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Vasilatis DM, Lucchesi CA, Ghosh PM. Molecular Similarities and Differences between Canine Prostate Cancer and Human Prostate Cancer Variants. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11041100. [PMID: 37189720 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11041100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Dogs are one of few species that naturally develop prostate cancer (PCa), which clinically resembles aggressive, advanced PCa in humans. Moreover, PCa-tumor samples from dogs are often androgen receptor (AR)-negative and may enrich our understanding of AR-indifferent PCa in humans, a highly lethal subset of PCa for which few treatment modalities are available This narrative review discusses the molecular similarities between dog PCa and specific human-PCa variants, underscoring the possibilities of using the dog as a novel pre-clinical animal model for human PCa, resulting in new therapies and diagnostics that may benefit both species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demitria M Vasilatis
- Department of Urologic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95718, USA
- Veterans Affairs (VA)-Northern California Healthcare System, Mather, CA 95655, USA
| | | | - Paramita M Ghosh
- Department of Urologic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95718, USA
- Veterans Affairs (VA)-Northern California Healthcare System, Mather, CA 95655, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95718, USA
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2
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Nascimento-Gonçalves E, Seixas F, Silva M, Fardilha M, Ferreira R, Neuparth MJ, Faustino-Rocha AI, Colaço B, Venâncio C, Barros L, Ferreira ICFR, Oliveira MM, Peixoto F, Rosa E, Oliveira PA. The influence of Castanea sativa Mill. flower extract on hormonally and chemically induced prostate cancer in a rat model. Food Funct 2021; 12:2631-2643. [PMID: 33645604 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo00029b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common cancers in men, with a huge impact on their health. The use of Castanea sativa Mill. flowers (CFs) in beverages has been reported, through ancestral claims, as having health benefits. In vitro research has evidenced the properties of CFs, such as antitumor and antioxidant activities. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of CF extract in an animal model of PCa. Forty male Wistar Unilever rats were randomly assigned to four groups: control, induced, control + CF, and induced + CF groups. Animals from the induced groups were exposed to a multistep protocol for PCa induction. The CF extract, rich in trigalloyl-HHDP-glucoside and obtained via decoction, was administered to the CF groups in drinking water (3 mg per animal per day) for 49 weeks. Animals were sacrificed at 61 weeks of age. Regarding the effects of CFs on dorsolateral prostate tumorigenesis, no significant differences were observed between the induced and induced + CF groups. However, animals exposed to the CF extract showed fewer inflammation areas on the dorsolateral prostate lobe than those not exposed to CF. Moreover, the CF extract alleviated the hepatic oxidative stress associated with the multistep protocol, resulting in lower levels of lipid peroxidation. These results suggest that CF extract has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Nascimento-Gonçalves
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
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Sohn JH, Fukui D, Nojiri T, Minowa K, Kimura J, Koyabu D. Three-Dimensional and Histological Observations on Male Genital Organs of Greater Horseshoe Bat, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum. J MAMM EVOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-020-09525-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAnatomy of bat genital organs has been conventionally studied by gross and microscopic observations to date. Here, we employ both histological observation and diceCT (diffusible iodine-based contrast-enhanced computed tomography) to study the detailed three-dimensional morphological structure of the male genital organs in bats, using the greater horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum. This is the first study to three-dimensionally describe the whole reproductive organs of bats in detail. Our highly resolved three-dimensional reconstruction reveals that the male organs of R. ferrumequinum consist of paired testes, epididymides, deferent ducts, and five accessory genital glands. The boundary between the ampullary and vesicular glands has been difficult to identify in previous observations, but our diceCT imaging allowed us to clearly differentiate the two. We found that the ampullary gland is located at the terminal part of the deferent ducts, and the vesicular gland lies distal to the ampullary glands. This species possesses a single and carrot-shaped urethral gland, which is not found in most chiropteran families. The presence of the urethral gland in this species and its secretions suggest that after copulation this species is capable of forming a vaginal plug, which can seal the female’s vaginal orifice to block the entrance of spermatozoa from other males. The presence of the urethral gland and elongated epididymal tail and the fact that some individuals can terminate their hibernation and reactivate imply forced copulation on hibernating females can occur in R. ferrumequinum.
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Hernández-Aguilar ME, Serrano MK, Pérez F, Aranda-Abreu GE, Sanchez V, Mateos A, Manzo J, Rojas-Durán F, Cruz-Gomez Y, Herrera-Covarrubias D. Quantification of neural and hormonal receptors at the prostate of long-term sexual behaving male rats after lesion of pelvic and hypogastric nerves. Physiol Behav 2020; 222:112915. [PMID: 32389668 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.112915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Prostate function is regulated by androgens and a neural control via the pelvic and hypogastric nerves. As such, this sexual gland contains receptors for acetylcholine and noradrenaline, although it is unknown whether the expression of these receptors is affected by sexual behavior and even less by denervation of the gland. Thus, the purpose of this work was to evaluate the effect of repeated sexual behavior on the expression of noradrenaline, acetylcholine, and androgen receptors at the prostate, and how they are affected by denervation. To achieve this, we used sexually experienced males denervated at the pelvic or hypogastric nerves, or both. The messenger (mRNA) and protein for androgen, noradrenergic, and cholinergic receptors were evaluated. The weight of the gland and the levels of serum testosterone were also measured. We found that: (1) sexual behavior was not affected by denervation; (2) blood testosterone levels increased due to sexual behavior but such increase is prevented by denervation; (3) the weight of the ventral prostate increased with sexual behavior but was not affected by denervation; (4) AR messenger levels increased with sexual behavior but were not altered by denervation; (5) the messenger for noradrenergic and cholinergic receptors decreased after denervation, and those for muscarinic receptors increased, and (6) only AR protein decreased after denervation of both nerves, while those for other receptors remained unchanged. In summary, we show that the three receptors have different regulatory mechanisms, and that only androgen receptors are regulated by both autonomic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Elena Hernández-Aguilar
- Centro de Investigaciones Cerebrales, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, México; Doctorado en Investigaciones Cerebrales, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, México; Centro Tlaxcala en Biología de la Conducta, Universidad Autónoma deTlaxcala, Tlaxcala, México.
| | - María Karina Serrano
- Doctorado en Investigaciones Cerebrales, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, México.
| | - Fabiola Pérez
- Doctorado en Investigaciones Cerebrales, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, México.
| | | | - Viridiana Sanchez
- Doctorado en Investigaciones Cerebrales, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, México.
| | - Alejandro Mateos
- Doctorado en Investigaciones Cerebrales, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, México.
| | - Jorge Manzo
- Centro de Investigaciones Cerebrales, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, México.
| | - Fausto Rojas-Durán
- Centro de Investigaciones Cerebrales, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, México.
| | - Yolanda Cruz-Gomez
- Centro Tlaxcala en Biología de la Conducta, Universidad Autónoma deTlaxcala, Tlaxcala, México.
