear. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Here, by screening scorpion venom gland cDNA libraries, we identified the first Ascaris-type animal toxin family, which contains four members: Scorpiops jendeki Ascaris-type protease inhibitor (SjAPI), Scorpiops jendeki Ascaris-type protease inhibitor 2 (SjAPI-2), Chaerilus tricostatus Ascaris-type protease inhibitor (CtAPI), and Buthus martensii Ascaris-type protease inhibitor (BmAPI). The detailed characterization of Ascaris-type peptide SjAPI from the venom gland of scorpion Scorpiops jendeki was carried out. The mature peptide of SjAPI contains 64 residues and possesses a classical Ascaris-type cysteine framework reticulated by five disulfide bridges, different from all known protease inhibitors from venomous animals. Enzyme and inhibitor reaction kinetics experiments showed that recombinant SjAPI was a dual function peptide with α-chymotrypsin- and elastase-inhibiting properties. Recombinant SjAPI inhibited α-chymotrypsin with a Ki of 97.1 nM and elastase with a Ki of 3.7 μM, respectively. Bioinformatics analyses and chimera experiments indicated that SjAPI contained the unique short side chain functional residues "AAV" and might be a useful template to produce new serine protease inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE To our knowledge, SjAPI is the first functionally characterized animal toxin peptide with an Ascaris-type fold. The structural and functional diversity of animal toxins with protease-inhibiting properties suggested that bioactive peptides from animal venom glands might be a new source of protease inhibitors, which will accelerate the development of diagnostic and therapeutic agents for human diseases that target diverse proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongyun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Weishan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhijian Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Renxi Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenxin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail: (WXL); (YLW)
| | - Yingliang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail: (WXL); (YLW)
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König E, Wesse C, C. Murphy A, Zhou M, Wang L, Chen T, Shaw C, Bininda-Emonds ORP. Molecular cloning of the trypsin inhibitor from the skin secretion of the Madagascan Tomato Frog, Dyscophus guineti (Microhylidae), and insights into its potential defensive role. ORG DIVERS EVOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13127-013-0128-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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27
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PTM-driven differential peptide display: Survey of peptides containing inter/intra-molecular disulfide bridges in frog venoms. J Proteomics 2012; 77:215-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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28
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Daum JM, Davis LR, Bigler L, Woodhams DC. Hybrid advantage in skin peptide immune defenses of water frogs (Pelophylax esculentus) at risk from emerging pathogens. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2012; 12:1854-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2012.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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29
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Li Y, Zhao P, Liu S, Dong Z, Chen J, Xiang Z, Xia Q. A novel protease inhibitor in Bombyx mori is involved in defense against Beauveria bassiana. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 42:766-75. [PMID: 22841512 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Revised: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Entomopathogenic fungi, such as Beauveria bassiana, penetrate the insect cuticle using a plethora of hydrolytic enzymes including cuticle-degrading proteases and chitinases, which are important virulence factors. The insect integument and hemolymph contains a relatively high concentration of protease inhibitors, which are closely involved with defense against pathogenic microorganisms. To elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying resistance against entomopathogenic fungi and to identify a new molecular target for improving fungal resistance in the silkworm, Bombyx mori, we cloned and expressed a novel silkworm TIL-type protease inhibitor BmSPI38, which was very stable over a wide range of temperatures and pH values. An activity assay suggested that BmSPI38 potently inactivated the insecticidal cuticle-degrading enzyme (CDEP-1) produced by B. bassiana and subtilisin A produced by Bacillus licheniformis. The melanization of silkworm induced by CDEP-1 protease could also be blocked by BmSPI38. These results provided new insights into the molecular mechanisms whereby insect protease inhibitors provide resistance against entomopathogenic fungi, suggesting the possibility of using fungal biopesticides in sericulture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youshan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
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30
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Dębowski D, Łukajtis R, Łęgowska A, Karna N, Pikuła M, Wysocka M, Maliszewska I, Sieńczyk M, Lesner A, Rolka K. Inhibitory and antimicrobial activities of OGTI and HV-BBI peptides, fragments and analogs derived from amphibian skin. Peptides 2012; 35:276-84. [PMID: 22516177 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A series of linear and cyclic fragments and analogs of two peptides (OGTI and HV-BBI) isolated from skin secretions of frogs were synthesized by the solid-phase method. Their inhibitory activity against several serine proteinases: bovine β-trypsin, bovine α-chymotypsin, human leukocyte elastase and cathepsin G from human neutrophils, was investigated together with evaluation of their antimicrobial activities against Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli) and Gram-positive species isolated from patients (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus sp., Streptococcus sp.). The cytotoxicity of the selected peptides toward an immortal human skin fibroblast cell line was also determined. Three peptides: HV-BBI, its truncated fragment HV-BBI(3-18) and its analog [Phe(8)]HV-BBI can be considered as bifunctional compounds with inhibitory as well as antibacterial properties. OGTI, although it did not display trypsin inhibitory activity as previously reported in the literature, exerted antimicrobial activity toward S. epidermidis. In addition, under our experimental conditions, this peptide did not show cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawid Dębowski
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland.