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Lucroy MD, Suckow MA. Predictive modeling for cancer drug discovery using canine models. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 15:731-738. [PMID: 32176534 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1739644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rodent models of cancer lack many features associated with the disease in humans. Because dogs closely share an environment with humans, as well as comparable pathophysiology of cancer, they represent a powerful model with which to study novel approaches to cancer treatment. AREAS COVERED The authors summarize the weaknesses of rodent models of cancer and the ongoing need for better animal models with which to study potential therapeutic approaches. The homology of cancer in dogs and humans is described, along with examples specific to several common cancer types. EXPERT OPINION Laboratory mice and rats will continue to play a central role in cancer research; however, because of a variety of limitations, pet dogs with spontaneous cancer offer unique opportunities for research and should be included in the preclinical development of therapeutic compounds. Environmental homology between dogs and humans, along with biological and molecular similarities present circumstances that strengthen the translational rigor of studies conducted using canine patients. Progress will depend on a sufficient number of dogs to be diagnosed with cancer and available for use in studies; and essential to this will be the availability of enhanced resources for diagnosis of cancer in canine patients and reliable coordination between research scientists, veterinarians, and physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Lucroy
- Vice President, Oncology, Torigen Pharmaceuticals, Inc , Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Mark A Suckow
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky , Lexington, KY, USA
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Bo P, Tagliavia C, Canova M, De Silva M, Bombardi C, Grandis A. Comparative characterization of the prostate gland in intact, and surgically and chemically neutered ferrets. J Exot Pet Med 2019. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2019.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Ginja M, Pires MJ, Gonzalo-Orden JM, Seixas F, Correia-Cardoso M, Ferreira R, Fardilha M, Oliveira PA, Faustino-Rocha AI. Anatomy and Imaging of Rat Prostate: Practical Monitoring in Experimental Cancer-Induced Protocols. Diagnostics (Basel) 2019; 9:E68. [PMID: 31262045 PMCID: PMC6787576 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics9030068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The rat has been frequently used as a model to study several human diseases, including cancer. In many research protocols using cancer models, researchers find it difficult to perform several of the most commonly used techniques and to compare their results. Although the protocols for the study of carcinogenesis are based on the macroscopic and microscopic anatomy of organs, few studies focus on the use of imaging. The use of imaging modalities to monitor the development of cancer avoids the need for intermediate sacrifice to assess the status of induced lesions, thus reducing the number of animals used in experiments. Our work intends to provide a complete and systematic overview of rat prostate anatomy and imaging, facilitating the monitoring of prostate cancer development through different imaging modalities, such as ultrasonography, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mário Ginja
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Maria J Pires
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - José M Gonzalo-Orden
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Veterinary Anatomy, University of León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Fernanda Seixas
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Animal and Veterinary Research Center (CECAV), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Miguel Correia-Cardoso
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Rita Ferreira
- Organic Chemistry, Natural Products and Food Stuffs (QOPNA), 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Margarida Fardilha
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Paula A Oliveira
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
- Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - Ana I Faustino-Rocha
- Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies (ULHT), 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal
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Jang KS, Han IH, Lee SJ, Yoo J, Kim YS, Sim S, Ryu JS. Experimental rat prostatitis caused by Trichomonas vaginalis infection. Prostate 2019; 79:379-389. [PMID: 30488471 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trichomonas vaginalis (T. vaginalis) is the most common sexually transmitted parasite. It has been detected in prostatic tissue of patients with prostatitis and reported to be associated with chronic prostatitis and benign prostatic hyperplasia as well as prostate cancer. Recently, experimental rodent models of prostatitis induced by pathogen infection have been developed. However, there have so far been no reports of prostatitis caused by T. vaginalis infection in animals. Here, we investigated whether infection with T. vaginalis via the rat urethra could cause prostatitis. METHODS T. vaginalis was injected into prostate through urethra of rat (Wistar rats), and the rats were killed 1, 2, or 4 weeks later. The presence of T. vaginalis trophozoites in the rat prostates was examined by immunohistochemistry, and pathological changes of the prostate were observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining and evaluated by grading from 0 to 5 for inflammatory cell infiltration, acinar changes, and interstitial fibrosis. Infiltrated mast cells were observed by toluidine blue staining of rat prostate tissue. Chemokine C-C motif ligand 2 (CCL2) levels of the rat prostates were measured by ELISA. RESULTS T. vaginalis trophozoites were observed in acini in the prostates of the injected rats. The prostate tissues had higher pathological scores, and 83% (5/6) and 100% (6/6) of the ventral and dorsolateral lobes (n = 6), respectively, were inflamed. Infiltration and degranulation of mast cells were observed at higher rates in prostate sections of the T. vaginalis-infected rats. Also, prostate tissues of the injected rats had increased CCL2 levels. CONCLUSIONS Injection of T. vaginalis in rats caused prostatitis as revealed by pathologic changes, mast cell infiltration and increased CCL2 production. Therefore, this study provides the first evidence that T. vaginalis infection in rats causes prostatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Seok Jang
- Department of Pathology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ik-Hwan Han
- Department of Environmental Biology and Medical Parasitology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Ju Lee
- Department of Urology, Saint Vincent's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jin Yoo
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ye-Seul Kim
- Department of Pathology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seobo Sim
- Department of Environmental and Tropical Medicine, Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Sook Ryu
- Department of Environmental Biology and Medical Parasitology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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9
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Guo Y, Li JM, Xiang Y, Li YY, Huang J, Deng XZ, Yang ZW. Quantitative (stereological) study of the epididymis and seminal vesicle in the rat from young to old. Andrologia 2019; 51:e13247. [PMID: 30734343 DOI: 10.1111/and.13247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a scarcity of morphometric data on the developmental and ageing changes in the epididymis and seminal vesicle in young and old rats. Eighty-six normal male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly sampled from a cohort of animals aged 1-36 months (7-9 animals each age group). The epididymis and seminal vesicle (with the closely attached coagulating gland) were removed, and methacrylate resin-embedded sections were prepared for quantitative study of key histological structures by light microscopy. Stereological methods (point counting and optical disector) were used to estimate the total volumes of sperm mass, secretion (glandular lumen) and other structures and the number of spermatozoa. The results showed that the rapid growth of the reproductive organs was between 1 and 4 months of age. The epididymis stored the largest volume of sperm mass or number of spermatozoa at 12 months of age, but thereafter until 36 months of age, the sperm storage did not markedly diminish. The volume of secretion stored in the seminal vesicular gland declined by more than 35% from a plateau at 12-18 months until 36 months of age while that in the coagulating gland declined by more than 30% from a plateau at 18-24 months until 36 months of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Guo
- Morphometric Research Laboratory, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Jin-Ming Li
- Department of Urological Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Yu Xiang
- Morphometric Research Laboratory, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Yang-You Li
- Animal Center, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Animal Center, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Xian-Zhong Deng
- Department of Urological Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Zheng-Wei Yang
- Morphometric Research Laboratory, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
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Choi BR, Kim HK, Soni KK, Karna KK, Lee SW, So I, Park JK. Additive effect of oral LDD175 to tamsulosin and finasteride in a benign prostate hyperplasia rat model. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2018; 12:1855-1863. [PMID: 29970959 PMCID: PMC6021003 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s164049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Objective We investigated the benefits of the BKCa agonist 4-chloro-7-trifluoromethyl-10H-benzo[4,5]furo[3,2-b]indole-1-carboxylic acid (LDD175) combined with tamsulosin and finasteride, in a benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) rat model. Materials and methods Castration was performed by bilateral orchiectomy under ketamine anesthesia. A rat model of BPH was established by daily intramuscular administration of testosterone propionate plus 17β-estradiol for 8 weeks. Model rats were administered combinations of 20 mg/kg LDD175, 0.01 mg/kg tamsulosin and 1 mg/kg finasteride once daily by oral gavage for 4 weeks from week 6 to 9 post-surgery. Intraurethral pressure induced by electrostimulation of the hypogastric nerve was measured at the end of administration. Body and genitourinary organ weights were recorded, serums were assayed for hormone concentrations, and tissues were subjected to histopathology, and analyses of α1-adrenoceptor mRNA and protein expression levels after treatment. Results Combined LDD175, tamsulosin, and finasteride significantly decreased prostatic index, serum hormone levels, epithelial thickness, and prostate expression of α1-adrenoceptors in BPH model rats. The 3-drug combination was more effective than any other combination or LDD175 alone. Conclusion These results suggest that LDD175 addition to tamsulosin and finasteride may be beneficial for the treatment of BPH patients who do not respond to tamsulosin plus finasteride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Ram Choi
- Department of Urology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea.,Clinical Trial Center of Medical Device of Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Kyung Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Kyungsung University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiran Kumar Soni
- Department of Urology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea.,Clinical Trial Center of Medical Device of Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Keshab Kumar Karna
- Department of Urology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea.,Clinical Trial Center of Medical Device of Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Won Lee
- Department of Urology, Samsung Medical Center, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Insuk So
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Kwan Park
- Department of Urology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea.,Clinical Trial Center of Medical Device of Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
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Nascimento-Gonçalves E, Faustino-Rocha AI, Seixas F, Ginja M, Colaço B, Ferreira R, Fardilha M, Oliveira PA. Modelling human prostate cancer: Rat models. Life Sci 2018; 203:210-224. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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12
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Santos RTS, Pires LRM, Albernaz ESS, Andrade CS, Santiago CS, Morielle-Versute E, Taboga SR, Beguelini MR. Morphological analysis of the male reproductive accessory glands of the batArtibeus lituratus(Phyllostomidae: Chiroptera). J Morphol 2017; 279:228-241. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Renata T. S. Santos
- Center of Biological and Health Science, UFOB - Universidade Federal do Oeste da Bahia; Barreiras Bahia Brazil
| | - Laís R. M. Pires
- Center of Biological and Health Science, UFOB - Universidade Federal do Oeste da Bahia; Barreiras Bahia Brazil
| | - Edna S. S. Albernaz
- Center of Biological and Health Science, UFOB - Universidade Federal do Oeste da Bahia; Barreiras Bahia Brazil
| | - Cleber S. Andrade
- Center of Biological and Health Science, UFOB - Universidade Federal do Oeste da Bahia; Barreiras Bahia Brazil
| | - Cornélio S. Santiago
- Center of Biological and Health Science, UFOB - Universidade Federal do Oeste da Bahia; Barreiras Bahia Brazil
| | - Eliana Morielle-Versute
- Department of Zoology and Botany; UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista; São José do Rio Preto São Paulo Brazil
| | - Sebastião R. Taboga
- Department of Biology; UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista; São José do Rio Preto São Paulo Brazil
| | - Mateus R. Beguelini
- Center of Biological and Health Science, UFOB - Universidade Federal do Oeste da Bahia; Barreiras Bahia Brazil
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Structural, ultrastructural and immunohistochemical evidence of testosterone effects and its ablation on the bulbourethal gland of the Artibeus planirostris bat (Chiroptera, Mammalia). Tissue Cell 2017; 49:470-482. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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14
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Kheddache A, Moudilou EN, Zatra Y, Aknoun-Sail N, Amirat Z, Exbrayat JM, Khammar F. Seasonal morphophysiological variations in the prostatic complex of the Tarabul’s gerbil ( Gerbillus tarabuli ). Tissue Cell 2017; 49:345-357. [PMID: 28162243 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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Martins FF, Beguelini MR, Puga CC, Morielle-Versute E, Vilamaior PS, Taboga SR. Morphophysiology and ultrastructure of the male reproductive accessory glands of the bats Carollia perspicillata, Glossophaga soricina and Phyllostomus discolor (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae). Acta Histochem 2016; 118:640-651. [PMID: 27425652 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The male reproductive accessory glands (RAGs) are important organs that contribute to the secretion of different substances that composed the ejaculate. Despite this important function, their composition, anatomy and function vary widely between species. Thus, the RAGs of three species of phyllostomid bats were morphologically and ultrastructurally characterized and compared in this study. The RAGs of the three analyzed species are composed of a prostate and a pair of bulbourethral glands (BG). In all species, the prostate is composed of three well-defined regions (ventral, dorsolateral and dorsal regions). The ventral region showed an atypical epithelium (undefined) with no obvious cellular limits and a holocrine PAS-positive secretion. The dorsolateral region of Carollia perspicillata and Phyllostomus discolor showed a pseudostratified cubic morphology, and that from Glossophaga soricina had a columnar morphology endowed with cytoplasmic projections and stereocilia. The dorsal region of the three analyzed species is composed of a pseudostratified columnar epithelium endowed with stereocilia; however, G. soricina also presented cytoplasmic projections in the apical portions of the secretory cells similar to those in the dorsolateral region. The BG of the three analyzed species are composed of a pseudostratified columnar epithelium including basal and PAS-positive secretory cells. In conclusion, this study morphologically and ultrastructurally characterized the RAGs of three species of phyllostomid bats, demonstrating the presence of a novel third prostatic region in species of this family. The results also showed the absence of seminal vesicles and ampullary glands, and better characterized the holocrine pattern of the prostatic ventral region, which is unique to bats.
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Choi BR, Soni KK, Zhang LT, Lee SW, So I, Kim HK, Park JK. Effect of 4-chloro-7-trifluoromethyl-10H-benzo[4,5]furo[3,2-b]indole-1-carboxylic acid on the intraurethral pressure in a rat model of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Int J Urol 2015; 23:259-65. [PMID: 26646436 DOI: 10.1111/iju.13018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the effect of 4-chloro-7-trifluoromethyl-10H-benzo[4,5]furo[3,2-b]indole-1-carboxylic acid, a new benzofuroindole derivative, on the intraurethral pressure in a rat model of benign prostatic hyperplasia. METHODS Benign prostatic hyperplasia was induced by testosterone and 17β-estradiol, which were administered intramuscularly once a day for 12 weeks. The effects of 4-chloro-7-trifluoromethyl-10H-benzo[4,5]furo[3,2-b]indole-1-carboxylic acid and tamsulosin on the intraurethral pressure induced by the electrostimulation of hypogastric nerves after a single intravenous injection of 4-chloro-7-trifluoromethyl-10H-benzo[4,5]furo[3,2-b]indole-1-carboxylic acid (10 mg/kg) or tamsulosin (10 μg/kg) were evaluated in a benign prostatic hyperplasia model. The electrostimulation-induced intraurethral pressure was measured just before and after the injection of 4-chloro-7-trifluoromethyl-10H-benzo[4,5]furo[3,2-b]indole-1-carboxylic acid. Bodyweight and genitourinary organ weights were recorded, and serums and tissues were subjected to hormone assays and histopathology. In addition, the expression of α1-adrenoceptors in the prostate was measured by western blotting. RESULTS The benign prostatic hyperplasia groups showed increased prostatic index, increased concentrations of testosterone, free testosterone and estradiol in serum, and increased epithelial thickness of the prostate. An injection of 4-chloro-7-trifluoromethyl-10H-benzo[4,5]furo[3,2-b]indole-1-carboxylic acid or tamsulosin significantly inhibited the elevation of electrostimulation-induced intraurethral pressure. In addition, 4-chloro-7-trifluoromethyl-10H-benzo[4,5]furo[3,2-b]indole-1-carboxylic acid did not cause a significant change in the blood pressure compared with tamsulosin. While the benign prostatic hyperplasia group showed increased the expression of α1-adrenoceptors, the 4-chloro-7-trifluoromethyl-10H-benzo[4,5]furo[3,2-b]indole-1-carboxylic acid or tamsulosin injection into a rat model of benign prostatic hyperplasia decreased the expression of α1-adrenoceptors. CONCLUSIONS These findings show that 4-chloro-7-trifluoromethyl-10H-benzo[4,5]furo[3,2-b]indole-1-carboxylic acid might be beneficial for lowering the intraurethral pressure associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia, and it could represent a therapeutic option for benign prostatic hyperplasia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Ram Choi
- Department of Urology, Chonbuk National University and Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute and Clinical Trial Center of Medical Device of Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Kiran Kumar Soni
- Department of Urology, Chonbuk National University and Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute and Clinical Trial Center of Medical Device of Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Li Tao Zhang
- Department of Urology, Chonbuk National University and Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute and Clinical Trial Center of Medical Device of Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Sung Won Lee
- Department of Urology, Samsung Medical Center, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Insuk So
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Kyung Kim
- Department of Urology, Chonbuk National University and Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute and Clinical Trial Center of Medical Device of Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Jong Kwan Park
- Department of Urology, Chonbuk National University and Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute and Clinical Trial Center of Medical Device of Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
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Motohashi M, Inomata T, Takahashi H, Ichihara N, Kansaku N, Ikegami M, Asari M, Mutou T, Wakui S. Three-Dimensional Study of the Terminal Portion in Sprague-Dawley Rat Ejaculatory Ducts. Anat Histol Embryol 2015; 45:285-90. [PMID: 26268523 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, a pair of ejaculatory ducts exists in the urethra at the seminal colliculus. The detailed anatomical structures of the distal end of the ejaculatory ducts of Sprague-Dawley rats were investigated by the computer-assisted three-dimensional reconstruction analysis using light-microscopic serial sections. A three-dimensional reconstruction revealed that in adult rats, the ejaculatory sinus pair consists of two parts: the cranial section - a compartment region composed of a fusion of the ampullary gland duct and the seminal vesicle duct, and the caudal section - a grooved region composed of a long slitlike ejaculatory ostium that extends into the urethra on both sides of the seminal colliculus. But the sphincter structure was not observed. The long axis of the compartment region was approximately 58 μm in length, and that of the groove region was approximately 495 μm. Although many epithelial glands ducts were distributed throughout the ejaculatory sinuses, the prostate and coagulation gland ducts did not open in these sinuses. The urethra was composed of transitional epithelium, while the ejaculatory sinuses were composed of single to stratified cuboidal epithelium. The ejaculatory ducts continued to the ejaculatory ostium in male adult Sprague-Dawley rat were composed of the seminal vesicle ducts received the ampullary gland ducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Motohashi
- Department of Toxicology, Laboratory Animal Science, Animal Breeding, Genetics and Veterinary Anatomy, Azabu University School of Veterinary Medicine, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - T Inomata
- Department of Toxicology, Laboratory Animal Science, Animal Breeding, Genetics and Veterinary Anatomy, Azabu University School of Veterinary Medicine, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - H Takahashi
- Department of Pathology, the Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
| | - N Ichihara
- Department of Toxicology, Laboratory Animal Science, Animal Breeding, Genetics and Veterinary Anatomy, Azabu University School of Veterinary Medicine, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - N Kansaku
- Department of Toxicology, Laboratory Animal Science, Animal Breeding, Genetics and Veterinary Anatomy, Azabu University School of Veterinary Medicine, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - M Ikegami
- Department of Pathology, the Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
| | - M Asari
- Department of Toxicology, Laboratory Animal Science, Animal Breeding, Genetics and Veterinary Anatomy, Azabu University School of Veterinary Medicine, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - T Mutou
- Toxicololy and Pathology Research, SRICC, Sapporo, 004-0839, Japan
| | - S Wakui
- Department of Toxicology, Laboratory Animal Science, Animal Breeding, Genetics and Veterinary Anatomy, Azabu University School of Veterinary Medicine, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
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Wakui S, Motohashi M, Inomata T, Ichihara N, Mutou T, Takahashi H, Ikegami M, Asari M. Three-dimensional reconstruction of deferent ducts papillae in urogenital duct system of the male rat. Prostate 2015; 75:646-52. [PMID: 25586300 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rodent ejaculatory ducts penetrate the male accessory sex gland complex and open into the urethra, anatomically similar to humans. Although the deferent ducts papillae in rodents have been described at the distal end of deferent ducts, they are absent in humans, and their detailed morphology has been unclear. METHODS The detailed anatomical structures of the distal end of the deferent ducts of rats were investigated by the computer assisted three-dimensional reconstruction analysis using serial sections of the male accessory sex gland complexes in rats. RESULTS The present study revealed that a pair of deferent ducts enters the ventral side of the male accessory sex gland complex, runs caudally parallel to the urethra, and then exits at about midsection of the dorso-lateral lobe of prostate. They are composed of mammilliform papillae, called the deferent duct papillae, which dorso-laterally protrude into the duct lumen from intra-ventral portion of the main duct of ampullary gland. The internal surface of the deferent ducts papillae is composed of ciliated columnar epithelium continuous from the deferent ducts, while their external surface is composed of the columnar secretory epithelium of the ampullary glands. Sphincter muscles were not observed in the deferent ducts papillae, while their lamina propria were occupied by many arterial or venous capillaries. CONCLUSIONS The deferent ducts of rat terminated at the deferent ducts papillae that located at the main duct of ampullary glands that drained into the urethra. The deferent ducts papillae might be controlled by the expansion/contraction of well-developed papillary mucosal capillary vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Wakui
- Department of Toxicology, Laboratory Animal Sciences, and Veterinary Anatomy, Azabu University School of Veterinary Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
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Wang L, Zhang X, Wang G, Visweswariah SS, Lin G, Xin Z, Lue TF, Lin CS. Lobe-specific Expression of Phosphodiesterase 5 in Rat Prostate. Urology 2015; 85:703.e7-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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20
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Christante CM, Beguelini MR, Puga CCI, Negrin AC, Morielle-Versute E, Vilamaior PSL, Taboga SR. Structure, histochemistry and seasonal variations of the male reproductive accessory glands in the Pallas’s mastiff bat, Molossus molossus (Chiroptera: Molossidae). Reprod Fertil Dev 2015; 27:313-22. [DOI: 10.1071/rd13232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their wide geographical distribution, bats suffer considerable influence from abiotic factors on their reproductive strategies, detected through behavioural or functional assessment of the gonads and accessory glands. The present study aimed to characterise anatomically and morphologically the reproductive accessory glands (RAGs) of Molossus molossus (Molossidae) and evaluate their seasonal variations. The RAGs were removed, fixed, sectioned after histological processing and submitted to the following stains: haematoxylin–eosin, periodic acid–Schiff (PAS) and Gömöri’s reticulin. Our data demonstrated that the RAGs of M. molossus are composed of a semi-lobed prostatic complex associated with the urethra and a pair of inguinal bulbourethral glands. Histology and three-dimensional reconstruction of the prostatic complex demonstrated the existence of two regions: ventral and dorsal (named according to the position around the urethra). The two regions had distinctive morphological and histological differences, with the ventral region being the most prominent and the dorsal formed by four lobes. Considering the seasonal evaluation, we can infer that the prostatic complex of M. molossus is active throughout the seasons in São Paulo State (Brazil) and, although each of the prostatic regions has inherent characteristics, they synchronise to establish the main reproductive peak in spring (early rainy season).