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31
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Wu J, Liu H, Yang H, Yu H, You D, Ma Y, Ye H, Lai R. Proteomic analysis of skin defensive factors of tree frog Hyla simplex. J Proteome Res 2011; 10:4230-40. [PMID: 21740067 DOI: 10.1021/pr200393t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tree frogs produce a variety of skin defensive chemicals against many biotic and abiotic risk factors for their everyday survival. By proteomics or peptidomics and coupling transcriptome analysis with pharmacological testings, 27 peptides or proteins belonging to 9 families, which act mainly as defensive functions, were identified and characterized from skin secretions of the tree frog, Hyla simplex. They are: (1) a novel family of peptides with EGF- and VEGF-releasing activities; (2) a novel family of analgesic peptides; (3) a family of neurotoxins acting on sodium channel; (4) a snake venom-like presynaptically active neurotoxin; (5) a snake venom-like neurotoxin targeting cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels; (6) a tachykinin-like peptide, which is the first report from tree frogs; (7) two antimicrobial peptides; (8) a alpha-1-antitrypsin-like serpin; and (9) a wasp venom-like toxin with serine protease inhibitors activity. Families of 1, 2, 4, 5, and 8 proteins or peptides are first reported in amphibians. The chemical array in the tree frog skin shares some similarities with snake venoms. Most of these components in this tree frog help defend against predators, heal wounds, or attenuate suffering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, China
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32
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Melzer S, Clerens S, Bishop PJ. Differential polymorphism in cutaneous glands of archaic Leiopelma species. J Morphol 2011; 272:1116-30. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.10960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2010] [Revised: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 02/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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33
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Isolation and characterization of a trypsin inhibitor from the skin secretions of Kaloula pulchra hainana. Toxicon 2010; 56:502-7. [PMID: 20580731 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2010] [Revised: 05/07/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Amphibian skin secretions contain many bioactive compounds. A trypsin inhibitor termed KPHTI was purified from the skin secretions of frog Kaloula pulchra hainana by successive ion-exchange and gel-filtration chromatography. KPHTI is a single chain glycoprotein, with an apparent molecular weight of 23 kDa in SDS-PAGE. It is a competitive inhibitor and effectively inhibits trypsin catalytic activity on peptide substrate with the inhibitor constant (K(i)) value of 27 nM. KPHTI shows no inhibitory effect on chymotrypsin, thrombin, elastase, and subtilisin. The N-terminal sequence of KPHTI is DHEVTS, which shows no similarity with other known trypsin inhibitors. DTT apparently affected the inhibitory activity of KPHTI. But it was not sensitive to temperature and pH range, which suggested that it possessed stable trypsin inhibitory activity in natural environment, and maybe play an important role in against predators.