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Adebayo AO, Akinloye AK, Olukole SG, Ihunwo AO, Oke BO. Anatomical and immunohistochemical characteristics of the prostate gland in the greater cane rat (Thryonomys swinderianus). Anat Histol Embryol 2014; 44:138-45. [PMID: 24895059 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the morphology and immunohistochemical features of the prostate gland in 15 captive-reared male greater cane rat of known reproductive and medical history. Samples of the glands were taken after gross examination and routinely prepared for both histological and ultrastructural analysis. Immunohistochemistry was also carried out on paraffin-embedded sections of the glands using rabbit polyclonal antibodies against oestrogen receptors (ERα and ERβ) and mouse monoclonal antibody for the progesterone receptor (PR). The prostate, which constitutes 0.04% of the body weight, was a paired, lobulated, brownish gland having three left and four right lobes that partly cover the pelvic urethra. Based on the amount and arrangement of the secretory epithelial folding and relative to their distances to the urethra, two histological zones, the central and peripheral, were identified. However, the epithelium of both zones was lined by predominantly simple cuboidal cells with occasional basal cells. The main ultrastructural features of these cuboidal cells were the presence of several nuclear pores on the nucleus, moderately well-developed, short microvilli and bleb-like apical projections, as well as inter-cellular lacunae seen between these cells and the basal cells. The cuboidal epithelial cells also showed positive nuclear staining for ERα and ERβ but not for PR. It is however interesting that the ERα-positive staining was more at the epithelial cells, which is uncommon. These findings highlight the peculiarities in the structure and ultrastructure as well as the unique expression of the oestrogen receptors in the prostate gland of the greater cane rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- A O Adebayo
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Anatomical Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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22
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Adebayo AO, Akinloye AK, Olukole SG, Oyeyemi MO, Taiwo VO, Ihunwo AO, Oke BO. Gross, Histological and Ultrastructural Features of the Bulbourethral Gland in the Greater Cane Rat (Thryonomys swinderianus). Anat Histol Embryol 2014; 44:59-65. [DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. O. Adebayo
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Ibadan; Ibadan Nigeria
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy; College of Veterinary Medicine; Federal University of Agriculture; P.M.B 2240 Abeokuta Nigeria
- School of Anatomical Sciences; Faculty of Health Sciences; University of the Witwatersrand; Johannesburg South Africa
| | - A. K. Akinloye
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy; College of Veterinary Medicine; Federal University of Agriculture; P.M.B 2240 Abeokuta Nigeria
| | - S. G. Olukole
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Ibadan; Ibadan Nigeria
| | - M. O. Oyeyemi
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Reproduction; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Ibadan; Ibadan Nigeria
| | - V. O. Taiwo
- Department of Veterinary Pathology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Ibadan; Ibadan Nigeria
| | - A. O. Ihunwo
- School of Anatomical Sciences; Faculty of Health Sciences; University of the Witwatersrand; Johannesburg South Africa
| | - B. O. Oke
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Ibadan; Ibadan Nigeria
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Sharmila G, Athirai T, Kiruthiga B, Senthilkumar K, Elumalai P, Arunkumar R, Arunakaran J. Chemopreventive effect of quercetin in MNU and testosterone induced prostate cancer of Sprague-Dawley rats. Nutr Cancer 2013; 66:38-46. [PMID: 24320139 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2014.847967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer becomes an ideal target for chemoprevention because of its high incidence and extended natural history. The consumption of quercetin (plant flavonoid) in diet is associated with decreased risk of disease and many cancers but then this was not elucidated in prostate malignancy. Hence, a study in which the male Sprague-Dawley rats were induced prostate cancer by hormone (testosterone) and carcinogen (MNU) and simultaneously supplemented with quercetin (200 mg/Kg body weight) thrice a week, was conducted. After the treatment period, rats were killed; ventral and dorsolateral lobes of the prostate were dissected. Histology and oxidative stress markers LPO, H2O2, and antioxidant GSH level were measured in both lobes. The lipid peroxidation, H2O2, in (MNU+T) treated rats were increased and GSH level was decreased, whereas simultaneous quercetin-treated rats reverted back to normal level in both ventral and dorsolateral regions. The different patterns of PIN were observed with associated hyperplasia and dysplasia; changes in these regions and the occurrence of this lesion were reduced in simultaneous quercetin-treated rats. The study concluded that dietary quercetin prevented MNU + T-induced prostate carcinogenesis on both ventral and dorsolateral lobes of Sprague-Dawley rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govindaraj Sharmila
- a Department of Endocrinology, Dr. ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences , University of Madras , Chennai , India
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PRINS CS, LEE C. Comparison of Prostatic Response to Pituitary Grafts in Castrate Rats Treated with Testosterone or Dihydrotestosterone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/j.1939-4640.1982.tb00689.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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25
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Senescence and steroid hormone receptor reactivities in accessory sex glands of elderly rats (Sprague-Dawley) following exogenous hormonal therapy. Tissue Cell 2012; 44:227-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2012.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Revised: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Aumüller G, Doll A, Wennemuth G, Dizeyi N, Abrahamsson PA, Wilhelm B. Regional distribution of neuroendocrine cells in the urogenital duct system of the male rat. Prostate 2012; 72:326-37. [PMID: 21671246 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroendocrine (NE) cells are frequently present in the human prostate and urethra, whereas they are lacking in the other urogenital organs. This study was undertaken as there are only few detailed studies available on the distribution, form and function of NE cells and the structure of excretory ducts of the accessory sex organs in the male rat. METHODS Systematic gross anatomical dissections were combined with immunohistochemical and electron microscopic studies of the excretory ducts of the urogenital glands in male rats, with particular focus on the distribution and ultrastructure of the NE cells. RESULTS The topography and structure of the excretory ducts of the different glands were characterized in detail and analyzed for the distribution of NE cells. These are present (in falling frequencies) in the ducts of seminal vesicles and ventral and lateral prostate and are rare in ducts of coagulating gland, dorsal prostate, urethral epithelium, and excretory ducts of the (bulbo) urethral glands. They are absent in the respective glands proper, the deferent duct and ejaculatory ampulla. Approximately 40% of the NE cells of the ventral prostate ducts are of the "open" type, whereas these are less frequent (14%) in the seminal vesicle ducts, where the "closed" type prevails. CONCLUSIONS NE cells are present in unequal quantities in the excretory ducts of the accessory sex glands, but they are absent in the glands proper and the deferent ducts. This distribution pattern points to a strictly localized function and differentiation potency of NE precursor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Aumüller
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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Richie JP, Das A, Calcagnotto AM, Aliaga CA, El-Bayoumy K. Age related changes in selenium and glutathione levels in different lobes of the rat prostate. Exp Gerontol 2011; 47:223-8. [PMID: 22212532 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2011.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Revised: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Aging represents a major risk factor for prostate cancer; however, mechanisms responsible for this relationship remain unclear. Preclinical and some clinical investigations support the protective role of selenium against prostate cancer possibly through the reduction of oxidative stress. While increased levels of oxidative stress together with decreases in selenium and the major cellular antioxidant glutathione (GSH) are common in tissues of old animals, there is little data available on these parameters in the prostate. In the present study we have compared the levels of selenium, GSH and protein-bound GSH (GSSP) in blood and prostate tissues in young (4-month), mature (12-month), old (18 month), and very old (24 month) male F344 rats. Each prostate lobe (dorsolateral, DL; anterior, AL; ventral, VL) was analyzed separately based upon their differing potential for prostate cancer development. At all ages, selenium levels were lowest in DL<VL<AL. After 12 mo, an 85% reduction in selenium in the DL was observed (P<0.05), while levels in other lobes were unchanged. In animals of all ages, levels of GSH were lowest in the VL<DL=AL and no significant changes were observed in GSH levels by 18 mo. However, GSSP, a marker of oxidative stress, was increased 90% after 18 mo in the DL only (P<0.01). These findings of age-related changes in GSSP and selenium in the DL prostate are consistent with the sensitivity of this lobe to carcinogenesis and, thus, may be playing a mechanistic role.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Richie
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Penn State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, P.O. Box 850, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA.
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28
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HOMMA-TAKEDA S, NISHIMURA Y, WATANABE Y, YUKAWA M, UENO S. LOBE-SPECIFIC CHANGES IN ZINC LEVELS IN THE PROSTATE OF RATS EXPOSED TO TRIBUTYLTIN CHLORIDE. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1142/s012908350500043x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The prostate is an accessory sex organ that secretes essential components of semen. High levels of Zn are found both in the prostate and its secretion. In the present study, the effects of environmental stress on zinc levels in the prostate were examined in Wistar male rats exposed to tributyltin chloride (TBTC), an environmental toxicant, by inductively coupled argon plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) for determination of Zn concentration in lobe-dissectioned specimens and micro-PIXE analysis for determination of site-specific distribution of Zn in prostatic sections. A single oral administration of TBTC to rats at a dose of 90 μmol/kg resulted 14 days later in a decrease in the Zn level in the dorsolateral prostate but not the ventral prostate. The TBTC did not affect the weight of the prostate tissue. Micro-PIXE imaging found Zn both in the lumen and the epithelium of the lateral prostatic tubules. PIXE spot analysis revealed that the epithelium of the control rat contained levels of Zn 4–fold higher than in the lumen and that Zn in the epithelium decreased selectively after TBTC exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. HOMMA-TAKEDA
- Environmental Radiation Protection Research Group, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Y. NISHIMURA
- Environmental Radiation Protection Research Group, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Y. WATANABE
- Environmental Radiation Protection Research Group, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - M. YUKAWA
- Environmental Radiation Protection Research Group, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - S. UENO
- School of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Sciences, Kitasato University, Towada, Aomori 034-8682, Japan
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Wu X, Daniels G, Shapiro E, Xu K, Huang H, Li Y, Logan S, Greco MA, Peng Y, Monaco ME, Melamed J, Lepor H, Grishina I, Lee P. LEF1 identifies androgen-independent epithelium in the developing prostate. Mol Endocrinol 2011; 25:1018-26. [PMID: 21527502 DOI: 10.1210/me.2010-0513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphoid enhancer-binding factor (LEF)1 is a major mediator and a target in canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Interactions between the androgen receptor (AR) and canonical Wnt pathways have been implicated in the development of the genitourinary organs. Here, we investigated the localization and role of LEF1-positive cells during development of the prostate gland in human and in the murine model. We show that during human prostate development, LEF1 is restricted to the basal epithelial layer of the urogenital sinus. During mouse development, Lef1 is also present in the urogenital mesenchyme in addition to the basal epithelial layer of the urogenital sinus. In the course of elongation and branching of the prostatic ducts, Lef1 is localized to the proliferating epithelium at the distal tips of the buds. Notably, during branching morphogenesis, domains of Lef1 and AR are mutually exclusive. We further employed the TOPGAL reporter strain to examine the dynamics of Wnt signaling in the context of prostate regression upon a 7-d treatment with a competitive AR inhibitor, bicalutamide. We found that Wnt/Lef1-positive basal cells are not dependent upon androgen for survival. Furthermore, upon bicalutamide treatment, Wnt/Lef1-positive basal progenitors repopulated the luminal compartment. We conclude that Wnt/Lef1 activity identifies an androgen-independent population of prostate progenitors, which is important for embryonic development and organ maintenance and regeneration in the adult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Wu
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, 423 East 23rd Street, New York, New York 10010, USA
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Pradidarcheep W, Wallner C, Dabhoiwala NF, Lamers WH. Anatomy and histology of the lower urinary tract. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2011:117-148. [PMID: 21290225 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-16499-6_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The function of the lower urinary tract is basically storage of urine in the bladder and the at-will periodic evacuation of the stored urine. Urinary incontinence is one of the most common lower urinary tract disorders in adults, but especially in the elderly female. The urethra, its sphincters, and the pelvic floor are key structures in the achievement of continence, but their basic anatomy is little known and, to some extent, still incompletely understood. Because questions with respect to continence arise from human morbidity, but are often investigated in rodent animal models, we present findings in human and rodent anatomy and histology. Differences between males and females in the role that the pelvic floor plays in the maintenance of continence are described. Furthermore, we briefly describe the embryologic origin of ureters, bladder, and urethra, because the developmental origin of structures such as the vesicoureteral junction, the bladder trigone, and the penile urethra are often invoked to explain (clinical) observations. As the human pelvic floor has acquired features in evolution that are typical for a species with bipedal movement, we also compare the pelvic floor of humans with that of rodents to better understand the rodent (or any other quadruped, for that matter) as an experimental model species. The general conclusion is that the "Bauplan" is well conserved, even though its common features are sometimes difficult to discern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wisuit Pradidarcheep
- AMC Liver Center, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 69-71, 1105 BK, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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31
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Chaves EM, Aguilera-Merlo C, Filippa V, Mohamed F, Dominguez S, Scardapane L. Anatomical, Histological and Immunohistochemical Study of the Reproductive System Accessory Glands in Male Viscacha (Lagostomus maximus maximus). Anat Histol Embryol 2010; 40:11-20. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0264.2010.01032.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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32
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Banudevi S, Elumalai P, Arunkumar R, Senthilkumar K, Gunadharini DN, Sharmila G, Arunakaran J. Chemopreventive effects of zinc on prostate carcinogenesis induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea and testosterone in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2010; 137:677-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-010-0926-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Cagnon VHA, Quitete VHAC, Fávaro WJ. Dystroglycan patterns on the prostate of non-obese diabetic mice submitted to glycaemic control. Int J Exp Pathol 2009; 90:156-65. [PMID: 19335554 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2613.2008.00624.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Dystroglycan (DG) is an adhesion protein which plays a crucial role in the maintenance of tissue integrity. Diabetes has been pointed out as a disease which causes harmful effects on prostate function. Therefore, the main objective of this work was to verify DG distribution and structure features in diabetic mice with and without glycaemic control and to relate these parameters to prostate pathogenesis. Thirty mice (Nod and BALB/c) were divided into three groups after 20 days of diabetic state: the control group received a 5 ml/kg dose of physiological saline daily for 20 days; the diabetic group had the same treatment as the control group; the diabetic-insulin group received 4-5 IU doses of Neutral Protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin daily for 20 days. After 20 days of treatment, all animals were killed and samples from the ventral prostate were processed for immunological and light microscopy analyses. The results showed diminished beta- and alpha-DG receptors in the diabetic group. However, there was a recovery of both beta-and alpha-DG receptor immunolocalization after insulin administration. Epithelial and stromal morphological changes were verified in the diabetic group, which also presented recovery after insulin treatment. Thus, it could be concluded that diabetes disturbed prostate structure integrity and altered the occurrence of alpha and beta-DG receptors, indicating decreased cell-matrix extracellular and cell-basal membrane attachment. However, insulin treatment could partially restore glandular homeostasis. The decrease in epithelial-stromal interaction certainly predisposes this gland in diabetic mice to be a prostate disease target.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously reported that prostatic stem/progenitor cells are concentrated in the proximal region of prostatic ducts and express stem cell antigen 1 (Sca-1). As Wnt signaling is important for the maintenance of stem cells, we determined whether Sca-1 expressing cells also express Axin2, as Axin2 expression is highly suggestive of active Wnt signaling. METHODS Axin2 promoter reporter mice were used for whole mount and fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis to determine its expression in the prostate. Axin2 expressing cells were also examined for the co-expression of Sca-1. We also used a chemical activator of Wnt signaling, BIO, to determine the effects of Wnt signaling on the growth of primary prostate cells in vitro. RESULTS We show that Axin2 expression is present in all lobes and is regulated by androgens with the highest Axin2 expression in the lateral and dorsal prostate. Furthermore, a fraction of Axin2 expressing cells co-express Sca-1, suggesting that some progenitor cells have active Wnt signaling. Lastly, we demonstrate that activation of the Wnt pathway may result in increased growth, consistent with a role for Wnt signaling in maintenance and/or expansion of the progenitor cell population. CONCLUSION Axin2 expressing cells that co-express Sca-1 are present in all prostate lobes suggesting that progenitor cells reside within the Wnt active population. An understanding of the basic biology of signaling pathways mediating growth in the prostate may lead to rational therapies to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S. Ontiveros
- Departmentof Cell Biology, NewYork University School of Medicine, NewYork, NewYork
- Correspondence to: Christopher S. Ontiveros, New York University School of Medicine, Department of Cell Biology MSB634, 550 First Ave, New York, NY 10016.