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Chiu PW, Huang YC, Pan YJ, Wang CH, Sun CH. A novel family of cyst proteins with epidermal growth factor repeats in Giardia lamblia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2010; 4:e677. [PMID: 20485485 PMCID: PMC2867935 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Giardia lamblia parasitizes the human small intestine to cause diarrhea and malabsorption. It undergoes differentiation from a pathogenic trophozoite form into a resistant walled cyst form. Few cyst proteins have been identified to date, including three cyst wall proteins (CWPs) and one High Cysteine Non-variant Cyst protein (HCNCp). They are highly expressed during encystation and are mainly targeted to the cyst wall. Methodology and Principal Findings To identify new cyst wall proteins, we searched the G. lamblia genome data base with the sequence of the Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst wall protein as a query and found an Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF)-like Cyst Protein (EGFCP1). Sequence analysis revealed that the EGF-like repeats of the EGFCP1 are similar to those of the tenascin family of extracellular matrix glycoproteins. EGFCP1 and HCNCp have a higher percentage of cysteine than CWPs, but EGFCP1 has no C-terminal transmembrane region found in HCNCp. Like CWPs and HCNCp, the EGFCP1 protein (but not transcript) was expressed at higher levels during encystation and it was localized to encystation-specific vesicles in encysting trophozoites. Like HCNCp, EGFCP1 was localized to the encystation-specific vesicles, cyst wall and cell body of cysts, suggesting that they may share a common trafficking pathway. Interestingly, overexpression of EGFCP1 induced cyst formation and deletion of the signal peptide from EGFCP1 reduced its protein levels and cyst formation, suggesting that EGFCP1 may help mediate cyst wall synthesis. We also found that five other putative EGFCPs have similar expression profiles and similar locations and that the cyst formation was induced upon their overexpression. Conclusions and Significance Our results suggest that EGFCPs may function like cyst wall proteins, involved in differentiation of G. lamblia trophozoites into cysts. The results lead to greater understanding of parasite cyst walls and provide valuable information that helps develop ways to interrupt the G. lamblia life cycle. The biological goal of Giardia lamblia life cycle is differentiation into a cyst form (encystation) that can survive in the environment and infect a new host. Since cystic stages are key to transmission of parasites, this differentiation may be a target for interruption of the life cycle. Synthesis and assembly of the extracellular cyst wall are the major hallmarks of this important differentiation. During encystation, cyst wall structural proteins are coordinately synthesized and are mainly targeted to the cyst wall. However, only a few such proteins have been identified to date. In this study, we used a combination of bioinformatics and molecular approaches to identify new cyst structural proteins from G. lamblia and found a group of Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF)-like Repeats containing Cyst Proteins (EGFCPs). Interestingly, the levels of EGFCPs proteins increased significantly during encystation, which matches the characteristics of the Giardia cyst wall protein. Further characterization and localization studies suggest that EGFCPs may function like cyst wall proteins, involved in differentiation of G. lamblia trophozoites into cysts. Our results provide valuable information regarding the function of a new group of cyst proteins in parasite differentiation into cysts and help develop ways to interrupt the parasite life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Wei Chiu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yu-Chang Huang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yu-Jiao Pan
- Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chih-Hung Wang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chin-Hung Sun
- Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Simmaco M, Kreil G, Barra D. Bombinins, antimicrobial peptides from Bombina species. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2009; 1788:1551-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2009.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2008] [Revised: 12/14/2008] [Accepted: 01/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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36
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Li J, Wu J, Wang Y, Xu X, Liu T, Lai R, Zhu H. A small trypsin inhibitor from the frog of Odorrana grahami. Biochimie 2008; 90:1356-61. [PMID: 18472011 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2008.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2007] [Accepted: 04/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A novel peptide inhibitor (OGTI) of serine protease with a molecular weight of 1949.8, was purified from the skin secretion of the frog, Odorrana grahami. Of the tested serine proteases, OGTI only inhibited the hydrolysis activity of trypsin on synthetic chromogenic substrate. This precursor deduced from the cDNA sequence is composed of 70 amino acid residues. The mature OGTI contains 17 amino acid residues including a six-residue loop disulfided by two half-cysteines (AVNIPFKVHFRCKAAFC). In addition to its unique six-residue loop, the overall structure and precursor of OGTI are different from those of other serine protease inhibitors. It is also one of the smallest serine protease inhibitors ever found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxu Li
- Biotoxin Units of Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Kunming 650223, Yunnan, China