| | - Sarah N. Salm
- Departmentof Cell Biology, NewYork University School of Medicine, NewYork, NewYork
- Departmentof Science, Borough of Manhattan Community College/City University of NewYork, NewYork
| | - E. Lynette Wilson
- Departmentof Cell Biology, NewYork University School of Medicine, NewYork, NewYork
- Departmentof Urology, NewYork University School of Medicine, NewYork, NewYork
- Kaplan Cancer Center, NewYork University School of Medicine, NewYork, NewYork
- Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Correspondence to: Christopher S. Ontiveros, New York University School of Medicine, Department of Cell Biology MSB634, 550 First Ave, New York, NY 10016.
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Abstract
The regional anatomy of the human prostate has been debated periodically over the last century with various levels of controversy and agreement, beginning with the concept of lobes and replaced by the current model of zones. During this period a variety of classifications have been proposed, based upon the studies of glandular morphogenesis, responses to hormones or histopathology. The current paradigm suggests that the regional differences seen in the prostate of both animal models and the human are a consequence of specific epithelial-mesenchymal interactions along the cranial-caudal axis of the urogenital sinus. The distinctive regional patterns seen in the rodent prostate and the histological heterogeneity of the human adult gland all point to the modification of the distal portion of the ducts, while the proximal segments retain their spatial relationship to the urethra that was formed during fetal development. This suggests that the early epithelial budding that occurs in utero represents a common, fairly symmetrical pattern of growth in many species, while the regional differences in branching morphogenesis and cytodifferentiation are controlled by the instructional influences of mesenchyme and temporal expression of growth factors. Perturbation of the normal processes involved during critical periods of fetal development during reproductive organ development may also play a role in the susceptibility of the prostate to disease in adulthood. Past descriptions of detailed anatomical studies, which span over a century, have provided much insight into the architecture and processes that form a complex tubulo-alveolar gland. New insights into the ductal detail and the advent of sophisticated analyses of cell-cell interactions and molecular mechanisms controlling pathways of cellular growth, differentiation, and apoptosis will likely lead to new approaches for prevention and therapy of prostatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry G Timms
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, 414 E. Clark St., Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
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Góes RM, Zanetoni C, Tomiosso TC, Ribeiro DL, Taboga SR. Surgical and chemical castration induce differential histological response in prostate lobes of Mongolian gerbil. Micron 2007; 38:231-6. [PMID: 16919465 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2006.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2006] [Revised: 06/20/2006] [Accepted: 06/21/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The present study describes the short-term alterations in the prostate ventral and dorsal lobe of the adult Mongolian gerbil, in response to two different androgen suppression approaches. Groups (n=6) of 16-week-old gerbils were maintained intact or subjected, either to the bilateral surgical castration 1 week previously or to daily subcutaneous injections of Flutamide (10mg/kg body weight) for 7 days. The main microscopic features of both prostate lobes in these groups were compared using conventional paraffin tissue sections, measurements of acinar epithelial height and stereological data of main gland components (acini, collagen fibers and fibromuscular stroma). Marked alterations were observed in the basement membrane of the ventral lobe after both surgical and chemical castration, such as an increase in thickness and collagen staining. A low degree of epithelial atrophy was detected in the dorsal lobe following both androgen suppression approaches in comparison with that found in the ventral lobe, indicating that this lobe is not so responsive to testosterone ablation induced by castration or Flutamide treatment, at least insofar as secretory activity is concerned. However, the dorsal lobe exhibited marked stromal modification, such as an increase in collagen fibers following castration and an increase in fibromuscular stroma following Flutamide-treatment. Thus, the histological and quantitative data indicates a differential short-term response of the prostate dorsal lobe to surgical castration and Flutamide therapy, suggesting the existence of lobe-specific mechanisms for stromal remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rejane Maira Góes
- Department of Biology, São Paulo State University, IBILCE/UNESP, Brazil.
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Vykhovanets EV, Resnick MI, MacLennan GT, Gupta S. Experimental rodent models of prostatitis: limitations and potential. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2007; 10:15-29. [PMID: 17199136 DOI: 10.1038/sj.pcan.4500930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Prostatitis is a polyetiological inflammation of the prostate gland in men characterized by pelvic pain, irritative voiding symptoms, and sexual dysfunction. Histologically prostatitis is characterized by poly- and mononuclear cell infiltrates (neutrophils, lymphocytes, macrophages and plasma cells) in the stromal connective tissue around the acini or ducts. Prostatitis is an important worldwide health problem in men. The pathogenesis and diagnostic criteria for the condition are obscure, with the result that the development of management programs for this condition has been hindered. Animal model(s) might be useful in elucidating mechanisms involved in the molecular pathogenesis of chronic nonbacterial prostatitis and chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Given that prostatitis might have a multifactorial etiology, several animal models with unique features may prove helpful. This review examines a number of experimental rodent models of prostatitis and evaluates their advantages and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- E V Vykhovanets
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University & University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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38
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Rochel SS, Bruni-Cardoso A, Taboga SR, Vilamaior PSL, Góes RM. Lobe Identity in the Mongolian Gerbil Prostatic Complex: A New Rodent Model for Prostate Study. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2007; 290:1233-47. [PMID: 17724712 DOI: 10.1002/ar.20585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of structural and physiological differences among the prostatic lobes (PL) is the basis for development of experimental studies in traditional laboratory rodents. Although Mongolian gerbil reproductive organs have been increasingly investigated, its prostate structure is far from being properly known, and investigations of this organ focused on the ventral lobe (VL). Thus, the present study provides a thorough morphological description of prostatic complex in the male adult gerbil on the basis of topographic, histological, and ultrastructural analysis and ductal branching. Like other rodents, four pairs of PL were observed. However, in contrast to the rat and mouse, the VL is the least voluminous component and the dorsolateral lobe (DLL) is the most prominent and spatially isolated from remaining PL. The occurrence of a dorsal lobe (DL), hidden between bladder and insertion of seminal vesicles, has not been mentioned in previous reports with Mongolian gerbil. Collagenase digestion followed by microdissection revealed that, except for DL, which has a tubular-acinar organization, all PL exhibit tubular organization and variable ductal branching. Distinct histological and ultrastructural features such as secretory epithelium, aspect of luminal secretion and stromal organization are reported for each PL and are confirmed by morphometric and stereological methods. Histological sections showed at least three intralobar segments in VL and DL. Ultrastructural analysis evidenced that, although luminal epithelial cells of PL share typical features of exocrine secretory cells, there are striking lobe phenotypical variations. Both merocrine and apocrine pathways are observed in variable rates in all PL, with the predominance of the former in the DLL and the latter in the CG. The morphological observations presented herein point to distinct structural identities for each PL, which probably reflects specific functional compromise of seminal fluid secretion. These data also point to the gerbil as a good model for investigations concerning the regulation of prostate development and homeostasis, mainly with regard to the dorsal and dorsolateral PL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Santos Rochel
- São Paulo State University, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, IBILCE/UNESP, Department of Biology and Animal Biology Graduate Program, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
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Tokanovic S, Malone DT, Ventura S. Stimulation of epithelial CB1 receptors inhibits contractions of the rat prostate gland. Br J Pharmacol 2006; 150:227-34. [PMID: 17099718 PMCID: PMC2042910 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE This study investigated whether stimulation of cannabinoid receptors influences smooth muscle contractility in the rat prostate gland. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Immunohistochemistry was used to characterize and localize cannabinoid receptors in the rat prostate gland. Isolated organ bath experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of cannabinoids on prostate contractility. KEY RESULTS Immunohistochemical studies of the rat prostate yielded positive immunoreactivity for the CB(1) receptor, but not the CB(2) receptor. Double labelling revealed that CB(1) receptors were not colocalized with alpha-actin in the smooth muscle layer but were primarily expressed within the epithelial lining of the prostatic acini. The cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN 55,212-2 (10 nM - 10 microM) inhibited contractile responses to electrical-field stimulation (10 Hz, 0.5 ms, 60 V for 2 s per minute) in a concentration-dependent manner. The CB(1) selective antagonists, SR141716 (1 microM) and LY 320135 (1 microM), reversed the WIN 55,212-2-mediated inhibition but the CB(2) selective antagonist, SR144528 (1 microM), did not. Furthermore, the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin (0.1 microM) caused significant reversal of the WIN 55,212-2 mediated inhibition of contractile responses, whereas the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N (omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME, 1 mM) did not. Prostaglandin E(2) (10 nM - 10 microM), produced a similar concentration-dependent inhibition to WIN 55,212-2. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS WIN 55,212-2, an agonist at cannabinoid receptors, causes inhibition of smooth muscle contraction in the rat prostate by activating epithelial CB(1) receptors. This inhibition is mediated via the cyclooxygenase pathway.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Electric Stimulation
- Epithelium/physiology
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- In Vitro Techniques
- Male
- Muscle Contraction
- Muscle, Smooth/physiology
- Prostate/physiology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/agonists
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/physiology
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/agonists
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tokanovic
- Prostate Research Co-operative, Victorian College of Pharmacy, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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40
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Fávaro WJ, Cagnon VHA. Morphometric and morphological features of the ventral prostate in rats submitted to chronic nicotine and alcohol treatment. Tissue Cell 2006; 38:311-23. [PMID: 17014878 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2006.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Clinical studies analyzing simultaneous nicotine-alcohol use by patients showed important alterations in various organic systems such as: respiratory, digestory, and genital. Also, the prostatic morphology and physiology have been analyzed, specially due to large occurrence of prostatic diseases. Then, this work aimed at determining the structure and ultrastructure of the prostatic stroma and epithelium, as well as the stroma epithelium interactions from rats submitted to simultaneous long-term alcohol-nicotine treatment. A total of 40 male rats were divided into four groups: control group (10 animals) received tap water; alcoholic group (10 animals) received diluted 10% Gay Lussac ethanol; nicotine group (10 animals) received a 0.125mg/100g of body weight dose of nicotine injected subcutaneosly on a daily basis; nicotine-alcohol group (10 animals) received simultaneous alcohol and nicotine treatment. After 90 days of treatment, the animals were sacrificed and samples from the ventral lobe of the prostate were collected and processed for transmission electron and light microscopies. The results showed atrophied epithelium; prostatic intra-epithelial neoplasia; dilated cisterns of the granular endoplasmic reticulum, large amounts of collagen fibers besides inflammatory cells, specially in the alcoholic and nicotine-alcohol groups. Therefore, it could be concluded that the association between alcohol and nicotine caused the impairment of the prostatic secretory process. Moreover, this association is related to prostatic pathogenesis, which could lead to late glandular malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Fávaro
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biology, The State University of Campinas, Box 6109, São Paulo, Brazil
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Carvalho CAF, Favaro WJ, Padovani CR, Cagnon VHA. Morphometric and ultrastructure features of the ventral prostate of rats (Rattus norvegicus) submitted to long-term nicotine treatment. Andrologia 2006; 38:142-51. [PMID: 16872466 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0272.2006.00728.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The harmful effects of nicotine on male genital system fertility have been reported in experimental and clinical studies. However, its effects on prostatic cells and glandular pathogenesis remain unclear. The aim of the present study was to analyse the histological, histochemical and ultrastructural alterations, in addition to stereology, of the ventral lobe of the prostate of rats, submitted to chronic nicotine administration, as well as to establish the relationship between these changes and prostate diseases. Twelve male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) were divided into two experimental groups: group I (nicotine) and group II (control). Samples of the ventral prostate were collected, processed and submitted to histological analysis, acid phosphatase histochemistry and ultrastructural analysis by transmission and scanning electron microscopies. The results showed that in the nicotine group, the secretory epithelial cells of the ventral lobe of the prostate were atrophied, and prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia occurred and reduced the expression of acid phosphatase. The disorganisation of organelles involved in the glandular secretory process, accompanied by biomembrane destructuring, was also observed. In conclusion, nicotine causes drastic alterations in the secretory epithelium of the ventral prostate, compromising its function. Furthermore, nicotine also induces premalignant lesions in the prostate gland, thus representing a risk factor in the development of prostate diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A F Carvalho
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Biérinx AS, Sebille A. The urethral striated sphincter in adult male rat. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 211:435-41. [PMID: 16633819 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-006-0093-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2006] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
This study reports the morphology of the urethral sphincter in adult male rats, mainly the histological aspects, the features of the endplates, and the heavy myosin chain distribution in the striated fibres. First, the prostate is entirely out of the striated sphincter, which is surprising when compared to man. Second, the urethral striated sphincter consists of two lateral fascicles separated by an anterior and a posterior strip of connective tissue, which extend from the prostatic urethra (i.e. the part of the urethra which runs though the prostate) to the bulb of the penis. An additional third fascicle of striated muscle (SM) covers the caudal part of the anterior connective strip of the membranous urethra (i.e. the urethra which extends from its prostatic part to the bulb of the penis). In the membranous urethra, the striated sphincter surrounds directly the urethral lumen without intercalated smooth muscle. In urethral cross sections, the endplates detected by alpha-bungarotoxin, which binds to nicotinic receptors, are clustered in the postero-lateral part of the lateral fascicles. The cross-sectional area of the urethral striated fibres shows a bimodal distribution: the largest fibres are located at the periphery of the sphincter and these fibres express only fast myosin heavy chains (MHC) as shown by immunochemistry. The smallest fibres are less numerous and are situated near the lumen co-expressing fast and slow MHC. All the striated fibres express desmin and dystrophin as SM fibres do. Taken together, these results suggest that the urethral striated fibres in male rat present the same characteristics as those of the skeletal muscles. The predominance of fast fibres is consistent with phasic contractions playing a role not only during micturition and urinary continence but also probably during ejaculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Biérinx
- Atelier de Régénération Neuromusculaire, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, 27 rue Chaligny, Paris 75012, France.
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Qin LQ, Wang PY, Kaneko T, Hoshi K, Sato A. Estrogen: one of the risk factors in milk for prostate cancer. Med Hypotheses 2004; 62:133-42. [PMID: 14729019 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-9877(03)00295-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Studies to elucidate the cause of prostate cancer have met with little success to date. Epidemiological studies suggested that milk consumption is probably as one of the risk factors for prostate cancer. The studies thus focused on the fat and calcium in milk, but reached no definitive conclusion. According to the measurements of estrogen levels in milk by different studies, it was suggested that estrogen in milk was a possible risk to cause prostate cancer. One reason supporting this hypothesis is that Western diet (characterized by milk/dairy products and meat) causes a trend of increasing levels of estrogens, and Western males show a higher incidence rate of prostate cancer than Asia males. Estrogen levels in prostate fluid are also correlated very well with the prostate cancer. During several decades, estrogens, together with testosterone, was commonly used to induce the rodent model of prostate cancer. Our hypothesis also was supported by the presence of estrogen receptors in the prostate gland and the genotoxic role of estrogens on the prostate gland, as possible mechanisms. Therefore, if modern milk consumption does expose consumers to high levels of estrogen and plays an adverse role in prostate cancer, action should be taken to produce the noncontaminant milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Qiang Qin
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Shimokato 1110, Tamaho, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan.
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Abbott DE, Pritchard C, Clegg NJ, Ferguson C, Dumpit R, Sikes RA, Nelson PS. Expressed sequence tag profiling identifies developmental and anatomic partitioning of gene expression in the mouse prostate. Genome Biol 2003; 4:R79. [PMID: 14659016 PMCID: PMC329418 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2003-4-12-r79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2003] [Revised: 10/28/2003] [Accepted: 11/12/2003] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prostate gland is an organ with highly specialized functional attributes that serves to enhance the fertility of mammalian species. Much of the information pertaining to normal and pathological conditions affecting the prostate has been obtained through extensive developmental, biochemical and genetic analyses of rodent species. Although important insights can be obtained through detailed anatomical and histological assessments of mouse and rat models, further mechanistic explanations are greatly aided through studies of gene and protein expression. RESULTS In this article we characterize the repertoire of genes expressed in the normal developing mouse prostate through the analysis of 50,562 expressed sequence tags derived from 14 mouse prostate cDNA libraries. Sequence assemblies and annotations identified 15,009 unique transcriptional units of which more than 600 represent high quality assemblies without corresponding annotations in public gene expression databases. Quantitative analyses demonstrate distinct anatomical and developmental partitioning of prostate gene expression. This finding may assist in the interpretation of comparative studies between human and mouse and guide the development of new transgenic murine disease models. The identification of several novel genes is reported, including a new member of the beta-defensin gene family with prostate-restricted expression. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest a potential role for the prostate as a defensive barrier for entry of pathogens into the genitourinary tract and, further, serve to emphasize the utility of the continued evaluation of transcriptomes from a diverse repertoire of tissues and cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise E Abbott
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Colin Pritchard
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Nigel J Clegg
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Camari Ferguson
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Ruth Dumpit
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Robert A Sikes
- Laboratory for Cancer Ontogeny and Therapeutics, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Peter S Nelson
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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Wilson MJ, Kaye D, Smith WE, Quach HT, Sinha AA, Vatassery GT. Effect of vitamin E deficiency on the growth and secretory function of the rat prostatic complex. Exp Mol Pathol 2003; 74:267-75. [PMID: 12782014 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-4800(03)00021-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Increased intake of vitamin E has been suggested to be protective against prostate cancer in men, but the effects of vitamin E on prostate growth and function remain poorly defined. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of vitamin E deficiency on pubertal growth and maturation of the prostate in the rat. Animals were placed on a vitamin E deficient diet at 28 days of age and were followed for 15 and 26 weeks. Vitamin E deficient rats had a circulating vitamin E level of less than 1% of control animals and experienced a decrease in body and testis weight. The deficiency did not alter the weights of the ventral and dorsal lobes of the prostate. However, there was an increase in weight, DNA, and protein contents of the lateral lobe in control and vitamin E deficient rats from 15 to 26 weeks of treatment, but these increases were significantly lower in vitamin E deficient 26-week treated rats. The volume of secretion per milligram tissue was greater in the ventral than lateral or dorsal lobes. The volume of secretion and activity of the secretory 26 kDa protease in the ventral prostate was lower in vitamin E deficient rats at 15 weeks, but not at 26 weeks of treatment. In contrast, the relative protein content of lateral lobe secretion increased in both control and vitamin E deficient rats from 15 to 26 weeks of treatment. The lateral, but not ventral or dorsal, lobes of both control and vitamin E deficient rats were affected by chronic prostatitis as evidenced by infiltration of inflammatory cells. The lateral lobes also showed markedly elevated activities of the matrix metalloproteinases gelatinase A (MMP-2) and gelatinase B (MMP-9). These data indicate that vitamin E deficiency does not alter the growth of the prostatic lobes, nor the onset and extent of lateral lobe specific prostatitis, but it may delay some differentiated functions such as secretion of specific proteins in the ventral lobe. Thus, the effects of vitamin E in the prostate of the rat appear to be selective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Wilson
- Research Service, VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA.