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Han Y, Yu H, Yang X, Rees HH, Liu J, Lai R. A serine proteinase inhibitor from frog eggs with bacteriostatic activity. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2008; 149:58-62. [PMID: 17826205 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2007.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2007] [Revised: 08/05/2007] [Accepted: 08/07/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
By Sephadex G-50 gel filtration, Resource Q anionic exchange and C4 reversed phase liquid high performance liquid chromatography, a proteinase inhibitor protein (Ranaserpin) was identified and purified from the eggs of the odour frog, Rana grahami. The protein displayed a single band adjacent to the molecular weight marker of 14.4 kDa analyzed by SDS-PAGE. The inhibitor protein homogeneity and its molecular weight were confirmed again by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry analysis. The MALDI-TOF mass spectrum analysis gave this inhibitor protein an m/z of 14422.26 that was matched well with the result from SDS-PAGE. This protein is a serine proteinase inhibitor targeting multiple proteinases including trypsin, elastase, and subtilisin. Ranaserpin inhibited the proteolytic activities of trypsin, elastase, and subtilisin. It has an inhibitory constant (K(i)) of 6.2 x 10(-8) M, 2.7 x 10(-7) M and 2.2 x 10(-8) M for trypsin, elastase, and subtilisin, respectively. This serine proteinase inhibitor exhibited bacteriostatic effect on Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633). It was suggested that ranaserpin might act as a defensive role in resistance to invasion of pests or pathogens. This is the first report of serine proteinase inhibitor and its direct defensive role from amphibian eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoping Han
- College of Life Sciences School of Heibei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050016 China
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38
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Lu X, Ma Y, Wu J, Lai R. Two serine protease inhibitors from the skin secretions of the toad, Bombina microdeladigitora. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2007; 149:608-12. [PMID: 18221904 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2007.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2007] [Revised: 12/13/2007] [Accepted: 12/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Two serine protease inhibitors (named BMSI 1 and BMSI 2, respectively) were identified from the skin secretions of the toad, Bombina microdeladigitora. The cDNAs encoding BMSIs were cloned from a cDNA library prepared from the toad skin. The deduced complete amino acid sequences of BMSIs indicate that mature BMSI 1 and BMSI 2 are composed of 60 amino acids including 10 half-cystines to form 5 disulfide bridges. A FASTA search in the databanks revealed that BMSIs exhibit sequence similarity with other serine protease inhibitors from amphibians of the genus Bombina. BMSI 1 potently inhibited trypsin and thrombin with a K(i) value of 0.02 microM and 0.15 microM, respectively. Sequence analysis revealed that all serine protease inhibitors from five amphibians of the genus Bombina share highly conserved primary structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyun Lu
- Biotoxin Units of Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, China
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39
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Sasaki SD, de Lima CA, Lovato DV, Juliano MA, Torquato RJS, Tanaka AS. BmSI-7, a novel subtilisin inhibitor from Boophilus microplus, with activity toward Pr1 proteases from the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae. Exp Parasitol 2007; 118:214-20. [PMID: 17889850 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2007.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2007] [Revised: 08/08/2007] [Accepted: 08/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BmSI-7 and BmSI-6, two Boophilus microplus subtilisin inhibitors (BmSI) were purified and characterized from eggs. The inhibitors isolated by classical purification methods presented molecular masses of 7408 and 7271Da, respectively, by MALDI-TOF-MS. Both BmSI-7 and BmSI-6 inhibited neutrophil elastase (K(i) 0.4 and 0.3nM) and subtilisin A (K(i) 1.4nM for both inhibitors). They also strongly inhibited Pr1 proteases from the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae; BmSI-7 (K(i) 50nM) and BmSI-6 (K(i) 2.2nM). The BmSI-7 full length cDNA was obtained using amino acid sequence information of BmSI-7 peptides generated by proteolytic digestion. BmSI-7 belongs to trypsin inhibitor like cysteine rich domain family (TIL), and it is transcribed in ovary, fat body, gut, salivary gland and haemocytes. BmSI-7 is the first TIL inhibitor described with inhibitory activity toward subtilisin A and Pr1 proteases of entomopathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio D Sasaki
- Departamento de Bioquímica, UNIFESP-EPM, Rua 3 de Maio, 100, 04044-020 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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40