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Pinheiro PFF, Almeida CCD, Segatelli TM, Martinez M, Padovani CR, Martinez FE. Structure of the pelvic and penile urethra--relationship with the ducts of the sex accessory glands of the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus). J Anat 2003; 202:431-44. [PMID: 12739620 PMCID: PMC1571101 DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-7580.2003.00181.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The urethra is the main place of entry for sexually transmitted pathogens. However, there is little literature on the morphology of the urogenital system, principally the urethra and ducts of the sex accessory glands. The Mongolian gerbil is an insectivorous, herbivorous and monogamous rodent with nocturnal habits; it has been used successfully as a laboratory animal since the 1960s. Therefore, the objective of the present paper was to describe the structure and ultrastructure of the urethra and its relations to the ducts of the accessory sex glands of the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus), contributing to the understanding of the reproductive biology of the rodent and aiming to provide data for future experimental studies. Conventional techniques of light and scanning electron microscopy were utilized. The urethra and ducts of the accessory sex glands are similar to those of the albino rat and the mouse. However, there is variation in drainage type among accessory sex glands for the inner urethra. The ducts of the seminal vesicle, the ductus deferens, drain their contents independently into the ampullary duct that opens in the urethra. The ducts of the prostate, coagulating and bulbourethral glands drain their contents independently into the urethra.
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Affiliation(s)
- P F F Pinheiro
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
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Cho YH, Lee SJ, Lee JY, Kim SW, Kim JJ, Lee WY, Yoon MS. Changes in serum and prostatic zinc concentrations in rats after intraprostatic injection of zinc: Comparison of two forms of zinc delivery. Int J Urol 2002; 9:681-7. [PMID: 12492952 DOI: 10.1046/j.1442-2042.2002.00543.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated changes in zinc concentrations in serum and prostatic tissue after an intraprostatic injection of zinc, and compared two forms of zinc delivery: solution and liposome. METHODS Ninety-six male Wistar rats were used in the study (24 controls, 72 test rats). The test animals were randomly divided into two groups and were injected intraprostatically with 2 mL of 0.04 mol/L zinc sulfate according to the form of zinc delivery. Nine rats in each test group were sacrificed 1 day, 7, 14 and 28 days after injection, and 24 normal rats were injected intraprostatically with 2 mL of distilled water as controls. Serum and prostatic zinc concentrations of each group were measured by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Blood chemistries, routine urinalysis, urine culture and histopathologic examination were also performed. RESULTS Serum zinc concentrations did not change significantly after the intraprostatic injection of zinc. Prostatic zinc concentrations were found to be significantly greater (P < 0.05) in zinc-injected groups than in the control group. The intraprostatic injection of zinc solution and zinc liposome increased zinc levels in both ventral and dorsolateral lobes significantly. Prostatic zinc levels increased progressively following injection, reaching a peak level in 7 days and maintaining a high value throughout the experimental period. The prostatic zinc level of the 1-day zinc liposome group was higher than that of the 1-day zinc solution group, while no significant difference was observed between the solution and liposome group in 7, 14, 28 days. No abnormal findings were observed in any of the laboratory and histopathologic examinations; however, an acute inflammatory response was observed in the 1-day groups. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that an intraprostatic injection of zinc in normal rats increases and maintains the prostatic zinc level for at least 4 weeks without causing any systemic or local toxicities. These findings suggest the potentially important clinical applicability of local zinc to the treatment of chronic prostatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Hyun Cho
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul and Amore Pacific Corporation R & D Center, Yongin, Korea
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To present the results of microangiography in visualizing prostatic microvascularization. MATERIALS AND METHODS A contrast medium was injected into the vessels of prostate specimens obtained during surgery, to fill small vessels; nine specimens were obtained after cystoprostatectomy and two after radical prostatectomy. Branches of prostatic or seminal vesicle arteries were used for the injection, the specimens then fixed in formalin, sectioned and X-rayed. RESULTS In five samples the quality of the images was sufficient to visualize small arteries; the remaining vessels were partially filled. The vascular map was compared with previous results from historadiographic studies. CONCLUSIONS Microangiographic imaging of prostate specimens provides a unique view of the angioarchitecture of the prostate and correlates closely with historadiographic studies. The correlation with other imaging methods, e.g. Doppler ultrasonography, needs further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Slojewski
- Department of Urology, Pomeranian Academy of Medicine, ul. Powstanców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland.
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Calvo A, Abasolo I, Jiménez N, Wang Z, Montuenga L. Adrenomedullin and proadrenomedullin N-terminal 20 peptide in the normal prostate and in prostate carcinoma. Microsc Res Tech 2002; 57:98-104. [PMID: 11921360 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.10056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence for the important role played by regulatory peptides in the physiology of the normal and neoplastic prostate. Adrenomedullin (AM) and pro-adrenomedullin N-terminal 20 peptide (PAMP) are recently discovered regulatory peptides widely expressed in the normal prostate and in prostate carcinoma. AM is produced in secretory, stroma, and endothelial cells and in neurons of the prostate ganglia. PAMP is only produced by neuroendocrine cells. The expression of AM mRNA is regulated by androgens in the rat prostate. The number of neuroendocrine cells expressing PAMP is increased in prostate carcinoma after androgen deprivation, which shows that this peptide could regulate androgen-independent prostate tumor growth. However, the roles of AM and PAMP in the normal prostate and in prostate carcinoma are yet to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Calvo
- Department of Histology and Pathology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
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Herak-Kramberger CM, Breton S, Brown D, Kraus O, Sabolic I. Distribution of the vacuolar H+ atpase along the rat and human male reproductive tract. Biol Reprod 2001; 64:1699-707. [PMID: 11369598 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod64.6.1699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Luminal acidification in parts of the male reproductive tract generates an appropriate pH environment in which spermatozoa mature and are stored. The cellular mechanisms of proton (H+) secretion in the epididymis and the proximal vas deferens involve the activity of an apical vacuolar H+ ATPase in specialized cell types, as well as an apical Na+/H+ exchanger in some tubule segments. In this study we used Western blotting and immunocytochemistry to localize the H+ ATPase in various segments of the male reproductive tract in rat and man as a first step toward a more complete understanding of luminal acidification processes in this complex system of tissues. Immunoblotting of isolated total cell membranes indicated a variable amount of H+ ATPase in various segments of the rat reproductive tract. In addition to its known expression in distinct cell types in the epididymis and vas deferens, the H+ ATPase was also localized at the apical pole and in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells in the efferent duct (nonciliated cells), the ampulla of the vas deferens and the ventral prostate (scattered individual cells), the dorsal and lateral prostate, the ampullary gland, the coagulating gland, and all epithelial cells of the prostatic and penile urethra. Both apical and basolateral localization of the protein were found in epithelial cells of the prostatic ducts in the lateral prostate and in periurethral tissue. Only cytoplasmic, mostly perinuclear localization of the H+ ATPase was found in all epithelial cells of the seminal vesicles and in most cells of the ventral prostate and coagulating gland. No staining was detected in the seminiferous tubules, rete testis, and bulbourethral gland. In human tissue, H+ ATPase-rich cells were detected in the epididymis, prostate, and prostatic urethra. We conclude that the vacuolar H+ ATPase is highly expressed in epithelial cells of most segments of the male reproductive tract in rat and man, where it may be involved in H+ secretion and/or intracellular processing of the material endocytosed from the luminal fluid or destined to be secreted by exocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Herak-Kramberger
- Unit of Molecular Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10001 Zagreb, Croatia
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