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Maddur AA, Liu X, Zhu YC, Fellers JP, Oppert B, Park Y, Bai J, Wilde GE, Chen MS. Cloning and characterization of protease inhibitor-like cDNAs from the Hessian fly mayetiola destructor (SAY). INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 15:485-96. [PMID: 16907835 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2006.00660.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of transcriptomes from the salivary glands and midgut of Hessian fly larvae Mayetiola destructor (say) identified a set of diverse cDNAs that encode proteins with a relatively high percentage (over 10%) of cysteinyl residues. Structural comparison of these putative proteins with known sequences in GenBank revealed that the positions of the cysteinyl residues in the identified proteins were highly conserved within a family of proteinase inhibitors despite very little overall sequence similarity. Phylogenetic analysis sorted this set of cDNAs into five different groups. To determine if these cDNAs indeed encode proteinase inhibitors, recombinant proteins were generated with two cDNAs from two different groups. Biochemical analysis of the recombinant proteins against commercial and insect gut proteinases demonstrated that the recombinant proteins are strong proteinase inhibitors with different specificities. Northern blot and real-time PCR analysis revealed that the different genes were expressed at different developmental stages and in different tissues. The overall results indicated that M. destructor contains a complex of genes that code for proteinase inhibitors which may regulate proteinase activities in different regulatory pathways. The GenBank accession numbers for the cDNAs in this paper were DQ232690 to DQ232718.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Maddur
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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41
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Fogaça AC, Almeida IC, Eberlin MN, Tanaka AS, Bulet P, Daffre S. Ixodidin, a novel antimicrobial peptide from the hemocytes of the cattle tick Boophilus microplus with inhibitory activity against serine proteinases. Peptides 2006; 27:667-74. [PMID: 16191451 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2005.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2005] [Revised: 07/28/2005] [Accepted: 07/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The presence of an effective immune response in the hemocoel of arthropods is essential for survival as it prevents the invasion of pathogens throughout the animal body. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) play an important role in this response by rapidly killing invading microorganisms. In this study, a novel cysteine-rich AMP has been isolated and characterized from the hemocytes of the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus. In addition to growth inhibition of Escherichia coli and Micrococcus luteus, the newly described AMP, designated ixodidin (derived from the Family Ixodidae), was found to exert proteolytic inhibitory activity against two exogenous serine proteinases, elastase and chymotrypsin. This is the first report of a molecule of an arachnid that has been shown to inhibit bacterial growth and proteinase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa C Fogaça
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 1374, Zip Code 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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42
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Pukala TL, Bowie JH, Maselli VM, Musgrave IF, Tyler MJ. Host-defence peptides from the glandular secretions of amphibians: structure and activity. Nat Prod Rep 2006; 23:368-93. [PMID: 16741585 DOI: 10.1039/b512118n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tara L Pukala
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, South Australia
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43
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McKerrow JH, Caffrey C, Kelly B, Loke P, Sajid M. PROTEASES IN PARASITIC DISEASES. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2006; 1:497-536. [PMID: 18039124 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.pathol.1.110304.100151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James H. McKerrow
- Department of Pathology and the Sandler Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143; , , ,
| | - Conor Caffrey
- Department of Pathology and the Sandler Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143; , , ,
| | - Ben Kelly
- Department of Pathology and the Sandler Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143; , , ,
| | - P'ng Loke
- Department of Pathology and the Sandler Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143; , , ,
| | - Mohammed Sajid
- Department of Pathology and the Sandler Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143; , , ,
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44
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Ford L, Guiliano DB, Oksov Y, Debnath AK, Liu J, Williams SA, Blaxter ML, Lustigman S. Characterization of a Novel Filarial Serine Protease Inhibitor, Ov-SPI-1, from Onchocerca volvulus, with Potential Multifunctional Roles during Development of the Parasite. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:40845-56. [PMID: 16186127 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m504434200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel filarial serine protease inhibitor (SPI) from the human parasitic nematode Onchocerca volvulus, Ov-SPI-1, was identified through the analysis of a molting third-stage larvae expressed sequence tag dataset. Subsequent analysis of the expressed sequence tag datasets of O. volvulus and other filariae identified four other members of this family. These proteins are related to the low molecular weight SPIs originally isolated from Ascaris suum where they are believed to protect the parasite from host intestinal proteases. The two Ov-spi transcripts are up-regulated in the molting larvae and adult stages of the development of the parasite. Recombinant Ov-SPI-1 is an active inhibitor of serine proteases, specifically elastase, chymotrypsin, and cathepsin G. Immunolocalization of the Ov-SPI proteins demonstrates that the endogenous proteins are localized to the basal layer of the cuticle of third-stage, molting third-stage, and fourth-stage larvae, the body channels and multivesicular bodies of third-stage larvae and the processed material found between the two cuticles during molting. In O. volvulus adult worms the Ov-SPI proteins are localized to the sperm and to eggshells surrounding the developing embryos. RNA interference targeting the Ov-spi genes resulted in the specific knockdown of the transcript levels of both Ov-spi-1 and Ov-spi-2, a loss of native proteins, and a significant reduction in both molting and viability of third-stage larvae. We suggest the Ov-SPI proteins play a vital role in nematode molting by controlling the activity of an endogenous serine protease(s). The localization data in adults also indicate that these inhibitors may be involved in other processes such as embryogenesis and spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Ford
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York 10021, USA
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45
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Zhao Y, Jin Y, Lee WH, Zhang Y. Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 22-kDa protein with trypsin inhibitory activity from toad Bufo andrewsi skin. Toxicon 2005; 46:277-81. [PMID: 15970299 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2005.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2005] [Revised: 04/12/2005] [Accepted: 04/12/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A novel trypsin inhibitor termed BATI was purified to homogeneity from the skin extracts of toad Bufo andrewsi by successive ion-exchange, gel-filtration and reverse-phase chromatography. BATI is basic single chain glycoprotein, with apparent molecular weight of 22 kDa in SDS-PAGE. BATI is a thermal stable competitive inhibitor and effectively inhibits trypsin's catalytic activity on peptide substrate with the inhibitor constant (K(i)) value of 14 nM and shows no inhibitory effect on chymotrypsin, thrombin and elastase. The N-terminal sequence of BATI is EKDSITD, which shows no similarity with other known trypsin inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhao
- Department of Animal Toxinology, Kunming Institute of Zoology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 East Jiao Chang Road, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, People's Republic of China
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46
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Zhao Y, Jin Y, Wei SS, Lee WH, Zhang Y. Purification and characterization of an irreversible serine protease inhibitor from skin secretions of Bufo andrewsi. Toxicon 2005; 46:635-40. [PMID: 16154609 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2005.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2005] [Revised: 06/30/2005] [Accepted: 07/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Amphibian skin secretions contain many bioactive compounds. In the present work, an irreversible serine protease inhibitor, termed baserpin, was purified for the first time from the skin secretions of toad Bufo andrewsi by successive ion-exchange and gel-filtration chromatography. Baserpin is a single chain glycoprotein, with an apparent molecular weight of about 60 kDa in SDS-PAGE. Baserpin is an irreversible inhibitor and effectively inhibits the catalytic activity of trypsin, chymotrypsin and elastase. SDS-stable baserpin-trypsin complex could be seen in SDS-PAGE indicates that it possibly belongs to the serpin superfamily. According to the association rates determined, baserpin is a potent inhibitor of bovine trypsin (4.6 x 10(6) M(-1) s(-1)), bovine chymotrypsin (8.9 x 10(6) M(-1) s(-1)) and porcine elastase (6.8 x 10(6) M(-1) s(-1)), whereas it shows no inhibitory effect on thrombin. The N-terminal sequence of baserpin is HTQYPDILIAKPXDK, which shows no similarity with other known serine protease inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhao
- Department of Animal Toxinology, Kunming Institute of Zoology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
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47
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Zhang YX, Lai R, Lee WH, Zhang Y. Frog albumin is expressed in skin and characterized as a novel potent trypsin inhibitor. Protein Sci 2005; 14:2469-77. [PMID: 16081656 PMCID: PMC2253475 DOI: 10.1110/ps.051551105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A novel potent trypsin inhibitor was purified and characterized from frog Bombina maxima skin. A full-length cDNA encoding the protein was obtained from a cDNA library constructed from the skin. Sequence analysis established that the protein actually comprises three conserved albumin domains. B.maxima serum albumin was subsequently purified, and its coding cDNA was further obtained by PCR-based cloning from the frog liver. Only two amino acid variations were found in the albumin sequences from the skin and the serum. However, the skin protein is distinct from the serum protein by binding of a haem b (0.95 mol/mol protein). Different from bovine serum albumin, B. maxima albumin potently inhibited trypsin. It bound tightly with trypsin in a 1:1 molar ratio. The equilibrium dissociation constants (KD) obtained for the skin and the serum proteins were 1.92 x 10(-9) M and 1.55 x 10(-9) M, respectively. B. maxima albumin formed a noncovalent complex with trypsin through an exposed loop formed by a disulfide bond (Cys53-Cys62), which comprises the scissile bond Arg58(P1)-His59(P1'). No inhibitory effects on thrombin, chymotrypsin, elastase, and subtilisin were observed under the assay conditions. Immunohistochemical study showed that B. maxima albumin is widely distributed around the membranes of epithelial layer cells and within the stratum spongiosum of dermis in the skin, suggesting that it plays important roles in skin physiological functions, such as water economy, metabolite exchange, and osmoregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Xia Zhang
- Department of Animal Toxicology, Kunming Institute of Zoology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China (PRC).
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48
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Jilek A, Mollay C, Tippelt C, Grassi J, Mignogna G, Müllegger J, Sander V, Fehrer C, Barra D, Kreil G. Biosynthesis of a D-amino acid in peptide linkage by an enzyme from frog skin secretions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:4235-9. [PMID: 15758070 PMCID: PMC555527 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0500789102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
d-amino acids are present in some peptides from amphibian skin. These residues are derived from the corresponding L-amino acids present in the respective precursors. From skin secretions of Bombinae, we have isolated an enzyme that catalyzes the isomerization of an L-Ile in position 2 of a model peptide to D-allo-Ile. In the course of this reaction, which proceeds without the addition of a cofactor, radioactivity from tritiated water is incorporated into the second position of the product. The amino acid sequence of this isomerase could be deduced from cloned cDNA and genomic DNA. After expression of this cDNA in oocytes of Xenopus laevis, isomerase activity could be detected. Polypeptides related to the frog skin enzyme are present in several vertebrate species, including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Jilek
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Billrothstrasse 11, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
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49
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Chen T, Xue Y, Zhou M, Shaw C. Molecular cloning of mRNA from toad granular gland secretion and lyophilized skin: identification of Bo8--a novel prokineticin from Bombina orientalis. Peptides 2005; 26:377-83. [PMID: 15652643 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2004.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2004] [Revised: 10/18/2004] [Accepted: 10/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Prokineticins are small (approximately 8 kDa), biologically active secretory proteins whose primary structures have been highly conserved throughout the Animal Kingdom. Representatives have been identified in the defensive skin secretions of several amphibians reflecting the immense structural/functional diversity of polypeptides in such. Here we describe the identification of a prokineticin homolog (designated Bo8) from the skin secretion of the Oriental fire-bellied toad (Bombina orientalis). Full primary structural characterization was achieved using a combination of direct Edman microsequencing, mass spectrometry and cloning of encoding skin cDNA. The latter approach employed a recently described technique that we developed for the cloning of secretory peptide cDNAs from lyophilized skin secretion, and this was further extended to employ lyophilized skin as the starting material for cDNA library construction. The Bo8 precursor was found to consist of an open-reading frame of 96 amino acid residues consisting of a putative 19-residue signal peptide followed by a single 77-residue prokineticin (Mr=7990 Da). Amino acid substitutions in skin prokineticins from the skin secretions of bombinid toads are confined to discrete sites affording the necessary information for structure/activity studies and analog design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianbao Chen
- Molecular Therapeutics Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen's University, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK
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50
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Gebhard LG, Carrizo FU, Stern AL, Burgardt NI, Faivovich J, Lavilla E, Ermácora MR. A Kazal prolyl endopeptidase inhibitor isolated from the skin of Phyllomedusa sauvagii. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 271:2117-26. [PMID: 15153102 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.2004.04127.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Searching for bioactive peptides, we analyzed acidic extracts of Phyllomedusa sauvagii skin and found two new proteins, PSKP-1 and PSKP-2, of 6.7 and 6.6 kDa, respectively, which, by sequence homology, belong to the Kazal family of serine protease inhibitors. PSKP-1 and PSKP-2 exhibit the unprecedented feature of having proline at P(1) and P(2) positions. A gene encoding PSKP-1 was synthesized and expressed in Escherichia coli. Recombinant PSKP-1 was purified from inclusion bodies, oxidatively refolded to the native state, and characterized by chemical, hydrodynamic and optical studies. PSKP-1 shows inhibitory activity against a serum prolyl endopeptidase, but is unable to inhibit trypsin, chymotrypsin, V8 protease, or proteinase K. In addition, PSKP-1 can be rendered active against trypsin by active-site site-specific mutagenesis, has bactericidal activity, and induces agglutination of red cells at micromolar concentrations. PSKP-1 might protect P. sauvagii teguments from microbial invasion, by acting as an inhibitor of an as-yet unidentified prolyl endopeptidase or directly as a microbicidal compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leopoldo G Gebhard
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Sáenz Peña 180 (B1876BXD), Bernal, Argentina
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